40 files changed, 1151 insertions, 1121 deletions

diff --git a/lapi.c b/lapi.c
index db6d6a91..ab8c0ae6 100644
--- a/lapi.c
+++ b/lapi.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lapi.c,v 1.131 2001/02/20 18:15:33 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lapi.c,v 1.132 2001/02/22 18:59:59 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Lua API
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
 #include "lvm.h"
 
 
-const char lua_ident[] = "$Lua: " LUA_VERSION " " LUA_COPYRIGHT " $\n"
-                               "$Authors: " LUA_AUTHORS " $";
+const l_char lua_ident[] = l_s("$Lua: ") l_s(LUA_VERSION) l_s(" ")
+  l_s(LUA_COPYRIGHT) l_s(" $\n") l_s("$Authors: ") l_s(LUA_AUTHORS) l_s(" $");
 
 
 
@@ -150,21 +150,21 @@ LUA_API int lua_type (lua_State *L, int index) {
 }
 
 
-LUA_API const char *lua_typename (lua_State *L, int t) {
-  const char *s;
+LUA_API const l_char *lua_typename (lua_State *L, int t) {
+  const l_char *s;
   LUA_LOCK(L);
-  s = (t == LUA_TNONE) ? "no value" : basictypename(G(L), t);
+  s = (t == LUA_TNONE) ? l_s("no value") : basictypename(G(L), t);
   LUA_UNLOCK(L);
   return s;
 }
 
 
-LUA_API const char *lua_xtype (lua_State *L, int index) {
+LUA_API const l_char *lua_xtype (lua_State *L, int index) {
   StkId o;
-  const char *type;
+  const l_char *type;
   LUA_LOCK(L);
   o = luaA_indexAcceptable(L, index);
-  type = (o == NULL) ? "no value" : luaT_typename(G(L), o);
+  type = (o == NULL) ? l_s("no value") : luaT_typename(G(L), o);
   LUA_UNLOCK(L);
   return type;
 }
@@ -242,9 +242,9 @@ LUA_API lua_Number lua_tonumber (lua_State *L, int index) {
   return n;
 }
 
-LUA_API const char *lua_tostring (lua_State *L, int index) {
+LUA_API const l_char *lua_tostring (lua_State *L, int index) {
   StkId o;
-  const char *s;
+  const l_char *s;
   LUA_LOCK(L);
   o = luaA_indexAcceptable(L, index);
   s = (o == NULL || tostring(L, o)) ? NULL : svalue(o);
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ LUA_API void lua_pushnumber (lua_State *L, lua_Number n) {
 }
 
 
-LUA_API void lua_pushlstring (lua_State *L, const char *s, size_t len) {
+LUA_API void lua_pushlstring (lua_State *L, const l_char *s, size_t len) {
   LUA_LOCK(L);
   setsvalue(L->top, luaS_newlstr(L, s, len));
   api_incr_top(L);
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ LUA_API void lua_pushlstring (lua_State *L, const char *s, size_t len) {
 }
 
 
-LUA_API void lua_pushstring (lua_State *L, const char *s) {
+LUA_API void lua_pushstring (lua_State *L, const l_char *s) {
   if (s == NULL)
     lua_pushnil(L);
   else
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ LUA_API int lua_pushuserdata (lua_State *L, void *u) {
 */
 
 
-LUA_API void lua_getglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name) {
+LUA_API void lua_getglobal (lua_State *L, const l_char *name) {
   LUA_LOCK(L);
   luaV_getglobal(L, luaS_new(L, name), L->top);
   api_incr_top(L);
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ LUA_API void lua_newtable (lua_State *L) {
 */
 
 
-LUA_API void lua_setglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name) {
+LUA_API void lua_setglobal (lua_State *L, const l_char *name) {
   LUA_LOCK(L);
   api_checknelems(L, 1);
   luaV_setglobal(L, luaS_new(L, name), L->top - 1);
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ LUA_API int lua_ref (lua_State *L,  int lock) {
     }
     else {  /* no more free places */
       luaM_growvector(L, G(L)->refArray, G(L)->nref, G(L)->sizeref, struct Ref,
-                      MAX_INT, "reference table overflow");
+                      MAX_INT, l_s("reference table overflow"));
       ref = G(L)->nref++;
     }
     setobj(&G(L)->refArray[ref].o, L->top-1);
@@ -582,22 +582,22 @@ LUA_API void lua_setgcthreshold (lua_State *L, int newthreshold) {
 ** miscellaneous functions
 */
 
-LUA_API int lua_newtype (lua_State *L, const char *name, int basictype) {
+LUA_API int lua_newtype (lua_State *L, const l_char *name, int basictype) {
   int tag;
   LUA_LOCK(L);
   if (basictype != LUA_TNONE &&
       basictype != LUA_TTABLE &&
       basictype != LUA_TUSERDATA)
-    luaO_verror(L, "invalid basic type (%d) for new type", basictype);
+    luaO_verror(L, l_s("invalid basic type (%d) for new type"), basictype);
   tag = luaT_newtag(L, name, basictype);
   if (tag == LUA_TNONE)
-    luaO_verror(L, "type name '%.30s' already exists", name);
+    luaO_verror(L, l_s("type name '%.30s' already exists"), name);
   LUA_UNLOCK(L);
   return tag;
 }
 
 
-LUA_API int lua_type2tag (lua_State *L, const char *name) {
+LUA_API int lua_type2tag (lua_State *L, const l_char *name) {
   int tag;
   const TObject *v;
   LUA_LOCK(L);
@@ -618,10 +618,10 @@ LUA_API void lua_settag (lua_State *L, int tag) {
   LUA_LOCK(L);
   api_checknelems(L, 1);
   if (tag < 0 || tag >= G(L)->ntag)
-    luaO_verror(L, "%d is not a valid tag", tag);
+    luaO_verror(L, l_s("%d is not a valid tag"), tag);
   basictype = G(L)->TMtable[tag].basictype;
   if (basictype != LUA_TNONE && basictype != ttype(L->top-1))
-    luaO_verror(L, "tag %d can only be used for type '%.20s'", tag,
+    luaO_verror(L, l_s("tag %d can only be used for type '%.20s'"), tag,
                 basictypename(G(L), basictype));
   switch (ttype(L->top-1)) {
     case LUA_TTABLE:
@@ -631,14 +631,14 @@ LUA_API void lua_settag (lua_State *L, int tag) {
       tsvalue(L->top-1)->u.d.tag = tag;
       break;
     default:
-      luaO_verror(L, "cannot change the tag of a %.20s",
+      luaO_verror(L, l_s("cannot change the tag of a %.20s"),
                   luaT_typename(G(L), L->top-1));
   }
   LUA_UNLOCK(L);
 }
 
 
-LUA_API void lua_error (lua_State *L, const char *s) {
+LUA_API void lua_error (lua_State *L, const l_char *s) {
   LUA_LOCK(L);
   luaD_error(L, s);
   LUA_UNLOCK(L);
@@ -685,7 +685,7 @@ LUA_API int lua_getn (lua_State *L, int index) {
   int n;
   LUA_LOCK(L);
   h = hvalue(luaA_index(L, index));
-  value = luaH_getstr(h, luaS_newliteral(L, "n"));  /* = h.n */
+  value = luaH_getstr(h, luaS_newliteral(L, l_s("n")));  /* = h.n */
   if (ttype(value) == LUA_TNUMBER)
     n = (int)nvalue(value);
   else {
diff --git a/lauxlib.c b/lauxlib.c
index d36424d2..5e9f4e89 100644
--- a/lauxlib.c
+++ b/lauxlib.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lauxlib.c,v 1.46 2001/02/02 19:02:40 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lauxlib.c,v 1.47 2001/02/14 17:04:11 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Auxiliary functions for building Lua libraries
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -18,10 +18,11 @@
 
 #include "lauxlib.h"
 #include "luadebug.h"
+#include "lualib.h"
 
 
 
-LUALIB_API int luaL_findstring (const char *name, const char *const list[]) {
+LUALIB_API int luaL_findstring (const l_char *name, const l_char *const list[]) {
   int i;
   for (i=0; list[i]; i++)
     if (strcmp(list[i], name) == 0)
@@ -29,20 +30,20 @@ LUALIB_API int luaL_findstring (const char *name, const char *const list[]) {
   return -1;  /* name not found */
 }
 
-LUALIB_API void luaL_argerror (lua_State *L, int narg, const char *extramsg) {
+LUALIB_API void luaL_argerror (lua_State *L, int narg, const l_char *extramsg) {
   lua_Debug ar;
   lua_getstack(L, 0, &ar);
-  lua_getinfo(L, "n", &ar);
+  lua_getinfo(L, l_s("n"), &ar);
   if (ar.name == NULL)
-    ar.name = "?";
-  luaL_verror(L, "bad argument #%d to `%.50s' (%.100s)",
+    ar.name = l_s("?");
+  luaL_verror(L, l_s("bad argument #%d to `%.50s' (%.100s)"),
               narg, ar.name, extramsg);
 }
 
 
-static void type_error (lua_State *L, int narg, const char *tname) {
-  char buff[80];
-  sprintf(buff, "%.25s expected, got %.25s", tname, lua_xtype(L, narg));
+static void type_error (lua_State *L, int narg, const l_char *tname) {
+  l_char buff[80];
+  sprintf(buff, l_s("%.25s expected, got %.25s"), tname, lua_xtype(L, narg));
   luaL_argerror(L, narg, buff);
 }
 
@@ -52,9 +53,9 @@ static void tag_error (lua_State *L, int narg, int tag) {
 }
 
 
-LUALIB_API void luaL_checkstack (lua_State *L, int space, const char *mes) {
+LUALIB_API void luaL_checkstack (lua_State *L, int space, const l_char *mes) {
   if (space > lua_stackspace(L))
-    luaL_verror(L, "stack overflow (%.30s)", mes);
+    luaL_verror(L, l_s("stack overflow (%.30s)"), mes);
 }
 
 
@@ -66,27 +67,27 @@ LUALIB_API void luaL_checktype(lua_State *L, int narg, int t) {
 
 LUALIB_API void luaL_checkany (lua_State *L, int narg) {
   if (lua_type(L, narg) == LUA_TNONE)
-    luaL_argerror(L, narg, "value expected");
+    luaL_argerror(L, narg, l_s("value expected"));
 }
 
 
 LUALIB_API void *luaL_check_userdata (lua_State *L, int narg,
-                                      const char *name) {
+                                      const l_char *name) {
   if (strcmp(lua_xtype(L, narg), name) != 0)
     type_error(L, narg, name);
   return lua_touserdata(L, narg);
 }
 
 
-LUALIB_API const char *luaL_check_lstr (lua_State *L, int narg, size_t *len) {
-  const char *s = lua_tostring(L, narg);
+LUALIB_API const l_char *luaL_check_lstr (lua_State *L, int narg, size_t *len) {
+  const l_char *s = lua_tostring(L, narg);
   if (!s) tag_error(L, narg, LUA_TSTRING);
   if (len) *len = lua_strlen(L, narg);
   return s;
 }
 
 
-LUALIB_API const char *luaL_opt_lstr (lua_State *L, int narg, const char *def, size_t *len) {
+LUALIB_API const l_char *luaL_opt_lstr (lua_State *L, int narg, const l_char *def, size_t *len) {
   if (lua_isnull(L, narg)) {
     if (len)
       *len = (def ? strlen(def) : 0);
@@ -117,8 +118,8 @@ LUALIB_API void luaL_openlib (lua_State *L, const luaL_reg *l, int n) {
 }
 
 
-LUALIB_API void luaL_verror (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...) {
-  char buff[500];
+LUALIB_API void luaL_verror (lua_State *L, const l_char *fmt, ...) {
+  l_char buff[500];
   va_list argp;
   va_start(argp, fmt);
   vsprintf(buff, fmt, argp);
@@ -172,20 +173,20 @@ static void adjuststack (luaL_Buffer *B) {
 }
 
 
-LUALIB_API char *luaL_prepbuffer (luaL_Buffer *B) {
+LUALIB_API l_char *luaL_prepbuffer (luaL_Buffer *B) {
   if (emptybuffer(B))
     adjuststack(B);
   return B->buffer;
 }
 
 
-LUALIB_API void luaL_addlstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s, size_t l) {
+LUALIB_API void luaL_addlstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const l_char *s, size_t l) {
   while (l--)
     luaL_putchar(B, *s++);
 }
 
 
-LUALIB_API void luaL_addstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s) {
+LUALIB_API void luaL_addstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const l_char *s) {
   luaL_addlstring(B, s, strlen(s));
 }
 
diff --git a/lauxlib.h b/lauxlib.h
index f5cffa79..ffaca461 100644
--- a/lauxlib.h
+++ b/lauxlib.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lauxlib.h,v 1.32 2001/01/25 16:45:36 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lauxlib.h,v 1.33 2001/02/02 19:02:40 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Auxiliary functions for building Lua libraries
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -21,25 +21,25 @@
 
 
 typedef struct luaL_reg {
-  const char *name;
+  const l_char *name;
   lua_CFunction func;
 } luaL_reg;
 
 
 LUALIB_API void luaL_openlib (lua_State *L, const luaL_reg *l, int n);
-LUALIB_API void luaL_argerror (lua_State *L, int numarg, const char *extramsg);
-LUALIB_API const char *luaL_check_lstr (lua_State *L, int numArg, size_t *len);
-LUALIB_API const char *luaL_opt_lstr (lua_State *L, int numArg, const char *def, size_t *len);
+LUALIB_API void luaL_argerror (lua_State *L, int numarg, const l_char *extramsg);
+LUALIB_API const l_char *luaL_check_lstr (lua_State *L, int numArg, size_t *len);
+LUALIB_API const l_char *luaL_opt_lstr (lua_State *L, int numArg, const l_char *def, size_t *len);
 LUALIB_API lua_Number luaL_check_number (lua_State *L, int numArg);
 LUALIB_API lua_Number luaL_opt_number (lua_State *L, int nArg, lua_Number def);
 
-LUALIB_API void luaL_checkstack (lua_State *L, int space, const char *msg);
+LUALIB_API void luaL_checkstack (lua_State *L, int space, const l_char *msg);
 LUALIB_API void luaL_checktype (lua_State *L, int narg, int t);
 LUALIB_API void luaL_checkany (lua_State *L, int narg);
-LUALIB_API void *luaL_check_userdata (lua_State *L, int narg, const char *name);
+LUALIB_API void *luaL_check_userdata (lua_State *L, int narg, const l_char *name);
 
-LUALIB_API void luaL_verror (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);
-LUALIB_API int luaL_findstring (const char *name, const char *const list[]);
+LUALIB_API void luaL_verror (lua_State *L, const l_char *fmt, ...);
+LUALIB_API int luaL_findstring (const l_char *name, const l_char *const list[]);
 
 
 
@@ -73,22 +73,22 @@ LUALIB_API int luaL_findstring (const char *name, const char *const list[]);
 
 
 typedef struct luaL_Buffer {
-  char *p;                      /* current position in buffer */
+  l_char *p;                    /* current position in buffer */
   int level;
   lua_State *L;
-  char buffer[LUAL_BUFFERSIZE];
+  l_char buffer[LUAL_BUFFERSIZE];
 } luaL_Buffer;
 
 #define luaL_putchar(B,c) \
   ((void)((B)->p < &(B)->buffer[LUAL_BUFFERSIZE] || luaL_prepbuffer(B)), \
-   (*(B)->p++ = (char)(c)))
+   (*(B)->p++ = (l_char)(c)))
 
 #define luaL_addsize(B,n)       ((B)->p += (n))
 
 LUALIB_API void luaL_buffinit (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B);
-LUALIB_API char *luaL_prepbuffer (luaL_Buffer *B);
-LUALIB_API void luaL_addlstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s, size_t l);
-LUALIB_API void luaL_addstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s);
+LUALIB_API l_char *luaL_prepbuffer (luaL_Buffer *B);
+LUALIB_API void luaL_addlstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const l_char *s, size_t l);
+LUALIB_API void luaL_addstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const l_char *s);
 LUALIB_API void luaL_addvalue (luaL_Buffer *B);
 LUALIB_API void luaL_pushresult (luaL_Buffer *B);
 
diff --git a/lbaselib.c b/lbaselib.c
index 6ec951ca..2089d509 100644
--- a/lbaselib.c
+++ b/lbaselib.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lbaselib.c,v 1.25 2001/02/22 17:15:18 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lbaselib.c,v 1.26 2001/02/22 18:59:59 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Basic library
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -35,21 +35,21 @@ static int luaB__ALERT (lua_State *L) {
 */
 static int luaB__ERRORMESSAGE (lua_State *L) {
   luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TSTRING);
-  lua_getglobal(L, LUA_ALERT);
+  lua_getglobal(L, l_s(LUA_ALERT));
   if (lua_isfunction(L, -1)) {  /* avoid error loop if _ALERT is not defined */
     lua_Debug ar;
-    lua_pushliteral(L, "error: ");
+    lua_pushliteral(L, l_s("error: "));
     lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
     if (lua_getstack(L, 1, &ar)) {
-      lua_getinfo(L, "Sl", &ar);
+      lua_getinfo(L, l_s("Sl"), &ar);
       if (ar.source && ar.currentline > 0) {
-        char buff[100];
-        sprintf(buff, "\n  <%.70s: line %d>", ar.short_src, ar.currentline);
+        l_char buff[100];
+        sprintf(buff, l_s("\n  <%.70s: line %d>"), ar.short_src, ar.currentline);
         lua_pushstring(L, buff);
         lua_concat(L, 2);
       }
     }
-    lua_pushliteral(L, "\n");
+    lua_pushliteral(L, l_s("\n"));
     lua_concat(L, 3);
     lua_rawcall(L, 1, 0);
   }
@@ -66,20 +66,20 @@ static int luaB__ERRORMESSAGE (lua_State *L) {
 static int luaB_print (lua_State *L) {
   int n = lua_gettop(L);  /* number of arguments */
   int i;
-  lua_getglobal(L, "tostring");
+  lua_getglobal(L, l_s("tostring"));
   for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
-    const char *s;
+    const l_char *s;
     lua_pushvalue(L, -1);  /* function to be called */
     lua_pushvalue(L, i);   /* value to print */
     lua_rawcall(L, 1, 1);
     s = lua_tostring(L, -1);  /* get result */
     if (s == NULL)
-      lua_error(L, "`tostring' must return a string to `print'");
-    if (i>1) fputs("\t", stdout);
+      lua_error(L, l_s("`tostring' must return a string to `print'"));
+    if (i>1) fputs(l_s("\t"), stdout);
     fputs(s, stdout);
     lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop result */
   }
-  fputs("\n", stdout);
+  fputs(l_s("\n"), stdout);
   return 0;
 }
 
@@ -94,14 +94,14 @@ static int luaB_tonumber (lua_State *L) {
     }
   }
   else {
-    const char *s1 = luaL_check_string(L, 1);
-    char *s2;
+    const l_char *s1 = luaL_check_string(L, 1);
+    l_char *s2;
     unsigned long n;
-    luaL_arg_check(L, 2 <= base && base <= 36, 2, "base out of range");
+    luaL_arg_check(L, 2 <= base && base <= 36, 2, l_s("base out of range"));
     n = strtoul(s1, &s2, base);
     if (s1 != s2) {  /* at least one valid digit? */
       while (isspace(uchar(*s2))) s2++;  /* skip trailing spaces */
-      if (*s2 == '\0') {  /* no invalid trailing characters? */
+      if (*s2 == l_c('\0')) {  /* no invalid trailing characters? */
         lua_pushnumber(L, n);
         return 1;
       }
@@ -135,14 +135,14 @@ static int gettag (lua_State *L, int narg) {
     case LUA_TNUMBER:
       return (int)lua_tonumber(L, narg);
     case LUA_TSTRING: {
-      const char *name = lua_tostring(L, narg);
+      const l_char *name = lua_tostring(L, narg);
       int tag = lua_type2tag(L, name);
       if (tag == LUA_TNONE)
-        luaL_verror(L, "'%.30s' is not a valid type name", name);
+        luaL_verror(L, l_s("'%.30s' is not a valid type name"), name);
       return tag;
     }
     default:
-      luaL_argerror(L, narg, "tag or type name expected");
+      luaL_argerror(L, narg, l_s("tag or type name expected"));
       return 0;  /* to avoid warnings */
   }
 }
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ static int luaB_settag (lua_State *L) {
 }
 
 static int luaB_newtype (lua_State *L) {
-  const char *name = luaL_opt_string(L, 1, NULL);
+  const l_char *name = luaL_opt_string(L, 1, NULL);
   lua_pushnumber(L, lua_newtype(L, name, LUA_TTABLE));
   return 1;
 }
@@ -199,11 +199,11 @@ static int luaB_rawset (lua_State *L) {
 
 static int luaB_settagmethod (lua_State *L) {
   int tag = gettag(L, 1);
-  const char *event = luaL_check_string(L, 2);
+  const l_char *event = luaL_check_string(L, 2);
   luaL_arg_check(L, lua_isfunction(L, 3) || lua_isnil(L, 3), 3,
-                 "function or nil expected");
-  if (strcmp(event, "gc") == 0)
-    lua_error(L, "deprecated use: cannot set the `gc' tag method from Lua");
+                 l_s("function or nil expected"));
+  if (strcmp(event, l_s("gc")) == 0)
+    lua_error(L, l_s("deprecated use: cannot set the `gc' tag method from Lua"));
   lua_gettagmethod(L, tag, event);
   lua_pushvalue(L, 3);
   lua_settagmethod(L, tag, event);
@@ -213,9 +213,9 @@ static int luaB_settagmethod (lua_State *L) {
 
 static int luaB_gettagmethod (lua_State *L) {
   int tag = gettag(L, 1);
-  const char *event = luaL_check_string(L, 2);
-  if (strcmp(event, "gc") == 0)
-    lua_error(L, "deprecated use: cannot get the `gc' tag method from Lua");
+  const l_char *event = luaL_check_string(L, 2);
+  if (strcmp(event, l_s("gc")) == 0)
+    lua_error(L, l_s("deprecated use: cannot get the `gc' tag method from Lua"));
   lua_gettagmethod(L, tag, event);
   return 1;
 }
@@ -261,9 +261,9 @@ static int luaB_next (lua_State *L) {
 
 
 static int passresults (lua_State *L, int status, int oldtop) {
-  static const char *const errornames[] =
-    {"ok", "run-time error", "file error", "syntax error",
-     "memory error", "error in error handling"};
+  static const l_char *const errornames[] =
+    {l_s("ok"), l_s("run-time error"), l_s("file error"), l_s("syntax error"),
+     l_s("memory error"), l_s("error in error handling")};
   if (status == 0) {
     int nresults = lua_gettop(L) - oldtop;
     if (nresults > 0)
@@ -283,59 +283,59 @@ static int passresults (lua_State *L, int status, int oldtop) {
 static int luaB_dostring (lua_State *L) {
   int oldtop = lua_gettop(L);
   size_t l;
-  const char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, 1, &l);
-  const char *chunkname = luaL_opt_string(L, 2, s);
+  const l_char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, 1, &l);
+  const l_char *chunkname = luaL_opt_string(L, 2, s);
   return passresults(L, lua_dobuffer(L, s, l, chunkname), oldtop);
 }
 
 
 static int luaB_dofile (lua_State *L) {
   int oldtop = lua_gettop(L);
-  const char *fname = luaL_opt_string(L, 1, NULL);
+  const l_char *fname = luaL_opt_string(L, 1, NULL);
   return passresults(L, lua_dofile(L, fname), oldtop);
 }
 
 
 static int luaB_call (lua_State *L) {
   int oldtop;
-  const char *options = luaL_opt_string(L, 3, "");
+  const l_char *options = luaL_opt_string(L, 3, l_s(""));
   int err = 0;  /* index of old error method */
   int i, status;
   int n;
   luaL_checktype(L, 2, LUA_TTABLE);
   n = lua_getn(L, 2);
   if (!lua_isnull(L, 4)) {  /* set new error method */
-    lua_getglobal(L, LUA_ERRORMESSAGE);
+    lua_getglobal(L, l_s(LUA_ERRORMESSAGE));
     err = lua_gettop(L);  /* get index */
     lua_pushvalue(L, 4);
-    lua_setglobal(L, LUA_ERRORMESSAGE);
+    lua_setglobal(L, l_s(LUA_ERRORMESSAGE));
   }
   oldtop = lua_gettop(L);  /* top before function-call preparation */
   /* push function */
   lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
-  luaL_checkstack(L, n, "too many arguments");
+  luaL_checkstack(L, n, l_s("too many arguments"));
   for (i=0; i<n; i++)  /* push arg[1...n] */
     lua_rawgeti(L, 2, i+1);
   status = lua_call(L, n, LUA_MULTRET);
   if (err != 0) {  /* restore old error method */
     lua_pushvalue(L, err);
-    lua_setglobal(L, LUA_ERRORMESSAGE);
+    lua_setglobal(L, l_s(LUA_ERRORMESSAGE));
   }
   if (status != 0) {  /* error in call? */
-    if (strchr(options, 'x'))
+    if (strchr(options, l_c('x')))
       lua_pushnil(L);  /* return nil to signal the error */
     else
       lua_error(L, NULL);  /* propagate error without additional messages */
     return 1;
   }
-  if (strchr(options, 'p'))  /* pack results? */
-    lua_error(L, "deprecated option `p' in `call'");
+  if (strchr(options, l_c('p')))  /* pack results? */
+    lua_error(L, l_s("deprecated option `p' in `call'"));
   return lua_gettop(L) - oldtop;  /* results are already on the stack */
 }
 
 
 static int luaB_tostring (lua_State *L) {
-  char buff[64];
+  l_char buff[64];
   switch (lua_type(L, 1)) {
     case LUA_TNUMBER:
       lua_pushstring(L, lua_tostring(L, 1));
@@ -344,24 +344,24 @@ static int luaB_tostring (lua_State *L) {
       lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
       return 1;
     case LUA_TTABLE:
-      sprintf(buff, "%.40s: %p", lua_xtype(L, 1), lua_topointer(L, 1));
+      sprintf(buff, l_s("%.40s: %p"), lua_xtype(L, 1), lua_topointer(L, 1));
       break;
     case LUA_TFUNCTION:
-      sprintf(buff, "function: %p", lua_topointer(L, 1));
+      sprintf(buff, l_s("function: %p"), lua_topointer(L, 1));
       break;
     case LUA_TUSERDATA: {
-      const char *t = lua_xtype(L, 1);
-      if (strcmp(t, "userdata") == 0)
-        sprintf(buff, "userdata(%d): %p", lua_tag(L, 1), lua_touserdata(L, 1));
+      const l_char *t = lua_xtype(L, 1);
+      if (strcmp(t, l_s("userdata")) == 0)
+        sprintf(buff, l_s("userdata(%d): %p"), lua_tag(L, 1), lua_touserdata(L, 1));
       else
-        sprintf(buff, "%.40s: %p", t, lua_touserdata(L, 1));
+        sprintf(buff, l_s("%.40s: %p"), t, lua_touserdata(L, 1));
       break;
     }
     case LUA_TNIL:
-      lua_pushliteral(L, "nil");
+      lua_pushliteral(L, l_s("nil"));
       return 1;
     default:
-      luaL_argerror(L, 1, "value expected");
+      luaL_argerror(L, 1, l_s("value expected"));
   }
   lua_pushstring(L, buff);
   return 1;
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ static int luaB_foreach (lua_State *L) {
 static int luaB_assert (lua_State *L) {
   luaL_checkany(L, 1);
   if (lua_isnil(L, 1))
-    luaL_verror(L, "assertion failed!  %.90s", luaL_opt_string(L, 2, ""));
+    luaL_verror(L, l_s("assertion failed!  %.90s"), luaL_opt_string(L, 2, l_s("")));
   lua_settop(L, 1);
   return 1;
 }
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ static int luaB_tinsert (lua_State *L) {
     pos = n+1;
   else
     pos = luaL_check_int(L, 2);  /* 2nd argument is the position */
-  lua_pushliteral(L, "n");
+  lua_pushliteral(L, l_s("n"));
   lua_pushnumber(L, n+1);
   lua_rawset(L, 1);  /* t.n = n+1 */
   for (; n>=pos; n--) {
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ static int luaB_tremove (lua_State *L) {
     lua_rawgeti(L, 1, pos+1);
     lua_rawseti(L, 1, pos);  /* a[pos] = a[pos+1] */
   }
-  lua_pushliteral(L, "n");
+  lua_pushliteral(L, l_s("n"));
   lua_pushnumber(L, n-1);
   lua_rawset(L, 1);  /* t.n = n-1 */
   lua_pushnil(L);
@@ -527,12 +527,12 @@ static void auxsort (lua_State *L, int l, int u) {
     for (;;) {  /* invariant: a[l..i] <= P <= a[j..u] */
       /* repeat ++i until a[i] >= P */
       while (lua_rawgeti(L, 1, ++i), sort_comp(L, -1, -2)) {
-        if (i>u) lua_error(L, "invalid order function for sorting");
+        if (i>u) lua_error(L, l_s("invalid order function for sorting"));
         lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove a[i] */
       }
       /* repeat --j until a[j] <= P */
       while (lua_rawgeti(L, 1, --j), sort_comp(L, -3, -1)) {
-        if (j<l) lua_error(L, "invalid order function for sorting");
+        if (j<l) lua_error(L, l_s("invalid order function for sorting"));
         lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove a[j] */
       }
       if (j<i) {
@@ -581,10 +581,10 @@ static int luaB_sort (lua_State *L) {
 #define num_deprecated  4
 
 static const luaL_reg deprecated_names [num_deprecated] = {
-  {"foreachvar", luaB_foreach},
-  {"nextvar", luaB_next},
-  {"rawgetglobal", luaB_rawget},
-  {"rawsetglobal", luaB_rawset}
+  {l_s("foreachvar"), luaB_foreach},
+  {l_s("nextvar"), luaB_next},
+  {l_s("rawgetglobal"), luaB_rawget},
+  {l_s("rawsetglobal"), luaB_rawset}
 };
 
