204 files changed, 47401 insertions, 13788 deletions

diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 792d7e56..ae194428 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 ##############################################################################
 
 MAJVER=  2
-MINVER=  0
+MINVER=  1
 ABIVER=  5.1
 
 # LuaJIT uses rolling releases. The release version is based on the time of
@@ -95,8 +95,12 @@ FILE_SO= libluajit.so
 FILE_MAN= luajit.1
 FILE_PC= luajit.pc
 FILES_INC= lua.h lualib.h lauxlib.h luaconf.h lua.hpp luajit.h
-FILES_JITLIB= bc.lua v.lua dump.lua dis_x86.lua dis_x64.lua dis_arm.lua \
-              dis_ppc.lua dis_mips.lua dis_mipsel.lua bcsave.lua vmdef.lua
+FILES_JITLIB= bc.lua bcsave.lua dump.lua p.lua v.lua zone.lua \
+              dis_x86.lua dis_x64.lua dis_arm.lua dis_arm64.lua \
+              dis_arm64be.lua dis_ppc.lua dis_mips.lua dis_mipsel.lua \
+              dis_mips64.lua dis_mips64el.lua \
+              dis_mips64r6.lua dis_mips64r6el.lua \
+              vmdef.lua
 
 ifeq (,$(findstring Windows,$(OS)))
   HOST_SYS:= $(shell uname -s)
@@ -126,7 +130,7 @@ install: $(INSTALL_DEP)
         $(MKDIR) $(INSTALL_DIRS)
         cd src && $(INSTALL_X) $(FILE_T) $(INSTALL_T)
         cd src && test -f $(FILE_A) && $(INSTALL_F) $(FILE_A) $(INSTALL_STATIC) || :
-        $(RM) $(INSTALL_TSYM) $(INSTALL_DYN) $(INSTALL_SHORT1) $(INSTALL_SHORT2)
+        $(RM) $(INSTALL_DYN) $(INSTALL_SHORT1) $(INSTALL_SHORT2)
         cd src && test -f $(FILE_SO) && \
           $(INSTALL_X) $(FILE_SO) $(INSTALL_DYN) && \
           ( $(LDCONFIG) $(INSTALL_LIB) || : ) && \
@@ -138,12 +142,18 @@ install: $(INSTALL_DEP)
           $(RM) $(FILE_PC).tmp
         cd src && $(INSTALL_F) $(FILES_INC) $(INSTALL_INC)
         cd src/jit && $(INSTALL_F) $(FILES_JITLIB) $(INSTALL_JITLIB)
-        $(SYMLINK) $(INSTALL_TNAME) $(INSTALL_TSYM)
         @echo "==== Successfully installed LuaJIT $(VERSION) to $(PREFIX) ===="
+        @echo ""
+        @echo "Note: the development releases deliberately do NOT install a symlink for luajit"
+        @echo "You can do this now by running this command (with sudo):"
+        @echo ""
+        @echo "  $(SYMLINK) $(INSTALL_TNAME) $(INSTALL_TSYM)"
+        @echo ""
+
 
 uninstall:
         @echo "==== Uninstalling LuaJIT $(VERSION) from $(PREFIX) ===="
-        $(UNINSTALL) $(INSTALL_TSYM) $(INSTALL_T) $(INSTALL_STATIC) $(INSTALL_DYN) $(INSTALL_SHORT1) $(INSTALL_SHORT2) $(INSTALL_MAN)/$(FILE_MAN) $(INSTALL_PC)
+        $(UNINSTALL) $(INSTALL_T) $(INSTALL_STATIC) $(INSTALL_DYN) $(INSTALL_SHORT1) $(INSTALL_SHORT2) $(INSTALL_MAN)/$(FILE_MAN) $(INSTALL_PC)
         for file in $(FILES_JITLIB); do \
           $(UNINSTALL) $(INSTALL_JITLIB)/$$file; \
           done
diff --git a/README b/README
index dfa7ca94..e4a69265 100644
--- a/README
+++ b/README
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-README for LuaJIT 2.0
+README for LuaJIT 2.1
 ---------------------
 
 LuaJIT is a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler for the Lua programming language.
diff --git a/doc/contact.html b/doc/contact.html
index c32bc9dc..cc4d8c72 100644
--- a/doc/contact.html
+++ b/doc/contact.html
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 <title>Contact</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<meta charset="utf-8">
 <meta name="Copyright" content="Copyright (C) 2005-2023">
 <meta name="Language" content="en">
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad.css" media="screen">
@@ -37,9 +37,13 @@
 <a href="ext_ffi_semantics.html">FFI Semantics</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
+<a href="ext_buffer.html">String Buffers</a>
+</li><li>
 <a href="ext_jit.html">jit.* Library</a>
 </li><li>
 <a href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_profiler.html">Profiler</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
 <a href="https://luajit.org/status.html">Status <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
diff --git a/doc/ext_buffer.html b/doc/ext_buffer.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bfaa24cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/ext_buffer.html
@@ -0,0 +1,689 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>String Buffer Library</title>
+<meta charset="utf-8">
+<meta name="Copyright" content="Copyright (C) 2005-2023">
+<meta name="Language" content="en">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad.css" media="screen">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad-print.css" media="print">
+<style type="text/css">
+.lib {
+  vertical-align: middle;
+  margin-left: 5px;
+  padding: 0 5px;
+  font-size: 60%;
+  border-radius: 5px;
+  background: #c5d5ff;
+  color: #000;
+}
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<div id="site">
+<a href="https://luajit.org"><span>Lua<span id="logo">JIT</span></span></a>
+</div>
+<div id="head">
+<h1>String Buffer Library</h1>
+</div>
+<div id="nav">
+<ul><li>
+<a href="luajit.html">LuaJIT</a>
+<ul><li>
+<a href="https://luajit.org/download.html">Download <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="install.html">Installation</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="running.html">Running</a>
+</li></ul>
+</li><li>
+<a href="extensions.html">Extensions</a>
+<ul><li>
+<a href="ext_ffi.html">FFI Library</a>
+<ul><li>
+<a href="ext_ffi_tutorial.html">FFI Tutorial</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_ffi_api.html">ffi.* API</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_ffi_semantics.html">FFI Semantics</a>
+</li></ul>
+</li><li>
+<a class="current" href="ext_buffer.html">String Buffers</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_jit.html">jit.* Library</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_profiler.html">Profiler</a>
+</li></ul>
+</li><li>
+<a href="https://luajit.org/status.html">Status <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="https://luajit.org/faq.html">FAQ <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="https://luajit.org/list.html">Mailing List <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
+</li></ul>
+</div>
+<div id="main">
+<p>
+The string buffer library allows <b>high-performance manipulation of
+string-like data</b>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Unlike Lua strings, which are constants, string buffers are
+<b>mutable</b> sequences of 8-bit (binary-transparent) characters. Data
+can be stored, formatted and encoded into a string buffer and later
+converted, extracted or decoded.
