From 5b7d9987642f72d44223a8e5e79e013bb2b3d579 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Roberto I <roberto@inf.puc-rio.br>
Date: Tue, 11 Nov 2025 14:40:30 -0300
Subject: External strings are as good as internal ones

A '__mode' metafield and an "n" key both can be external strings.
---
 lgc.c              |  6 +++---
 ltm.c              |  2 +-
 lvm.c              |  9 +++++++--
 testes/strings.lua | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lgc.c b/lgc.c
index a775b6e5..60f042c7 100644
--- a/lgc.c
+++ b/lgc.c
@@ -594,10 +594,10 @@ static void traversestrongtable (global_State *g, Table *h) {
 */
 static int getmode (global_State *g, Table *h) {
   const TValue *mode = gfasttm(g, h->metatable, TM_MODE);
-  if (mode == NULL || !ttisshrstring(mode))
-    return 0;  /* ignore non-(short)string modes */
+  if (mode == NULL || !ttisstring(mode))
+    return 0;  /* ignore non-string modes */
   else {
-    const char *smode = getshrstr(tsvalue(mode));
+    const char *smode = getstr(tsvalue(mode));
     const char *weakkey = strchr(smode, 'k');
     const char *weakvalue = strchr(smode, 'v');
     return ((weakkey != NULL) << 1) | (weakvalue != NULL);
diff --git a/ltm.c b/ltm.c
index 92a03e71..8d64235e 100644
--- a/ltm.c
+++ b/ltm.c
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ void luaT_getvararg (CallInfo *ci, StkId ra, TValue *rc) {
       return;
     }
   }
-  else if (ttisshrstring(rc)) {  /* short-string value? */
+  else if (ttisstring(rc)) {  /* string value? */
     size_t len;
     const char *s = getlstr(tsvalue(rc), len);
     if (len == 1 && s[0] == 'n') {  /* key is "n"? */
diff --git a/lvm.c b/lvm.c
index 2a9fb67a..2c868c21 100644
--- a/lvm.c
+++ b/lvm.c
@@ -657,6 +657,11 @@ int luaV_equalobj (lua_State *L, const TValue *t1, const TValue *t2) {
 #define tostring(L,o)  \
 	(ttisstring(o) || (cvt2str(o) && (luaO_tostring(L, o), 1)))
 
+/*
+** Check whether object is a short empty string to optimize concatenation.
+** (External strings can be empty too; they will be concatenated like
+** non-empty ones.)
+*/
 #define isemptystr(o)	(ttisshrstring(o) && tsvalue(o)->shrlen == 0)
 
 /* copy strings in stack from top - n up to top - 1 to buffer */
@@ -691,8 +696,8 @@ void luaV_concat (lua_State *L, int total) {
       setobjs2s(L, top - 2, top - 1);  /* result is second op. */
     }
     else {
-      /* at least two non-empty string values; get as many as possible */
-      size_t tl = tsslen(tsvalue(s2v(top - 1)));
+      /* at least two string values; get as many as possible */
+      size_t tl = tsslen(tsvalue(s2v(top - 1)));  /* total length */
       TString *ts;
       /* collect total length and number of strings */
       for (n = 1; n < total && tostring(L, s2v(top - n - 1)); n++) {
diff --git a/testes/strings.lua b/testes/strings.lua
index 46912d43..84ff1154 100644
--- a/testes/strings.lua
+++ b/testes/strings.lua
@@ -540,6 +540,23 @@ else
   assert(y == x)
   local z = T.externstr(x)   -- external allocated long string
   assert(z == y)
+
+  local e = T.externstr("")   -- empty external string
+  assert(e .. "x" == "x" and "x" .. e == "x")
+  assert(e .. e == "" and #e == 0)
+
+  -- external string as the "n" key in vararg table
+  local n = T.externstr("n")
+  local n0 = T.externstr("n\0")
+  local function aux (...t) assert(t[n0] == nil); return t[n] end
+  assert(aux(10, 20, 30) == 3)
+
+  -- external string as mode in weak table
+  local t = setmetatable({}, {__mode = T.externstr("kv")})
+  t[{}] = {}
+  assert(next(t))
+  collectgarbage()
+  assert(next(t) == nil)
 end
 
 print('OK')
-- 
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