 
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ static void deprecated_funcs (lua_State *L) {
 ** gives an explicit error in any attempt to call a deprecated function
 */
 static int deprecated_func (lua_State *L) {
-  luaL_verror(L, "function `%.20s' is deprecated", lua_tostring(L, -1));
+  luaL_verror(L, l_s("function `%.20s' is deprecated"), lua_tostring(L, -1));
   return 0;  /* to avoid warnings */
 }
 
@@ -637,49 +637,49 @@ static void deprecated_funcs (lua_State *L) {
 /* }====================================================== */
 
 static const luaL_reg base_funcs[] = {
-  {LUA_ALERT, luaB__ALERT},
-  {LUA_ERRORMESSAGE, luaB__ERRORMESSAGE},
-  {"call", luaB_call},
-  {"collectgarbage", luaB_collectgarbage},
-  {"copytagmethods", luaB_copytagmethods},
-  {"dofile", luaB_dofile},
-  {"dostring", luaB_dostring},
-  {"error", luaB_error},
-  {"foreach", luaB_foreach},
-  {"foreachi", luaB_foreachi},
-  {"gcinfo", luaB_gcinfo},
-  {"getglobal", luaB_getglobal},
-  {"gettagmethod", luaB_gettagmethod},
-  {"globals", luaB_globals},
-  {"newtype", luaB_newtype},
-  {"newtag", luaB_newtype},  /* for compatibility 4.0 */
-  {"next", luaB_next},
-  {"print", luaB_print},
-  {"rawget", luaB_rawget},
-  {"rawset", luaB_rawset},
-  {"rawgettable", luaB_rawget},  /* for compatibility 3.2 */
-  {"rawsettable", luaB_rawset},  /* for compatibility 3.2 */
-  {"setglobal", luaB_setglobal},
-  {"settag", luaB_settag},
-  {"settagmethod", luaB_settagmethod},
-  {"tag", luaB_tag},
-  {"tonumber", luaB_tonumber},
-  {"tostring", luaB_tostring},
-  {"type", luaB_type},
-  {"assert", luaB_assert},
-  {"getn", luaB_getn},
-  {"sort", luaB_sort},
-  {"tinsert", luaB_tinsert},
-  {"tremove", luaB_tremove},
-  {"xtype", luaB_xtype},
+  {l_s(LUA_ALERT), luaB__ALERT},
+  {l_s(LUA_ERRORMESSAGE), luaB__ERRORMESSAGE},
+  {l_s("call"), luaB_call},
+  {l_s("collectgarbage"), luaB_collectgarbage},
+  {l_s("copytagmethods"), luaB_copytagmethods},
+  {l_s("dofile"), luaB_dofile},
+  {l_s("dostring"), luaB_dostring},
+  {l_s("error"), luaB_error},
+  {l_s("foreach"), luaB_foreach},
+  {l_s("foreachi"), luaB_foreachi},
+  {l_s("gcinfo"), luaB_gcinfo},
+  {l_s("getglobal"), luaB_getglobal},
+  {l_s("gettagmethod"), luaB_gettagmethod},
+  {l_s("globals"), luaB_globals},
+  {l_s("newtype"), luaB_newtype},
+  {l_s("newtag"), luaB_newtype},  /* for compatibility 4.0 */
+  {l_s("next"), luaB_next},
+  {l_s("print"), luaB_print},
+  {l_s("rawget"), luaB_rawget},
+  {l_s("rawset"), luaB_rawset},
+  {l_s("rawgettable"), luaB_rawget},  /* for compatibility 3.2 */
+  {l_s("rawsettable"), luaB_rawset},  /* for compatibility 3.2 */
+  {l_s("setglobal"), luaB_setglobal},
+  {l_s("settag"), luaB_settag},
+  {l_s("settagmethod"), luaB_settagmethod},
+  {l_s("tag"), luaB_tag},
+  {l_s("tonumber"), luaB_tonumber},
+  {l_s("tostring"), luaB_tostring},
+  {l_s("type"), luaB_type},
+  {l_s("assert"), luaB_assert},
+  {l_s("getn"), luaB_getn},
+  {l_s("sort"), luaB_sort},
+  {l_s("tinsert"), luaB_tinsert},
+  {l_s("tremove"), luaB_tremove},
+  {l_s("xtype"), luaB_xtype},
 };
 
 
 
 LUALIB_API void lua_baselibopen (lua_State *L) {
   luaL_openl(L, base_funcs);
-  lua_pushliteral(L, LUA_VERSION);
-  lua_setglobal(L, "_VERSION");
+  lua_pushliteral(L, l_s(LUA_VERSION));
+  lua_setglobal(L, l_s("_VERSION"));
   deprecated_funcs(L);
 }
 
diff --git a/lcode.c b/lcode.c
index 1c3ffedd..6997272f 100644
--- a/lcode.c
+++ b/lcode.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lcode.c,v 1.61 2001/02/08 11:19:10 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lcode.c,v 1.62 2001/02/12 19:21:19 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Code generator for Lua
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include "lparser.h"
 
 
-void luaK_error (LexState *ls, const char *msg) {
+void luaK_error (LexState *ls, const l_char *msg) {
   luaX_error(ls, msg, ls->t.token);
 }
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ static void luaK_fixjump (FuncState *fs, int pc, int dest) {
   else {  /* jump is relative to position following jump instruction */
     int offset = dest-(pc+1);
     if (abs(offset) > MAXARG_S)
-      luaK_error(fs->ls, "control structure too long");
+      luaK_error(fs->ls, l_s("control structure too long"));
     SETARG_S(*jmp, offset);
   }
 }
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ void luaK_deltastack (FuncState *fs, int delta) {
   fs->stacklevel += delta;
   if (fs->stacklevel > fs->f->maxstacksize) {
     if (fs->stacklevel > MAXSTACK)
-      luaK_error(fs->ls, "function or expression too complex");
+      luaK_error(fs->ls, l_s("function or expression too complex"));
     fs->f->maxstacksize = (short)fs->stacklevel;
   }
 }
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ static int number_constant (FuncState *fs, lua_Number r) {
     if (f->knum[c] == r) return c;
   /* not found; create a new entry */
   luaM_growvector(fs->L, f->knum, fs->nknum, f->sizeknum, lua_Number,
-                  MAXARG_U, "constant table overflow");
+                  MAXARG_U, l_s("constant table overflow"));
   c = fs->nknum++;
   f->knum[c] = r;
   return c;
@@ -436,11 +436,11 @@ static void codelineinfo (FuncState *fs) {
   if (ls->lastline > fs->lastline) {
     if (ls->lastline > fs->lastline+1) {
       luaM_growvector(fs->L, f->lineinfo, fs->nlineinfo, f->sizelineinfo, int,
-                      MAX_INT, "line info overflow");
+                      MAX_INT, l_s("line info overflow"));
       f->lineinfo[fs->nlineinfo++] = -(ls->lastline - (fs->lastline+1));
     }
     luaM_growvector(fs->L, f->lineinfo, fs->nlineinfo, f->sizelineinfo, int,
-                    MAX_INT, "line info overflow");
+                    MAX_INT, l_s("line info overflow"));
     f->lineinfo[fs->nlineinfo++] = fs->pc;
     fs->lastline = ls->lastline;
   }
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ int luaK_code2 (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int arg1, int arg2) {
   codelineinfo(fs);
   /* put new instruction in code array */
   luaM_growvector(fs->L, f->code, fs->pc, f->sizecode, Instruction,
-                  MAX_INT, "code size overflow");
+                  MAX_INT, l_s("code size overflow"));
   f->code[fs->pc] = i;
   return fs->pc++;
 }
diff --git a/lcode.h b/lcode.h
index 41b8a55b..b73e9947 100644
--- a/lcode.h
+++ b/lcode.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lcode.h,v 1.19 2001/01/29 15:26:40 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lcode.h,v 1.20 2001/02/20 18:15:33 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Code generator for Lua
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ typedef struct OpProperties {
 extern const OpProperties luaK_opproperties[];
 
 
-void luaK_error (LexState *ls, const char *msg);
+void luaK_error (LexState *ls, const l_char *msg);
 int luaK_code0 (FuncState *fs, OpCode o);
 int luaK_code1 (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int arg1);
 int luaK_code2 (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int arg1, int arg2);
diff --git a/ldblib.c b/ldblib.c
index 73024335..906a0754 100644
--- a/ldblib.c
+++ b/ldblib.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: ldblib.c,v 1.31 2001/01/10 16:58:11 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: ldblib.c,v 1.32 2001/02/02 19:02:40 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Interface from Lua to its debug API
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@
 
 
 
-static void settabss (lua_State *L, const char *i, const char *v) {
+static void settabss (lua_State *L, const l_char *i, const l_char *v) {
   lua_pushstring(L, i);
   lua_pushstring(L, v);
   lua_settable(L, -3);
 }
 
 
-static void settabsi (lua_State *L, const char *i, int v) {
+static void settabsi (lua_State *L, const l_char *i, int v) {
   lua_pushstring(L, i);
   lua_pushnumber(L, v);
   lua_settable(L, -3);
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ static void settabsi (lua_State *L, const char *i, int v) {
 
 static int getinfo (lua_State *L) {
   lua_Debug ar;
-  const char *options = luaL_opt_string(L, 2, "flnSu");
-  char buff[20];
+  const l_char *options = luaL_opt_string(L, 2, l_s("flnSu"));
+  l_char buff[20];
   if (lua_isnumber(L, 1)) {
     if (!lua_getstack(L, (int)lua_tonumber(L, 1), &ar)) {
       lua_pushnil(L);  /* level out of range */
@@ -43,35 +43,35 @@ static int getinfo (lua_State *L) {
   }
   else if (lua_isfunction(L, 1)) {
     lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
-    sprintf(buff, ">%.10s", options);
+    sprintf(buff, l_s(">%.10s"), options);
     options = buff;
   }
   else
-    luaL_argerror(L, 1, "function or level expected");
+    luaL_argerror(L, 1, l_s("function or level expected"));
   if (!lua_getinfo(L, options, &ar))
-    luaL_argerror(L, 2, "invalid option");
+    luaL_argerror(L, 2, l_s("invalid option"));
   lua_newtable(L);
   for (; *options; options++) {
     switch (*options) {
-      case 'S':
-        settabss(L, "source", ar.source);
+      case l_c('S'):
+        settabss(L, l_s("source"), ar.source);
         if (ar.source)
-          settabss(L, "short_src", ar.short_src);
-        settabsi(L, "linedefined", ar.linedefined);
-        settabss(L, "what", ar.what);
+          settabss(L, l_s("short_src"), ar.short_src);
+        settabsi(L, l_s("linedefined"), ar.linedefined);
+        settabss(L, l_s("what"), ar.what);
         break;
-      case 'l':
-        settabsi(L, "currentline", ar.currentline);
+      case l_c('l'):
+        settabsi(L, l_s("currentline"), ar.currentline);
         break;
-      case 'u':
-        settabsi(L, "nups", ar.nups);
+      case l_c('u'):
+        settabsi(L, l_s("nups"), ar.nups);
         break;
-      case 'n':
-        settabss(L, "name", ar.name);
-        settabss(L, "namewhat", ar.namewhat);
+      case l_c('n'):
+        settabss(L, l_s("name"), ar.name);
+        settabss(L, l_s("namewhat"), ar.namewhat);
         break;
-      case 'f':
-        lua_pushliteral(L, "func");
+      case l_c('f'):
+        lua_pushliteral(L, l_s("func"));
         lua_pushvalue(L, -3);
         lua_settable(L, -3);
         break;
@@ -83,9 +83,9 @@ static int getinfo (lua_State *L) {
 
 static int getlocal (lua_State *L) {
   lua_Debug ar;
-  const char *name;
+  const l_char *name;
   if (!lua_getstack(L, luaL_check_int(L, 1), &ar))  /* level out of range? */
-    luaL_argerror(L, 1, "level out of range");
+    luaL_argerror(L, 1, l_s("level out of range"));
   name = lua_getlocal(L, &ar, luaL_check_int(L, 2));
   if (name) {
     lua_pushstring(L, name);
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ static int getlocal (lua_State *L) {
 static int setlocal (lua_State *L) {
   lua_Debug ar;
   if (!lua_getstack(L, luaL_check_int(L, 1), &ar))  /* level out of range? */
-    luaL_argerror(L, 1, "level out of range");
+    luaL_argerror(L, 1, l_s("level out of range"));
   luaL_checkany(L, 3);
   lua_pushstring(L, lua_setlocal(L, &ar, luaL_check_int(L, 2)));
   return 1;
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ static int setlocal (lua_State *L) {
 
 
 /* dummy variables (to define unique addresses) */
-static const char key1[] = "ab";
+static const l_char key1[] = l_s("ab");
 #define KEY_CALLHOOK    ((void *)key1)
 #define KEY_LINEHOOK    ((void *)(key1+1))
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ static void sethook (lua_State *L, void *key, lua_Hook hook,
   else if (lua_isfunction(L, 1))
     (*sethookf)(L, hook);
   else
-    luaL_argerror(L, 1, "function expected");
+    luaL_argerror(L, 1, l_s("function expected"));
   lua_getregistry(L);
   lua_pushuserdata(L, key);
   lua_pushvalue(L, -1);  /* dup key */
@@ -174,11 +174,11 @@ static int setlinehook (lua_State *L) {
 
 
 static const luaL_reg dblib[] = {
-  {"getlocal", getlocal},
-  {"getinfo", getinfo},
-  {"setcallhook", setcallhook},
-  {"setlinehook", setlinehook},
-  {"setlocal", setlocal}
+  {l_s("getlocal"), getlocal},
+  {l_s("getinfo"), getinfo},
+  {l_s("setcallhook"), setcallhook},
+  {l_s("setlinehook"), setlinehook},
+  {l_s("setlocal"), setlocal}
 };
 
 
diff --git a/ldebug.c b/ldebug.c
index 7c605638..e42a9028 100644
--- a/ldebug.c
+++ b/ldebug.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: ldebug.c,v 1.67 2001/02/21 16:52:09 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: ldebug.c,v 1.68 2001/02/22 18:59:59 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Debug Interface
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 
 
 
-static const char *getfuncname (lua_State *L, StkId f, const char **name);
+static const l_char *getfuncname (lua_State *L, StkId f, const l_char **name);
 
 
 static void setnormalized (TObject *d, const TObject *s) {
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ static Proto *getluaproto (StkId f) {
 }
 
 
-LUA_API const char *lua_getlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n) {
-  const char *name;
+LUA_API const l_char *lua_getlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n) {
+  const l_char *name;
   StkId f;
   Proto *fp;
   LUA_LOCK(L);
@@ -176,8 +176,8 @@ LUA_API const char *lua_getlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n) {
 }
 
 
-LUA_API const char *lua_setlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n) {
-  const char *name;
+LUA_API const l_char *lua_setlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n) {
+  const l_char *name;
   StkId f;
   Proto *fp;
   LUA_LOCK(L);
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ LUA_API const char *lua_setlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n) {
   L->top--;  /* pop new value */
   if (fp) {  /* `f' is a Lua function? */
     name = luaF_getlocalname(fp, n, currentpc(f));
-    if (!name || name[0] == '(')  /* `(' starts private locals */
+    if (!name || name[0] == l_c('('))  /* `(' starts private locals */
       name = NULL;
     else
       setobj((f+1)+(n-1), L->top);
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ LUA_API const char *lua_setlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n) {
 static void infoLproto (lua_Debug *ar, Proto *f) {
   ar->source = getstr(f->source);
   ar->linedefined = f->lineDefined;
-  ar->what = "Lua";
+  ar->what = l_s("Lua");
 }
 
 
@@ -214,22 +214,22 @@ static void funcinfo (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar, StkId func) {
       cl = infovalue(func)->func;
       break;
     default:
-      luaD_error(L, "value for `lua_getinfo' is not a function");
+      luaD_error(L, l_s("value for `lua_getinfo' is not a function"));
   }
   if (cl->isC) {
-    ar->source = "=C";
+    ar->source = l_s("=C");
     ar->linedefined = -1;
-    ar->what = "C";
+    ar->what = l_s("C");
   }
   else
     infoLproto(ar, cl->f.l);
   luaO_chunkid(ar->short_src, ar->source, sizeof(ar->short_src));
   if (ar->linedefined == 0)
-    ar->what = "main";
+    ar->what = l_s("main");
 }
 
 
-static const char *travtagmethods (global_State *G, const TObject *o) {
+static const l_char *travtagmethods (global_State *G, const TObject *o) {
   if (ttype(o) == LUA_TFUNCTION) {
     int e;
     for (e=0; e<TM_N; e++) {
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ static const char *travtagmethods (global_State *G, const TObject *o) {
 }
 
 
-static const char *travglobals (lua_State *L, const TObject *o) {
+static const l_char *travglobals (lua_State *L, const TObject *o) {
   Hash *g = L->gt;
   int i;
   for (i=0; i<g->size; i++) {
@@ -260,20 +260,20 @@ static void getname (lua_State *L, StkId f, lua_Debug *ar) {
   setnormalized(&o, f);
   /* try to find a name for given function */
   if ((ar->name = travglobals(L, &o)) != NULL)
-    ar->namewhat = "global";
+    ar->namewhat = l_s("global");
   /* not found: try tag methods */
   else if ((ar->name = travtagmethods(G(L), &o)) != NULL)
-    ar->namewhat = "tag-method";
-  else ar->namewhat = "";  /* not found at all */
+    ar->namewhat = l_s("tag-method");
+  else ar->namewhat = l_s("");  /* not found at all */
 }
 
 
-LUA_API int lua_getinfo (lua_State *L, const char *what, lua_Debug *ar) {
+LUA_API int lua_getinfo (lua_State *L, const l_char *what, lua_Debug *ar) {
   StkId func;
   int isactive;
   int status = 1;
   LUA_LOCK(L);
-  isactive = (*what != '>');
+  isactive = (*what != l_c('>'));
   if (isactive)
     func = ar->_func;
   else {
@@ -282,25 +282,25 @@ LUA_API int lua_getinfo (lua_State *L, const char *what, lua_Debug *ar) {
   }
   for (; *what; what++) {
     switch (*what) {
-      case 'S': {
+      case l_c('S'): {
         funcinfo(L, ar, func);
         break;
       }
-      case 'l': {
+      case l_c('l'): {
         ar->currentline = currentline(func);
         break;
       }
-      case 'u': {
+      case l_c('u'): {
         ar->nups = nups(func);
         break;
       }
-      case 'n': {
+      case l_c('n'): {
         ar->namewhat = (isactive) ? getfuncname(L, func, &ar->name) : NULL;
         if (ar->namewhat == NULL)
           getname(L, func, ar);
         break;
       }
-      case 'f': {
+      case l_c('f'): {
         setnormalized(L->top, func);
         incr_top;  /* push function */
         break;
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ int luaG_checkcode (lua_State *L, const Proto *pt) {
 }
 
 
-static const char *getobjname (lua_State *L, StkId obj, const char **name) {
+static const l_char *getobjname (lua_State *L, StkId obj, const l_char **name) {
   StkId func = aux_stackedfunction(L, 0, obj);
   if (!isLmark(func))
     return NULL;  /* not an active Lua function */
@@ -556,17 +556,17 @@ static const char *getobjname (lua_State *L, StkId obj, const char **name) {
     switch (GET_OPCODE(i)) {
       case OP_GETGLOBAL: {
         *name = getstr(p->kstr[GETARG_U(i)]);
-        return "global";
+        return l_s("global");
       }
       case OP_GETLOCAL: {
         *name = luaF_getlocalname(p, GETARG_U(i)+1, pc);
         lua_assert(*name);
-        return "local";
+        return l_s("local");
       }
       case OP_PUSHSELF:
       case OP_GETDOTTED: {
         *name = getstr(p->kstr[GETARG_U(i)]);
-        return "field";
+        return l_s("field");
       }
       default:
         return NULL;  /* no useful name found */
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ static const char *getobjname (lua_State *L, StkId obj, const char **name) {
 }
 
 
-static const char *getfuncname (lua_State *L, StkId f, const char **name) {
+static const l_char *getfuncname (lua_State *L, StkId f, const l_char **name) {
   StkId func = aux_stackedfunction(L, 0, f);  /* calling function */
   if (!isLmark(func))
     return NULL;  /* not an active Lua function */
@@ -595,19 +595,19 @@ static const char *getfuncname (lua_State *L, StkId f, const char **name) {
 }
 
 
-void luaG_typeerror (lua_State *L, StkId o, const char *op) {
-  const char *name;
-  const char *kind = getobjname(L, o, &name);
-  const char *t = luaT_typename(G(L), o);
+void luaG_typeerror (lua_State *L, StkId o, const l_char *op) {
+  const l_char *name;
+  const l_char *kind = getobjname(L, o, &name);
+  const l_char *t = luaT_typename(G(L), o);
   if (kind)
-    luaO_verror(L, "attempt to %.30s %.20s `%.40s' (a %.10s value)",
+    luaO_verror(L, l_s("attempt to %.30s %.20s `%.40s' (a %.10s value)"),
                 op, kind, name, t);
   else
-    luaO_verror(L, "attempt to %.30s a %.10s value", op, t);
+    luaO_verror(L, l_s("attempt to %.30s a %.10s value"), op, t);
 }
 
 
-void luaG_binerror (lua_State *L, StkId p1, int t, const char *op) {
+void luaG_binerror (lua_State *L, StkId p1, int t, const l_char *op) {
   if (ttype(p1) == t) p1++;
   lua_assert(ttype(p1) != t);
   luaG_typeerror(L, p1, op);
@@ -615,11 +615,11 @@ void luaG_binerror (lua_State *L, StkId p1, int t, const char *op) {
 
 
 void luaG_ordererror (lua_State *L, const TObject *p1, const TObject *p2) {
-  const char *t1 = luaT_typename(G(L), p1);
-  const char *t2 = luaT_typename(G(L), p2);
+  const l_char *t1 = luaT_typename(G(L), p1);
+  const l_char *t2 = luaT_typename(G(L), p2);
   if (t1[2] == t2[2])
-    luaO_verror(L, "attempt to compare two %.10s values", t1);
+    luaO_verror(L, l_s("attempt to compare two %.10s values"), t1);
   else
-    luaO_verror(L, "attempt to compare %.10s with %.10s", t1, t2);
+    luaO_verror(L, l_s("attempt to compare %.10s with %.10s"), t1, t2);
 }
 
diff --git a/ldebug.h b/ldebug.h
index 447b4b68..9bdc7c03 100644
--- a/ldebug.h
+++ b/ldebug.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: ldebug.h,v 1.9 2001/02/09 18:37:33 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: ldebug.h,v 1.10 2001/02/12 19:54:50 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Auxiliary functions from Debug Interface module
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 #include "luadebug.h"
 
 
-void luaG_typeerror (lua_State *L, StkId o, const char *op);
-void luaG_binerror (lua_State *L, StkId p1, int t, const char *op);
+void luaG_typeerror (lua_State *L, StkId o, const l_char *op);
+void luaG_binerror (lua_State *L, StkId p1, int t, const l_char *op);
 int luaG_getline (int *lineinfo, int pc, int refline, int *refi);
 void luaG_ordererror (lua_State *L, const TObject *p1, const TObject *p2);
 int luaG_checkcode (lua_State *L, const Proto *pt);
diff --git a/ldo.c b/ldo.c
index 30c0c241..84a2c985 100644
--- a/ldo.c
+++ b/ldo.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: ldo.c,v 1.126 2001/02/22 18:59:59 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: ldo.c,v 1.127 2001/02/23 13:38:56 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Stack and Call structure of Lua
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ void luaD_checkstack (lua_State *L, int n) {
     else {
       L->stack_last += EXTRA_STACK;  /* to be used by error message */
       lua_assert(L->stack_last == L->stack+L->stacksize-1);
-      luaD_error(L, "stack overflow");
+      luaD_error(L, l_s("stack overflow"));
     }
   }
 }
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ void luaD_lineHook (lua_State *L, StkId func, int line, lua_Hook linehook) {
   if (L->allowhooks) {
     lua_Debug ar;
     ar._func = func;
-    ar.event = "line";
+    ar.event = l_s("line");
     ar.currentline = line;
     dohook(L, &ar, linehook);
   }
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ void luaD_lineHook (lua_State *L, StkId func, int line, lua_Hook linehook) {
 
 
 static void luaD_callHook (lua_State *L, StkId func, lua_Hook callhook,
-                    const char *event) {
+                    const l_char *event) {
   if (L->allowhooks) {
     lua_Debug ar;
     ar._func = func;
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ void luaD_call (lua_State *L, StkId func, int nResults) {
     /* `func' is not a function; check the `function' tag method */
     Closure *tm = luaT_gettmbyObj(G(L), func, TM_FUNCTION);
     if (tm == NULL)
-      luaG_typeerror(L, func, "call");
+      luaG_typeerror(L, func, l_s("call"));
     luaD_openstack(L, func);
     setclvalue(func, tm);  /* tag method is the new function to be called */
   }
@@ -168,11 +168,11 @@ void luaD_call (lua_State *L, StkId func, int nResults) {
   setivalue(func, &ci);
   callhook = L->callhook;
   if (callhook)
-    luaD_callHook(L, func, callhook, "call");
+    luaD_callHook(L, func, callhook, l_s("call"));
   firstResult = (cl->isC ? callCclosure(L, cl, func+1) :
                            luaV_execute(L, cl, func+1));
   if (callhook)  /* same hook that was active at entry */
-    luaD_callHook(L, func, callhook, "return");
+    luaD_callHook(L, func, callhook, l_s("return"));
   lua_assert(ttype(func) == LUA_TMARK);
   setnilvalue(func);  /* remove callinfo from the stack */
   /* move results to `func' (to erase parameters and function) */
@@ -261,20 +261,20 @@ static int protectedparser (lua_State *L, ZIO *z, int bin) {
 }
 
 
-static int parse_file (lua_State *L, const char *filename) {
+static int parse_file (lua_State *L, const l_char *filename) {
   ZIO z;
   int status;
   int bin;  /* flag for file mode */
-  FILE *f = (filename == NULL) ? stdin : fopen(filename, "r");
+  FILE *f = (filename == NULL) ? stdin : fopen(filename, l_s("r"));
   if (f == NULL) return LUA_ERRFILE;  /* unable to open file */
   bin = (ungetc(fgetc(f), f) == ID_CHUNK);
   if (bin && f != stdin) {
     fclose(f);
-    f = fopen(filename, "rb");  /* reopen in binary mode */
+    f = fopen(filename, l_s("rb"));  /* reopen in binary mode */
     if (f == NULL) return LUA_ERRFILE;  /* unable to reopen file */
   }
-  lua_pushliteral(L, "@");
-  lua_pushstring(L, (filename == NULL) ? "(stdin)" : filename);
+  lua_pushliteral(L, l_s("@"));
+  lua_pushstring(L, (filename == NULL) ? l_s("(stdin)") : filename);
   lua_concat(L, 2);
   filename = lua_tostring(L, -1);  /* filename = `@'..filename */
   luaZ_Fopen(&z, f, filename);
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ static int parse_file (lua_State *L, const char *filename) {
 }
 
 
-LUA_API int lua_dofile (lua_State *L, const char *filename) {
+LUA_API int lua_dofile (lua_State *L, const l_char *filename) {
   int status;
   status = parse_file(L, filename);
   if (status == 0)  /* parse OK? */
@@ -295,18 +295,18 @@ LUA_API int lua_dofile (lua_State *L, const char *filename) {
 }
 
 
-static int parse_buffer (lua_State *L, const char *buff, size_t size,
-                         const char *name) {
+static int parse_buffer (lua_State *L, const l_char *buff, size_t size,
+                         const l_char *name) {
   ZIO z;
   int status;
-  if (!name) name = "?";
+  if (!name) name = l_s("?");
   luaZ_mopen(&z, buff, size, name);
   status = protectedparser(L, &z, buff[0]==ID_CHUNK);
   return status;
 }
 
 
-LUA_API int lua_dobuffer (lua_State *L, const char *buff, size_t size, const char *name) {
+LUA_API int lua_dobuffer (lua_State *L, const l_char *buff, size_t size, const l_char *name) {
   int status;
   status = parse_buffer(L, buff, size, name);
   if (status == 0)  /* parse OK? */
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ LUA_API int lua_dobuffer (lua_State *L, const char *buff, size_t size, const cha
 }
 
 
-LUA_API int lua_dostring (lua_State *L, const char *str) {
+LUA_API int lua_dostring (lua_State *L, const l_char *str) {
   return lua_dobuffer(L, str, strlen(str), str);
 }
 
@@ -334,8 +334,8 @@ struct lua_longjmp {
 };
 