+</p>
+<p>
+The convenient string buffer API simplifies common string manipulation
+tasks, that would otherwise require creating many intermediate strings.
+String buffers improve performance by eliminating redundant memory
+copies, object creation, string interning and garbage collection
+overhead. In conjunction with the FFI library, they allow zero-copy
+operations.
+</p>
+<p>
+The string buffer library also includes a high-performance
+<a href="serialize">serializer</a> for Lua objects.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="use">Using the String Buffer Library</h2>
+<p>
+The string buffer library is built into LuaJIT by default, but it's not
+loaded by default. Add this to the start of every Lua file that needs
+one of its functions:
+</p>
+<pre class="code">
+local buffer = require("string.buffer")
+</pre>
+<p>
+The convention for the syntax shown on this page is that <tt>buffer</tt>
+refers to the buffer library and <tt>buf</tt> refers to an individual
+buffer object.
+</p>
+<p>
+Please note the difference between a Lua function call, e.g.
+<tt>buffer.new()</tt> (with a dot) and a Lua method call, e.g.
+<tt>buf:reset()</tt> (with a colon).
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_object">Buffer Objects</h3>
+<p>
+A buffer object is a garbage-collected Lua object. After creation with
+<tt>buffer.new()</tt>, it can (and should) be reused for many operations.
+When the last reference to a buffer object is gone, it will eventually
+be freed by the garbage collector, along with the allocated buffer
+space.
+</p>
+<p>
+Buffers operate like a FIFO (first-in first-out) data structure. Data
+can be appended (written) to the end of the buffer and consumed (read)
+from the front of the buffer. These operations may be freely mixed.
+</p>
+<p>
+The buffer space that holds the characters is managed automatically
+&mdash; it grows as needed and already consumed space is recycled. Use
+<tt>buffer.new(size)</tt> and <tt>buf:free()</tt>, if you need more
+control.
+</p>
+<p>
+The maximum size of a single buffer is the same as the maximum size of a
+Lua string, which is slightly below two gigabytes. For huge data sizes,
+neither strings nor buffers are the right data structure &mdash; use the
+FFI library to directly map memory or files up to the virtual memory
+limit of your OS.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_overview">Buffer Method Overview</h3>
+<ul>
+<li>
+The <tt>buf:put*()</tt>-like methods append (write) characters to the
+end of the buffer.
+</li>
+<li>
+The <tt>buf:get*()</tt>-like methods consume (read) characters from the
+front of the buffer.
+</li>
+<li>
+Other methods, like <tt>buf:tostring()</tt> only read the buffer
+contents, but don't change the buffer.
+</li>
+<li>
+The <tt>buf:set()</tt> method allows zero-copy consumption of a string
+or an FFI cdata object as a buffer.
+</li>
+<li>
+The FFI-specific methods allow zero-copy read/write-style operations or
+modifying the buffer contents in-place. Please check the
+<a href="#ffi_caveats">FFI caveats</a> below, too.
+</li>
+<li>
+Methods that don't need to return anything specific, return the buffer
+object itself as a convenience. This allows method chaining, e.g.:
+<tt>buf:reset():encode(obj)</tt> or <tt>buf:skip(len):get()</tt>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h2 id="create">Buffer Creation and Management</h2>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_new"><tt>local buf = buffer.new([size [,options]])<br>
+local buf = buffer.new([options])</tt></h3>
+<p>
+Creates a new buffer object.
+</p>
+<p>
+The optional <tt>size</tt> argument ensures a minimum initial buffer
+size. This is strictly an optimization when the required buffer size is
+known beforehand. The buffer space will grow as needed, in any case.
+</p>
+<p>
+The optional table <tt>options</tt> sets various
+<a href="#serialize_options">serialization options</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_reset"><tt>buf = buf:reset()</tt></h3>
+<p>
+Reset (empty) the buffer. The allocated buffer space is not freed and
+may be reused.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_free"><tt>buf = buf:free()</tt></h3>
+<p>
+The buffer space of the buffer object is freed. The object itself
+remains intact, empty and may be reused.
+</p>
+<p>
+Note: you normally don't need to use this method. The garbage collector
+automatically frees the buffer space, when the buffer object is
+collected. Use this method, if you need to free the associated memory
+immediately.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="write">Buffer Writers</h2>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_put"><tt>buf = buf:put([str|num|obj] [,…])</tt></h3>
+<p>
+Appends a string <tt>str</tt>, a number <tt>num</tt> or any object
+<tt>obj</tt> with a <tt>__tostring</tt> metamethod to the buffer.
+Multiple arguments are appended in the given order.