 
-static void message (lua_State *L, const char *s) {
-  luaV_getglobal(L, luaS_newliteral(L, LUA_ERRORMESSAGE), L->top);
+static void message (lua_State *L, const l_char *s) {
+  luaV_getglobal(L, luaS_newliteral(L, l_s(LUA_ERRORMESSAGE)), L->top);
   if (ttype(L->top) == LUA_TFUNCTION) {
     incr_top;
     setsvalue(L->top, luaS_new(L, s));
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ static void message (lua_State *L, const char *s) {
 /*
 ** Reports an error, and jumps up to the available recovery label
 */
-void luaD_error (lua_State *L, const char *s) {
+void luaD_error (lua_State *L, const l_char *s) {
   if (s) message(L, s);
   luaD_breakrun(L, LUA_ERRRUN);
 }
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ void luaD_breakrun (lua_State *L, int errcode) {
   }
   else {
     if (errcode != LUA_ERRMEM)
-      message(L, "unable to recover; exiting\n");
+      message(L, l_s("unable to recover; exiting\n"));
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   }
 }
diff --git a/ldo.h b/ldo.h
index 2cd9a91c..b4bc94c5 100644
--- a/ldo.h
+++ b/ldo.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: ldo.h,v 1.29 2001/01/24 15:45:33 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: ldo.h,v 1.30 2001/02/07 18:13:49 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Stack and Call structure of Lua
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ void luaD_lineHook (lua_State *L, StkId func, int line, lua_Hook linehook);
 void luaD_call (lua_State *L, StkId func, int nResults);
 void luaD_checkstack (lua_State *L, int n);
 
-void luaD_error (lua_State *L, const char *s);
+void luaD_error (lua_State *L, const l_char *s);
 void luaD_breakrun (lua_State *L, int errcode);
 int luaD_runprotected (lua_State *L, void (*f)(lua_State *, void *), void *ud);
 
diff --git a/lfunc.c b/lfunc.c
index 3b8dfd21..7d6353cc 100644
--- a/lfunc.c
+++ b/lfunc.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lfunc.c,v 1.40 2001/02/09 20:22:29 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lfunc.c,v 1.41 2001/02/20 18:28:11 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Auxiliary functions to manipulate prototypes and closures
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ void luaF_freeclosure (lua_State *L, Closure *c) {
 ** Look for n-th local variable at line `line' in function `func'.
 ** Returns NULL if not found.
 */
-const char *luaF_getlocalname (const Proto *f, int local_number, int pc) {
+const l_char *luaF_getlocalname (const Proto *f, int local_number, int pc) {
   int i;
   for (i = 0; i<f->sizelocvars && f->locvars[i].startpc <= pc; i++) {
     if (pc < f->locvars[i].endpc) {  /* is variable active? */
diff --git a/lfunc.h b/lfunc.h
index b78578a6..e5bcdca1 100644
--- a/lfunc.h
+++ b/lfunc.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lfunc.h,v 1.13 2000/09/29 12:42:13 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lfunc.h,v 1.14 2000/12/28 12:55:41 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Auxiliary functions to manipulate prototypes and closures
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Closure *luaF_newclosure (lua_State *L, int nelems);
 void luaF_freeproto (lua_State *L, Proto *f);
 void luaF_freeclosure (lua_State *L, Closure *c);
 
-const char *luaF_getlocalname (const Proto *func, int local_number, int pc);
+const l_char *luaF_getlocalname (const Proto *func, int local_number, int pc);
 
 
 #endif
diff --git a/lgc.c b/lgc.c
index 73c841b0..9ab871bd 100644
--- a/lgc.c
+++ b/lgc.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lgc.c,v 1.90 2001/02/20 18:28:11 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lgc.c,v 1.91 2001/02/22 18:59:59 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Garbage Collector
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ static void collectudata (lua_State *L, int all) {
 static void checkMbuffer (lua_State *L) {
   if (G(L)->Mbuffsize > MINBUFFER*2) {  /* is buffer too big? */
     size_t newsize = G(L)->Mbuffsize/2;  /* still larger than MINBUFFER */
-    luaM_reallocvector(L, G(L)->Mbuffer, G(L)->Mbuffsize, newsize, char);
+    luaM_reallocvector(L, G(L)->Mbuffer, G(L)->Mbuffsize, newsize, l_char);
     G(L)->Mbuffsize = newsize;
   }
 }
diff --git a/liolib.c b/liolib.c
index f9aa2716..379a8ca7 100644
--- a/liolib.c
+++ b/liolib.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: liolib.c,v 1.106 2001/02/09 19:52:54 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: liolib.c,v 1.107 2001/02/22 17:15:18 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Standard I/O (and system) library
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -47,10 +47,10 @@ int pclose(); */
 #define OUTFILE 1
 #define NOFILE  2
 
-#define FILEHANDLE      "FileHandle"
+#define FILEHANDLE      l_s("FileHandle")
 
 
-static const char *const filenames[] = {"_INPUT", "_OUTPUT"};
+static const l_char *const filenames[] = {l_s("_INPUT"), l_s("_OUTPUT")};
 
 
 static int pushresult (lua_State *L, int i) {
@@ -81,10 +81,10 @@ static FILE *getopthandle (lua_State *L, int inout) {
   FILE *p = (FILE *)lua_touserdata(L, 1);
   if (p != NULL) {  /* is it a userdata ? */
     if (!checkfile(L, 1)) {
-      if (strcmp(lua_xtype(L, 1), "ClosedFileHandle") == 0)
-        luaL_argerror(L, 1, "file is closed");
+      if (strcmp(lua_xtype(L, 1), l_s("ClosedFileHandle")) == 0)
+        luaL_argerror(L, 1, l_s("file is closed"));
       else
-        luaL_argerror(L, 1, "(invalid value)");
+        luaL_argerror(L, 1, l_s("(invalid value)"));
     }
     /* move it to stack top */
     lua_pushvalue(L, 1); lua_remove(L, 1);
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ static FILE *getopthandle (lua_State *L, int inout) {
   else if (inout != NOFILE) {  /* try global value */
     lua_getglobal(L, filenames[inout]);
     if (!checkfile(L,-1))
-      luaL_verror(L, "global variable `%.10s' is not a valid file handle",
+      luaL_verror(L, l_s("global variable `%.10s' is not a valid file handle"),
                   filenames[inout]);
     p = (FILE *)lua_touserdata(L, -1);
   }
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ static void pushfile (lua_State *L, FILE *f) {
 }
 
 
-static void setfilebyname (lua_State *L, FILE *f, const char *name) {
+static void setfilebyname (lua_State *L, FILE *f, const l_char *name) {
   pushfile(L, f);
   lua_setglobal(L, name);
 }
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ static int closefile (lua_State *L, FILE *f) {
     return 1;
   else {
     lua_pushuserdata(L, f);
-    lua_settag(L, lua_type2tag(L, "ClosedFileHandle"));
+    lua_settag(L, lua_type2tag(L, l_s("ClosedFileHandle")));
     return (CLOSEFILE(L, f) == 0);
   }
 }
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ static int io_tmpfile (lua_State *L) {
 
 
 
-static int io_fromto (lua_State *L, int inout, const char *mode) {
+static int io_fromto (lua_State *L, int inout, const l_char *mode) {
   FILE *current;
   if (lua_isnull(L, 1)) {
     closefile(L, getopthandle(L, inout));
@@ -172,25 +172,25 @@ static int io_fromto (lua_State *L, int inout, const char *mode) {
   else if (checkfile(L, 1))  /* deprecated option */
     current = (FILE *)lua_touserdata(L, 1);
   else {
-    const char *s = luaL_check_string(L, 1);
-    current = (*s == '|') ? popen(s+1, mode) : fopen(s, mode);
+    const l_char *s = luaL_check_string(L, 1);
+    current = (*s == l_c('|')) ? popen(s+1, mode) : fopen(s, mode);
   }
   return setreturn(L, current, inout);
 }
 
 
 static int io_readfrom (lua_State *L) {
-  return io_fromto(L, INFILE, "r");
+  return io_fromto(L, INFILE, l_s("r"));
 }
 
 
 static int io_writeto (lua_State *L) {
-  return io_fromto(L, OUTFILE, "w");
+  return io_fromto(L, OUTFILE, l_s("w"));
 }
 
 
 static int io_appendto (lua_State *L) {
-  FILE *current = fopen(luaL_check_string(L, 1), "a");
+  FILE *current = fopen(luaL_check_string(L, 1), l_s("a"));
   return setreturn(L, current, OUTFILE);
 }
 
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ static int io_appendto (lua_State *L) {
 
 static int read_number (lua_State *L, FILE *f) {
   double d;
-  if (fscanf(f, "%lf", &d) == 1) {
+  if (fscanf(f, l_s("%lf"), &d) == 1) {
     lua_pushnumber(L, d);
     return 1;
   }
@@ -233,11 +233,11 @@ static int read_line (lua_State *L, FILE *f) {
   luaL_Buffer b;
   luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
   for (;;) {
-    char *p = luaL_prepbuffer(&b);
+    l_char *p = luaL_prepbuffer(&b);
     if (!fgets(p, LUAL_BUFFERSIZE, f))  /* read fails? */
       break;
     n = strlen(p);
-    if (p[n-1] != '\n')
+    if (p[n-1] != l_c('\n'))
       luaL_addsize(&b, n); 
     else {
       luaL_addsize(&b, n-1);  /* do not add the `\n' */
@@ -253,15 +253,15 @@ static void read_file (lua_State *L, FILE *f) {
   size_t len = 0;
   size_t size = LUAL_BUFFERSIZE;
   size_t oldsize = 0;
-  char *buffer = NULL;
+  l_char *buffer = NULL;
   for (;;) {
-    char *newbuffer = (char *)l_realloc(buffer, oldsize, size);
+    l_char *newbuffer = (l_char *)l_realloc(buffer, oldsize, size);
     if (newbuffer == NULL) {
       l_free(buffer, oldsize);
-      lua_error(L, "not enough memory to read a file");
+      lua_error(L, l_s("not enough memory to read a file"));
     }
     buffer = newbuffer;
-    len += fread(buffer+len, sizeof(char), size-len, f);
+    len += fread(buffer+len, sizeof(l_char), size-len, f);
     if (len < size) break;  /* did not read all it could */
     oldsize = size;
     size *= 2;
@@ -279,17 +279,17 @@ static int read_chars (lua_State *L, FILE *f, size_t n) {
     return (c != EOF);
   }
   else {
-    char *buffer;
+    l_char *buffer;
     size_t n1;
-    char statbuff[LUAL_BUFFERSIZE];
+    l_char statbuff[LUAL_BUFFERSIZE];
     if (n <= LUAL_BUFFERSIZE)
       buffer = statbuff;
     else {
-      buffer = (char  *)l_malloc(n);
+      buffer = (l_char  *)l_malloc(n);
       if (buffer == NULL)
-        lua_error(L, "not enough memory to read a file");
+        lua_error(L, l_s("not enough memory to read a file"));
     }
-    n1 = fread(buffer, sizeof(char), n, f);
+    n1 = fread(buffer, sizeof(l_char), n, f);
     lua_pushlstring(L, buffer, n1);
     if (buffer != statbuff) l_free(buffer, n);
     return (n1 > 0 || n == 0);
@@ -307,31 +307,31 @@ static int io_read (lua_State *L) {
     n = 2;  /* will return n-1 results */
   }
   else {  /* ensure stack space for all results and for auxlib's buffer */
-    luaL_checkstack(L, nargs+LUA_MINSTACK, "too many arguments");
+    luaL_checkstack(L, nargs+LUA_MINSTACK, l_s("too many arguments"));
     success = 1;
     for (n = 1; n<=nargs && success; n++) {
       if (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TNUMBER)
         success = read_chars(L, f, (size_t)lua_tonumber(L, n));
       else {
-        const char *p = lua_tostring(L, n);
-        if (!p || p[0] != '*')
-          lua_error(L, "invalid `read' option");
+        const l_char *p = lua_tostring(L, n);
+        if (!p || p[0] != l_c('*'))
+          lua_error(L, l_s("invalid `read' option"));
         switch (p[1]) {
-          case 'n':  /* number */
+          case l_c('n'):  /* number */
             success = read_number(L, f);
             break;
-          case 'l':  /* line */
+          case l_c('l'):  /* line */
             success = read_line(L, f);
             break;
-          case 'a':  /* file */
+          case l_c('a'):  /* file */
             read_file(L, f);
             success = 1; /* always success */
             break;
-          case 'w':  /* word */
+          case l_c('w'):  /* word */
             success = read_word(L, f);
             break;
           default:
-            luaL_argerror(L, n, "invalid format");
+            luaL_argerror(L, n, l_s("invalid format"));
             success = 0;  /* to avoid warnings */
         }
       }
@@ -355,12 +355,12 @@ static int io_write (lua_State *L) {
   for (arg=1; arg<=nargs; arg++) {
     if (lua_type(L, arg) == LUA_TNUMBER) {  /* LUA_NUMBER */
       /* optimization: could be done exactly as for strings */
-      status = status && fprintf(f, "%.16g", lua_tonumber(L, arg)) > 0;
+      status = status && fprintf(f, l_s("%.16g"), lua_tonumber(L, arg)) > 0;
     }
     else {
       size_t l;
-      const char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, arg, &l);
-      status = status && (fwrite(s, sizeof(char), l, f) == l);
+      const l_char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, arg, &l);
+      status = status && (fwrite(s, sizeof(l_char), l, f) == l);
     }
   }
   pushresult(L, status);
@@ -370,11 +370,11 @@ static int io_write (lua_State *L) {
 
 static int io_seek (lua_State *L) {
   static const int mode[] = {SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END};
-  static const char *const modenames[] = {"set", "cur", "end", NULL};
+  static const l_char *const modenames[] = {l_s("set"), l_s("cur"), l_s("end"), NULL};
   FILE *f = (FILE *)luaL_check_userdata(L, 1, FILEHANDLE);
-  int op = luaL_findstring(luaL_opt_string(L, 2, "cur"), modenames);
+  int op = luaL_findstring(luaL_opt_string(L, 2, l_s("cur")), modenames);
   long offset = luaL_opt_long(L, 3, 0);
-  luaL_arg_check(L, op != -1, 2, "invalid mode");
+  luaL_arg_check(L, op != -1, 2, l_s("invalid mode"));
   op = fseek(f, offset, mode[op]);
   if (op)
     return pushresult(L, 0);  /* error */
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ static int io_seek (lua_State *L) {
 
 static int io_flush (lua_State *L) {
   FILE *f = getopthandle(L, NOFILE);
-  luaL_arg_check(L, f || lua_isnull(L, 1), 1, "invalid file handle");
+  luaL_arg_check(L, f || lua_isnull(L, 1), 1, l_s("invalid file handle"));
   return pushresult(L, fflush(f) == 0);
 }
 
@@ -418,9 +418,9 @@ static int io_rename (lua_State *L) {
 
 
 static int io_tmpname (lua_State *L) {
-  char buff[L_tmpnam];
+  l_char buff[L_tmpnam];
   if (tmpnam(buff) != buff)
-    lua_error(L, "unable to generate a unique filename");
+    lua_error(L, l_s("unable to generate a unique filename"));
   lua_pushstring(L, buff);
   return 1;
 }
@@ -447,14 +447,14 @@ static int io_clock (lua_State *L) {
 ** =======================================================
 */
 
-static void setfield (lua_State *L, const char *key, int value) {
+static void setfield (lua_State *L, const l_char *key, int value) {
   lua_pushstring(L, key);
   lua_pushnumber(L, value);
   lua_rawset(L, -3);
 }
 
 
-static int getfield (lua_State *L, const char *key, int d) {
+static int getfield (lua_State *L, const l_char *key, int d) {
   int res;
   lua_pushstring(L, key);
   lua_rawget(L, -2);
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ static int getfield (lua_State *L, const char *key, int d) {
     res = (int)lua_tonumber(L, -1);
   else {
     if (d == -2)
-      luaL_verror(L, "field `%.20s' missing in date table", key);
+      luaL_verror(L, l_s("field `%.20s' missing in date table"), key);
     res = d;
   }
   lua_pop(L, 1);
@@ -471,12 +471,12 @@ static int getfield (lua_State *L, const char *key, int d) {
 
 
 static int io_date (lua_State *L) {
-  const char *s = luaL_opt_string(L, 1, "%c");
+  const l_char *s = luaL_opt_string(L, 1, l_s("%c"));
   time_t t = (time_t)luaL_opt_number(L, 2, -1);
   struct tm *stm;
   if (t == (time_t)-1)  /* no time given? */
     t = time(NULL);  /* use current time */
-  if (*s == '!') {  /* UTC? */
+  if (*s == l_c('!')) {  /* UTC? */
     stm = gmtime(&t);
     s++;  /* skip `!' */
   }
@@ -484,24 +484,24 @@ static int io_date (lua_State *L) {
     stm = localtime(&t);
   if (stm == NULL)  /* invalid date? */
     lua_pushnil(L);
-  else if (strcmp(s, "*t") == 0) {
+  else if (strcmp(s, l_s("*t")) == 0) {
     lua_newtable(L);
-    setfield(L, "sec", stm->tm_sec);
-    setfield(L, "min", stm->tm_min);
-    setfield(L, "hour", stm->tm_hour);
-    setfield(L, "day", stm->tm_mday);
-    setfield(L, "month", stm->tm_mon+1);
-    setfield(L, "year", stm->tm_year+1900);
-    setfield(L, "wday", stm->tm_wday+1);
-    setfield(L, "yday", stm->tm_yday+1);
-    setfield(L, "isdst", stm->tm_isdst);
+    setfield(L, l_s("sec"), stm->tm_sec);
+    setfield(L, l_s("min"), stm->tm_min);
+    setfield(L, l_s("hour"), stm->tm_hour);
+    setfield(L, l_s("day"), stm->tm_mday);
+    setfield(L, l_s("month"), stm->tm_mon+1);
+    setfield(L, l_s("year"), stm->tm_year+1900);
+    setfield(L, l_s("wday"), stm->tm_wday+1);
+    setfield(L, l_s("yday"), stm->tm_yday+1);
+    setfield(L, l_s("isdst"), stm->tm_isdst);
   }
   else {
-    char b[256];
+    l_char b[256];
     if (strftime(b, sizeof(b), s, stm))
       lua_pushstring(L, b);
     else
-      lua_error(L, "invalid `date' format");
+      lua_error(L, l_s("invalid `date' format"));
   }
   return 1;
 }
@@ -515,13 +515,13 @@ static int io_time (lua_State *L) {
     struct tm ts;
     luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
     lua_settop(L, 1);  /* make sure table is at the top */
-    ts.tm_sec = getfield(L, "sec", 0);
-    ts.tm_min = getfield(L, "min", 0);
-    ts.tm_hour = getfield(L, "hour", 12);
-    ts.tm_mday = getfield(L, "day", -2);
-    ts.tm_mon = getfield(L, "month", -2)-1;
-    ts.tm_year = getfield(L, "year", -2)-1900;
-    ts.tm_isdst = getfield(L, "isdst", -1);
+    ts.tm_sec = getfield(L, l_s("sec"), 0);
+    ts.tm_min = getfield(L, l_s("min"), 0);
+    ts.tm_hour = getfield(L, l_s("hour"), 12);
+    ts.tm_mday = getfield(L, l_s("day"), -2);
+    ts.tm_mon = getfield(L, l_s("month"), -2)-1;
+    ts.tm_year = getfield(L, l_s("year"), -2)-1900;
+    ts.tm_isdst = getfield(L, l_s("isdst"), -1);
     t = mktime(&ts);
     if (t == (time_t)-1)
       lua_pushnil(L);
@@ -544,10 +544,10 @@ static int io_difftime (lua_State *L) {
 static int io_setloc (lua_State *L) {
   static const int cat[] = {LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MONETARY,
                       LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME};
-  static const char *const catnames[] = {"all", "collate", "ctype", "monetary",
-     "numeric", "time", NULL};
-  int op = luaL_findstring(luaL_opt_string(L, 2, "all"), catnames);
-  luaL_arg_check(L, op != -1, 2, "invalid option");
+  static const l_char *const catnames[] = {l_s("all"), l_s("collate"), l_s("ctype"), l_s("monetary"),
+     l_s("numeric"), l_s("time"), NULL};
+  int op = luaL_findstring(luaL_opt_string(L, 2, l_s("all")), catnames);
+  luaL_arg_check(L, op != -1, 2, l_s("invalid option"));
   lua_pushstring(L, setlocale(cat[op], luaL_check_string(L, 1)));
   return 1;
 }
@@ -564,10 +564,10 @@ static int io_exit (lua_State *L) {
 
 static int io_debug (lua_State *L) {
   for (;;) {
-    char buffer[250];
-    fprintf(stderr, "lua_debug> ");
+    l_char buffer[250];
+    fprintf(stderr, l_s("lua_debug> "));
     if (fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer), stdin) == 0 ||
-        strcmp(buffer, "cont\n") == 0)
+        strcmp(buffer, l_s("cont\n")) == 0)
       return 0;
     lua_dostring(L, buffer);
     lua_settop(L, 0);  /* remove eventual returns */
@@ -584,61 +584,61 @@ static int errorfb (lua_State *L) {
   lua_Debug ar;
   luaL_Buffer b;
   luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
-  luaL_addstring(&b, "error: ");
+  luaL_addstring(&b, l_s("error: "));
   luaL_addstring(&b, luaL_check_string(L, 1));
-  luaL_addstring(&b, "\n");
+  luaL_addstring(&b, l_s("\n"));
   while (lua_getstack(L, level++, &ar)) {
-    char buff[120];  /* enough to fit following `sprintf's */
+    l_char buff[120];  /* enough to fit following `sprintf's */
     if (level == 2)
-      luaL_addstring(&b, "stack traceback:\n");
+      luaL_addstring(&b, l_s("stack traceback:\n"));
     else if (level > LEVELS1 && firstpart) {
       /* no more than `LEVELS2' more levels? */
       if (!lua_getstack(L, level+LEVELS2, &ar))
         level--;  /* keep going */
       else {
-        luaL_addstring(&b, "       ...\n");  /* too many levels */
+        luaL_addstring(&b, l_s("       ...\n"));  /* too many levels */
         while (lua_getstack(L, level+LEVELS2, &ar))  /* find last levels */
           level++;
       }
       firstpart = 0;
       continue;
     }
-    sprintf(buff, "%4d:  ", level-1);
+    sprintf(buff, l_s("%4d:  "), level-1);
     luaL_addstring(&b, buff);
-    lua_getinfo(L, "Snl", &ar);
+    lua_getinfo(L, l_s("Snl"), &ar);
     switch (*ar.namewhat) {
-      case 'g':  case 'l':  /* global, local */
-        sprintf(buff, "function `%.50s'", ar.name);
+      case l_c('g'):  case l_c('l'):  /* global, local */
+        sprintf(buff, l_s("function `%.50s'"), ar.name);
         break;
-      case 'f':  /* field */
-        sprintf(buff, "method `%.50s'", ar.name);
+      case l_c('f'):  /* field */
+        sprintf(buff, l_s("method `%.50s'"), ar.name);
         break;
-      case 't':  /* tag method */
-        sprintf(buff, "`%.50s' tag method", ar.name);
+      case l_c('t'):  /* tag method */
+        sprintf(buff, l_s("`%.50s' tag method"), ar.name);
         break;
       default: {
-        if (*ar.what == 'm')  /* main? */
-          sprintf(buff, "main of %.70s", ar.short_src);
-        else if (*ar.what == 'C')  /* C function? */
-          sprintf(buff, "%.70s", ar.short_src);
+        if (*ar.what == l_c('m'))  /* main? */
+          sprintf(buff, l_s("main of %.70s"), ar.short_src);
+        else if (*ar.what == l_c('C'))  /* C function? */
+          sprintf(buff, l_s("%.70s"), ar.short_src);
         else
-          sprintf(buff, "function <%d:%.70s>", ar.linedefined, ar.short_src);
+          sprintf(buff, l_s("function <%d:%.70s>"), ar.linedefined, ar.short_src);
         ar.source = NULL;  /* do not print source again */
       }
     }
     luaL_addstring(&b, buff);
     if (ar.currentline > 0) {
-      sprintf(buff, " at line %d", ar.currentline);
+      sprintf(buff, l_s(" at line %d"), ar.currentline);
       luaL_addstring(&b, buff);
     }
     if (ar.source) {
-      sprintf(buff, " [%.70s]", ar.short_src);
+      sprintf(buff, l_s(" [%.70s]"), ar.short_src);
       luaL_addstring(&b, buff);
     }
-    luaL_addstring(&b, "\n");
+    luaL_addstring(&b, l_s("\n"));
   }
   luaL_pushresult(&b);
-  lua_getglobal(L, LUA_ALERT);
+  lua_getglobal(L, l_s(LUA_ALERT));
   if (lua_isfunction(L, -1)) {  /* avoid loop if _ALERT is not defined */
     lua_pushvalue(L, -2);  /* error message */
     lua_rawcall(L, 1, 0);
@@ -649,44 +649,44 @@ static int errorfb (lua_State *L) {
 
 
 static const luaL_reg iolib[] = {
-  {"appendto",  io_appendto},
-  {"clock",     io_clock},
-  {"closefile", io_close},
-  {"date",      io_date},
-  {"debug",     io_debug},
-  {"difftime",  io_difftime},
-  {"execute",   io_execute},
-  {"exit",      io_exit},
-  {"flush",     io_flush},
-  {"getenv",    io_getenv},
-  {"openfile",  io_open},
-  {"read",      io_read},
-  {"readfrom",  io_readfrom},
-  {"remove",    io_remove},
-  {"rename",    io_rename},
-  {"seek",      io_seek},
-  {"setlocale", io_setloc},
-  {"time",      io_time},
-  {"tmpfile",   io_tmpfile},
-  {"tmpname",   io_tmpname},
-  {"write",     io_write},
-  {"writeto",   io_writeto},
-  {LUA_ERRORMESSAGE, errorfb}
+  {l_s("appendto"),  io_appendto},
+  {l_s("clock"),     io_clock},
+  {l_s("closefile"), io_close},
+  {l_s("date"),      io_date},
+  {l_s("debug"),     io_debug},
+  {l_s("difftime"),  io_difftime},
+  {l_s("execute"),   io_execute},
+  {l_s("exit"),      io_exit},
+  {l_s("flush"),     io_flush},
+  {l_s("getenv"),    io_getenv},
+  {l_s("openfile"),  io_open},
+  {l_s("read"),      io_read},
+  {l_s("readfrom"),  io_readfrom},
+  {l_s("remove"),    io_remove},
+  {l_s("rename"),    io_rename},
+  {l_s("seek"),      io_seek},
+  {l_s("setlocale"), io_setloc},
+  {l_s("time"),      io_time},
+  {l_s("tmpfile"),   io_tmpfile},
+  {l_s("tmpname"),   io_tmpname},
+  {l_s("write"),     io_write},
+  {l_s("writeto"),   io_writeto},
+  {l_s(LUA_ERRORMESSAGE), errorfb}
 };
 
 
 LUALIB_API void lua_iolibopen (lua_State *L) {
   int iotag = lua_newtype(L, FILEHANDLE, LUA_TUSERDATA);
-  lua_newtype(L, "ClosedFileHandle", LUA_TUSERDATA);
+  lua_newtype(L, l_s("ClosedFileHandle"), LUA_TUSERDATA);
   luaL_openl(L, iolib);
   /* predefined file handles */
   setfile(L, stdin, INFILE);
   setfile(L, stdout, OUTFILE);
-  setfilebyname(L, stdin, "_STDIN");
-  setfilebyname(L, stdout, "_STDOUT");
-  setfilebyname(L, stderr, "_STDERR");
+  setfilebyname(L, stdin, l_s("_STDIN"));
+  setfilebyname(L, stdout, l_s("_STDOUT"));
+  setfilebyname(L, stderr, l_s("_STDERR"));
   /* close files when collected */
   lua_pushcfunction(L, file_collect);
-  lua_settagmethod(L, iotag, "gc");
+  lua_settagmethod(L, iotag, l_s("gc"));
 }
 
diff --git a/llex.c b/llex.c
index 386ea316..0bbc43be 100644
--- a/llex.c
+++ b/llex.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: llex.c,v 1.78 2001/02/22 17:15:18 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: llex.c,v 1.79 2001/02/22 18:59:59 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Lexical Analyzer
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -25,10 +25,13 @@
 
 
 /* ORDER RESERVED */
-static const char *const token2string [] = {
-    "and", "break", "do", "else", "elseif", "end", "for",
-    "function", "if", "local", "nil", "not", "or", "repeat", "return", "then",
-    "until", "while", "", "..", "...", "==", ">=", "<=", "~=", "", "", "<eof>"};
+static const l_char *const token2string [] = {
+    l_s("and"), l_s("break"), l_s("do"), l_s("else"), l_s("elseif"),
+    l_s("end"), l_s("for"), l_s("function"), l_s("if"), l_s("local"),
+    l_s("nil"), l_s("not"), l_s("or"), l_s("repeat"), l_s("return"),
+    l_s("then"), l_s("until"), l_s("while"), l_s(""), l_s(".."), l_s("..."),
+    l_s("=="), l_s(">="), l_s("<="), l_s("~="), l_s(""), l_s(""), l_s("<eof>")
+};
 
 
 void luaX_init (lua_State *L) {
@@ -44,37 +47,38 @@ void luaX_init (lua_State *L) {
 #define MAXSRC          80
 
 
-void luaX_checklimit (LexState *ls, int val, int limit, const char *msg) {
+void luaX_checklimit (LexState *ls, int val, int limit, const l_char *msg) {
   if (val > limit) {
-    char buff[90];
-    sprintf(buff, "too many %.40s (limit=%d)", msg, limit);
+    l_char buff[90];
+    sprintf(buff, l_s("too many %.40s (limit=%d)"), msg, limit);
     luaX_error(ls, buff, ls->t.token);
   }
 }
 
 
-void luaX_syntaxerror (LexState *ls, const char *s, const char *token) {
-  char buff[MAXSRC];
+void luaX_syntaxerror (LexState *ls, const l_char *s, const l_char *token) {
+  l_char buff[MAXSRC];
   luaO_chunkid(buff, getstr(ls->source), sizeof(buff));
-  luaO_verror(ls->L, "%.99s;\n  last token read: `%.30s' at line %d in %.80s",
+  luaO_verror(ls->L,
+              l_s("%.99s;\n  last token read: `%.30s' at line %d in %.80s"),
               s, token, ls->linenumber, buff);
 }
 
 
-void luaX_error (LexState *ls, const char *s, int token) {
-  char buff[TOKEN_LEN];
+void luaX_error (LexState *ls, const l_char *s, int token) {
+  l_char buff[TOKEN_LEN];
   luaX_token2str(token, buff);
-  if (buff[0] == '\0')
+  if (buff[0] == l_c('\0'))
     luaX_syntaxerror(ls, s, G(ls->L)->Mbuffer);
   else
     luaX_syntaxerror(ls, s, buff);
 }
 
 
-void luaX_token2str (int token, char *s) {
+void luaX_token2str (int token, l_char *s) {
   if (token < 256) {
-    s[0] = (char)token;
-    s[1] = '\0';
+    s[0] = (l_char)token;
+    s[1] = l_c('\0');
   }
   else
     strcpy(s, token2string[token-FIRST_RESERVED]);
@@ -82,16 +86,16 @@ void luaX_token2str (int token, char *s) {
 
 
 static void luaX_invalidchar (LexState *ls, int c) {
-  char buff[8];
-  sprintf(buff, "0x%02X", c);
-  luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "invalid control char", buff);
+  l_char buff[8];
+  sprintf(buff, l_s("0x%02X"), c);
+  luaX_syntaxerror(ls, l_s("invalid control l_char"), buff);
 }
 
 
 static void inclinenumber (LexState *LS) {
   next(LS);  /* skip `\n' */
   ++LS->linenumber;
-  luaX_checklimit(LS, LS->linenumber, MAX_INT, "lines in a chunk");
+  luaX_checklimit(LS, LS->linenumber, MAX_INT, l_s("lines in a chunk"));
 }
 
 
@@ -104,10 +108,10 @@ void luaX_setinput (lua_State *L, LexState *LS, ZIO *z, TString *source) {
   LS->lastline = 1;
   LS->source = source;
   next(LS);  /* read first char */
-  if (LS->current == '#') {
+  if (LS->current == l_c('#')) {
     do {  /* skip first line */
       next(LS);
-    } while (LS->current != '\n' && LS->current != EOZ);
+    } while (LS->current != l_c('\n') && LS->current != EOZ);
   }
 }
 
@@ -126,7 +130,7 @@ void luaX_setinput (lua_State *L, LexState *LS, ZIO *z, TString *source) {
 #define checkbuffer(L, n, len)  if ((len)+(n) > G(L)->Mbuffsize) \
                                   luaO_openspace(L, (len)+(n)+EXTRABUFF)
 
-#define save(L, c, l)   (G(L)->Mbuffer[l++] = (char)c)
+#define save(L, c, l)   (G(L)->Mbuffer[l++] = (l_char)c)
 #define save_and_next(L, LS, l)  (save(L, LS->current, l), next(LS))
 
 
@@ -137,8 +141,8 @@ static size_t readname (LexState *LS) {
   do {
     checkbuffer(L, 10, l);
     save_and_next(L, LS, l);
-  } while (isalnum(LS->current) || LS->current == '_');
-  save(L, '\0', l);
+  } while (isalnum(LS->current) || LS->current == l_c('_'));
+  save(L, l_c('\0'), l);
   return l-1;
 }
 
@@ -148,36 +152,37 @@ static void read_number (LexState *LS, int comma, SemInfo *seminfo) {
   lua_State *L = LS->L;
   size_t l = 0;
   checkbuffer(L, 10, l);
-  if (comma) save(L, '.', l);
+  if (comma) save(L, l_c('.'), l);
   while (isdigit(LS->current)) {
     checkbuffer(L, 10, l);
     save_and_next(L, LS, l);
   }
-  if (LS->current == '.') {
+  if (LS->current == l_c('.')) {
     save_and_next(L, LS, l);
-    if (LS->current == '.') {
+    if (LS->current == l_c('.')) {
       save_and_next(L, LS, l);
-      save(L, '\0', l);
-      luaX_error(LS, "ambiguous syntax"
-           " (decimal point x string concatenation)", TK_NUMBER);
+      save(L, l_c('\0'), l);
+      luaX_error(LS,
+                 l_s("ambiguous syntax (decimal point x string concatenation)"),
+                 TK_NUMBER);
     }
   }
   while (isdigit(LS->current)) {
     checkbuffer(L, 10, l);
     save_and_next(L, LS, l);
   }
-  if (LS->current == 'e' || LS->current == 'E') {
+  if (LS->current == l_c('e') || LS->current == l_c('E')) {
     save_and_next(L, LS, l);  /* read `E' */
-    if (LS->current == '+' || LS->current == '-')
+    if (LS->current == l_c('+') || LS->current == l_c('-'))
       save_and_next(L, LS, l);  /* optional exponent sign */
     while (isdigit(LS->current)) {
       checkbuffer(L, 10, l);
       save_and_next(L, LS, l);
     }
   }
-  save(L, '\0', l);
+  save(L, l_c('\0'), l);
   if (!luaO_str2d(G(L)->Mbuffer, &seminfo->r))
-    luaX_error(LS, "malformed number", TK_NUMBER);
+    luaX_error(LS, l_s("malformed number"), TK_NUMBER);
 }
 
 
@@ -186,32 +191,32 @@ static void read_long_string (LexState *LS, SemInfo *seminfo) {
   int cont = 0;
   size_t l = 0;
   checkbuffer(L, 10, l);
-  save(L, '[', l);  /* save first `[' */
+  save(L, l_c('['), l);  /* save first `[' */
   save_and_next(L, LS, l);  /* pass the second `[' */
   for (;;) {
     checkbuffer(L, 10, l);
     switch (LS->current) {
       case EOZ:
-        save(L, '\0', l);
-        luaX_error(LS, "unfinished long string", TK_STRING);
+        save(L, l_c('\0'), l);
+        luaX_error(LS, l_s("unfinished long string"), TK_STRING);
         break;  /* to avoid warnings */
-      case '[':
+      case l_c('['):
         save_and_next(L, LS, l);
-        if (LS->current == '[') {
+        if (LS->current == l_c('[')) {
           cont++;
           save_and_next(L, LS, l);
         }
         continue;
-      case ']':
+      case l_c(']'):
         save_and_next(L, LS, l);
-        if (LS->current == ']') {
+        if (LS->current == l_c(']')) {
           if (cont == 0) goto endloop;
           cont--;
           save_and_next(L, LS, l);
         }
         continue;
-      case '\n':
-        save(L, '\n', l);
+      case l_c('\n'):
+        save(L, l_c('\n'), l);
         inclinenumber(LS);
         continue;
       default:
@@ -219,7 +224,7 @@ static void read_long_string (LexState *LS, SemInfo *seminfo) {
     }
   } endloop:
   save_and_next(L, LS, l);  /* skip the second `]' */
-  save(L, '\0', l);
+  save(L, l_c('\0'), l);
   seminfo->ts = luaS_newlstr(L, G(L)->Mbuffer+2, l-5);
 }
 
@@ -232,38 +237,38 @@ static void read_string (LexState *LS, int del, SemInfo *seminfo) {
   while (LS->current != del) {
     checkbuffer(L, 10, l);
     switch (LS->current) {
-      case EOZ:  case '\n':
-        save(L, '\0', l);
-        luaX_error(LS, "unfinished string", TK_STRING);
+      case EOZ:  case l_c('\n'):
+        save(L, l_c('\0'), l);
+        luaX_error(LS, l_s("unfinished string"), TK_STRING);
         break;  /* to avoid warnings */
-      case '\\':
+      case l_c('\\'):
         next(LS);  /* do not save the `\' */
         switch (LS->current) {
-          case 'a': save(L, '\a', l); next(LS); break;
-          case 'b': save(L, '\b', l); next(LS); break;
-          case 'f': save(L, '\f', l); next(LS); break;
-          case 'n': save(L, '\n', l); next(LS); break;
-          case 'r': save(L, '\r', l); next(LS); break;
-          case 't': save(L, '\t', l); next(LS); break;
-          case 'v': save(L, '\v', l); next(LS); break;
-          case '\n': save(L, '\n', l); inclinenumber(LS); break;
-          case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
-          case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9': {
-            int c = 0;
-            int i = 0;
-            do {
-              c = 10*c + (LS->current-'0');
-              next(LS);
-            } while (++i<3 && isdigit(LS->current));
-            if (c > UCHAR_MAX) {
-              save(L, '\0', l);
-              luaX_error(LS, "escape sequence too large", TK_STRING);
+          case l_c('a'): save(L, l_c('\a'), l); next(LS); break;
+          case l_c('b'): save(L, l_c('\b'), l); next(LS); break;
+          case l_c('f'): save(L, l_c('\f'), l); next(LS); break;
+          case l_c('n'): save(L, l_c('\n'), l); next(LS); break;
+          case l_c('r'): save(L, l_c('\r'), l); next(LS); break;
+          case l_c('t'): save(L, l_c('\t'), l); next(LS); break;
+          case l_c('v'): save(L, l_c('\v'), l); next(LS); break;
+          case l_c('\n'): save(L, l_c('\n'), l); inclinenumber(LS); break;
+          default: {
+            if (!isdigit(LS->current))
+              save_and_next(L, LS, l);  /* handles \\, \", \', and \? */
+            else {  /* \xxx */
+              int c = 0;
+              int i = 0;
+              do {
+                c = 10*c + (LS->current-l_c('0'));
+                next(LS);
+              } while (++i<3 && isdigit(LS->current));
+              if (c > UCHAR_MAX) {
+                save(L, l_c('\0'), l);
+                luaX_error(LS, l_s("escape sequence too large"), TK_STRING);
+              }
+              save(L, c, l);
             }
-            save(L, c, l);
-            break;
           }
-          default:  /* handles \\, \", \', and \? */
-            save_and_next(L, LS, l);
         }
         break;
       default:
@@ -271,7 +276,7 @@ static void read_string (LexState *LS, int del, SemInfo *seminfo) {
     }
   }
   save_and_next(L, LS, l);  /* skip delimiter */
-  save(L, '\0', l);
+  save(L, l_c('\0'), l);
   seminfo->ts = luaS_newlstr(L, G(L)->Mbuffer+1, l-3);
 }
 
@@ -280,92 +285,85 @@ int luaX_lex (LexState *LS, SemInfo *seminfo) {
   for (;;) {
     switch (LS->current) {
 
-      case ' ': case '\t': case '\r':  /* `\r' to avoid problems with DOS */
+      case l_c(' '): case l_c('\t'): case l_c('\r'):  /* `\r' to avoid problems with DOS */
         next(LS);
         continue;
 
-      case '\n':
+      case l_c('\n'):
         inclinenumber(LS);
         continue;
 
-      case '$':
-        luaX_error(LS, "unexpected `$' (pragmas are no longer supported)", '$');
+      case l_c('$'):
+        luaX_error(LS,
+                   l_s("unexpected `$' (pragmas are no longer supported)"),
+                   LS->current);
         break;
 
-      case '-':
+      case l_c('-'):
         next(LS);
-        if (LS->current != '-') return '-';
-        do { next(LS); } while (LS->current != '\n' && LS->current != EOZ);
+        if (LS->current != l_c('-')) return l_c('-');
+        do { next(LS); } while (LS->current != l_c('\n') && LS->current != EOZ);
         continue;
 
-      case '[':
+      case l_c('['):
         next(LS);
-        if (LS->current != '[') return '[';
+        if (LS->current != l_c('[')) return l_c('[');
         else {
           read_long_string(LS, seminfo);
           return TK_STRING;
         }
 
-      case '=':
+      case l_c('='):
         next(LS);
-        if (LS->current != '=') return '=';
+        if (LS->current != l_c('=')) return l_c('=');
         else { next(LS); return TK_EQ; }
 
-      case '<':
+      case l_c('<'):
         next(LS);
-        if (LS->current != '=') return '<';
+        if (LS->current != l_c('=')) return l_c('<');
         else { next(LS); return TK_LE; }
 
-      case '>':
+      case l_c('>'):
         next(LS);
-        if (LS->current != '=') return '>';
+        if (LS->current != l_c('=')) return l_c('>');
         else { next(LS); return TK_GE; }
 
-      case '~':
+      case l_c('~'):
         next(LS);
-        if (LS->current != '=') return '~';
+        if (LS->current != l_c('=')) return l_c('~');
         else { next(LS); return TK_NE; }
 
-      case '"':
-      case '\'':
+      case l_c('"'):
+      case l_c('\''):
         read_string(LS, LS->current, seminfo);
         return TK_STRING;
 
-      case '.':
+      case l_c('.'):
         next(LS);
-        if (LS->current == '.') {
+        if (LS->current == l_c('.')) {
           next(LS);
-          if (LS->current == '.') {
+          if (LS->current == l_c('.')) {
             next(LS);
             return TK_DOTS;   /* ... */
           }
           else return TK_CONCAT;   /* .. */
         }
-        else if (!isdigit(LS->current)) return '.';
+        else if (!isdigit(LS->current)) return l_c('.');
         else {
           read_number(LS, 1, seminfo);
           return TK_NUMBER;
         }
 
-      case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
-      case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
-        read_number(LS, 0, seminfo);
-        return TK_NUMBER;
-
       case EOZ:
         return TK_EOS;
 
-      case '_': goto tname;
-
-      default:
-        if (!isalpha(LS->current)) {
-          int c = LS->current;
-          if (iscntrl(c))
-            luaX_invalidchar(LS, c);
-          next(LS);
-          return c;
+      default: {
+        if (isdigit(LS->current)) {
+          read_number(LS, 0, seminfo);
+          return TK_NUMBER;
         }
-        tname: {  /* identifier or reserved word */
+        else if (isalpha(LS->current) || LS->current == l_c('_')) {
+          /* identifier or reserved word */
           size_t l = readname(LS);
           TString *ts = luaS_newlstr(LS->L, G(LS->L)->Mbuffer, l);
           if (ts->marked >= RESERVEDMARK)  /* reserved word? */
@@ -373,6 +371,14 @@ int luaX_lex (LexState *LS, SemInfo *seminfo) {
           seminfo->ts = ts;
           return TK_NAME;
         }
+        else {
+          int c = LS->current;
+          if (iscntrl(c))
+            luaX_invalidchar(LS, c);
+          next(LS);
+          return c;  /* single-char tokens (+ - / ...) */
+        }
+      }
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/llex.h b/llex.h
index 07e0bf05..28b86ddb 100644
--- a/llex.h
+++ b/llex.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: llex.h,v 1.32 2000/12/04 18:33:40 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: llex.h,v 1.33 2001/01/10 16:40:56 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Lexical Analyzer
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 #define FIRST_RESERVED  257
 
 /* maximum length of a reserved word */
-#define TOKEN_LEN       (sizeof("function"))
+#define TOKEN_LEN       (sizeof(l_s("function")))
 
 
 /*
@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ typedef struct LexState {
 void luaX_init (lua_State *L);
 void luaX_setinput (lua_State *L, LexState *LS, ZIO *z, TString *source);
 int luaX_lex (LexState *LS, SemInfo *seminfo);
-void luaX_checklimit (LexState *ls, int val, int limit, const char *msg);
-void luaX_syntaxerror (LexState *ls, const char *s, const char *token);
-void luaX_error (LexState *ls, const char *s, int token);
-void luaX_token2str (int token, char *s);
+void luaX_checklimit (LexState *ls, int val, int limit, const l_char *msg);
+void luaX_syntaxerror (LexState *ls, const l_char *s, const l_char *token);
+void luaX_error (LexState *ls, const l_char *s, int token);
+void luaX_token2str (int token, l_char *s);
 
 
 #endif
diff --git a/llimits.h b/llimits.h
index 2b0556a1..46b531f1 100644
--- a/llimits.h
+++ b/llimits.h
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
-** $Id: llimits.h,v 1.23 2001/02/20 18:15:33 roberto Exp roberto $
-** Limits, basic types, and some other "installation-dependent" definitions
+** $Id: llimits.h,v 1.24 2001/02/22 17:15:18 roberto Exp roberto $
+** Limits, basic types, and some other `installation-dependent' definitions
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 
 /* function to convert a lua_Number to a string */
 #ifndef NUMBER_FMT
-#define NUMBER_FMT      "%.16g"         /* LUA_NUMBER */
+#define NUMBER_FMT      l_s("%.16g")            /* LUA_NUMBER */
 #endif
 #ifndef lua_number2str
 #define lua_number2str(s,n)     sprintf((s), NUMBER_FMT, (n))
@@ -45,11 +45,21 @@
 #endif
 
 
+/* macro to control type of literal strings */
+#ifndef l_s
+#define l_s(x)  x
+#endif
+
+/* macro to control type of literal chars */
+#ifndef l_c
+#define l_c(x)  x
+#endif
+
 
 /*
 ** the following types define integer types for values that may not
-** fit in a "small int" (16 bits), but may waste space in a
-** "large long" (64 bits). The current definitions should work in
+** fit in a `small int' (16 bits), but may waste space in a
+** `large long' (64 bits). The current definitions should work in
 ** any machine, but may not be optimal.
 */
 
@@ -88,7 +98,7 @@ typedef unsigned char lu_byte;
 
 
 
-#define MINPOWER2       4       /* minimum size for "growing" vectors */
+#define MINPOWER2       4       /* minimum size for `growing' vectors */
 
 
 
diff --git a/lmathlib.c b/lmathlib.c
index b7fc41c6..4f6fb122 100644
--- a/lmathlib.c
+++ b/lmathlib.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lmathlib.c,v 1.34 2001/02/02 19:02:40 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lmathlib.c,v 1.35 2001/02/22 18:59:59 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Standard mathematical library
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -176,18 +176,18 @@ static int math_random (lua_State *L) {
     }
     case 1: {  /* only upper limit */
       int u = luaL_check_int(L, 1);
-      luaL_arg_check(L, 1<=u, 1, "interval is empty");
+      luaL_arg_check(L, 1<=u, 1, l_s("interval is empty"));
       lua_pushnumber(L, (int)(r*u)+1);  /* integer between 1 and `u' */
       break;
     }
     case 2: {  /* lower and upper limits */
       int l = luaL_check_int(L, 1);
       int u = luaL_check_int(L, 2);
-      luaL_arg_check(L, l<=u, 2, "interval is empty");
+      luaL_arg_check(L, l<=u, 2, l_s("interval is empty"));
       lua_pushnumber(L, (int)(r*(u-l+1))+l);  /* integer between `l' and `u' */
       break;
     }
-    default: lua_error(L, "wrong number of arguments");
+    default: lua_error(L, l_s("wrong number of arguments"));
   }
   return 1;
 }
@@ -200,29 +200,29 @@ static int math_randomseed (lua_State *L) {
 
 
 static const luaL_reg mathlib[] = {
-{"abs",   math_abs},
-{"sin",   math_sin},
-{"cos",   math_cos},
-{"tan",   math_tan},
-{"asin",  math_asin},
-{"acos",  math_acos},
-{"atan",  math_atan},
-{"atan2", math_atan2},
-{"ceil",  math_ceil},
-{"floor", math_floor},
-{"mod",   math_mod},
-{"frexp", math_frexp},
-{"ldexp", math_ldexp},
-{"sqrt",  math_sqrt},
-{"min",   math_min},
-{"max",   math_max},
-{"log",   math_log},
-{"log10", math_log10},
-{"exp",   math_exp},
-{"deg",   math_deg},
-{"rad",   math_rad},
-{"random",     math_random},
-{"randomseed", math_randomseed}
+{l_s("abs"),   math_abs},
+{l_s("sin"),   math_sin},
+{l_s("cos"),   math_cos},
+{l_s("tan"),   math_tan},
+{l_s("asin"),  math_asin},
+{l_s("acos"),  math_acos},
+{l_s("atan"),  math_atan},
+{l_s("atan2"), math_atan2},
+{l_s("ceil"),  math_ceil},
+{l_s("floor"), math_floor},
+{l_s("mod"),   math_mod},
+{l_s("frexp"), math_frexp},
+{l_s("ldexp"), math_ldexp},
+{l_s("sqrt"),  math_sqrt},
+{l_s("min"),   math_min},
+{l_s("max"),   math_max},
+{l_s("log"),   math_log},
+{l_s("log10"), math_log10},
+{l_s("exp"),   math_exp},
+{l_s("deg"),   math_deg},
+{l_s("rad"),   math_rad},
+{l_s("random"),     math_random},
+{l_s("randomseed"), math_randomseed}
 };
 
 /*
@@ -231,8 +231,8 @@ static const luaL_reg mathlib[] = {
 LUALIB_API void lua_mathlibopen (lua_State *L) {
   luaL_openl(L, mathlib);
   lua_pushcfunction(L, math_pow);
-  lua_settagmethod(L, LUA_TNUMBER, "pow");
+  lua_settagmethod(L, LUA_TNUMBER, l_s("pow"));
   lua_pushnumber(L, PI);
-  lua_setglobal(L, "PI");
+  lua_setglobal(L, l_s("PI"));
 }
 
diff --git a/lmem.c b/lmem.c
index cfbe74d5..f88e769e 100644
--- a/lmem.c
+++ b/lmem.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lmem.c,v 1.46 2001/02/06 16:01:29 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lmem.c,v 1.47 2001/02/20 18:15:33 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Interface to Memory Manager
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 
 
 void *luaM_growaux (lua_State *L, void *block, int *size, int size_elems,
-                    int limit, const char *errormsg) {
+                    int limit, const l_char *errormsg) {
   void *newblock;
   int newsize = (*size)*2;
   if (newsize < MINPOWER2)
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ void *luaM_realloc (lua_State *L, void *block, lu_mem oldsize, lu_mem size) {
     block = NULL;
   }
   else if (size >= MAX_SIZET)
-    luaD_error(L, "memory allocation error: block too big");
+    luaD_error(L, l_s("memory allocation error: block too big"));
   else {
     block = l_realloc(block, oldsize, size);
     if (block == NULL) {
diff --git a/lmem.h b/lmem.h
index 3dca8871..bf1d6836 100644
--- a/lmem.h
+++ b/lmem.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lmem.h,v 1.20 2001/02/02 15:13:05 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lmem.h,v 1.21 2001/02/20 18:15:33 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Interface to Memory Manager
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 void *luaM_realloc (lua_State *L, void *oldblock, lu_mem oldsize, lu_mem size);
 
 void *luaM_growaux (lua_State *L, void *block, int *size, int size_elem,
-                    int limit, const char *errormsg);
+                    int limit, const l_char *errormsg);
 
 #define luaM_free(L, b, s)      luaM_realloc(L, (b), (s), 0)
 #define luaM_freelem(L, b, t)   luaM_realloc(L, (b), sizeof(t), 0)
diff --git a/lobject.c b/lobject.c
index 9292f053..c66a3b02 100644
--- a/lobject.c
+++ b/lobject.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lobject.c,v 1.65 2001/02/20 18:15:33 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lobject.c,v 1.66 2001/02/22 17:15:18 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Some generic functions over Lua objects
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -35,21 +35,21 @@ int luaO_equalObj (const TObject *t1, const TObject *t2) {
 }
 
 
-char *luaO_openspace (lua_State *L, size_t n) {
+l_char *luaO_openspace (lua_State *L, size_t n) {
   if (n > G(L)->Mbuffsize) {
-    luaM_reallocvector(L, G(L)->Mbuffer, G(L)->Mbuffsize, n, char);
+    luaM_reallocvector(L, G(L)->Mbuffer, G(L)->Mbuffsize, n, l_char);
     G(L)->Mbuffsize = n;
   }
   return G(L)->Mbuffer;
 }
 
 
-int luaO_str2d (const char *s, lua_Number *result) {  /* LUA_NUMBER */
-  char *endptr;
+int luaO_str2d (const l_char *s, lua_Number *result) {  /* LUA_NUMBER */
+  l_char *endptr;
   lua_Number res = lua_str2number(s, &endptr);
   if (endptr == s) return 0;  /* no conversion */
   while (isspace(uchar(*endptr))) endptr++;
-  if (*endptr != '\0') return 0;  /* invalid trailing characters? */
+  if (*endptr != l_c('\0')) return 0;  /* invalid trailing characters? */
   *result = res;
   return 1;
 }
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ int luaO_str2d (const char *s, lua_Number *result) {  /* LUA_NUMBER */
 #define MAX_VERROR      280
 
 /* this function needs to handle only '%d' and '%.XXs' formats */
-void luaO_verror (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...) {
+void luaO_verror (lua_State *L, const l_char *fmt, ...) {
   va_list argp;
-  char buff[MAX_VERROR];  /* to hold formatted message */
+  l_char buff[MAX_VERROR];  /* to hold formatted message */
   va_start(argp, fmt);
   vsprintf(buff, fmt, argp);
   va_end(argp);
@@ -69,36 +69,36 @@ void luaO_verror (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...) {
 }
 
 
-void luaO_chunkid (char *out, const char *source, int bufflen) {
-  if (*source == '=') {
+void luaO_chunkid (l_char *out, const l_char *source, int bufflen) {
+  if (*source == l_c('=')) {
     strncpy(out, source+1, bufflen);  /* remove first char */
-    out[bufflen-1] = '\0';  /* ensures null termination */
+    out[bufflen-1] = l_c('\0');  /* ensures null termination */
   }
   else {
-    if (*source == '@') {
+    if (*source == l_c('@')) {
       int l;
       source++;  /* skip the `@' */
-      bufflen -= sizeof("file `...%s'");
+      bufflen -= sizeof(l_s("file `...%s'"));
       l = strlen(source);
       if (l>bufflen) {
         source += (l-bufflen);  /* get last part of file name */
-        sprintf(out, "file `...%.99s'", source);
+        sprintf(out, l_s("file `...%.99s'"), source);
       }
       else
-        sprintf(out, "file `%.99s'", source);
+        sprintf(out, l_s("file `%.99s'"), source);
     }
     else {
-      int len = strcspn(source, "\n");  /* stop at first newline */
-      bufflen -= sizeof("string \"%.*s...\"");
+      int len = strcspn(source, l_s("\n"));  /* stop at first newline */
+      bufflen -= sizeof(l_s("string \"%.*s...\""));
       if (len > bufflen) len = bufflen;
-      if (source[len] != '\0') {  /* must truncate? */
-        strcpy(out, "string \"");
+      if (source[len] != l_c('\0')) {  /* must truncate? */
+        strcpy(out, l_s("string \""));
         out += strlen(out);
         strncpy(out, source, len);
-        strcpy(out+len, "...\"");
+        strcpy(out+len, l_s("...\""));
       }
       else
-        sprintf(out, "string \"%.99s\"", source);
+        sprintf(out, l_s("string \"%.99s\""), source);
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/lobject.h b/lobject.h
index 74f3c616..245a5d29 100644
--- a/lobject.h
+++ b/lobject.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lobject.h,v 1.96 2001/02/20 18:15:33 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lobject.h,v 1.97 2001/02/20 18:28:11 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Type definitions for Lua objects
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ union L_UTString {
 
 
 
-#define getstr(ts)      ((char *)(ts) + sizeof(union L_UTString))
+#define getstr(ts)      ((l_char *)(ts) + sizeof(union L_UTString))
 #define svalue(o)       getstr(tsvalue(o))
 
 
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ typedef struct Hash {
 
 
 /*
-** "module" operation for hashing (size is always a power of 2)
+** `module' operation for hashing (size is always a power of 2)
 */
 #define lmod(s,size)    ((int)((s) & ((size)-1)))
 
@@ -220,13 +220,13 @@ typedef struct CallInfo {
 extern const TObject luaO_nilobject;
 
 
-char *luaO_openspace (lua_State *L, size_t n);
+l_char *luaO_openspace (lua_State *L, size_t n);
 
 int luaO_equalObj (const TObject *t1, const TObject *t2);
-int luaO_str2d (const char *s, lua_Number *result);
+int luaO_str2d (const l_char *s, lua_Number *result);
 
-void luaO_verror (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);
-void luaO_chunkid (char *out, const char *source, int len);
+void luaO_verror (lua_State *L, const l_char *fmt, ...);
+void luaO_chunkid (l_char *out, const l_char *source, int len);
 
 
 #endif
diff --git a/lparser.c b/lparser.c
index bb4ea097..53e05565 100644
--- a/lparser.c
+++ b/lparser.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lparser.c,v 1.137 2001/02/22 18:59:59 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lparser.c,v 1.138 2001/02/23 13:38:56 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** LL(1) Parser and code generator for Lua
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ static void lookahead (LexState *ls) {
 
 
 static void error_expected (LexState *ls, int token) {
-  char buff[30], t[TOKEN_LEN];
+  l_char buff[30], t[TOKEN_LEN];
   luaX_token2str(token, t);
-  sprintf(buff, "`%.10s' expected", t);
+  sprintf(buff, l_s("`%.10s' expected"), t);
   luaK_error(ls, buff);
 }
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ static void check (LexState *ls, int c) {
 }
 