+</p>
+<p>
+Appending a buffer to a buffer is possible and short-circuited
+internally. But it still involves a copy. Better combine the buffer
+writes to use a single buffer.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_putf"><tt>buf = buf:putf(format, …)</tt></h3>
+<p>
+Appends the formatted arguments to the buffer. The <tt>format</tt>
+string supports the same options as <tt>string.format()</tt>.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_putcdata"><tt>buf = buf:putcdata(cdata, len)</tt><span class="lib">FFI</span></h3>
+<p>
+Appends the given <tt>len</tt> number of bytes from the memory pointed
+to by the FFI <tt>cdata</tt> object to the buffer. The object needs to
+be convertible to a (constant) pointer.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_set"><tt>buf = buf:set(str)<br>
+buf = buf:set(cdata, len)</tt><span class="lib">FFI</span></h3>
+<p>
+This method allows zero-copy consumption of a string or an FFI cdata
+object as a buffer. It stores a reference to the passed string
+<tt>str</tt> or the FFI <tt>cdata</tt> object in the buffer. Any buffer
+space originally allocated is freed. This is <i>not</i> an append
+operation, unlike the <tt>buf:put*()</tt> methods.
+</p>
+<p>
+After calling this method, the buffer behaves as if
+<tt>buf:free():put(str)</tt> or <tt>buf:free():put(cdata,&nbsp;len)</tt>
+had been called. However, the data is only referenced and not copied, as
+long as the buffer is only consumed.
+</p>
+<p>
+In case the buffer is written to later on, the referenced data is copied
+and the object reference is removed (copy-on-write semantics).
+</p>
+<p>
+The stored reference is an anchor for the garbage collector and keeps the
+originally passed string or FFI cdata object alive.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_reserve"><tt>ptr, len = buf:reserve(size)</tt><span class="lib">FFI</span><br>
+<tt>buf = buf:commit(used)</tt><span class="lib">FFI</span></h3>
+<p>
+The <tt>reserve</tt> method reserves at least <tt>size</tt> bytes of
+write space in the buffer. It returns an <tt>uint8_t&nbsp;*</tt> FFI
+cdata pointer <tt>ptr</tt> that points to this space.
+</p>
+<p>
+The available length in bytes is returned in <tt>len</tt>. This is at
+least <tt>size</tt> bytes, but may be more to facilitate efficient
+buffer growth. You can either make use of the additional space or ignore
+<tt>len</tt> and only use <tt>size</tt> bytes.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <tt>commit</tt> method appends the <tt>used</tt> bytes of the
+previously returned write space to the buffer data.
+</p>
+<p>
+This pair of methods allows zero-copy use of C read-style APIs:
+</p>
+<pre class="code">
+local MIN_SIZE = 65536
+repeat
+  local ptr, len = buf:reserve(MIN_SIZE)
+  local n = C.read(fd, ptr, len)
+  if n == 0 then break end -- EOF.
+  if n &lt; 0 then error("read error") end
+  buf:commit(n)
+until false
+</pre>
+<p>
+The reserved write space is <i>not</i> initialized. At least the
+<tt>used</tt> bytes <b>must</b> be written to before calling the
+<tt>commit</tt> method. There's no need to call the <tt>commit</tt>
+method, if nothing is added to the buffer (e.g. on error).
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="read">Buffer Readers</h2>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_length"><tt>len = #buf</tt></h3>
+<p>
+Returns the current length of the buffer data in bytes.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_concat"><tt>res = str|num|buf .. str|num|buf […]</tt></h3>
+<p>
+The Lua concatenation operator <tt>..</tt> also accepts buffers, just
+like strings or numbers. It always returns a string and not a buffer.
+</p>
+<p>
+Note that although this is supported for convenience, this thwarts one
+of the main reasons to use buffers, which is to avoid string
+allocations. Rewrite it with <tt>buf:put()</tt> and <tt>buf:get()</tt>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mixing this with unrelated objects that have a <tt>__concat</tt>
+metamethod may not work, since these probably only expect strings.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_skip"><tt>buf = buf:skip(len)</tt></h3>
+<p>
+Skips (consumes) <tt>len</tt> bytes from the buffer up to the current
+length of the buffer data.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_get"><tt>str, … = buf:get([len|nil] [,…])</tt></h3>
+<p>
+Consumes the buffer data and returns one or more strings. If called
+without arguments, the whole buffer data is consumed. If called with a
+number, up to <tt>len</tt> bytes are consumed. A <tt>nil</tt> argument
+consumes the remaining buffer space (this only makes sense as the last
+argument). Multiple arguments consume the buffer data in the given
+order.
+</p>
+<p>
+Note: a zero length or no remaining buffer data returns an empty string
+and not <tt>nil</tt>.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_tostring"><tt>str = buf:tostring()<br>
+str = tostring(buf)</tt></h3>
+<p>
+Creates a string from the buffer data, but doesn't consume it. The
+buffer remains unchanged.
+</p>
+<p>
+Buffer objects also define a <tt>__tostring</tt> metamethod. This means
+buffers can be passed to the global <tt>tostring()</tt> function and
+many other functions that accept this in place of strings. The important
+internal uses in functions like <tt>io.write()</tt> are short-circuited
+to avoid the creation of an intermediate string object.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_ref"><tt>ptr, len = buf:ref()</tt><span class="lib">FFI</span></h3>
+<p>
+Returns an <tt>uint8_t&nbsp;*</tt> FFI cdata pointer <tt>ptr</tt> that
+points to the buffer data. The length of the buffer data in bytes is
+returned in <tt>len</tt>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The returned pointer can be directly passed to C functions that expect a
+buffer and a length. You can also do bytewise reads
+(<tt>local&nbsp;x&nbsp;=&nbsp;ptr[i]</tt>) or writes
+(<tt>ptr[i]&nbsp;=&nbsp;0x40</tt>) of the buffer data.
+</p>
+<p>
+In conjunction with the <tt>skip</tt> method, this allows zero-copy use
+of C write-style APIs:
+</p>
+<pre class="code">
+repeat
+  local ptr, len = buf:ref()
+  if len == 0 then break end
+  local n = C.write(fd, ptr, len)
+  if n &lt; 0 then error("write error") end
+  buf:skip(n)
+until n >= len
+</pre>
+<p>
+Unlike Lua strings, buffer data is <i>not</i> implicitly
+zero-terminated. It's not safe to pass <tt>ptr</tt> to C functions that
+expect zero-terminated strings. If you're not using <tt>len</tt>, then
+you're doing something wrong.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="serialize">Serialization of Lua Objects</h2>
+<p>
+The following functions and methods allow <b>high-speed serialization</b>
+(encoding) of a Lua object into a string and decoding it back to a Lua
+object. This allows convenient storage and transport of <b>structured
+data</b>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The encoded data is in an <a href="#serialize_format">internal binary
+format</a>. The data can be stored in files, binary-transparent
+databases or transmitted to other LuaJIT instances across threads,
+processes or networks.