 
-static void check_condition (LexState *ls, int c, const char *msg) {
+static void check_condition (LexState *ls, int c, const l_char *msg) {
   if (!c) luaK_error(ls, msg);
 }
 
@@ -105,11 +105,11 @@ static void check_match (LexState *ls, int what, int who, int where) {
     if (where == ls->linenumber)
       error_expected(ls, what);
     else {
-      char buff[70];
-      char t_what[TOKEN_LEN], t_who[TOKEN_LEN];
+      l_char buff[70];
+      l_char t_what[TOKEN_LEN], t_who[TOKEN_LEN];
       luaX_token2str(what, t_what);
       luaX_token2str(who, t_who);
-      sprintf(buff, "`%.10s' expected (to close `%.10s' at line %d)",
+      sprintf(buff, l_s("`%.10s' expected (to close `%.10s' at line %d)"),
               t_what, t_who, where);
       luaK_error(ls, buff);
     }
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ static int string_constant (FuncState *fs, TString *s) {
   int c = s->u.s.constindex;
   if (c >= fs->nkstr || f->kstr[c] != s) {
     luaM_growvector(fs->L, f->kstr, fs->nkstr, f->sizekstr, TString *,
-                    MAXARG_U, "constant table overflow");
+                    MAXARG_U, l_s("constant table overflow"));
     c = fs->nkstr++;
     f->kstr[c] = s;
     s->u.s.constindex = c;  /* hint for next time */
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ static void code_string (LexState *ls, TString *s) {
 
 static TString *str_checkname (LexState *ls) {
   TString *ts;
-  check_condition(ls, (ls->t.token == TK_NAME), "<name> expected");
+  check_condition(ls, (ls->t.token == TK_NAME), l_s("<name> expected"));
   ts = ls->t.seminfo.ts;
   next(ls);
   return ts;
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ static int luaI_registerlocalvar (LexState *ls, TString *varname) {
   FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
   Proto *f = fs->f;
   luaM_growvector(ls->L, f->locvars, fs->nlocvars, f->sizelocvars,
-                  LocVar, MAX_INT, "");
+                  LocVar, MAX_INT, l_s(""));
   f->locvars[fs->nlocvars].varname = varname;
   return fs->nlocvars++;
 }
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ static int luaI_registerlocalvar (LexState *ls, TString *varname) {
 
 static void new_localvar (LexState *ls, TString *name, int n) {
   FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
-  luaX_checklimit(ls, fs->nactloc+n+1, MAXLOCALS, "local variables");
+  luaX_checklimit(ls, fs->nactloc+n+1, MAXLOCALS, l_s("local variables"));
   fs->actloc[fs->nactloc+n] = luaI_registerlocalvar(ls, name);
 }
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ static void removelocalvars (LexState *ls, int nvars) {
 }
 
 
-static void new_localvarstr (LexState *ls, const char *name, int n) {
+static void new_localvarstr (LexState *ls, const l_char *name, int n) {
   new_localvar(ls, luaS_new(ls->L, name), n);
 }
 
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ static int search_local (LexState *ls, TString *n, expdesc *var) {
 static void singlevar (LexState *ls, TString *n, expdesc *var) {
   int level = search_local(ls, n, var);
   if (level >= 1)  /* neither local (0) nor global (-1)? */
-    luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "cannot access a variable in outer function",
+    luaX_syntaxerror(ls, l_s("cannot access a variable in outer function"),
                          getstr(n));
   else if (level == -1)  /* global? */
     var->u.index = string_constant(ls->fs, n);
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ static int indexupvalue (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
       return i;
   }
   /* new one */
-  luaX_checklimit(ls, fs->f->nupvalues+1, MAXUPVALUES, "upvalues");
+  luaX_checklimit(ls, fs->f->nupvalues+1, MAXUPVALUES, l_s("upvalues"));
   fs->upvalues[fs->f->nupvalues] = *v;
   return fs->f->nupvalues++;
 }
@@ -236,12 +236,12 @@ static void pushupvalue (LexState *ls, TString *n) {
   int level = search_local(ls, n, &v);
   if (level == -1) {  /* global? */
     if (fs->prev == NULL)
-      luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "cannot access an upvalue at top level", getstr(n));
+      luaX_syntaxerror(ls, l_s("cannot access an upvalue at top level"), getstr(n));
     v.u.index = string_constant(fs->prev, n);
   }
   else if (level != 1) {
     luaX_syntaxerror(ls,
-    "upvalue must be global or local to immediately outer function", getstr(n));
+    l_s("upvalue must be global or local to immediately outer function"), getstr(n));
   }
   luaK_code1(fs, OP_PUSHUPVALUE, indexupvalue(ls, &v));
 }
@@ -267,11 +267,11 @@ static void adjust_mult_assign (LexState *ls, int nvars, int nexps) {
 static void code_params (LexState *ls, int nparams, short dots) {
   FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
   adjustlocalvars(ls, nparams);
-  luaX_checklimit(ls, fs->nactloc, MAXPARAMS, "parameters");
+  luaX_checklimit(ls, fs->nactloc, MAXPARAMS, l_s("parameters"));
   fs->f->numparams = (short)fs->nactloc;  /* `self' could be there already */
   fs->f->is_vararg = dots;
   if (dots) {
-    new_localvarstr(ls, "arg", 0);
+    new_localvarstr(ls, l_s("arg"), 0);
     adjustlocalvars(ls, 1);
   }
   luaK_deltastack(fs, fs->nactloc);  /* count parameters in the stack */
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ static void pushclosure (LexState *ls, FuncState *func) {
   for (i=0; i<func->f->nupvalues; i++)
     luaK_tostack(ls, &func->upvalues[i], 1);
   luaM_growvector(ls->L, f->kproto, fs->nkproto, f->sizekproto, Proto *,
-                  MAXARG_A, "constant table overflow");
+                  MAXARG_A, l_s("constant table overflow"));
   f->kproto[fs->nkproto++] = func->f;
   luaK_code2(fs, OP_CLOSURE, fs->nkproto-1, func->f->nupvalues);
 }
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ Proto *luaY_parser (lua_State *L, ZIO *z) {
   open_func(&lexstate, &funcstate);
   next(&lexstate);  /* read first token */
   chunk(&lexstate);
-  check_condition(&lexstate, (lexstate.t.token == TK_EOS), "<eof> expected");
+  check_condition(&lexstate, (lexstate.t.token == TK_EOS), l_s("<eof> expected"));
   close_func(&lexstate);
   lua_assert(funcstate.prev == NULL);
   lua_assert(funcstate.f->nupvalues == 0);
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ static int explist1 (LexState *ls) {
   int n = 1;  /* at least one expression */
   expdesc v;
   expr(ls, &v);
-  while (ls->t.token == ',') {
+  while (ls->t.token == l_c(',')) {
     next(ls);  /* skip comma */
     luaK_tostack(ls, &v, 1);  /* gets only 1 value from previous expression */
     expr(ls, &v);
@@ -400,13 +400,13 @@ static void funcargs (LexState *ls, int slf) {
   FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
   int slevel = fs->stacklevel - slf - 1;  /* where is func in the stack */
   switch (ls->t.token) {
-    case '(': {  /* funcargs -> `(' [ explist1 ] `)' */
+    case l_c('('): {  /* funcargs -> `(' [ explist1 ] `)' */
       int line = ls->linenumber;
       int nargs = 0;
       next(ls);
-      if (ls->t.token != ')')  /* arg list not empty? */
+      if (ls->t.token != l_c(')'))  /* arg list not empty? */
         nargs = explist1(ls);
-      check_match(ls, ')', '(', line);
+      check_match(ls, l_c(')'), l_c('('), line);
 #ifdef LUA_COMPAT_ARGRET
       if (nargs > 0)  /* arg list is not empty? */
         luaK_setcallreturns(fs, 1);  /* last call returns only 1 value */
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ static void funcargs (LexState *ls, int slf) {
 #endif
       break;
     }
-    case '{': {  /* funcargs -> constructor */
+    case l_c('{'): {  /* funcargs -> constructor */
       constructor(ls);
       break;
     }
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ static void funcargs (LexState *ls, int slf) {
       break;
     }
     default: {
-      luaK_error(ls, "function arguments expected");
+      luaK_error(ls, l_s("function arguments expected"));
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -448,15 +448,15 @@ static void recfield (LexState *ls) {
       luaK_kstr(ls, checkname(ls));
       break;
     }
-    case '[': {
+    case l_c('['): {
       next(ls);
       exp1(ls);
-      check(ls, ']');
+      check(ls, l_c(']'));
       break;
     }
-    default: luaK_error(ls, "<name> or `[' expected");
+    default: luaK_error(ls, l_s("<name> or `[' expected"));
   }
-  check(ls, '=');
+  check(ls, l_c('='));
   exp1(ls);
 }
 
@@ -466,9 +466,9 @@ static int recfields (LexState *ls) {
   FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
   int n = 1;  /* at least one element */
   recfield(ls);
-  while (ls->t.token == ',') {
+  while (ls->t.token == l_c(',')) {
     next(ls);
-    if (ls->t.token == ';' || ls->t.token == '}')
+    if (ls->t.token == l_c(';') || ls->t.token == l_c('}'))
       break;
     recfield(ls);
     n++;
@@ -485,14 +485,14 @@ static int listfields (LexState *ls) {
   FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
   int n = 1;  /* at least one element */
   exp1(ls);
-  while (ls->t.token == ',') {
+  while (ls->t.token == l_c(',')) {
     next(ls);
-    if (ls->t.token == ';' || ls->t.token == '}')
+    if (ls->t.token == l_c(';') || ls->t.token == l_c('}'))
       break;
     exp1(ls);
     n++;
     luaX_checklimit(ls, n/LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH, MAXARG_A,
-               "`item groups' in a list initializer");
+               l_s("`item groups' in a list initializer"));
     if (n%LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH == 0)
       luaK_code2(fs, OP_SETLIST, n/LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH - 1, LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH);
   }
@@ -504,18 +504,18 @@ static int listfields (LexState *ls) {
 
 static void constructor_part (LexState *ls, Constdesc *cd) {
   switch (ls->t.token) {
-    case ';': case '}': {  /* constructor_part -> empty */
+    case l_c(';'): case l_c('}'): {  /* constructor_part -> empty */
       cd->n = 0;
       cd->k = ls->t.token;
       break;
     }
     case TK_NAME: {  /* may be listfields or recfields */
       lookahead(ls);
-      if (ls->lookahead.token != '=')  /* expression? */
+      if (ls->lookahead.token != l_c('='))  /* expression? */
         goto case_default;
       /* else go through to recfields */
     }
-    case '[': {  /* constructor_part -> recfields */
+    case l_c('['): {  /* constructor_part -> recfields */
       cd->n = recfields(ls);
       cd->k = 1;  /* record */
       break;
@@ -537,17 +537,17 @@ static void constructor (LexState *ls) {
   int pc = luaK_code1(fs, OP_CREATETABLE, 0);
   int nelems;
   Constdesc cd;
-  check(ls, '{');
+  check(ls, l_c('{'));
   constructor_part(ls, &cd);
   nelems = cd.n;
-  if (optional(ls, ';')) {
+  if (optional(ls, l_c(';'))) {
     Constdesc other_cd;
     constructor_part(ls, &other_cd);
-    check_condition(ls, (cd.k != other_cd.k), "invalid constructor syntax");
+    check_condition(ls, (cd.k != other_cd.k), l_s("invalid constructor syntax"));
     nelems += other_cd.n;
   }
-  check_match(ls, '}', '{', line);
-  luaX_checklimit(ls, nelems, MAXARG_U, "elements in a table constructor");
+  check_match(ls, l_c('}'), l_c('{'), line);
+  luaX_checklimit(ls, nelems, MAXARG_U, l_s("elements in a table constructor"));
   SETARG_U(fs->f->code[pc], nelems);  /* set initial table size */
 }
 
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ static void primaryexp (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
       next(ls);
       break;
     }
-    case '{': {  /* constructor */
+    case l_c('{'): {  /* constructor */
       constructor(ls);
       break;
     }
@@ -590,23 +590,23 @@ static void primaryexp (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
       body(ls, 0, ls->linenumber);
       break;
     }
-    case '(': {
+    case l_c('('): {
       next(ls);
       expr(ls, v);
-      check(ls, ')');
+      check(ls, l_c(')'));
       return;
     }
     case TK_NAME: {
       singlevar(ls, str_checkname(ls), v);
       return;
     }
-    case '%': {
+    case l_c('%'): {
       next(ls);  /* skip `%' */
       pushupvalue(ls, str_checkname(ls));
       break;
     }
     default: {
-      luaK_error(ls, "unexpected symbol");
+      luaK_error(ls, l_s("unexpected symbol"));
       return;
     }
   }
@@ -621,22 +621,22 @@ static void simpleexp (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
   primaryexp(ls, v);
   for (;;) {
     switch (ls->t.token) {
-      case '.': {  /* `.' NAME */
+      case l_c('.'): {  /* `.' NAME */
         next(ls);
         luaK_tostack(ls, v, 1);  /* `v' must be on stack */
         luaK_kstr(ls, checkname(ls));
         v->k = VINDEXED;
         break;
       }
-      case '[': {  /* `[' exp1 `]' */
+      case l_c('['): {  /* `[' exp1 `]' */
         next(ls);
         luaK_tostack(ls, v, 1);  /* `v' must be on stack */
         v->k = VINDEXED;
         exp1(ls);
-        check(ls, ']');
+        check(ls, l_c(']'));
         break;
       }
-      case ':': {  /* `:' NAME funcargs */
+      case l_c(':'): {  /* `:' NAME funcargs */
         next(ls);
         luaK_tostack(ls, v, 1);  /* `v' must be on stack */
         luaK_code1(ls->fs, OP_PUSHSELF, checkname(ls));
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ static void simpleexp (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
         v->u.l.t = v->u.l.f = NO_JUMP;
         break;
       }
-      case '(': case TK_STRING: case '{': {  /* funcargs */
+      case l_c('('): case TK_STRING: case l_c('{'): {  /* funcargs */
         luaK_tostack(ls, v, 1);  /* `v' must be on stack */
         funcargs(ls, 0);
         v->k = VEXP;
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ static void simpleexp (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
 static UnOpr getunopr (int op) {
   switch (op) {
     case TK_NOT: return OPR_NOT;
-    case '-': return OPR_MINUS;
+    case l_c('-'): return OPR_MINUS;
     default: return OPR_NOUNOPR;
   }
 }
@@ -669,17 +669,17 @@ static UnOpr getunopr (int op) {
 
 static BinOpr getbinopr (int op) {
   switch (op) {
-    case '+': return OPR_ADD;
-    case '-': return OPR_SUB;
-    case '*': return OPR_MULT;
-    case '/': return OPR_DIV;
-    case '^': return OPR_POW;
+    case l_c('+'): return OPR_ADD;
+    case l_c('-'): return OPR_SUB;
+    case l_c('*'): return OPR_MULT;
+    case l_c('/'): return OPR_DIV;
+    case l_c('^'): return OPR_POW;
     case TK_CONCAT: return OPR_CONCAT;
     case TK_NE: return OPR_NE;
     case TK_EQ: return OPR_EQ;
-    case '<': return OPR_LT;
+    case l_c('<'): return OPR_LT;
     case TK_LE: return OPR_LE;
-    case '>': return OPR_GT;
+    case l_c('>'): return OPR_GT;
     case TK_GE: return OPR_GE;
     case TK_AND: return OPR_AND;
     case TK_OR: return OPR_OR;
@@ -774,17 +774,17 @@ static void block (LexState *ls) {
 
 static int assignment (LexState *ls, expdesc *v, int nvars) {
   int left = 0;  /* number of values left in the stack after assignment */
-  luaX_checklimit(ls, nvars, MAXVARSLH, "variables in a multiple assignment");
-  if (ls->t.token == ',') {  /* assignment -> `,' simpleexp assignment */
+  luaX_checklimit(ls, nvars, MAXVARSLH, l_s("variables in a multiple assignment"));
+  if (ls->t.token == l_c(',')) {  /* assignment -> `,' simpleexp assignment */
     expdesc nv;
     next(ls);
     simpleexp(ls, &nv);
-    check_condition(ls, (nv.k != VEXP), "syntax error");
+    check_condition(ls, (nv.k != VEXP), l_s("syntax error"));
     left = assignment(ls, &nv, nvars+1);
   }
   else {  /* assignment -> `=' explist1 */
     int nexps;
-    check(ls, '=');
+    check(ls, l_c('='));
     nexps = explist1(ls);
     adjust_mult_assign(ls, nvars, nexps);
   }
@@ -856,17 +856,17 @@ static void forbody (LexState *ls, int nvar, OpCode prepfor, OpCode loopfor) {
 static void fornum (LexState *ls, TString *varname) {
   /* fornum -> NAME = exp1,exp1[,exp1] forbody */
   FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
-  check(ls, '=');
+  check(ls, l_c('='));
   exp1(ls);  /* initial value */
-  check(ls, ',');
+  check(ls, l_c(','));
   exp1(ls);  /* limit */
-  if (optional(ls, ','))
+  if (optional(ls, l_c(',')))
     exp1(ls);  /* optional step */
   else
     luaK_code1(fs, OP_PUSHINT, 1);  /* default step */
   new_localvar(ls, varname, 0);
-  new_localvarstr(ls, "(limit)", 1);
-  new_localvarstr(ls, "(step)", 2);
+  new_localvarstr(ls, l_s("(limit)"), 1);
+  new_localvarstr(ls, l_s("(step)"), 2);
   forbody(ls, 3, OP_FORPREP, OP_FORLOOP);
 }
 
@@ -874,17 +874,17 @@ static void fornum (LexState *ls, TString *varname) {
 static void forlist (LexState *ls, TString *indexname) {
   /* forlist -> NAME,NAME IN exp1 forbody */
   TString *valname;
-  check(ls, ',');
+  check(ls, l_c(','));
   valname = str_checkname(ls);
   /* next test is dirty, but avoids `in' being a reserved word */
   check_condition(ls,
        (ls->t.token == TK_NAME &&
-        ls->t.seminfo.ts == luaS_newliteral(ls->L, "in")),
-       "`in' expected");
+        ls->t.seminfo.ts == luaS_newliteral(ls->L, l_s("in"))),
+       l_s("`in' expected"));
   next(ls);  /* skip `in' */
   exp1(ls);  /* table */
-  new_localvarstr(ls, "(table)", 0);
-  new_localvarstr(ls, "(index)", 1);
+  new_localvarstr(ls, l_s("(table)"), 0);
+  new_localvarstr(ls, l_s("(index)"), 1);
   new_localvar(ls, indexname, 2);
   new_localvar(ls, valname, 3);
   forbody(ls, 4, OP_LFORPREP, OP_LFORLOOP);
@@ -900,9 +900,9 @@ static void forstat (LexState *ls, int line) {
   next(ls);  /* skip `for' */
   varname = str_checkname(ls);  /* first variable name */
   switch (ls->t.token) {
-    case '=': fornum(ls, varname); break;
-    case ',': forlist(ls, varname); break;
-    default: luaK_error(ls, "`=' or `,' expected");
+    case l_c('='): fornum(ls, varname); break;
+    case l_c(','): forlist(ls, varname); break;
+    default: luaK_error(ls, l_s("`=' or `,' expected"));
   }
   check_match(ls, TK_END, TK_FOR, line);
   leavebreak(fs, &bl);
@@ -949,8 +949,8 @@ static void localstat (LexState *ls) {
   do {
     next(ls);  /* skip LOCAL or `,' */
     new_localvar(ls, str_checkname(ls), nvars++);
-  } while (ls->t.token == ',');
-  if (optional(ls, '='))
+  } while (ls->t.token == l_c(','));
+  if (optional(ls, l_c('=')))
     nexps = explist1(ls);
   else
     nexps = 0;
@@ -963,13 +963,13 @@ static int funcname (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
   /* funcname -> NAME {`.' NAME} [`:' NAME] */
   int needself = 0;
   singlevar(ls, str_checkname(ls), v);
-  while (ls->t.token == '.') {
+  while (ls->t.token == l_c('.')) {
     next(ls);
     luaK_tostack(ls, v, 1);
     luaK_kstr(ls, checkname(ls));
     v->k = VINDEXED;
   }
-  if (ls->t.token == ':') {
+  if (ls->t.token == l_c(':')) {
     needself = 1;
     next(ls);
     luaK_tostack(ls, v, 1);
@@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ static void namestat (LexState *ls) {
   expdesc v;
   simpleexp(ls, &v);
   if (v.k == VEXP) {  /* stat -> func */
-    check_condition(ls, luaK_lastisopen(fs), "syntax error");  /* an upvalue? */
+    check_condition(ls, luaK_lastisopen(fs), l_s("syntax error"));  /* an upvalue? */
     luaK_setcallreturns(fs, 0);  /* call statement uses no results */
   }
   else {  /* stat -> assignment */
@@ -1011,7 +1011,7 @@ static void retstat (LexState *ls) {
   /* stat -> RETURN explist */
   FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
   next(ls);  /* skip RETURN */
-  if (!block_follow(ls->t.token) && ls->t.token != ';')
+  if (!block_follow(ls->t.token) && ls->t.token != l_c(';'))
     explist1(ls);  /* optional return values */
   luaK_code1(fs, OP_RETURN, ls->fs->nactloc);
   fs->stacklevel = fs->nactloc;  /* removes all temp values */
@@ -1024,7 +1024,7 @@ static void breakstat (LexState *ls) {
   int currentlevel = fs->stacklevel;
   Breaklabel *bl = fs->bl;
   if (!bl)
-    luaK_error(ls, "no loop to break");
+    luaK_error(ls, l_s("no loop to break"));
   next(ls);  /* skip BREAK */
   luaK_adjuststack(fs, currentlevel - bl->stacklevel);
   luaK_concat(fs, &bl->breaklist, luaK_jump(fs));
@@ -1086,14 +1086,14 @@ static void parlist (LexState *ls) {
   /* parlist -> [ param { `,' param } ] */
   int nparams = 0;
   short dots = 0;
-  if (ls->t.token != ')') {  /* is `parlist' not empty? */
+  if (ls->t.token != l_c(')')) {  /* is `parlist' not empty? */
     do {
       switch (ls->t.token) {
         case TK_DOTS: next(ls); dots = 1; break;
         case TK_NAME: new_localvar(ls, str_checkname(ls), nparams++); break;
-        default: luaK_error(ls, "<name> or `...' expected");
+        default: luaK_error(ls, l_s("<name> or `...' expected"));
       }
-    } while (!dots && optional(ls, ','));
+    } while (!dots && optional(ls, l_c(',')));
   }
   code_params(ls, nparams, dots);
 }
@@ -1104,13 +1104,13 @@ static void body (LexState *ls, int needself, int line) {
   FuncState new_fs;
   open_func(ls, &new_fs);
   new_fs.f->lineDefined = line;
-  check(ls, '(');
+  check(ls, l_c('('));
   if (needself) {
-    new_localvarstr(ls, "self", 0);
+    new_localvarstr(ls, l_s("self"), 0);
     adjustlocalvars(ls, 1);
   }
   parlist(ls);
-  check(ls, ')');
+  check(ls, l_c(')'));
   chunk(ls);
   check_match(ls, TK_END, TK_FUNCTION, line);
   close_func(ls);
@@ -1126,7 +1126,7 @@ static void chunk (LexState *ls) {
   int islast = 0;
   while (!islast && !block_follow(ls->t.token)) {
     islast = statement(ls);
-    optional(ls, ';');
+    optional(ls, l_c(';'));
     lua_assert(ls->fs->stacklevel == ls->fs->nactloc);
   }
 }
diff --git a/lstate.c b/lstate.c
index 9fb89a8d..7e53c5a2 100644
--- a/lstate.c
+++ b/lstate.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lstate.c,v 1.55 2001/01/26 11:45:51 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lstate.c,v 1.56 2001/02/02 15:13:05 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Global State
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ static void close_state (lua_State *L, lua_State *OL) {
     luaS_freeall(L);
     luaM_freearray(L, G(L)->TMtable, G(L)->sizeTM, struct TM);
     luaM_freearray(L, G(L)->refArray, G(L)->sizeref, struct Ref);
-    luaM_freearray(L, G(L)->Mbuffer, G(L)->Mbuffsize, char);
+    luaM_freearray(L, G(L)->Mbuffer, G(L)->Mbuffsize, l_char);
     luaM_freelem(NULL, L->G, global_State);
   }
   luaM_freearray(OL, L->stack, L->stacksize, TObject);
diff --git a/lstate.h b/lstate.h
index f718d857..a6f0e062 100644
--- a/lstate.h
+++ b/lstate.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lstate.h,v 1.50 2001/02/02 15:13:05 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lstate.h,v 1.51 2001/02/20 18:15:33 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Global State
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -61,10 +61,10 @@ typedef struct stringtable {
 
 
 /*
-** "global state", shared by all threads of this state
+** `global state', shared by all threads of this state
 */
 typedef struct global_State {
-  char *Mbuffer;  /* global buffer */
+  l_char *Mbuffer;  /* global buffer */
   size_t Mbuffsize;  /* size of Mbuffer */
   Proto *rootproto;  /* list of all prototypes */
   Closure *rootcl;  /* list of all closures */
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ typedef struct global_State {
 
 
 /*
-** "per thread" state
+** `per thread' state
 */
 struct lua_State {
   LUA_USERSTATE
diff --git a/lstring.c b/lstring.c
index 660e9db5..7dee4285 100644
--- a/lstring.c
+++ b/lstring.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lstring.c,v 1.59 2001/02/20 18:15:33 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lstring.c,v 1.60 2001/02/22 17:15:18 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** String table (keeps all strings handled by Lua)
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ static void newentry (lua_State *L, stringtable *tb, TString *ts, int h) {
 
 
 
-TString *luaS_newlstr (lua_State *L, const char *str, size_t l) {
+TString *luaS_newlstr (lua_State *L, const l_char *str, size_t l) {
   TString *ts;
   lu_hash h = l;  /* seed */
   size_t step = (l>>5)+1;  /* if string is too long, don't hash all its chars */
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ TString *luaS_newlstr (lua_State *L, const char *str, size_t l) {
   ts->len = l;
   ts->u.s.hash = h;
   ts->u.s.constindex = 0;
-  memcpy(getstr(ts), str, l*sizeof(char));
+  memcpy(getstr(ts), str, l*sizeof(l_char));
   getstr(ts)[l] = 0;  /* ending 0 */
   newentry(L, &G(L)->strt, ts, lmod(h, G(L)->strt.size));  /* insert it */
   return ts;
diff --git a/lstring.h b/lstring.h
index dec6c5b4..ad6cca52 100644
--- a/lstring.h
+++ b/lstring.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lstring.h,v 1.29 2001/02/09 20:22:29 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lstring.h,v 1.30 2001/02/20 18:15:33 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** String table (keep all strings handled by Lua)
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -22,20 +22,20 @@
 
 
 #define sizestring(l)   ((lu_mem)sizeof(union L_UTString)+ \
-                         ((lu_mem)(l)+1)*sizeof(char))
+                         ((lu_mem)(l)+1)*sizeof(l_char))
 
 #define sizeudata(l)    ((lu_mem)sizeof(union L_UTString)+(l))
 
 #define luaS_new(L, s)  (luaS_newlstr(L, s, strlen(s)))
-#define luaS_newliteral(L, s)   (luaS_newlstr(L, "" s, \
-                                 (sizeof(s)/sizeof(char))-1))
+#define luaS_newliteral(L, s)   (luaS_newlstr(L, l_s("") s, \
+                                 (sizeof(s)/sizeof(l_char))-1))
 
 void luaS_init (lua_State *L);
 void luaS_resize (lua_State *L, stringtable *tb, int newsize);
 TString *luaS_newudata (lua_State *L, size_t s, void *udata);
 int luaS_createudata (lua_State *L, void *udata, TObject *o);
 void luaS_freeall (lua_State *L);
-TString *luaS_newlstr (lua_State *L, const char *str, size_t l);
+TString *luaS_newlstr (lua_State *L, const l_char *str, size_t l);
 