+</p>
+<p>
+Encoding speed can reach up to 1 Gigabyte/second on a modern desktop- or
+server-class system, even when serializing many small objects. Decoding
+speed is mostly constrained by object creation cost.
+</p>
+<p>
+The serializer handles most Lua types, common FFI number types and
+nested structures. Functions, thread objects, other FFI cdata and full
+userdata cannot be serialized (yet).
+</p>
+<p>
+The encoder serializes nested structures as trees. Multiple references
+to a single object will be stored separately and create distinct objects
+after decoding. Circular references cause an error.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="serialize_methods">Serialization Functions and Methods</h3>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_encode"><tt>str = buffer.encode(obj)<br>
+buf = buf:encode(obj)</tt></h3>
+<p>
+Serializes (encodes) the Lua object <tt>obj</tt>. The stand-alone
+function returns a string <tt>str</tt>. The buffer method appends the
+encoding to the buffer.
+</p>
+<p>
+<tt>obj</tt> can be any of the supported Lua types &mdash; it doesn't
+need to be a Lua table.
+</p>
+<p>
+This function may throw an error when attempting to serialize
+unsupported object types, circular references or deeply nested tables.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="buffer_decode"><tt>obj = buffer.decode(str)<br>
+obj = buf:decode()</tt></h3>
+<p>
+The stand-alone function deserializes (decodes) the string
+<tt>str</tt>, the buffer method deserializes one object from the
+buffer. Both return a Lua object <tt>obj</tt>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The returned object may be any of the supported Lua types &mdash;
+even <tt>nil</tt>.
+</p>
+<p>
+This function may throw an error when fed with malformed or incomplete
+encoded data. The stand-alone function throws when there's left-over
+data after decoding a single top-level object. The buffer method leaves
+any left-over data in the buffer.
+</p>
+<p>
+Attempting to deserialize an FFI type will throw an error, if the FFI
+library is not built-in or has not been loaded, yet.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="serialize_options">Serialization Options</h3>
+<p>
+The <tt>options</tt> table passed to <tt>buffer.new()</tt> may contain
+the following members (all optional):
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<tt>dict</tt> is a Lua table holding a <b>dictionary of strings</b> that
+commonly occur as table keys of objects you are serializing. These keys
+are compactly encoded as indexes during serialization. A well-chosen
+dictionary saves space and improves serialization performance.
+</li>
+<li>
+<tt>metatable</tt> is a Lua table holding a <b>dictionary of metatables</b>
+for the table objects you are serializing.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+<tt>dict</tt> needs to be an array of strings and <tt>metatable</tt> needs
+to be an array of tables. Both starting at index 1 and without holes (no
+<tt>nil</tt> in between). The tables are anchored in the buffer object and
+internally modified into a two-way index (don't do this yourself, just pass
+a plain array). The tables must not be modified after they have been passed
+to <tt>buffer.new()</tt>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <tt>dict</tt> and <tt>metatable</tt> tables used by the encoder and
+decoder must be the same. Put the most common entries at the front. Extend
+at the end to ensure backwards-compatibility &mdash; older encodings can
+then still be read. You may also set some indexes to <tt>false</tt> to
+explicitly drop backwards-compatibility. Old encodings that use these
+indexes will throw an error when decoded.
+</p>
+<p>
+Metatables that are not found in the <tt>metatable</tt> dictionary are
+ignored when encoding. Decoding returns a table with a <tt>nil</tt>
+metatable.
+</p>
+<p>
+Note: parsing and preparation of the options table is somewhat
+expensive. Create a buffer object only once and recycle it for multiple
+uses. Avoid mixing encoder and decoder buffers, since the
+<tt>buf:set()</tt> method frees the already allocated buffer space:
+</p>
+<pre class="code">
+local options = {
+  dict = { "commonly", "used", "string", "keys" },
+}
+local buf_enc = buffer.new(options)
+local buf_dec = buffer.new(options)
+
+local function encode(obj)
+  return buf_enc:reset():encode(obj):get()
+end
+
+local function decode(str)
+  return buf_dec:set(str):decode()
+end
+</pre>
+
+<h3 id="serialize_stream">Streaming Serialization</h3>
+<p>
+In some contexts, it's desirable to do piecewise serialization of large
+datasets, also known as <i>streaming</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+This serialization format can be safely concatenated and supports streaming.
+Multiple encodings can simply be appended to a buffer and later decoded
+individually:
+</p>
+<pre class="code">
+local buf = buffer.new()
+buf:encode(obj1)
+buf:encode(obj2)
+local copy1 = buf:decode()
+local copy2 = buf:decode()
+</pre>
+<p>
+Here's how to iterate over a stream:
+</p>
+<pre class="code">
+while #buf ~= 0 do
+  local obj = buf:decode()
+  -- Do something with obj.
+end
+</pre>
+<p>
+Since the serialization format doesn't prepend a length to its encoding,
+network applications may need to transmit the length, too.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="serialize_format">Serialization Format Specification</h3>
+<p>
+This serialization format is designed for <b>internal use</b> by LuaJIT
+applications. Serialized data is upwards-compatible and portable across
+all supported LuaJIT platforms.
+</p>
+<p>
+It's an <b>8-bit binary format</b> and not human-readable. It uses e.g.
+embedded zeroes and stores embedded Lua string objects unmodified, which
+are 8-bit-clean, too. Encoded data can be safely concatenated for
+streaming and later decoded one top-level object at a time.
+</p>
+<p>
+The encoding is reasonably compact, but tuned for maximum performance,
+not for minimum space usage. It compresses well with any of the common
+byte-oriented data compression algorithms.