 
 #endif
diff --git a/lstrlib.c b/lstrlib.c
index 5fb4de3e..10b57ea8 100644
--- a/lstrlib.c
+++ b/lstrlib.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lstrlib.c,v 1.63 2001/02/22 17:15:18 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lstrlib.c,v 1.64 2001/02/22 18:59:59 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Standard library for string operations and pattern-matching
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ static sint32 posrelat (sint32 pos, size_t len) {
 
 static int str_sub (lua_State *L) {
   size_t l;
-  const char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, 1, &l);
+  const l_char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, 1, &l);
   sint32 start = posrelat(luaL_check_long(L, 2), l);
   sint32 end = posrelat(luaL_opt_long(L, 3, -1), l);
   if (start < 1) start = 1;
   if (end > (sint32)l) end = l;
   if (start <= end)
     lua_pushlstring(L, s+start-1, end-start+1);
-  else lua_pushliteral(L, "");
+  else lua_pushliteral(L, l_s(""));
   return 1;
 }
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ static int str_lower (lua_State *L) {
   size_t l;
   size_t i;
   luaL_Buffer b;
-  const char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, 1, &l);
+  const l_char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, 1, &l);
   luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
   for (i=0; i<l; i++)
     luaL_putchar(&b, tolower(uchar(s[i])));
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ static int str_upper (lua_State *L) {
   size_t l;
   size_t i;
   luaL_Buffer b;
-  const char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, 1, &l);
+  const l_char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, 1, &l);
   luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
   for (i=0; i<l; i++)
     luaL_putchar(&b, toupper(uchar(s[i])));
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ static int str_upper (lua_State *L) {
 static int str_rep (lua_State *L) {
   size_t l;
   luaL_Buffer b;
-  const char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, 1, &l);
+  const l_char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, 1, &l);
   int n = luaL_check_int(L, 2);
   luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
   while (n-- > 0)
@@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ static int str_rep (lua_State *L) {
 
 static int str_byte (lua_State *L) {
   size_t l;
-  const char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, 1, &l);
+  const l_char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, 1, &l);
   sint32 pos = posrelat(luaL_opt_long(L, 2, 1), l);
-  luaL_arg_check(L, 0<pos && (size_t)pos<=l, 2,  "out of range");
+  luaL_arg_check(L, 0<pos && (size_t)pos<=l, 2,  l_s("out of range"));
   lua_pushnumber(L, uchar(s[pos-1]));
   return 1;
 }
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ static int str_char (lua_State *L) {
   luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
   for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
     int c = luaL_check_int(L, i);
-    luaL_arg_check(L, uchar(c) == c, i, "invalid value");
+    luaL_arg_check(L, uchar(c) == c, i, l_s("invalid value"));
     luaL_putchar(&b, uchar(c));
   }
   luaL_pushresult(&b);
@@ -127,25 +127,25 @@ static int str_char (lua_State *L) {
 #define CAP_POSITION    (-2)
 
 typedef struct MatchState {
-  const char *src_init;  /* init of source string */
-  const char *src_end;  /* end (`\0') of source string */
+  const l_char *src_init;  /* init of source string */
+  const l_char *src_end;  /* end (`\0') of source string */
   int level;  /* total number of captures (finished or unfinished) */
   struct {
-    const char *init;
+    const l_char *init;
     sint32 len;
   } capture[MAX_CAPTURES];
   lua_State *L;
 } MatchState;
 
 
-#define ESC             '%'
-#define SPECIALS        "^$*+?.([%-"
+#define ESC             l_c('%')
+#define SPECIALS        l_s("^$*+?.([%-")
 
 
 static int check_capture (MatchState *ms, int l) {
-  l -= '1';
+  l -= l_c('1');
   if (l < 0 || l >= ms->level || ms->capture[l].len == CAP_UNFINISHED)
-    lua_error(ms->L, "invalid capture index");
+    lua_error(ms->L, l_s("invalid capture index"));
   return l;
 }
 
@@ -154,22 +154,22 @@ static int capture_to_close (MatchState *ms) {
   int level = ms->level;
   for (level--; level>=0; level--)
     if (ms->capture[level].len == CAP_UNFINISHED) return level;
-  lua_error(ms->L, "invalid pattern capture");
+  lua_error(ms->L, l_s("invalid pattern capture"));
   return 0;  /* to avoid warnings */
 }
 
 
-static const char *luaI_classend (MatchState *ms, const char *p) {
+static const l_char *luaI_classend (MatchState *ms, const l_char *p) {
   switch (*p++) {
     case ESC:
-      if (*p == '\0') lua_error(ms->L, "malformed pattern (ends with `%')");
+      if (*p == l_c('\0')) lua_error(ms->L, l_s("malformed pattern (ends with `%')"));
       return p+1;
-    case '[':
-      if (*p == '^') p++;
+    case l_c('['):
+      if (*p == l_c('^')) p++;
       do {  /* look for a `]' */
-        if (*p == '\0') lua_error(ms->L, "malformed pattern (missing `]')");
-        if (*(p++) == ESC && *p != '\0') p++;  /* skip escapes (e.g. `%]') */
-      } while (*p != ']');
+        if (*p == l_c('\0')) lua_error(ms->L, l_s("malformed pattern (missing `]')"));
+        if (*(p++) == ESC && *p != l_c('\0')) p++;  /* skip escapes (e.g. `%]') */
+      } while (*p != l_c(']'));
       return p+1;
     default:
       return p;
@@ -177,28 +177,28 @@ static const char *luaI_classend (MatchState *ms, const char *p) {
 }
 
 
-static int match_class (char c, char cl) {
+static int match_class (l_char c, l_char cl) {
   int res;
   switch (tolower(uchar(cl))) {
-    case 'a' : res = isalpha(uchar(c)); break;
-    case 'c' : res = iscntrl(uchar(c)); break;
-    case 'd' : res = isdigit(uchar(c)); break;
-    case 'l' : res = islower(uchar(c)); break;
-    case 'p' : res = ispunct(uchar(c)); break;
-    case 's' : res = isspace(uchar(c)); break;
-    case 'u' : res = isupper(uchar(c)); break;
-    case 'w' : res = isalnum(uchar(c)); break;
-    case 'x' : res = isxdigit(uchar(c)); break;
-    case 'z' : res = (c == '\0'); break;
+    case l_c('a') : res = isalpha(uchar(c)); break;
+    case l_c('c') : res = iscntrl(uchar(c)); break;
+    case l_c('d') : res = isdigit(uchar(c)); break;
+    case l_c('l') : res = islower(uchar(c)); break;
+    case l_c('p') : res = ispunct(uchar(c)); break;
+    case l_c('s') : res = isspace(uchar(c)); break;
+    case l_c('u') : res = isupper(uchar(c)); break;
+    case l_c('w') : res = isalnum(uchar(c)); break;
+    case l_c('x') : res = isxdigit(uchar(c)); break;
+    case l_c('z') : res = (c == l_c('\0')); break;
     default: return (cl == c);
   }
   return (islower(uchar(cl)) ? res : !res);
 }
 
 
-static int matchbracketclass (char c, const char *p, const char *endclass) {
+static int matchbracketclass (l_char c, const l_char *p, const l_char *endclass) {
   int sig = 1;
-  if (*(p+1) == '^') {
+  if (*(p+1) == l_c('^')) {
     sig = 0;
     p++;  /* skip the `^' */
   }
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ static int matchbracketclass (char c, const char *p, const char *endclass) {
       if (match_class(c, *p))
         return sig;
     }
-    else if ((*(p+1) == '-') && (p+2 < endclass)) {
+    else if ((*(p+1) == l_c('-')) && (p+2 < endclass)) {
       p+=2;
       if (uchar(*(p-2)) <= uchar(c) && uchar(c) <= uchar(*p))
         return sig;
@@ -219,13 +219,13 @@ static int matchbracketclass (char c, const char *p, const char *endclass) {
 }
 
 
-static int luaI_singlematch (char c, const char *p, const char *ep) {
+static int luaI_singlematch (l_char c, const l_char *p, const l_char *ep) {
   switch (*p) {
-    case '.':  /* matches any char */
+    case l_c('.'):  /* matches any char */
       return 1;
     case ESC:
       return match_class(c, *(p+1));
-    case '[':
+    case l_c('['):
       return matchbracketclass(c, p, ep-1);
     default:
       return (*p == c);
@@ -233,12 +233,12 @@ static int luaI_singlematch (char c, const char *p, const char *ep) {
 }
 
 
-static const char *match (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p);
+static const l_char *match (MatchState *ms, const l_char *s, const l_char *p);
 
 
-static const char *matchbalance (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p) {
+static const l_char *matchbalance (MatchState *ms, const l_char *s, const l_char *p) {
   if (*p == 0 || *(p+1) == 0)
-    lua_error(ms->L, "unbalanced pattern");
+    lua_error(ms->L, l_s("unbalanced pattern"));
   if (*s != *p) return NULL;
   else {
     int b = *p;
@@ -255,14 +255,14 @@ static const char *matchbalance (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p) {
 }
 
 
-static const char *max_expand (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p,
-                               const char *ep) {
+static const l_char *max_expand (MatchState *ms, const l_char *s, const l_char *p,
+                               const l_char *ep) {
   sint32 i = 0;  /* counts maximum expand for item */
   while ((s+i)<ms->src_end && luaI_singlematch(*(s+i), p, ep))
     i++;
   /* keeps trying to match with the maximum repetitions */
   while (i>=0) {
-    const char *res = match(ms, (s+i), ep+1);
+    const l_char *res = match(ms, (s+i), ep+1);
     if (res) return res;
     i--;  /* else didn't match; reduce 1 repetition to try again */
   }
@@ -270,10 +270,10 @@ static const char *max_expand (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p,
 }
 
 
-static const char *min_expand (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p,
-                               const char *ep) {
+static const l_char *min_expand (MatchState *ms, const l_char *s, const l_char *p,
+                               const l_char *ep) {
   for (;;) {
-    const char *res = match(ms, s, ep+1);
+    const l_char *res = match(ms, s, ep+1);
     if (res != NULL)
       return res;
     else if (s<ms->src_end && luaI_singlematch(*s, p, ep))
@@ -283,11 +283,11 @@ static const char *min_expand (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p,
 }
 
 
-static const char *start_capture (MatchState *ms, const char *s,
-                                  const char *p, int what) {
-  const char *res;
+static const l_char *start_capture (MatchState *ms, const l_char *s,
+                                  const l_char *p, int what) {
+  const l_char *res;
   int level = ms->level;
-  if (level >= MAX_CAPTURES) lua_error(ms->L, "too many captures");
+  if (level >= MAX_CAPTURES) lua_error(ms->L, l_s("too many captures"));
   ms->capture[level].init = s;
   ms->capture[level].len = what;
   ms->level = level+1;
@@ -297,9 +297,9 @@ static const char *start_capture (MatchState *ms, const char *s,
 }
 
 
-static const char *end_capture (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p) {
+static const l_char *end_capture (MatchState *ms, const l_char *s, const l_char *p) {
   int l = capture_to_close(ms);
-  const char *res;
+  const l_char *res;
   ms->capture[l].len = s - ms->capture[l].init;  /* close capture */
   if ((res = match(ms, s, p)) == NULL)  /* match failed? */
     ms->capture[l].len = CAP_UNFINISHED;  /* undo capture */
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ static const char *end_capture (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p) {
 }
 
 
-static const char *match_capture (MatchState *ms, const char *s, int level) {
+static const l_char *match_capture (MatchState *ms, const l_char *s, int level) {
   int l = check_capture(ms, level);
   size_t len = ms->capture[l].len;
   if ((size_t)(ms->src_end-s) >= len &&
@@ -317,15 +317,15 @@ static const char *match_capture (MatchState *ms, const char *s, int level) {
 }
 
 
-static const char *match (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p) {
+static const l_char *match (MatchState *ms, const l_char *s, const l_char *p) {
   init: /* using goto's to optimize tail recursion */
   switch (*p) {
-    case '(':  /* start capture */
-      if (*(p+1) == ')')  /* position capture? */
+    case l_c('('):  /* start capture */
+      if (*(p+1) == l_c(')'))  /* position capture? */
         return start_capture(ms, s, p+2, CAP_POSITION);
       else
         return start_capture(ms, s, p+1, CAP_UNFINISHED);
-    case ')':  /* end capture */
+    case l_c(')'):  /* end capture */
       return end_capture(ms, s, p+1);
     case ESC:  /* may be %[0-9] or %b */
       if (isdigit(uchar(*(p+1)))) {  /* capture? */
@@ -333,33 +333,33 @@ static const char *match (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p) {
         if (s == NULL) return NULL;
         p+=2; goto init;  /* else return match(ms, s, p+2) */
       }
-      else if (*(p+1) == 'b') {  /* balanced string? */
+      else if (*(p+1) == l_c('b')) {  /* balanced string? */
         s = matchbalance(ms, s, p+2);
         if (s == NULL) return NULL;
         p+=4; goto init;  /* else return match(ms, s, p+4); */
       }
       else goto dflt;  /* case default */
-    case '\0':  /* end of pattern */
+    case l_c('\0'):  /* end of pattern */
       return s;  /* match succeeded */
-    case '$':
-      if (*(p+1) == '\0')  /* is the `$' the last char in pattern? */
+    case l_c('$'):
+      if (*(p+1) == l_c('\0'))  /* is the `$' the last char in pattern? */
         return (s == ms->src_end) ? s : NULL;  /* check end of string */
       else goto dflt;
     default: dflt: {  /* it is a pattern item */
-      const char *ep = luaI_classend(ms, p);  /* points to what is next */
+      const l_char *ep = luaI_classend(ms, p);  /* points to what is next */
       int m = s<ms->src_end && luaI_singlematch(*s, p, ep);
       switch (*ep) {
-        case '?': {  /* optional */
-          const char *res;
+        case l_c('?'): {  /* optional */
+          const l_char *res;
           if (m && ((res=match(ms, s+1, ep+1)) != NULL))
             return res;
           p=ep+1; goto init;  /* else return match(ms, s, ep+1); */
         }
-        case '*':  /* 0 or more repetitions */
+        case l_c('*'):  /* 0 or more repetitions */
           return max_expand(ms, s, p, ep);
-        case '+':  /* 1 or more repetitions */
+        case l_c('+'):  /* 1 or more repetitions */
           return (m ? max_expand(ms, s+1, p, ep) : NULL);
-        case '-':  /* 0 or more repetitions (minimum) */
+        case l_c('-'):  /* 0 or more repetitions (minimum) */
           return min_expand(ms, s, p, ep);
         default:
           if (!m) return NULL;
@@ -371,15 +371,15 @@ static const char *match (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p) {
 
 
 
-static const char *lmemfind (const char *s1, size_t l1,
-                             const char *s2, size_t l2) {
+static const l_char *lmemfind (const l_char *s1, size_t l1,
+                             const l_char *s2, size_t l2) {
   if (l2 == 0) return s1;  /* empty strings are everywhere */
   else if (l2 > l1) return NULL;  /* avoids a negative `l1' */
   else {
-    const char *init;  /* to search for a `*s2' inside `s1' */
+    const l_char *init;  /* to search for a `*s2' inside `s1' */
     l2--;  /* 1st char will be checked by `memchr' */
     l1 = l1-l2;  /* `s2' cannot be found after that */
-    while (l1 > 0 && (init = (const char *)memchr(s1, *s2, l1)) != NULL) {
+    while (l1 > 0 && (init = (const l_char *)memchr(s1, *s2, l1)) != NULL) {
       init++;   /* 1st char is already checked */
       if (memcmp(init, s2+1, l2) == 0)
         return init-1;
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ static const char *lmemfind (const char *s1, size_t l1,
 
 static void push_onecapture (MatchState *ms, int i) {
   int l = ms->capture[i].len;
-  if (l == CAP_UNFINISHED) lua_error(ms->L, "unfinished capture");
+  if (l == CAP_UNFINISHED) lua_error(ms->L, l_s("unfinished capture"));
   if (l == CAP_POSITION)
     lua_pushnumber(ms->L, ms->capture[i].init - ms->src_init + 1);
   else
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ static void push_onecapture (MatchState *ms, int i) {
 
 static int push_captures (MatchState *ms) {
   int i;
-  luaL_checkstack(ms->L, ms->level, "too many captures");
+  luaL_checkstack(ms->L, ms->level, l_s("too many captures"));
   for (i=0; i<ms->level; i++)
     push_onecapture(ms, i);
   return ms->level;  /* number of strings pushed */
@@ -414,13 +414,13 @@ static int push_captures (MatchState *ms) {
 
 static int str_find (lua_State *L) {
   size_t l1, l2;
-  const char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, 1, &l1);
-  const char *p = luaL_check_lstr(L, 2, &l2);
+  const l_char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, 1, &l1);
+  const l_char *p = luaL_check_lstr(L, 2, &l2);
   sint32 init = posrelat(luaL_opt_long(L, 3, 1), l1) - 1;
-  luaL_arg_check(L, 0 <= init && (size_t)init <= l1, 3, "out of range");
+  luaL_arg_check(L, 0 <= init && (size_t)init <= l1, 3, l_s("out of range"));
   if (lua_gettop(L) > 3 ||  /* extra argument? */
       strpbrk(p, SPECIALS) == NULL) {  /* or no special characters? */
-    const char *s2 = lmemfind(s+init, l1-init, p, l2);
+    const l_char *s2 = lmemfind(s+init, l1-init, p, l2);
     if (s2) {
       lua_pushnumber(L, s2-s+1);
       lua_pushnumber(L, s2-s+l2);
@@ -429,13 +429,13 @@ static int str_find (lua_State *L) {
   }
   else {
     MatchState ms;
-    int anchor = (*p == '^') ? (p++, 1) : 0;
-    const char *s1=s+init;
+    int anchor = (*p == l_c('^')) ? (p++, 1) : 0;
+    const l_char *s1=s+init;
     ms.L = L;
     ms.src_init = s;
     ms.src_end = s+l1;
     do {
-      const char *res;
+      const l_char *res;
       ms.level = 0;
       if ((res=match(&ms, s1, p)) != NULL) {
         lua_pushnumber(L, s1-s+1);  /* start */
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ static int str_find (lua_State *L) {
 static void add_s (MatchState *ms, luaL_Buffer *b) {
   lua_State *L = ms->L;
   if (lua_isstring(L, 3)) {
-    const char *news = lua_tostring(L, 3);
+    const l_char *news = lua_tostring(L, 3);
     size_t l = lua_strlen(L, 3);
     size_t i;
     for (i=0; i<l; i++) {
@@ -485,22 +485,22 @@ static void add_s (MatchState *ms, luaL_Buffer *b) {
 
 static int str_gsub (lua_State *L) {
   size_t srcl;
-  const char *src = luaL_check_lstr(L, 1, &srcl);
-  const char *p = luaL_check_string(L, 2);
+  const l_char *src = luaL_check_lstr(L, 1, &srcl);
+  const l_char *p = luaL_check_string(L, 2);
   int max_s = luaL_opt_int(L, 4, srcl+1);
-  int anchor = (*p == '^') ? (p++, 1) : 0;
+  int anchor = (*p == l_c('^')) ? (p++, 1) : 0;
   int n = 0;
   MatchState ms;
   luaL_Buffer b;
   luaL_arg_check(L,
     lua_gettop(L) >= 3 && (lua_isstring(L, 3) || lua_isfunction(L, 3)),
-    3, "string or function expected");
+    3, l_s("string or function expected"));
   luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
   ms.L = L;
   ms.src_init = src;
   ms.src_end = src+srcl;
   while (n < max_s) {
-    const char *e;
+    const l_char *e;
     ms.level = 0;
     e = match(&ms, src, p);
     if (e) {
@@ -531,40 +531,40 @@ static int str_gsub (lua_State *L) {
 
 static void luaI_addquoted (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *b, int arg) {
   size_t l;
-  const char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, arg, &l);
-  luaL_putchar(b, '"');
+  const l_char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, arg, &l);
+  luaL_putchar(b, l_c('"'));
   while (l--) {
     switch (*s) {
-      case '"':  case '\\':  case '\n':
-        luaL_putchar(b, '\\');
+      case l_c('"'):  case l_c('\\'):  case l_c('\n'):
+        luaL_putchar(b, l_c('\\'));
         luaL_putchar(b, *s);
         break;
-      case '\0': luaL_addlstring(b, "\\000", 4); break;
+      case l_c('\0'): luaL_addlstring(b, l_s("\\000"), 4); break;
       default: luaL_putchar(b, *s);
     }
     s++;
   }
-  luaL_putchar(b, '"');
+  luaL_putchar(b, l_c('"'));
 }
 
 
-static const char *scanformat (lua_State *L, const char *strfrmt, char *form,
+static const l_char *scanformat (lua_State *L, const l_char *strfrmt, l_char *form,
                                int *hasprecision) {
-  const char *p = strfrmt;
-  while (strchr("-+ #0", *p)) p++;  /* skip flags */
+  const l_char *p = strfrmt;
+  while (strchr(l_s("-+ #0"), *p)) p++;  /* skip flags */
   if (isdigit(uchar(*p))) p++;  /* skip width */
   if (isdigit(uchar(*p))) p++;  /* (2 digits at most) */
-  if (*p == '.') {
+  if (*p == l_c('.')) {
     p++;
     *hasprecision = 1;
     if (isdigit(uchar(*p))) p++;  /* skip precision */
     if (isdigit(uchar(*p))) p++;  /* (2 digits at most) */
   }
   if (isdigit(uchar(*p)))
-    lua_error(L, "invalid format (width or precision too long)");
+    lua_error(L, l_s("invalid format (width or precision too long)"));
   if (p-strfrmt+2 > MAX_FORMAT)  /* +2 to include `%' and the specifier */
-    lua_error(L, "invalid format (too long)");
-  form[0] = '%';
+    lua_error(L, l_s("invalid format (too long)"));
+  form[0] = l_c('%');
   strncpy(form+1, strfrmt, p-strfrmt+1);
   form[p-strfrmt+2] = 0;
   return p;
@@ -573,38 +573,38 @@ static const char *scanformat (lua_State *L, const char *strfrmt, char *form,
 
 static int str_format (lua_State *L) {
   int arg = 1;
-  const char *strfrmt = luaL_check_string(L, arg);
+  const l_char *strfrmt = luaL_check_string(L, arg);
   luaL_Buffer b;
   luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
   while (*strfrmt) {
-    if (*strfrmt != '%')
+    if (*strfrmt != l_c('%'))
       luaL_putchar(&b, *strfrmt++);
-    else if (*++strfrmt == '%')
+    else if (*++strfrmt == l_c('%'))
       luaL_putchar(&b, *strfrmt++);  /* %% */
     else { /* format item */
-      char form[MAX_FORMAT];  /* to store the format (`%...') */
-      char buff[MAX_ITEM];  /* to store the formatted item */
+      l_char form[MAX_FORMAT];  /* to store the format (`%...') */
+      l_char buff[MAX_ITEM];  /* to store the formatted item */
       int hasprecision = 0;
-      if (isdigit(uchar(*strfrmt)) && *(strfrmt+1) == '$')
-        lua_error(L, "obsolete `format' option (d$)");
+      if (isdigit(uchar(*strfrmt)) && *(strfrmt+1) == l_c('$'))
+        lua_error(L, l_s("obsolete `format' option (d$)"));
       arg++;
       strfrmt = scanformat(L, strfrmt, form, &hasprecision);
       switch (*strfrmt++) {
-        case 'c':  case 'd':  case 'i':
+        case l_c('c'):  case l_c('d'):  case l_c('i'):
           sprintf(buff, form, luaL_check_int(L, arg));
           break;
-        case 'o':  case 'u':  case 'x':  case 'X':
+        case l_c('o'):  case l_c('u'):  case l_c('x'):  case l_c('X'):
           sprintf(buff, form, (unsigned int)luaL_check_number(L, arg));
           break;
-        case 'e':  case 'E': case 'f': case 'g': case 'G':
+        case l_c('e'):  case l_c('E'): case l_c('f'): case l_c('g'): case l_c('G'):
           sprintf(buff, form, luaL_check_number(L, arg));
           break;
-        case 'q':
+        case l_c('q'):
           luaI_addquoted(L, &b, arg);
           continue;  /* skip the `addsize' at the end */
-        case 's': {
+        case l_c('s'): {
           size_t l;
-          const char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, arg, &l);
+          const l_char *s = luaL_check_lstr(L, arg, &l);
           if (!hasprecision && l >= 100) {
             /* no precision and string is too long to be formatted;
                keep original string */
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ static int str_format (lua_State *L) {
           }
         }
         default:  /* also treat cases `pnLlh' */
-          lua_error(L, "invalid option in `format'");
+          lua_error(L, l_s("invalid option in `format'"));
       }
       luaL_addlstring(&b, buff, strlen(buff));
     }
@@ -629,16 +629,16 @@ static int str_format (lua_State *L) {
 
 
 static const luaL_reg strlib[] = {
-{"strlen", str_len},
-{"strsub", str_sub},
-{"strlower", str_lower},
-{"strupper", str_upper},
-{"strchar", str_char},
-{"strrep", str_rep},
-{"strbyte", str_byte},
-{"format", str_format},
-{"strfind", str_find},
-{"gsub", str_gsub}
+{l_s("strlen"), str_len},
+{l_s("strsub"), str_sub},
+{l_s("strlower"), str_lower},
+{l_s("strupper"), str_upper},
+{l_s("strchar"), str_char},
+{l_s("strrep"), str_rep},
+{l_s("strbyte"), str_byte},
+{l_s("format"), str_format},
+{l_s("strfind"), str_find},
+{l_s("gsub"), str_gsub}
 };
 
 
diff --git a/ltable.c b/ltable.c
index 8522e8fe..845e639e 100644
--- a/ltable.c
+++ b/ltable.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: ltable.c,v 1.75 2001/02/01 17:40:48 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: ltable.c,v 1.76 2001/02/20 18:15:33 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Lua tables (hash)
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ Node *luaH_next (lua_State *L, Hash *t, const TObject *key) {
   else {
     const TObject *v = luaH_get(t, key);
     if (v == &luaO_nilobject)
-      luaD_error(L, "invalid key for `next'");
-    i = (int)(((const char *)v -
-               (const char *)(&t->node[0].val)) / sizeof(Node)) + 1;
+      luaD_error(L, l_s("invalid key for `next'"));
+    i = (int)(((const l_char *)v -
+               (const l_char *)(&t->node[0].val)) / sizeof(Node)) + 1;
   }
   for (; i<t->size; i++) {
     Node *n = node(t, i);
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ int luaH_nexti (Hash *t, int i) {
 
 
 #define check_grow(L, p, n) \
-        if ((p) >= MAX_INT/(n)) luaD_error(L, "table overflow");
+        if ((p) >= MAX_INT/(n)) luaD_error(L, l_s("table overflow"));
 
 /*
 ** returns smaller power of 2 larger than `n' (minimum is MINPOWER2) 
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ TObject *luaH_set (lua_State *L, Hash *t, const TObject *key) {
     case LUA_TNUMBER: return luaH_setnum(L, t, nvalue(key));
     case LUA_TSTRING: return luaH_setstr(L, t, tsvalue(key));
     case LUA_TNIL:
-      if (L) luaD_error(L, "table index is nil");
+      if (L) luaD_error(L, l_s("table index is nil"));
       return (TObject *)&luaO_nilobject;  /* get option */
     default:         return luaH_setany(L, t, key);
   }
diff --git a/ltests.c b/ltests.c
index b570011b..5cc9f99a 100644
--- a/ltests.c
+++ b/ltests.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: ltests.c,v 1.70 2001/02/21 16:51:25 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: ltests.c,v 1.71 2001/02/22 18:59:59 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Internal Module for Debugging of the Lua Implementation
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ int islocked = 0;
 
 
 
-static void setnameval (lua_State *L, const char *name, int val) {
+static void setnameval (lua_State *L, const l_char *name, int val) {
   lua_pushstring(L, name);
   lua_pushnumber(L, val);
   lua_settable(L, -3);
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ static void setnameval (lua_State *L, const char *name, int val) {
 #define MARK            0x55  /* 01010101 (a nice pattern) */
 
 
-#define blocksize(b)    ((size_t *)((char *)(b) - HEADER))
+#define blocksize(b)    ((size_t *)((l_char *)(b) - HEADER))
 
 unsigned long memdebug_numblocks = 0;
 unsigned long memdebug_total = 0;
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ static void *checkblock (void *block) {
   size_t size = *b;
   int i;
   for (i=0;i<MARKSIZE;i++)
-    lua_assert(*(((char *)b)+HEADER+size+i) == MARK+i);  /* corrupted block? */
+    lua_assert(*(((l_char *)b)+HEADER+size+i) == MARK+i);  /* corrupted block? */
   return b;
 }
 
@@ -102,11 +102,11 @@ void *debug_realloc (void *block, size_t oldsize, size_t size) {
   else if (memdebug_total+size-oldsize > memdebug_memlimit)
     return NULL;  /* to test memory allocation errors */
   else {
-    char *newblock;
+    l_char *newblock;
     int i;
     size_t realsize = HEADER+size+MARKSIZE;
     if (realsize < size) return NULL;  /* overflow! */
-    newblock = (char *)malloc(realsize);  /* alloc a new block */
+    newblock = (l_char *)malloc(realsize);  /* alloc a new block */
     if (newblock == NULL) return NULL;
     if (oldsize > size) oldsize = size;
     if (block) {
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ void *debug_realloc (void *block, size_t oldsize, size_t size) {
     memdebug_numblocks++;
     *(size_t *)newblock = size;
     for (i=0;i<MARKSIZE;i++)
-      *(newblock+HEADER+size+i) = (char)(MARK+i);
+      *(newblock+HEADER+size+i) = (l_char)(MARK+i);
     return newblock+HEADER;
   }
 }
@@ -138,36 +138,36 @@ void *debug_realloc (void *block, size_t oldsize, size_t size) {
 */
 