+</p>
+<p>
+Although documented here for reference, this format is explicitly
+<b>not</b> intended to be a 'public standard' for structured data
+interchange across computer languages (like JSON or MessagePack). Please
+do not use it as such.
+</p>
+<p>
+The specification is given below as a context-free grammar with a
+top-level <tt>object</tt> as the starting point. Alternatives are
+separated by the <tt>|</tt> symbol and <tt>*</tt> indicates repeats.
+Grouping is implicit or indicated by <tt>{…}</tt>. Terminals are
+either plain hex numbers, encoded as bytes, or have a <tt>.format</tt>
+suffix.
+</p>
+<pre>
+object    → nil | false | true
+          | null | lightud32 | lightud64
+          | int | num | tab | tab_mt
+          | int64 | uint64 | complex
+          | string
+
+nil       → 0x00
+false     → 0x01
+true      → 0x02
+
+null      → 0x03                            // NULL lightuserdata
+lightud32 → 0x04 data.I                   // 32 bit lightuserdata
+lightud64 → 0x05 data.L                   // 64 bit lightuserdata
+
+int       → 0x06 int.I                                 // int32_t
+num       → 0x07 double.L
+
+tab       → 0x08                                   // Empty table
+          | 0x09 h.U h*{object object}          // Key/value hash
+          | 0x0a a.U a*object                    // 0-based array
+          | 0x0b a.U a*object h.U h*{object object}      // Mixed
+          | 0x0c a.U (a-1)*object                // 1-based array
+          | 0x0d a.U (a-1)*object h.U h*{object object}  // Mixed
+tab_mt    → 0x0e (index-1).U tab          // Metatable dict entry
+
+int64     → 0x10 int.L                             // FFI int64_t
+uint64    → 0x11 uint.L                           // FFI uint64_t
+complex   → 0x12 re.L im.L                         // FFI complex
+
+string    → (0x20+len).U len*char.B
+          | 0x0f (index-1).U                 // String dict entry
+
+.B = 8 bit
+.I = 32 bit little-endian
+.L = 64 bit little-endian
+.U = prefix-encoded 32 bit unsigned number n:
+     0x00..0xdf   → n.B
+     0xe0..0x1fdf → (0xe0|(((n-0xe0)>>8)&0x1f)).B ((n-0xe0)&0xff).B
+   0x1fe0..       → 0xff n.I
+</pre>
+
+<h2 id="error">Error handling</h2>
+<p>
+Many of the buffer methods can throw an error. Out-of-memory or usage
+errors are best caught with an outer wrapper for larger parts of code.
+There's not much one can do after that, anyway.
+</p>
+<p>
+OTOH, you may want to catch some errors individually. Buffer methods need
+to receive the buffer object as the first argument. The Lua colon-syntax
+<tt>obj:method()</tt> does that implicitly. But to wrap a method with
+<tt>pcall()</tt>, the arguments need to be passed like this:
+</p>
+<pre class="code">
+local ok, err = pcall(buf.encode, buf, obj)
+if not ok then
+  -- Handle error in err.
+end
+</pre>
+
+<h2 id="ffi_caveats">FFI caveats</h2>
+<p>
+The string buffer library has been designed to work well together with
+the FFI library. But due to the low-level nature of the FFI library,
+some care needs to be taken:
+</p>
+<p>
+First, please remember that FFI pointers are zero-indexed. The space
+returned by <tt>buf:reserve()</tt> and <tt>buf:ref()</tt> starts at the
+returned pointer and ends before <tt>len</tt> bytes after that.
+</p>
+<p>
+I.e. the first valid index is <tt>ptr[0]</tt> and the last valid index
+is <tt>ptr[len-1]</tt>. If the returned length is zero, there's no valid
+index at all. The returned pointer may even be <tt>NULL</tt>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The space pointed to by the returned pointer is only valid as long as
+the buffer is not modified in any way (neither append, nor consume, nor
+reset, etc.). The pointer is also not a GC anchor for the buffer object
+itself.
+</p>
+<p>
+Buffer data is only guaranteed to be byte-aligned. Casting the returned
+pointer to a data type with higher alignment may cause unaligned
+accesses. It depends on the CPU architecture whether this is allowed or
+not (it's always OK on x86/x64 and mostly OK on other modern
+architectures).
+</p>
+<p>
+FFI pointers or references do not count as GC anchors for an underlying
+object. E.g. an <tt>array</tt> allocated with <tt>ffi.new()</tt> is
+anchored by <tt>buf:set(array,&nbsp;len)</tt>, but not by
+<tt>buf:set(array+offset,&nbsp;len)</tt>. The addition of the offset
+creates a new pointer, even when the offset is zero. In this case, you
+need to make sure there's still a reference to the original array as
+long as its contents are in use by the buffer.
+</p>
+<p>
+Even though each LuaJIT VM instance is single-threaded (but you can
+create multiple VMs), FFI data structures can be accessed concurrently.
+Be careful when reading/writing FFI cdata from/to buffers to avoid
+concurrent accesses or modifications. In particular, the memory
+referenced by <tt>buf:set(cdata,&nbsp;len)</tt> must not be modified
+while buffer readers are working on it. Shared, but read-only memory
+mappings of files are OK, but only if the file does not change.