 
-static const char *const instrname[NUM_OPCODES] = {
-  "RETURN", "CALL", "TAILCALL", "PUSHNIL", "POP", "PUSHINT", 
-  "PUSHSTRING", "PUSHNUM", "PUSHNEGNUM", "PUSHUPVALUE", "GETLOCAL", 
-  "GETGLOBAL", "GETTABLE", "GETDOTTED", "GETINDEXED", "PUSHSELF", 
-  "CREATETABLE", "SETLOCAL", "SETGLOBAL", "SETTABLE", "SETLIST", "SETMAP", 
-  "ADD", "ADDI", "SUB", "MULT", "DIV", "POW", "CONCAT", "MINUS", "NOT", 
-  "JMPNE", "JMPEQ", "JMPLT", "JMPLE", "JMPGT", "JMPGE", "JMPT", "JMPF", 
-  "JMPONT", "JMPONF", "JMP", "PUSHNILJMP", "FORPREP", "FORLOOP", "LFORPREP", 
-  "LFORLOOP", "CLOSURE"
+static const l_char *const instrname[NUM_OPCODES] = {
+  l_s("RETURN"), l_s("CALL"), l_s("TAILCALL"), l_s("PUSHNIL"), l_s("POP"), l_s("PUSHINT"), 
+  l_s("PUSHSTRING"), l_s("PUSHNUM"), l_s("PUSHNEGNUM"), l_s("PUSHUPVALUE"), l_s("GETLOCAL"), 
+  l_s("GETGLOBAL"), l_s("GETTABLE"), l_s("GETDOTTED"), l_s("GETINDEXED"), l_s("PUSHSELF"), 
+  l_s("CREATETABLE"), l_s("SETLOCAL"), l_s("SETGLOBAL"), l_s("SETTABLE"), l_s("SETLIST"), l_s("SETMAP"), 
+  l_s("ADD"), l_s("ADDI"), l_s("SUB"), l_s("MULT"), l_s("DIV"), l_s("POW"), l_s("CONCAT"), l_s("MINUS"), l_s("NOT"), 
+  l_s("JMPNE"), l_s("JMPEQ"), l_s("JMPLT"), l_s("JMPLE"), l_s("JMPGT"), l_s("JMPGE"), l_s("JMPT"), l_s("JMPF"), 
+  l_s("JMPONT"), l_s("JMPONF"), l_s("JMP"), l_s("PUSHNILJMP"), l_s("FORPREP"), l_s("FORLOOP"), l_s("LFORPREP"), 
+  l_s("LFORLOOP"), l_s("CLOSURE")
 };
 
 
 static void pushop (lua_State *L, Proto *p, int pc) {
-  char buff[100];
+  l_char buff[100];
   Instruction i = p->code[pc];
   OpCode o = GET_OPCODE(i);
-  const char *name = instrname[o];
-  sprintf(buff, "%5d - ", luaG_getline(p->lineinfo, pc, 1, NULL));
+  const l_char *name = instrname[o];
+  sprintf(buff, l_s("%5d - "), luaG_getline(p->lineinfo, pc, 1, NULL));
   switch ((enum Mode)luaK_opproperties[o].mode) {  
     case iO:
-      sprintf(buff+8, "%-12s", name);
+      sprintf(buff+8, l_s("%-12s"), name);
       break;
     case iU:
-      sprintf(buff+8, "%-12s%4u", name, GETARG_U(i));
+      sprintf(buff+8, l_s("%-12s%4u"), name, GETARG_U(i));
       break;
     case iS:
-      sprintf(buff+8, "%-12s%4d", name, GETARG_S(i));
+      sprintf(buff+8, l_s("%-12s%4d"), name, GETARG_S(i));
       break;
     case iAB:
-      sprintf(buff+8, "%-12s%4d %4d", name, GETARG_A(i), GETARG_B(i));
+      sprintf(buff+8, l_s("%-12s%4d %4d"), name, GETARG_A(i), GETARG_B(i));
       break;
   }
   lua_pushstring(L, buff);
@@ -178,11 +178,11 @@ static int listcode (lua_State *L) {
   int pc;
   Proto *p;
   luaL_arg_check(L, lua_isfunction(L, 1) && !lua_iscfunction(L, 1),
-                 1, "Lua function expected");
+                 1, l_s("Lua function expected"));
   p = clvalue(luaA_index(L, 1))->f.l;
   lua_newtable(L);
-  setnameval(L, "maxstack", p->maxstacksize);
-  setnameval(L, "numparams", p->numparams);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("maxstack"), p->maxstacksize);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("numparams"), p->numparams);
   for (pc=0; pc<p->sizecode; pc++) {
     lua_pushnumber(L, pc+1);
     pushop(L, p, pc);
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ static int liststrings (lua_State *L) {
   Proto *p;
   int i;
   luaL_arg_check(L, lua_isfunction(L, 1) && !lua_iscfunction(L, 1),
-                 1, "Lua function expected");
+                 1, l_s("Lua function expected"));
   p = clvalue(luaA_index(L, 1))->f.l;
   lua_newtable(L);
   for (i=0; i<p->sizekstr; i++) {
@@ -212,9 +212,9 @@ static int listlocals (lua_State *L) {
   Proto *p;
   int pc = luaL_check_int(L, 2) - 1;
   int i = 0;
-  const char *name;
+  const l_char *name;
   luaL_arg_check(L, lua_isfunction(L, 1) && !lua_iscfunction(L, 1),
-                 1, "Lua function expected");
+                 1, l_s("Lua function expected"));
   p = clvalue(luaA_index(L, 1))->f.l;
   while ((name = luaF_getlocalname(p, ++i, pc)) != NULL)
     lua_pushstring(L, name);
@@ -234,22 +234,22 @@ static int pushbool (lua_State *L, int b) {
 
 static int get_limits (lua_State *L) {
   lua_newtable(L);
-  setnameval(L, "BITS_INT", BITS_INT);
-  setnameval(L, "LFPF", LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH);
-  setnameval(L, "MAXARG_A", MAXARG_A);
-  setnameval(L, "MAXARG_B", MAXARG_B);
-  setnameval(L, "MAXARG_S", MAXARG_S);
-  setnameval(L, "MAXARG_U", MAXARG_U);
-  setnameval(L, "MAXLOCALS", MAXLOCALS);
-  setnameval(L, "MAXPARAMS", MAXPARAMS);
-  setnameval(L, "MAXSTACK", MAXSTACK);
-  setnameval(L, "MAXUPVALUES", MAXUPVALUES);
-  setnameval(L, "MAXVARSLH", MAXVARSLH);
-  setnameval(L, "RFPF", RFIELDS_PER_FLUSH);
-  setnameval(L, "SIZE_A", SIZE_A);
-  setnameval(L, "SIZE_B", SIZE_B);
-  setnameval(L, "SIZE_OP", SIZE_OP);
-  setnameval(L, "SIZE_U", SIZE_U);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("BITS_INT"), BITS_INT);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("LFPF"), LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("MAXARG_A"), MAXARG_A);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("MAXARG_B"), MAXARG_B);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("MAXARG_S"), MAXARG_S);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("MAXARG_U"), MAXARG_U);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("MAXLOCALS"), MAXLOCALS);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("MAXPARAMS"), MAXPARAMS);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("MAXSTACK"), MAXSTACK);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("MAXUPVALUES"), MAXUPVALUES);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("MAXVARSLH"), MAXVARSLH);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("RFPF"), RFIELDS_PER_FLUSH);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("SIZE_A"), SIZE_A);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("SIZE_B"), SIZE_B);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("SIZE_OP"), SIZE_OP);
+  setnameval(L, l_s("SIZE_U"), SIZE_U);
   return 1;
 }
 
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ static int mem_query (lua_State *L) {
 
 static int hash_query (lua_State *L) {
   if (lua_isnull(L, 2)) {
-    luaL_arg_check(L, lua_tag(L, 1) == LUA_TSTRING, 1, "string expected");
+    luaL_arg_check(L, lua_tag(L, 1) == LUA_TSTRING, 1, l_s("string expected"));
     lua_pushnumber(L, tsvalue(luaA_index(L, 1))->u.s.hash);
   }
   else {
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ static int table_query (lua_State *L) {
 
 
 static int string_query (lua_State *L) {
-  stringtable *tb = (*luaL_check_string(L, 1) == 's') ? &G(L)->strt :
+  stringtable *tb = (*luaL_check_string(L, 1) == l_c('s')) ? &G(L)->strt :
                                                         &G(L)->udt;
   int s = luaL_opt_int(L, 2, 0) - 1;
   if (s==-1) {
@@ -364,8 +364,8 @@ static int newuserdata (lua_State *L) {
   }
   else {
     size_t size = luaL_check_int(L, 1);
-    char *p = (char *)lua_newuserdata(L, size);
-    while (size--) *p++ = '\0';
+    l_char *p = (l_char *)lua_newuserdata(L, size);
+    while (size--) *p++ = l_c('\0');
     return 1;
   }
 }
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ static int s2d (lua_State *L) {
 
 static int d2s (lua_State *L) {
   double d = luaL_check_number(L, 1);
-  lua_pushlstring(L, (char *)&d, sizeof(d));
+  lua_pushlstring(L, (l_char *)&d, sizeof(d));
   return 1;
 }
 
@@ -419,12 +419,12 @@ static int newstate (lua_State *L) {
 static int loadlib (lua_State *L) {
   lua_State *L1 = (lua_State *)lua_touserdata(L, 1);
   switch (*luaL_check_string(L, 2)) {
-    case 'm': lua_mathlibopen(L1); break;
-    case 's': lua_strlibopen(L1); break;
-    case 'i': lua_iolibopen(L1); break;
-    case 'd': lua_dblibopen(L1); break;
-    case 'b': lua_baselibopen(L1); break;
-    default: luaL_argerror(L, 2, "invalid option");
+    case l_c('m'): lua_mathlibopen(L1); break;
+    case l_c('s'): lua_strlibopen(L1); break;
+    case l_c('i'): lua_iolibopen(L1); break;
+    case l_c('d'): lua_dblibopen(L1); break;
+    case l_c('b'): lua_baselibopen(L1); break;
+    default: luaL_argerror(L, 2, l_s("invalid option"));
   }
   return 0;
 }
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ static int closestate (lua_State *L) {
 
 static int doremote (lua_State *L) {
   lua_State *L1;
-  const char *code = luaL_check_string(L, 2);
+  const l_char *code = luaL_check_string(L, 2);
   int status;
   L1 = (lua_State *)(unsigned long)luaL_check_number(L, 1);
   status = lua_dostring(L1, code);
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ static int doremote (lua_State *L) {
 
 static int settagmethod (lua_State *L) {
   int tag = luaL_check_int(L, 1);
-  const char *event = luaL_check_string(L, 2);
+  const l_char *event = luaL_check_string(L, 2);
   luaL_checkany(L, 3);
   lua_gettagmethod(L, tag, event);
   lua_pushvalue(L, 3);
@@ -478,36 +478,36 @@ static int equal (lua_State *L) {
 ** =======================================================
 */
 
-static const char *const delimits = " \t\n,;";
+static const l_char *const delimits = l_s(" \t\n,;");
 
-static void skip (const char **pc) {
-  while (**pc != '\0' && strchr(delimits, **pc)) (*pc)++;
+static void skip (const l_char **pc) {
+  while (**pc != l_c('\0') && strchr(delimits, **pc)) (*pc)++;
 }
 
-static int getnum (lua_State *L, const char **pc) {
+static int getnum (lua_State *L, const l_char **pc) {
   int res = 0;
   int sig = 1;
   skip(pc);
-  if (**pc == '.') {
+  if (**pc == l_c('.')) {
     res = (int)lua_tonumber(L, -1);
     lua_pop(L, 1);
     (*pc)++;
     return res;
   }
-  else if (**pc == '-') {
+  else if (**pc == l_c('-')) {
     sig = -1;
     (*pc)++;
   }
-  while (isdigit(**pc)) res = res*10 + (*(*pc)++) - '0';
+  while (isdigit(**pc)) res = res*10 + (*(*pc)++) - l_c('0');
   return sig*res;
 }
   
-static const char *getname (char *buff, const char **pc) {
+static const l_char *getname (l_char *buff, const l_char **pc) {
   int i = 0;
   skip(pc);
-  while (**pc != '\0' && !strchr(delimits, **pc))
+  while (**pc != l_c('\0') && !strchr(delimits, **pc))
     buff[i++] = *(*pc)++;
-  buff[i] = '\0';
+  buff[i] = l_c('\0');
   return buff;
 }
 
@@ -519,121 +519,121 @@ static const char *getname (char *buff, const char **pc) {
 
 
 static int testC (lua_State *L) {
-  char buff[30];
-  const char *pc = luaL_check_string(L, 1);
+  l_char buff[30];
+  const l_char *pc = luaL_check_string(L, 1);
   for (;;) {
-    const char *inst = getname;
-    if EQ("") return 0;
-    else if EQ("isnumber") {
+    const l_char *inst = getname;
+    if EQ(l_s("")) return 0;
+    else if EQ(l_s("isnumber")) {
       lua_pushnumber(L, lua_isnumber(L, getnum));
     }
-    else if EQ("isstring") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("isstring")) {
       lua_pushnumber(L, lua_isstring(L, getnum));
     }
-    else if EQ("istable") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("istable")) {
       lua_pushnumber(L, lua_istable(L, getnum));
     }
-    else if EQ("iscfunction") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("iscfunction")) {
       lua_pushnumber(L, lua_iscfunction(L, getnum));
     }
-    else if EQ("isfunction") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("isfunction")) {
       lua_pushnumber(L, lua_isfunction(L, getnum));
     }
-    else if EQ("isuserdata") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("isuserdata")) {
       lua_pushnumber(L, lua_isuserdata(L, getnum));
     }
-    else if EQ("isnil") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("isnil")) {
       lua_pushnumber(L, lua_isnil(L, getnum));
     }
-    else if EQ("isnull") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("isnull")) {
       lua_pushnumber(L, lua_isnull(L, getnum));
     }
-    else if EQ("tonumber") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("tonumber")) {
       lua_pushnumber(L, lua_tonumber(L, getnum));
     }
-    else if EQ("tostring") {
-      const char *s = lua_tostring(L, getnum);
+    else if EQ(l_s("tostring")) {
+      const l_char *s = lua_tostring(L, getnum);
       lua_pushstring(L, s);
     }
-    else if EQ("tonumber") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("tonumber")) {
       lua_pushnumber(L, lua_tonumber(L, getnum));
     }
-    else if EQ("strlen") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("strlen")) {
       lua_pushnumber(L, lua_strlen(L, getnum));
     }
-    else if EQ("tocfunction") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("tocfunction")) {
       lua_pushcfunction(L, lua_tocfunction(L, getnum));
     }
-    else if EQ("return") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("return")) {
       return getnum;
     }
-    else if EQ("gettop") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("gettop")) {
       lua_pushnumber(L, lua_gettop(L));
     }
-    else if EQ("settop") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("settop")) {
       lua_settop(L, getnum);
     }
-    else if EQ("pop") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("pop")) {
       lua_pop(L, getnum);
     }
-    else if EQ("pushnum") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("pushnum")) {
       lua_pushnumber(L, getnum);
     }
-    else if EQ("pushvalue") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("pushvalue")) {
       lua_pushvalue(L, getnum);
     }
-    else if EQ("remove") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("remove")) {
       lua_remove(L, getnum);
     }
-    else if EQ("insert") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("insert")) {
       lua_insert(L, getnum);
     }
-    else if EQ("gettable") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("gettable")) {
       lua_gettable(L, getnum);
     }
-    else if EQ("settable") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("settable")) {
       lua_settable(L, getnum);
     }
-    else if EQ("next") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("next")) {
       lua_next(L, -2);
     }
-    else if EQ("concat") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("concat")) {
       lua_concat(L, getnum);
     }
-    else if EQ("lessthan") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("lessthan")) {
       int a = getnum;
       if (lua_lessthan(L, a, getnum))
         lua_pushnumber(L, 1);
       else
         lua_pushnil(L);
     }
-    else if EQ("rawcall") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("rawcall")) {
       int narg = getnum;
       int nres = getnum;
       lua_rawcall(L, narg, nres);
     }
-    else if EQ("call") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("call")) {
       int narg = getnum;
       int nres = getnum;
       lua_call(L, narg, nres);
     }
-    else if EQ("dostring") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("dostring")) {
       lua_dostring(L, luaL_check_string(L, getnum));
     }
-    else if EQ("settagmethod") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("settagmethod")) {
       int tag = getnum;
-      const char *event = getname;
+      const l_char *event = getname;
       lua_settagmethod(L, tag, event);
     }
-    else if EQ("gettagmethod") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("gettagmethod")) {
       int tag = getnum;
-      const char *event = getname;
+      const l_char *event = getname;
       lua_gettagmethod(L, tag, event);
     }
-    else if EQ("type") {
+    else if EQ(l_s("type")) {
       lua_pushstring(L, lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, getnum)));
     }
-    else luaL_verror(L, "unknown instruction %.30s", buff);
+    else luaL_verror(L, l_s("unknown instruction %.30s"), buff);
   }
   return 0;
 }
@@ -643,30 +643,30 @@ static int testC (lua_State *L) {
 
 
 static const struct luaL_reg tests_funcs[] = {
-  {"hash", hash_query},
-  {"limits", get_limits},
-  {"listcode", listcode},
-  {"liststrings", liststrings},
-  {"listlocals", listlocals},
-  {"loadlib", loadlib},
-  {"querystr", string_query},
-  {"querytab", table_query},
-  {"testC", testC},
-  {"ref", tref},
-  {"getref", getref},
-  {"unref", unref},
-  {"d2s", d2s},
-  {"s2d", s2d},
-  {"newuserdata", newuserdata},
-  {"udataval", udataval},
-  {"newtag", newtag},
-  {"doonnewstack", doonnewstack},
-  {"newstate", newstate},
-  {"closestate", closestate},
-  {"doremote", doremote},
-  {"settagmethod", settagmethod},
-  {"equal", equal},
-  {"totalmem", mem_query}
+  {l_s("hash"), hash_query},
+  {l_s("limits"), get_limits},
+  {l_s("listcode"), listcode},
+  {l_s("liststrings"), liststrings},
+  {l_s("listlocals"), listlocals},
+  {l_s("loadlib"), loadlib},
+  {l_s("querystr"), string_query},
+  {l_s("querytab"), table_query},
+  {l_s("testC"), testC},
+  {l_s("ref"), tref},
+  {l_s("getref"), getref},
+  {l_s("unref"), unref},
+  {l_s("d2s"), d2s},
+  {l_s("s2d"), s2d},
+  {l_s("newuserdata"), newuserdata},
+  {l_s("udataval"), udataval},
+  {l_s("newtag"), newtag},
+  {l_s("doonnewstack"), doonnewstack},
+  {l_s("newstate"), newstate},
+  {l_s("closestate"), closestate},
+  {l_s("doremote"), doremote},
+  {l_s("settagmethod"), settagmethod},
+  {l_s("equal"), equal},
+  {l_s("totalmem"), mem_query}
 };
 
 
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ void luaB_opentests (lua_State *L) {
   lua_setglobals(L);
   luaL_openl(L, tests_funcs);  /* open functions inside new table */
   lua_setglobals(L);  /* restore old table of globals */
-  lua_setglobal(L, "T");  /* set new table as global T */
+  lua_setglobal(L, l_s("T"));  /* set new table as global T */
 }
 
 #endif
diff --git a/ltm.c b/ltm.c
index 43bdc0f8..aff4a227 100644
--- a/ltm.c
+++ b/ltm.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: ltm.c,v 1.67 2001/02/20 18:15:33 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: ltm.c,v 1.68 2001/02/22 18:59:59 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Tag methods
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -19,15 +19,15 @@
 #include "ltm.h"
 
 
-const char *const luaT_eventname[] = {  /* ORDER TM */
-  "gettable", "settable", "index", "getglobal", "setglobal", "add", "sub",
-  "mul", "div", "pow", "unm", "lt", "concat", "gc", "function",
-  "le", "gt", "ge",  /* deprecated options!! */
+const l_char *const luaT_eventname[] = {  /* ORDER TM */
+  l_s("gettable"), l_s("settable"), l_s("index"), l_s("getglobal"), l_s("setglobal"), l_s("add"), l_s("sub"),
+  l_s("mul"), l_s("div"), l_s("pow"), l_s("unm"), l_s("lt"), l_s("concat"), l_s("gc"), l_s("function"),
+  l_s("le"), l_s("gt"), l_s("ge"),  /* deprecated options!! */
   NULL
 };
 
 
-static int findevent (const char *name) {
+static int findevent (const l_char *name) {
   int i;
   for (i=0; luaT_eventname[i]; i++)
     if (strcmp(luaT_eventname[i], name) == 0)
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ static int findevent (const char *name) {
 }
 
 
-static int luaI_checkevent (lua_State *L, const char *name, int t) {
+static int luaI_checkevent (lua_State *L, const l_char *name, int t) {
   int e = findevent(name);
   if (e >= TM_N)
-    luaO_verror(L, "event `%.50s' is deprecated", name);
+    luaO_verror(L, l_s("event `%.50s' is deprecated"), name);
   if (e == TM_GC && t == LUA_TTABLE)
-    luaO_verror(L, "event `gc' for tables is deprecated");
+    luaO_verror(L, l_s("event `gc' for tables is deprecated"));
   if (e < 0)
-    luaO_verror(L, "`%.50s' is not a valid event name", name);
+    luaO_verror(L, l_s("`%.50s' is not a valid event name"), name);
   return e;
 }
 
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ int luaT_validevent (int t, int e) {  /* ORDER LUA_T */
 
 
 void luaT_init (lua_State *L) {
-  static const char *const typenames[NUM_TAGS] = {
-    "userdata", "nil", "number", "string", "table", "function"
+  static const l_char *const typenames[NUM_TAGS] = {
+    l_s("userdata"), l_s("nil"), l_s("number"), l_s("string"), l_s("table"), l_s("function")
   };
   int i;
   for (i=0; i<NUM_TAGS; i++)
@@ -77,12 +77,12 @@ void luaT_init (lua_State *L) {
 }
 
 
-int luaT_newtag (lua_State *L, const char *name, int basictype) {
+int luaT_newtag (lua_State *L, const l_char *name, int basictype) {
   int tag;
   int i;
   TString *ts;
   luaM_growvector(L, G(L)->TMtable, G(L)->ntag, G(L)->sizeTM, struct TM,
-                  MAX_INT, "tag table overflow");
+                  MAX_INT, l_s("tag table overflow"));
   tag = G(L)->ntag;
   if (name == NULL)
     ts = NULL;
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ int luaT_newtag (lua_State *L, const char *name, int basictype) {
 
 static void checktag (lua_State *L, int tag) {
   if (!(0 <= tag && tag < G(L)->ntag))
-    luaO_verror(L, "%d is not a valid tag", tag);
+    luaO_verror(L, l_s("%d is not a valid tag"), tag);
 }
 
 
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ int luaT_tag (const TObject *o) {
 }
 
 
-const char *luaT_typename (global_State *G, const TObject *o) {
+const l_char *luaT_typename (global_State *G, const TObject *o) {
   int t = ttype(o);
   int tag;
   TString *ts;
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ const char *luaT_typename (global_State *G, const TObject *o) {
 }
 
 
-LUA_API void lua_gettagmethod (lua_State *L, int t, const char *event) {
+LUA_API void lua_gettagmethod (lua_State *L, int t, const l_char *event) {
   int e;
   LUA_LOCK(L);
   e = luaI_checkevent(L, event, t);
@@ -169,16 +169,16 @@ LUA_API void lua_gettagmethod (lua_State *L, int t, const char *event) {
 }
 
 
-LUA_API void lua_settagmethod (lua_State *L, int t, const char *event) {
+LUA_API void lua_settagmethod (lua_State *L, int t, const l_char *event) {
   int e;
   LUA_LOCK(L);
   e = luaI_checkevent(L, event, t);
   checktag(L, t);
   if (!luaT_validevent(t, e))
-    luaO_verror(L, "cannot change `%.20s' tag method for type `%.20s'%.20s",
+    luaO_verror(L, l_s("cannot change `%.20s' tag method for type `%.20s'%.20s"),
                 luaT_eventname[e], basictypename(G(L), t),
                 (t == LUA_TTABLE || t == LUA_TUSERDATA) ?
-                   " with default tag" : "");
+                   l_s(" with default tag") : l_s(""));
   switch (ttype(L->top - 1)) {
     case LUA_TNIL:
       luaT_gettm(G(L), t, e) = NULL;
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ LUA_API void lua_settagmethod (lua_State *L, int t, const char *event) {
       luaT_gettm(G(L), t, e) = clvalue(L->top - 1);
       break;
     default:
-      luaD_error(L, "tag method must be a function (or nil)");
+      luaD_error(L, l_s("tag method must be a function (or nil)"));
   }
   L->top--;
   LUA_UNLOCK(L);
diff --git a/ltm.h b/ltm.h
index 13759c5c..53572bd2 100644
--- a/ltm.h
+++ b/ltm.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: ltm.h,v 1.22 2001/01/25 16:45:36 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: ltm.h,v 1.23 2001/02/09 20:22:29 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Tag methods
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -67,12 +67,12 @@ struct TM {
 
 #define validtag(G,t) (NUM_TAGS <= (t) && (t) < G->ntag)
 
-extern const char *const luaT_eventname[];
+extern const l_char *const luaT_eventname[];
 
 
 void luaT_init (lua_State *L);
-int luaT_newtag (lua_State *L, const char *name, int basictype);
-const char *luaT_typename (global_State *G, const TObject *o);
+int luaT_newtag (lua_State *L, const l_char *name, int basictype);
+const l_char *luaT_typename (global_State *G, const TObject *o);
 int luaT_tag (const TObject *o);
 int luaT_validevent (int t, int e);  /* used by compatibility module */
 
diff --git a/lua.c b/lua.c
index 6d76d03c..43310326 100644
--- a/lua.c
+++ b/lua.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lua.c,v 1.60 2001/02/14 17:19:01 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lua.c,v 1.61 2001/02/20 18:15:33 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Lua stand-alone interpreter
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ static int isatty (int x) { return x==0; }  /* assume stdin is a tty */
 
 
 #ifndef PROMPT
-#define PROMPT          "> "
+#define PROMPT          l_s("> ")
 #endif
 
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ static void lstop (void) {
   lua_setlinehook(L, old_linehook);
   lua_setcallhook(L, old_callhook);
   lreset();
-  lua_error(L, "interrupted!");
+  lua_error(L, l_s("interrupted!"));
 }
 
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ static void laction (int i) {
 }
 
 
-static int ldo (int (*f)(lua_State *l, const char *), const char *name) {
+static int ldo (int (*f)(lua_State *l, const l_char *), const l_char *name) {
   int res;
   handler h = lreset();
   int top = lua_gettop(L);
@@ -92,45 +92,45 @@ static int ldo (int (*f)(lua_State *l, const char *), const char *name) {
   signal(SIGINT, h);  /* restore old action */
   /* Lua gives no message in such cases, so lua.c provides one */
   if (res == LUA_ERRMEM) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "lua: memory allocation error\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, l_s("lua: memory allocation error\n"));
   }
   else if (res == LUA_ERRERR)
-    fprintf(stderr, "lua: error in error message\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, l_s("lua: error in error message\n"));
   return res;
 }
 
 
 static void print_message (void) {
   fprintf(stderr,
-  "usage: lua [options].  Available options are:\n"
-  "  -        execute stdin as a file\n"
-  "  -c       close Lua when exiting\n"
-  "  -e stat  execute string `stat'\n"
-  "  -f name  execute file `name' with remaining arguments in table `arg'\n"
-  "  -i       enter interactive mode with prompt\n"
-  "  -q       enter interactive mode without prompt\n"
-  "  -sNUM    set stack size to NUM (must be the first option)\n"
-  "  -v       print version information\n"
-  "  a=b      set global `a' to string `b'\n"
-  "  name     execute file `name'\n"
+  l_s("usage: lua [options].  Available options are:\n")
+  l_s("  -        execute stdin as a file\n")
+  l_s("  -c       close Lua when exiting\n")
+  l_s("  -e stat  execute string `stat'\n")
+  l_s("  -f name  execute file `name' with remaining arguments in table `arg'\n")
+  l_s("  -i       enter interactive mode with prompt\n")
+  l_s("  -q       enter interactive mode without prompt\n")
+  l_s("  -sNUM    set stack size to NUM (must be the first option)\n")
+  l_s("  -v       print version information\n")
+  l_s("  a=b      set global `a' to string `b'\n")
+  l_s("  name     execute file `name'\n")
 );
 }
 
 
 static void print_version (void) {
-  printf("%.80s  %.80s\n", LUA_VERSION, LUA_COPYRIGHT);
+  printf(l_s("%.80s  %.80s\n"), l_s(LUA_VERSION), l_s(LUA_COPYRIGHT));
 }
 
 
-static void assign (char *arg) {
-  char *eq = strchr(arg, '=');
-  *eq = '\0';  /* spilt `arg' in two strings (name & value) */
+static void assign (l_char *arg) {
+  l_char *eq = strchr(arg, l_c('='));
+  *eq = l_c('\0');  /* spilt `arg' in two strings (name & value) */
   lua_pushstring(L, eq+1);
   lua_setglobal(L, arg);
 }
 
 
-static void getargs (char *argv[]) {
+static void getargs (l_char *argv[]) {
   int i;
   lua_newtable(L);
   for (i=0; argv[i]; i++) {
@@ -140,24 +140,24 @@ static void getargs (char *argv[]) {
     lua_settable(L, -3);
   }
   /* arg.n = maximum index in table `arg' */
-  lua_pushliteral(L, "n");
+  lua_pushliteral(L, l_s("n"));
   lua_pushnumber(L, i-1);
   lua_settable(L, -3);
 }
 
 
 static int l_getargs (lua_State *l) {
-  char **argv = (char **)lua_touserdata(l, -1);
+  l_char **argv = (l_char **)lua_touserdata(l, -1);
   getargs(argv);
   return 1;
 }
 
 
-static int file_input (const char *argv) {
+static int file_input (const l_char *argv) {
   int result = ldo(lua_dofile, argv);
   if (result) {
     if (result == LUA_ERRFILE) {
-      fprintf(stderr, "lua: cannot execute file ");
+      fprintf(stderr, l_s("lua: cannot execute file "));
       perror(argv);
     }
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -173,12 +173,12 @@ static int file_input (const char *argv) {
 #endif
 