+</p>
+<br class="flush">
+</div>
+<div id="foot">
+<hr class="hide">
+Copyright &copy; 2005-2023
+<span class="noprint">
+&middot;
+<a href="contact.html">Contact</a>
+</span>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/doc/ext_c_api.html b/doc/ext_c_api.html
index 43c82047..d5e6bb60 100644
--- a/doc/ext_c_api.html
+++ b/doc/ext_c_api.html
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 <title>Lua/C API Extensions</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<meta charset="utf-8">
 <meta name="Copyright" content="Copyright (C) 2005-2023">
 <meta name="Language" content="en">
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad.css" media="screen">
@@ -37,9 +37,13 @@
 <a href="ext_ffi_semantics.html">FFI Semantics</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
+<a href="ext_buffer.html">String Buffers</a>
+</li><li>
 <a href="ext_jit.html">jit.* Library</a>
 </li><li>
 <a class="current" href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_profiler.html">Profiler</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
 <a href="https://luajit.org/status.html">Status <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
diff --git a/doc/ext_ffi.html b/doc/ext_ffi.html
index 683c0cd0..eaa176b6 100644
--- a/doc/ext_ffi.html
+++ b/doc/ext_ffi.html
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 <title>FFI Library</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<meta charset="utf-8">
 <meta name="Copyright" content="Copyright (C) 2005-2023">
 <meta name="Language" content="en">
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad.css" media="screen">
@@ -37,9 +37,13 @@
 <a href="ext_ffi_semantics.html">FFI Semantics</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
+<a href="ext_buffer.html">String Buffers</a>
+</li><li>
 <a href="ext_jit.html">jit.* Library</a>
 </li><li>
 <a href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_profiler.html">Profiler</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
 <a href="https://luajit.org/status.html">Status <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
diff --git a/doc/ext_ffi_api.html b/doc/ext_ffi_api.html
index d5f7032f..500a2143 100644
--- a/doc/ext_ffi_api.html
+++ b/doc/ext_ffi_api.html
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 <title>ffi.* API Functions</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<meta charset="utf-8">
 <meta name="Copyright" content="Copyright (C) 2005-2023">
 <meta name="Language" content="en">
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad.css" media="screen">
@@ -42,9 +42,13 @@ td.abiparam { font-weight: bold; width: 6em; }
 <a href="ext_ffi_semantics.html">FFI Semantics</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
+<a href="ext_buffer.html">String Buffers</a>
+</li><li>
 <a href="ext_jit.html">jit.* Library</a>
 </li><li>
 <a href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_profiler.html">Profiler</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
 <a href="https://luajit.org/status.html">Status <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
@@ -458,6 +462,12 @@ otherwise. The following parameters are currently defined:
 <td class="abiparam">eabi</td><td class="abidesc">EABI variant of the standard ABI</td></tr>
 <tr class="odd">
 <td class="abiparam">win</td><td class="abidesc">Windows variant of the standard ABI</td></tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td class="abiparam">pauth</td><td class="abidesc">Pointer authentication ABI</td></tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td class="abiparam">uwp</td><td class="abidesc">Universal Windows Platform</td></tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td class="abiparam">gc64</td><td class="abidesc">64 bit GC references</td></tr>
 </table>
 
 <h3 id="ffi_os"><tt>ffi.os</tt></h3>
@@ -534,8 +544,8 @@ corresponding ctype.
 The parser for Lua source code treats numeric literals with the
 suffixes <tt>LL</tt> or <tt>ULL</tt> as signed or unsigned 64&nbsp;bit
 integers. Case doesn't matter, but uppercase is recommended for
-readability. It handles both decimal (<tt>42LL</tt>) and hexadecimal
-(<tt>0x2aLL</tt>) literals.
+readability. It handles decimal (<tt>42LL</tt>), hexadecimal
+(<tt>0x2aLL</tt>) and binary (<tt>0b101010LL</tt>) literals.
 </p>
 <p>
 The imaginary part of complex numbers can be specified by suffixing
diff --git a/doc/ext_ffi_semantics.html b/doc/ext_ffi_semantics.html
index 381a2010..5ba82a1e 100644
--- a/doc/ext_ffi_semantics.html
+++ b/doc/ext_ffi_semantics.html
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 <title>FFI Semantics</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<meta charset="utf-8">
 <meta name="Copyright" content="Copyright (C) 2005-2023">
 <meta name="Language" content="en">
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad.css" media="screen">
@@ -42,9 +42,13 @@ td.convop { font-style: italic; width: 40%; }
 <a class="current" href="ext_ffi_semantics.html">FFI Semantics</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
+<a href="ext_buffer.html">String Buffers</a>
+</li><li>
 <a href="ext_jit.html">jit.* Library</a>
 </li><li>
 <a href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_profiler.html">Profiler</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
 <a href="https://luajit.org/status.html">Status <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
@@ -175,6 +179,8 @@ a <tt>typedef</tt>, except re-declarations will be ignored):
 <tt>uint16_t</tt>, <tt>uint32_t</tt>, <tt>uint64_t</tt>,
 <tt>intptr_t</tt>, <tt>uintptr_t</tt>.</li>
 
+<li>From <tt>&lt;unistd.h&gt;</tt> (POSIX): <tt>ssize_t</tt>.</li>
+
 </ul>
 <p>
 You're encouraged to use these types in preference to
@@ -722,6 +728,22 @@ You'll have to explicitly convert a 64&nbsp;bit integer to a Lua
 number (e.g. for regular floating-point calculations) with
 <tt>tonumber()</tt>. But note this may incur a precision loss.</li>
 
+<li><b>64&nbsp;bit bitwise operations</b>: the rules for 64&nbsp;bit
+arithmetic operators apply analogously.<br>
+
+Unlike the other <tt>bit.*</tt> operations, <tt>bit.tobit()</tt>
+converts a cdata number via <tt>int64_t</tt> to <tt>int32_t</tt> and
+returns a Lua number.<br>
+
+For <tt>bit.band()</tt>, <tt>bit.bor()</tt> and <tt>bit.bxor()</tt>, the
+conversion to <tt>int64_t</tt> or <tt>uint64_t</tt> applies to
+<em>all</em> arguments, if <em>any</em> argument is a cdata number.<br>
+
+For all other operations, only the first argument is used to determine
+the output type. This implies that a cdata number as a shift count for
+shifts and rotates is accepted, but that alone does <em>not</em> cause
+a cdata number output.