 
-static const char *get_prompt (int prompt) {
+static const l_char *get_prompt (int prompt) {
   if (!prompt)
-    return "";
+    return l_s("");
   else {
-    const char *s;
-    lua_getglobal(L, "_PROMPT");
+    const l_char *s;
+    lua_getglobal(L, l_s("_PROMPT"));
     s = lua_tostring(L, -1);
     if (!s) s = PROMPT;
     lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove global */
@@ -192,15 +192,15 @@ static void manual_input (int version, int prompt) {
   for (;;) {
     fputs(get_prompt(prompt), stdout);  /* show prompt */
     for(;;) {
-      char buffer[MAXINPUT];
+      l_char buffer[MAXINPUT];
       size_t l;
       if (fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer), stdin) == NULL) {
-        printf("\n");
+        printf(l_s("\n"));
         return;
       }
       l = strlen(buffer);
-      if (buffer[l-1] == '\n' && buffer[l-2] == '\\') {
-        buffer[l-2] = '\n';
+      if (buffer[l-1] == l_c('\n') && buffer[l-2] == l_c('\\')) {
+        buffer[l-2] = l_c('\n');
         lua_pushlstring(L, buffer, l-1);
       }
       else {
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ static void manual_input (int version, int prompt) {
 }
 
 
-static int handle_argv (char *argv[], struct Options *opt) {
+static int handle_argv (l_char *argv[], struct Options *opt) {
   if (opt->stacksize > 0) argv++;  /* skip option `-s' (if present) */
   if (*argv == NULL) {  /* no more arguments? */
     if (isatty(0)) {
@@ -227,8 +227,8 @@ static int handle_argv (char *argv[], struct Options *opt) {
   else {  /* other arguments; loop over them */
     int i;
     for (i = 0; argv[i] != NULL; i++) {
-      if (argv[i][0] != '-') {  /* not an option? */
-        if (strchr(argv[i], '='))
+      if (argv[i][0] != l_c('-')) {  /* not an option? */
+        if (strchr(argv[i], l_c('=')))
           assign(argv[i]);
         else
           if (file_input(argv[i]) != EXIT_SUCCESS)
@@ -239,46 +239,46 @@ static int handle_argv (char *argv[], struct Options *opt) {
             ldo(lua_dofile, NULL);  /* executes stdin as a file */
             break;
           }
-          case 'i': {
+          case l_c('i'): {
             manual_input(0, 1);
             break;
           }
-          case 'q': {
+          case l_c('q'): {
             manual_input(0, 0);
             break;
           }
-          case 'c': {
+          case l_c('c'): {
             opt->toclose = 1;
             break;
           }
-          case 'v': {
+          case l_c('v'): {
             print_version();
             break;
           }
-          case 'e': {
+          case l_c('e'): {
             i++;
             if (argv[i] == NULL) {
               print_message();
               return EXIT_FAILURE;
             }
             if (ldo(lua_dostring, argv[i]) != 0) {
-              fprintf(stderr, "lua: error running argument `%.99s'\n", argv[i]);
+              fprintf(stderr, l_s("lua: error running argument `%.99s'\n"), argv[i]);
               return EXIT_FAILURE;
             }
             break;
           }
-          case 'f': {
+          case l_c('f'): {
             i++;
             if (argv[i] == NULL) {
               print_message();
               return EXIT_FAILURE;
             }
             getargs(argv+i);  /* collect remaining arguments */
-            lua_setglobal(L, "arg");
+            lua_setglobal(L, l_s("arg"));
             return file_input(argv[i]);  /* stop scanning arguments */
           }
-          case 's': {
-            fprintf(stderr, "lua: stack size (`-s') must be the first option\n");
+          case l_c('s'): {
+            fprintf(stderr, l_s("lua: stack size (`-s') must be the first option\n"));
             return EXIT_FAILURE;
           }
           default: {
@@ -292,11 +292,11 @@ static int handle_argv (char *argv[], struct Options *opt) {
 }
 
 
-static void getstacksize (int argc, char *argv[], struct Options *opt) {
-  if (argc >= 2 && argv[1][0] == '-' && argv[1][1] == 's') {
+static void getstacksize (int argc, l_char *argv[], struct Options *opt) {
+  if (argc >= 2 && argv[1][0] == l_c('-') && argv[1][1] == l_c('s')) {
     int stacksize = atoi(&argv[1][2]);
     if (stacksize <= 0) {
-      fprintf(stderr, "lua: invalid stack size ('%.20s')\n", &argv[1][2]);
+      fprintf(stderr, l_s("lua: invalid stack size ('%.20s')\n"), &argv[1][2]);
       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }
     opt->stacksize = stacksize;
@@ -306,10 +306,10 @@ static void getstacksize (int argc, char *argv[], struct Options *opt) {
 }
 
 
-static void register_getargs (char *argv[]) {
+static void register_getargs (l_char *argv[]) {
   lua_pushuserdata(L, argv);
   lua_pushcclosure(L, l_getargs, 1);
-  lua_setglobal(L, "getargs");
+  lua_setglobal(L, l_s("getargs"));
 }
 
 
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ static void openstdlibs (lua_State *l) {
 }
 
 
-int main (int argc, char *argv[]) {
+int main (int argc, l_char *argv[]) {
   struct Options opt;
   int status;
   opt.toclose = 0;
diff --git a/lua.h b/lua.h
index 09221693..d786b025 100644
--- a/lua.h
+++ b/lua.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lua.h,v 1.87 2001/02/20 18:15:33 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lua.h,v 1.88 2001/02/22 17:15:18 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Lua - An Extensible Extension Language
 ** TeCGraf: Grupo de Tecnologia em Computacao Grafica, PUC-Rio, Brazil
 ** e-mail: lua@tecgraf.puc-rio.br
@@ -79,6 +79,8 @@ typedef int (*lua_CFunction) (lua_State *L);
 /* Lua numerical type */
 typedef double lua_Number;
 
+/* Lua character type */
+typedef char l_char;
 
 
 /* mark for all API functions */
@@ -111,8 +113,8 @@ LUA_API int   lua_stackspace (lua_State *L);
 */
 
 LUA_API int            lua_type (lua_State *L, int index);
-LUA_API const char    *lua_typename (lua_State *L, int t);
-LUA_API const char    *lua_xtype (lua_State *L, int index);
+LUA_API const l_char  *lua_typename (lua_State *L, int t);
+LUA_API const l_char  *lua_xtype (lua_State *L, int index);
 LUA_API int            lua_isnumber (lua_State *L, int index);
 LUA_API int            lua_isstring (lua_State *L, int index);
 LUA_API int            lua_iscfunction (lua_State *L, int index);
@@ -122,7 +124,7 @@ LUA_API int            lua_equal (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2);
 LUA_API int            lua_lessthan (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2);
 
 LUA_API lua_Number     lua_tonumber (lua_State *L, int index);
-LUA_API const char    *lua_tostring (lua_State *L, int index);
+LUA_API const l_char  *lua_tostring (lua_State *L, int index);
 LUA_API size_t         lua_strlen (lua_State *L, int index);
 LUA_API lua_CFunction  lua_tocfunction (lua_State *L, int index);
 LUA_API void          *lua_touserdata (lua_State *L, int index);
@@ -134,8 +136,8 @@ LUA_API const void    *lua_topointer (lua_State *L, int index);
 */
 LUA_API void  lua_pushnil (lua_State *L);
 LUA_API void  lua_pushnumber (lua_State *L, lua_Number n);
-LUA_API void  lua_pushlstring (lua_State *L, const char *s, size_t len);
-LUA_API void  lua_pushstring (lua_State *L, const char *s);
+LUA_API void  lua_pushlstring (lua_State *L, const l_char *s, size_t len);
+LUA_API void  lua_pushstring (lua_State *L, const l_char *s);
 LUA_API void  lua_pushcclosure (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction fn, int n);
 LUA_API int   lua_pushuserdata (lua_State *L, void *u);
 
@@ -143,12 +145,12 @@ LUA_API int   lua_pushuserdata (lua_State *L, void *u);
 /*
 ** get functions (Lua -> stack)
 */
-LUA_API void  lua_getglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name);
+LUA_API void  lua_getglobal (lua_State *L, const l_char *name);
 LUA_API void  lua_gettable (lua_State *L, int index);
 LUA_API void  lua_rawget (lua_State *L, int index);
 LUA_API void  lua_rawgeti (lua_State *L, int index, int n);
 LUA_API void  lua_getglobals (lua_State *L);
-LUA_API void  lua_gettagmethod (lua_State *L, int tag, const char *event);
+LUA_API void  lua_gettagmethod (lua_State *L, int tag, const l_char *event);
 LUA_API int   lua_getref (lua_State *L, int ref);
 LUA_API void  lua_newtable (lua_State *L);
 
@@ -156,23 +158,24 @@ LUA_API void  lua_newtable (lua_State *L);
 /*
 ** set functions (stack -> Lua)
 */
-LUA_API void  lua_setglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name);
+LUA_API void  lua_setglobal (lua_State *L, const l_char *name);
 LUA_API void  lua_settable (lua_State *L, int index);
 LUA_API void  lua_rawset (lua_State *L, int index);
 LUA_API void  lua_rawseti (lua_State *L, int index, int n);
 LUA_API void  lua_setglobals (lua_State *L);
-LUA_API void  lua_settagmethod (lua_State *L, int tag, const char *event);
+LUA_API void  lua_settagmethod (lua_State *L, int tag, const l_char *event);
 LUA_API int   lua_ref (lua_State *L, int lock);
 
 
 /*
-** "do" functions (run Lua code)
+** `do' functions (run Lua code)
 */
 LUA_API int   lua_call (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults);
 LUA_API void  lua_rawcall (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults);
-LUA_API int   lua_dofile (lua_State *L, const char *filename);
-LUA_API int   lua_dostring (lua_State *L, const char *str);
-LUA_API int   lua_dobuffer (lua_State *L, const char *buff, size_t size, const char *name);
+LUA_API int   lua_dofile (lua_State *L, const l_char *filename);
+LUA_API int   lua_dostring (lua_State *L, const l_char *str);
+LUA_API int   lua_dobuffer (lua_State *L, const l_char *buff, size_t size,
+                            const l_char *name);
 
 /*
 ** Garbage-collection functions
@@ -184,12 +187,12 @@ LUA_API void  lua_setgcthreshold (lua_State *L, int newthreshold);
 /*
 ** miscellaneous functions
 */
-LUA_API int   lua_newtype (lua_State *L, const char *name, int basictype);
-LUA_API int   lua_type2tag (lua_State *L, const char *name);
+LUA_API int   lua_newtype (lua_State *L, const l_char *name, int basictype);
+LUA_API int   lua_type2tag (lua_State *L, const l_char *name);
 LUA_API int   lua_copytagmethods (lua_State *L, int tagto, int tagfrom);
 LUA_API void  lua_settag (lua_State *L, int tag);
 
-LUA_API void  lua_error (lua_State *L, const char *s);
+LUA_API void  lua_error (lua_State *L, const l_char *s);
 
 LUA_API void  lua_unref (lua_State *L, int ref);
 
@@ -222,8 +225,8 @@ LUA_API void *lua_newuserdata (lua_State *L, size_t size);
 
 #define lua_getregistry(L)      lua_getref(L, LUA_REFREGISTRY)
 
-#define lua_pushliteral(L, s)   lua_pushlstring(L, "" s, \
-                                                (sizeof(s)/sizeof(char))-1)
+#define lua_pushliteral(L, s)   lua_pushlstring(L, l_s("") s, \
+                                                (sizeof(s)/sizeof(l_char))-1)
 
 
 
diff --git a/luadebug.h b/luadebug.h
index 72994165..5ffdbe03 100644
--- a/luadebug.h
+++ b/luadebug.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: luadebug.h,v 1.16 2000/10/20 16:39:03 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: luadebug.h,v 1.17 2000/10/30 12:38:50 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Debugging API
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ typedef void (*lua_Hook) (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar);
 
 
 LUA_API int lua_getstack (lua_State *L, int level, lua_Debug *ar);
-LUA_API int lua_getinfo (lua_State *L, const char *what, lua_Debug *ar);
-LUA_API const char *lua_getlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n);
-LUA_API const char *lua_setlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n);
+LUA_API int lua_getinfo (lua_State *L, const l_char *what, lua_Debug *ar);
+LUA_API const l_char *lua_getlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n);
+LUA_API const l_char *lua_setlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n);
 
 LUA_API lua_Hook lua_setcallhook (lua_State *L, lua_Hook func);
 LUA_API lua_Hook lua_setlinehook (lua_State *L, lua_Hook func);
@@ -29,15 +29,15 @@ LUA_API lua_Hook lua_setlinehook (lua_State *L, lua_Hook func);
 #define LUA_IDSIZE      60
 
 struct lua_Debug {
-  const char *event;     /* `call', `return' */
+  const l_char *event;     /* `call', `return' */
   int currentline;       /* (l) */
-  const char *name;      /* (n) */
-  const char *namewhat;  /* (n) `global', `tag method', `local', `field' */
+  const l_char *name;      /* (n) */
+  const l_char *namewhat;  /* (n) `global', `tag method', `local', `field' */
   int nups;              /* (u) number of upvalues */
   int linedefined;       /* (S) */
-  const char *what;      /* (S) `Lua' function, `C' function, Lua `main' */
-  const char *source;    /* (S) */
-  char short_src[LUA_IDSIZE]; /* (S) */
+  const l_char *what;      /* (S) `Lua' function, `C' function, Lua `main' */
+  const l_char *source;    /* (S) */
+  l_char short_src[LUA_IDSIZE]; /* (S) */
   /* private part */
   struct lua_TObject *_func;  /* active function */
 };
diff --git a/lualib.h b/lualib.h
index aea9ee08..60fc3788 100644
--- a/lualib.h
+++ b/lualib.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lualib.h,v 1.15 2000/11/23 13:49:35 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lualib.h,v 1.16 2001/02/22 17:15:18 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Lua standard libraries
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -36,4 +36,14 @@ LUALIB_API void lua_dblibopen (lua_State *L);
 /* integer type to hold the result of fgetc */
 typedef int l_charint;
 
+/* macro to control type of literal strings */
+#ifndef l_s
+#define l_s(x)  x
+#endif
+
+/* macro to control type of literal chars */
+#ifndef l_c
+#define l_c(x)  x
+#endif
+
 #endif
diff --git a/lundump.c b/lundump.c
index 1711e4f0..353e746e 100644
--- a/lundump.c
+++ b/lundump.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lundump.c,v 1.37 2000/12/28 12:59:41 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lundump.c,v 1.38 2001/01/15 16:13:24 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** load bytecodes from files
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -15,15 +15,15 @@
 
 #define LoadByte                ezgetc
 
-static const char* ZNAME (ZIO* Z)
+static const l_char* ZNAME (ZIO* Z)
 {
- const char* s=zname(Z);
- return (*s=='@') ? s+1 : s;
+ const l_char* s=zname(Z);
+ return (*s==l_c('@')) ? s+1 : s;
 }
 
 static void unexpectedEOZ (lua_State* L, ZIO* Z)
 {
- luaO_verror(L,"unexpected end of file in `%.99s'",ZNAME(Z));
+ luaO_verror(L,l_s("unexpected end of file in `%.99s'"),ZNAME(Z));
 }
 
 static int ezgetc (lua_State* L, ZIO* Z)
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ static void LoadBlock (lua_State* L, void* b, size_t size, ZIO* Z, int swap)
 {
  if (swap)
  {
-  char *p=(char *) b+size-1;
+  l_char *p=(l_char *) b+size-1;
   int n=size;
-  while (n--) *p--=(char)ezgetc(L,Z);
+  while (n--) *p--=(l_char)ezgetc(L,Z);
  }
  else
   ezread(L,Z,b,size);
@@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ static void LoadVector (lua_State* L, void* b, int m, size_t size, ZIO* Z, int s
 {
  if (swap)
  {
-  char *q=(char *) b;
+  l_char *q=(l_char *) b;
   while (m--)
   {
-   char *p=q+size-1;
+   l_char *p=q+size-1;
    int n=size;
-   while (n--) *p--=(char)ezgetc(L,Z);
+   while (n--) *p--=(l_char)ezgetc(L,Z);
    q+=size;
   }
  }
@@ -96,9 +96,9 @@ static TString* LoadString (lua_State* L, ZIO* Z, int swap)
   return NULL;
  else
  {
-  char* s=luaO_openspace(L,size);
+  l_char* s=luaO_openspace(L,size);
   LoadBlock(L,s,size,Z,0);
-  return luaS_newlstr(L,s,size-1);      /* remove trailing '\0' */
+  return luaS_newlstr(L,s,size-1);      /* remove trailing l_c('\0') */
  }
 }
 
@@ -171,18 +171,18 @@ static Proto* LoadFunction (lua_State* L, ZIO* Z, int swap)
 
 static void LoadSignature (lua_State* L, ZIO* Z)
 {
- const char* s=SIGNATURE;
+ const l_char* s=SIGNATURE;
  while (*s!=0 && ezgetc(L,Z)==*s)
   ++s;
- if (*s!=0) luaO_verror(L,"bad signature in `%.99s'",ZNAME(Z));
+ if (*s!=0) luaO_verror(L,l_s("bad signature in `%.99s'"),ZNAME(Z));
 }
 
-static void TestSize (lua_State* L, int s, const char* what, ZIO* Z)
+static void TestSize (lua_State* L, int s, const l_char* what, ZIO* Z)
 {
  int r=ezgetc(L,Z);
  if (r!=s)
-  luaO_verror(L,"virtual machine mismatch in `%.99s':\n"
-        "  %.20s is %d but read %d",ZNAME(Z),what,s,r);
+  luaO_verror(L,l_s("virtual machine mismatch in `%.99s':\n")
+        l_s("  %.20s is %d but read %d"),ZNAME(Z),what,s,r);
 }
 
 #define TESTSIZE(s)     TestSize(L,s,#s,Z)
@@ -195,12 +195,12 @@ static int LoadHeader (lua_State* L, ZIO* Z)
  LoadSignature(L,Z);
  version=ezgetc(L,Z);
  if (version>VERSION)
-  luaO_verror(L,"`%.99s' too new:\n"
-        "  read version %d.%d; expected at most %d.%d",
+  luaO_verror(L,l_s("`%.99s' too new:\n")
+        l_s("  read version %d.%d; expected at most %d.%d"),
         ZNAME(Z),V(version),V(VERSION));
  if (version<VERSION0)                  /* check last major change */
-  luaO_verror(L,"`%.99s' too old:\n"
-        "  read version %d.%d; expected at least %d.%d",
+  luaO_verror(L,l_s("`%.99s' too old:\n")
+        l_s("  read version %d.%d; expected at least %d.%d"),
         ZNAME(Z),V(version),V(VERSION));
  swap=(luaU_endianess()!=ezgetc(L,Z));  /* need to swap bytes? */
  TESTSIZE(sizeof(int));
@@ -212,8 +212,8 @@ static int LoadHeader (lua_State* L, ZIO* Z)
  TESTSIZE(sizeof(lua_Number));
  f=LoadNumber(L,Z,swap);
  if ((long)f!=(long)tf)         /* disregard errors in last bit of fraction */
-  luaO_verror(L,"unknown number format in `%.99s':\n"
-      "  read " NUMBER_FMT "; expected " NUMBER_FMT, ZNAME(Z),f,tf);
+  luaO_verror(L,l_s("unknown number format in `%.99s':\n")
+      l_s("  read ") NUMBER_FMT l_s("; expected ") NUMBER_FMT, ZNAME(Z),f,tf);
  return swap;
 }
 
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ Proto* luaU_undump (lua_State* L, ZIO* Z)
   tf=LoadChunk(L,Z);
  c=zgetc(Z);
  if (c!=EOZ)
-  luaO_verror(L,"`%.99s' apparently contains more than one chunk",ZNAME(Z));
+  luaO_verror(L,l_s("`%.99s' apparently contains more than one chunk"),ZNAME(Z));
  return tf;
 }
 
@@ -244,5 +244,5 @@ Proto* luaU_undump (lua_State* L, ZIO* Z)
 int luaU_endianess (void)
 {
  int x=1;
- return *(char*)&x;
+ return *(l_char*)&x;
 }
diff --git a/lundump.h b/lundump.h
index 446d2de9..19bef569 100644
--- a/lundump.h
+++ b/lundump.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lundump.h,v 1.21 2000/10/31 16:57:23 lhf Exp $
+** $Id: lundump.h,v 1.19 2000/11/07 12:44:44 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** load pre-compiled Lua chunks
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ int luaU_endianess (void);
 #define VERSION         0x40            /* last format change was in 4.0 */
 #define VERSION0        0x40            /* last major  change was in 4.0 */
 #define ID_CHUNK        27              /* binary files start with ESC... */
-#define SIGNATURE       "Lua"           /* ...followed by this signature */
+#define SIGNATURE       l_s("Lua")              /* ...followed by this signature */
 
 /* formats for error messages */
-#define SOURCE_FMT      "<%d:%.99s>"
+#define SOURCE_FMT      l_s("<%d:%.99s>")
 #define SOURCE          tf->lineDefined,tf->source->str
-#define IN_FMT          " in %p " SOURCE_FMT
+#define IN_FMT          l_s(" in %p ") SOURCE_FMT
 #define IN              tf,SOURCE
 
 /* a multiple of PI for testing native format */
diff --git a/lvm.c b/lvm.c
index 8db50ad7..620cc979 100644
--- a/lvm.c
+++ b/lvm.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** $Id: lvm.c,v 1.170 2001/02/20 18:15:33 roberto Exp roberto $
+** $Id: lvm.c,v 1.171 2001/02/22 18:59:59 roberto Exp roberto $
 ** Lua virtual machine
 ** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ int luaV_tostring (lua_State *L, TObject *obj) {  /* LUA_NUMBER */
   if (ttype(obj) != LUA_TNUMBER)
     return 1;
   else {
-    char s[32];  /* 16 digits, sign, point and \0  (+ some extra...) */
+    l_char s[32];  /* 16 digits, sign, point and \0  (+ some extra...) */
     lua_number2str(s, nvalue(obj));  /* convert `s' to number */
     setsvalue(obj, luaS_new(L, s));
     return 0;
@@ -96,23 +96,23 @@ void luaV_Lclosure (lua_State *L, Proto *l, int nelems) {
 }
 
 
-static void callTM (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...) {
+static void callTM (lua_State *L, const l_char *fmt, ...) {
   va_list argp;
   StkId base = L->top;
   int has_result = 0;
   va_start(argp, fmt);
   while (*fmt) {
     switch (*fmt++) {
-      case 'c':
+      case l_c('c'):
         setclvalue(L->top, va_arg(argp, Closure *));
         break;
-      case 'o':
+      case l_c('o'):
         setobj(L->top, va_arg(argp, TObject *));
         break;
-      case 's':
+      case l_c('s'):
         setsvalue(L->top, va_arg(argp, TString *));
         break;
-      case 'r':
+      case l_c('r'):
         has_result = 1;
         continue;
     }
@@ -151,9 +151,9 @@ void luaV_gettable (lua_State *L, StkId t, TObject *key, StkId res) {
   else {  /* not a table; try a `gettable' tag method */
     tm = luaT_gettmbyObj(G(L), t, TM_GETTABLE);
     if (tm == NULL)  /* no tag method? */
-      luaG_typeerror(L, t, "index");
+      luaG_typeerror(L, t, l_s("index"));
   }
-  callTM(L, "coor", tm, t, key, res);
+  callTM(L, l_s("coor"), tm, t, key, res);
 }
 
 
@@ -175,9 +175,9 @@ void luaV_settable (lua_State *L, StkId t, StkId key, StkId val) {
   else {  /* not a table; try a `settable' tag method */
     tm = luaT_gettmbyObj(G(L), t, TM_SETTABLE);
     if (tm == NULL)  /* no tag method? */
-      luaG_typeerror(L, t, "index");
+      luaG_typeerror(L, t, l_s("index"));
   }
-  callTM(L, "cooo", tm, t, key, val);
+  callTM(L, l_s("cooo"), tm, t, key, val);
 }
 
 
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ void luaV_getglobal (lua_State *L, TString *name, StkId res) {
     setobj(res, value);  /* default behavior */
   }
   else
-    callTM(L, "csor", tm, name, value, res);
+    callTM(L, l_s("csor"), tm, name, value, res);
 }
 
 
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ void luaV_setglobal (lua_State *L, TString *name, StkId val) {
     setobj(oldvalue, val);  /* raw set */
   }
   else
-    callTM(L, "csoo", tm, name, oldvalue, val);
+    callTM(L, l_s("csoo"), tm, name, oldvalue, val);
 }
 
 
@@ -218,21 +218,21 @@ static int call_binTM (lua_State *L, const TObject *p1, const TObject *p2,
     }
   }
   opname = luaS_new(L, luaT_eventname[event]);
-  callTM(L, "coosr", tm, p1, p2, opname, res);
+  callTM(L, l_s("coosr"), tm, p1, p2, opname, res);
   return 1;
 }
 
 
 static void call_arith (lua_State *L, StkId p1, TMS event) {
   if (!call_binTM(L, p1, p1+1, p1, event))
-    luaG_binerror(L, p1, LUA_TNUMBER, "perform arithmetic on");
+    luaG_binerror(L, p1, LUA_TNUMBER, l_s("perform arithmetic on"));
 }
 
 
 static int luaV_strlessthan (const TString *ls, const TString *rs) {
-  const char *l = getstr(ls);
+  const l_char *l = getstr(ls);
   size_t ll = ls->len;
-  const char *r = getstr(rs);
+  const l_char *r = getstr(rs);
   size_t lr = rs->len;
   for (;;) {
     int temp = strcoll(l, r);
@@ -269,18 +269,18 @@ void luaV_strconc (lua_State *L, int total, StkId top) {
     int n = 2;  /* number of elements handled in this pass (at least 2) */
     if (tostring(L, top-2) || tostring(L, top-1)) {
       if (!call_binTM(L, top-2, top-1, top-2, TM_CONCAT))
-        luaG_binerror(L, top-2, LUA_TSTRING, "concat");
+        luaG_binerror(L, top-2, LUA_TSTRING, l_s("concat"));
     }
     else if (tsvalue(top-1)->len > 0) {  /* if len=0, do nothing */
       /* at least two string values; get as many as possible */
       lu_mem tl = (lu_mem)tsvalue(top-1)->len + (lu_mem)tsvalue(top-2)->len;
-      char *buffer;
+      l_char *buffer;
       int i;
       while (n < total && !tostring(L, top-n-1)) {  /* collect total length */
         tl += tsvalue(top-n-1)->len;
         n++;
       }
-      if (tl > MAX_SIZET) luaD_error(L, "string size overflow");
+      if (tl > MAX_SIZET) luaD_error(L, l_s("string size overflow"));
       buffer = luaO_openspace(L, tl);
       tl = 0;
       for (i=n; i>0; i--) {  /* concat all strings */
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ static void luaV_pack (lua_State *L, StkId firstelem) {
   for (i=0; firstelem+i<L->top; i++)
     setobj(luaH_setnum(L, htab, i+1), firstelem+i);
   /* store counter in field `n' */
-  n = luaH_setstr(L, htab, luaS_newliteral(L, "n"));
+  n = luaH_setstr(L, htab, luaS_newliteral(L, l_s("n")));
   setnvalue(n, i);
   L->top = firstelem;  /* remove elements from the stack */
   sethvalue(L->top, htab);
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ StkId luaV_execute (lua_State *L, const Closure *cl, StkId base) {
       }
       case OP_POW: {
         if (!call_binTM(L, top-2, top-1, top-2, TM_POW))
-          luaD_error(L, "undefined operation");
+          luaD_error(L, l_s("undefined operation"));
         top--;
         break;
       }
@@ -595,11 +595,11 @@ StkId luaV_execute (lua_State *L, const Closure *cl, StkId base) {
       case OP_FORPREP: {
         int jmp = GETARG_S(i);
         if (tonumber(top-1))
-          luaD_error(L, "`for' step must be a number");
+          luaD_error(L, l_s("`for' step must be a number"));
         if (tonumber(top-2))
-          luaD_error(L, "`for' limit must be a number");
+          luaD_error(L, l_s("`for' limit must be a number"));
         if (tonumber(top-3))
-          luaD_error(L, "`for' initial value must be a number");
+          luaD_error(L, l_s("`for' initial value must be a number"));
         pc += -jmp;  /* `jump' to loop end (delta is negated here) */
         goto forloop;  /* do not increment index */
       }
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ StkId luaV_execute (lua_State *L, const Closure *cl, StkId base) {
         lua_assert(ttype(top-1) == LUA_TNUMBER);
         lua_assert(ttype(top-2) == LUA_TNUMBER);
         if (ttype(top-3) != LUA_TNUMBER)
-          luaD_error(L, "`for' index must be a number");
+          luaD_error(L, l_s("`for' index must be a number"));
         nvalue(top-3) += nvalue(top-1);  /* increment index */
       forloop:
         if (nvalue(top-1) > 0 ?
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ StkId luaV_execute (lua_State *L, const Closure *cl, StkId base) {
       case OP_LFORPREP: {
         int jmp = GETARG_S(i);
         if (ttype(top-1) != LUA_TTABLE)
-          luaD_error(L, "`for' table must be a table");
+          luaD_error(L, l_s("`for' table must be a table"));
         top += 3;  /* index,key,value */
         setnvalue(top-3, -1);  /* initial index */
         setnilvalue(top-2);