+
 </ul>
 
 <h3 id="cdata_comp">Comparisons of cdata objects</h3>
@@ -1193,14 +1215,12 @@ The following operations are currently not compiled and may exhibit
 suboptimal performance, especially when used in inner loops:
 </p>
 <ul>
-<li>Bitfield accesses and initializations.</li>
 <li>Vector operations.</li>
 <li>Table initializers.</li>
 <li>Initialization of nested <tt>struct</tt>/<tt>union</tt> types.</li>
-<li>Allocations of variable-length arrays or structs.</li>
-<li>Allocations of C&nbsp;types with a size &gt; 128&nbsp;bytes or an
-alignment &gt; 8&nbsp;bytes.</li>
-<li>Conversions from lightuserdata to <tt>void&nbsp;*</tt>.</li>
+<li>Non-default initialization of VLA/VLS or large C&nbsp;types
+(&gt; 128&nbsp;bytes or &gt; 16 array elements).</li>
+<li>Bitfield initializations.</li>
 <li>Pointer differences for element sizes that are not a power of
 two.</li>
 <li>Calls to C&nbsp;functions with aggregates passed or returned by
@@ -1216,7 +1236,6 @@ value.</li>
 Other missing features:
 </p>
 <ul>
-<li>Bit operations for 64&nbsp;bit types.</li>
 <li>Arithmetic for <tt>complex</tt> numbers.</li>
 <li>Passing structs by value to vararg C&nbsp;functions.</li>
 <li><a href="extensions.html#exceptions">C++ exception interoperability</a>
diff --git a/doc/ext_ffi_tutorial.html b/doc/ext_ffi_tutorial.html
index 03b6ec56..a5236f0b 100644
--- a/doc/ext_ffi_tutorial.html
+++ b/doc/ext_ffi_tutorial.html
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 <title>FFI Tutorial</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<meta charset="utf-8">
 <meta name="Copyright" content="Copyright (C) 2005-2023">
 <meta name="Language" content="en">
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad.css" media="screen">
@@ -44,9 +44,13 @@ td.idiomlua b { font-weight: normal; color: #2142bf; }
 <a href="ext_ffi_semantics.html">FFI Semantics</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
+<a href="ext_buffer.html">String Buffers</a>
+</li><li>
 <a href="ext_jit.html">jit.* Library</a>
 </li><li>
 <a href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_profiler.html">Profiler</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
 <a href="https://luajit.org/status.html">Status <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
diff --git a/doc/ext_jit.html b/doc/ext_jit.html
index b1dbf36c..dd136d65 100644
--- a/doc/ext_jit.html
+++ b/doc/ext_jit.html
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 <title>jit.* Library</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<meta charset="utf-8">
 <meta name="Copyright" content="Copyright (C) 2005-2023">
 <meta name="Language" content="en">
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad.css" media="screen">
@@ -37,9 +37,13 @@
 <a href="ext_ffi_semantics.html">FFI Semantics</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
+<a href="ext_buffer.html">String Buffers</a>
+</li><li>
 <a class="current" href="ext_jit.html">jit.* Library</a>
 </li><li>
 <a href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_profiler.html">Profiler</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
 <a href="https://luajit.org/status.html">Status <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
@@ -145,7 +149,7 @@ Contains the target OS name:
 <h3 id="jit_arch"><tt>jit.arch</tt></h3>
 <p>
 Contains the target architecture name:
-"x86", "x64", "arm", "ppc", "ppcspe", or "mips".
+"x86", "x64", "arm", "arm64", "arm64be", "ppc", "mips", "mipsel", "mips64", "mips64el", "mips64r6", "mips64r6el".
 </p>
 
 <h2 id="jit_opt"><tt>jit.opt.*</tt> &mdash; JIT compiler optimization control</h2>
diff --git a/doc/ext_profiler.html b/doc/ext_profiler.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81b5d773
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/ext_profiler.html
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Profiler</title>
+<meta charset="utf-8">
+<meta name="Copyright" content="Copyright (C) 2005-2023">
+<meta name="Language" content="en">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad.css" media="screen">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad-print.css" media="print">
+</head>
+<body>
+<div id="site">
+<a href="https://luajit.org"><span>Lua<span id="logo">JIT</span></span></a>
+</div>
+<div id="head">
+<h1>Profiler</h1>
+</div>
+<div id="nav">
+<ul><li>
+<a href="luajit.html">LuaJIT</a>
+<ul><li>
+<a href="https://luajit.org/download.html">Download <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="install.html">Installation</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="running.html">Running</a>
+</li></ul>
+</li><li>
+<a href="extensions.html">Extensions</a>
+<ul><li>
+<a href="ext_ffi.html">FFI Library</a>
+<ul><li>
+<a href="ext_ffi_tutorial.html">FFI Tutorial</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_ffi_api.html">ffi.* API</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_ffi_semantics.html">FFI Semantics</a>
+</li></ul>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_buffer.html">String Buffers</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_jit.html">jit.* Library</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a>
+</li><li>
+<a class="current" href="ext_profiler.html">Profiler</a>
+</li></ul>
+</li><li>
+<a href="https://luajit.org/status.html">Status <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="https://luajit.org/faq.html">FAQ <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="https://luajit.org/list.html">Mailing List <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
+</li></ul>
+</div>
+<div id="main">
+<p>
+LuaJIT has an integrated statistical profiler with very low overhead. It
+allows sampling the currently executing stack and other parameters in
+regular intervals.
+</p>
+<p>
+The integrated profiler can be accessed from three levels:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>The <a href="#hl_profiler">bundled high-level profiler</a>, invoked by the
+<a href="#j_p"><tt>-jp</tt></a> command line option.</li>
+<li>A <a href="#ll_lua_api">low-level Lua API</a> to control the profiler.</li>
+<li>A <a href="#ll_c_api">low-level C API</a> to control the profiler.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h2 id="hl_profiler">High-Level Profiler</h2>
+<p>
+The bundled high-level profiler offers basic profiling functionality. It
+generates simple textual summaries or source code annotations. It can be
+accessed with the <a href="#j_p"><tt>-jp</tt></a> command line option
+or from Lua code by loading the underlying <tt>jit.p</tt> module.
+</p>
+<p>
+To cut to the chase &mdash; run this to get a CPU usage profile by
+function name:
+</p>
+<pre class="code">
+luajit -jp myapp.lua
+</pre>
+<p>
+It's <em>not</em> a stated goal of the bundled profiler to add every
+possible option or to cater for special profiling needs. The low-level
+profiler APIs are documented below. They may be used by third-party
+authors to implement advanced functionality, e.g. IDE integration or
+graphical profilers.
+</p>
+<p>
+Note: Sampling works for both interpreted and JIT-compiled code. The
+results for JIT-compiled code may sometimes be surprising. LuaJIT
+heavily optimizes and inlines Lua code &mdash; there's no simple
+one-to-one correspondence between source code lines and the sampled
+machine code.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="j_p"><tt>-jp=[options[,output]]</tt></h3>
+<p>
+The <tt>-jp</tt> command line option starts the high-level profiler.
+When the application run by the command line terminates, the profiler
+stops and writes the results to <tt>stdout</tt> or to the specified
+<tt>output</tt> file.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <tt>options</tt> argument specifies how the profiling is to be
+performed:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li><tt>f</tt> &mdash; Stack dump: function name, otherwise module:line.
+This is the default mode.</li>
+<li><tt>F</tt> &mdash; Stack dump: ditto, but dump module:name.</li>
+<li><tt>l</tt> &mdash; Stack dump: module:line.</li>
+<li><tt>&lt;number&gt;</tt> &mdash; stack dump depth (callee &larr;
+caller). Default: 1.</li>
+<li><tt>-&lt;number&gt;</tt> &mdash; Inverse stack dump depth (caller
+&rarr; callee).</li>
+<li><tt>s</tt> &mdash; Split stack dump after first stack level. Implies
+depth&nbsp;&ge;&nbsp;2 or depth&nbsp;&le;&nbsp;-2.</li>
+<li><tt>p</tt> &mdash; Show full path for module names.</li>
+<li><tt>v</tt> &mdash; Show VM states.</li>
+<li><tt>z</tt> &mdash; Show <a href="#jit_zone">zones</a>.</li>
+<li><tt>r</tt> &mdash; Show raw sample counts. Default: show percentages.</li>
+<li><tt>a</tt> &mdash; Annotate excerpts from source code files.</li>
+<li><tt>A</tt> &mdash; Annotate complete source code files.</li>
+<li><tt>G</tt> &mdash; Produce raw output suitable for graphical tools.</li>
+<li><tt>m&lt;number&gt;</tt> &mdash; Minimum sample percentage to be shown.
+Default: 3%.</li>
+<li><tt>i&lt;number&gt;</tt> &mdash; Sampling interval in milliseconds.
+Default: 10ms.<br>
+Note: The actual sampling precision is OS-dependent.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+The default output for <tt>-jp</tt> is a list of the most CPU consuming
+spots in the application. Increasing the stack dump depth with (say)
+<tt>-jp=2</tt> may help to point out the main callers or callees of
+hotspots. But sample aggregation is still flat per unique stack dump.
+</p>
+<p>
+To get a two-level view (split view) of callers/callees, use
+<tt>-jp=s</tt> or <tt>-jp=-s</tt>. The percentages shown for the second
+level are relative to the first level.
+</p>
+<p>
+To see how much time is spent in each line relative to a function, use
+<tt>-jp=fl</tt>.
+</p>
+<p>
+To see how much time is spent in different VM states or
+<a href="#jit_zone">zones</a>, use <tt>-jp=v</tt> or <tt>-jp=z</tt>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Combinations of <tt>v/z</tt> with <tt>f/F/l</tt> produce two-level
+views, e.g. <tt>-jp=vf</tt> or <tt>-jp=fv</tt>. This shows the time
+spent in a VM state or zone vs. hotspots. This can be used to answer
+questions like "Which time-consuming functions are only interpreted?" or
+"What's the garbage collector overhead for a specific function?".
+</p>
+<p>
+Multiple options can be combined &mdash; but not all combinations make
+sense, see above. E.g. <tt>-jp=3si4m1</tt> samples three stack levels
+deep in 4ms intervals and shows a split view of the CPU consuming
+functions and their callers with a 1% threshold.
+</p>
+<p>
+Source code annotations produced by <tt>-jp=a</tt> or <tt>-jp=A</tt> are
+always flat and at the line level. Obviously, the source code files need
+to be readable by the profiler script.
+</p>
+<p>
+The high-level profiler can also be started and stopped from Lua code with:
+</p>
+<pre class="code">
+require("jit.p").start(options, output)
+...
+require("jit.p").stop()
+</pre>
+
+<h3 id="jit_zone"><tt>jit.zone</tt> &mdash; Zones</h3>
+<p>
+Zones can be used to provide information about different parts of an
+application to the high-level profiler. E.g. a game could make use of an
+<tt>"AI"</tt> zone, a <tt>"PHYS"</tt> zone, etc. Zones are hierarchical,
+organized as a stack.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <tt>jit.zone</tt> module needs to be loaded explicitly:
+</p>
+<pre class="code">
+local zone = require("jit.zone")
+</pre>
+<ul>
+<li><tt>zone("name")</tt> pushes a named zone to the zone stack.</li>
+<li><tt>zone()</tt> pops the current zone from the zone stack and
+returns its name.</li>
+<li><tt>zone:get()</tt> returns the current zone name or <tt>nil</tt>.</li>
+<li><tt>zone:flush()</tt> flushes the zone stack.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+To show the time spent in each zone use <tt>-jp=z</tt>. To show the time
+spent relative to hotspots use e.g. <tt>-jp=zf</tt> or <tt>-jp=fz</tt>.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="ll_lua_api">Low-level Lua API</h2>
+<p>
+The <tt>jit.profile</tt> module gives access to the low-level API of the
+profiler from Lua code. This module needs to be loaded explicitly:
+<pre class="code">
+local profile = require("jit.profile")
+</pre>
+<p>
+This module can be used to implement your own higher-level profiler.
+A typical profiling run starts the profiler, captures stack dumps in
+the profiler callback, adds them to a hash table to aggregate the number
+of samples, stops the profiler and then analyzes all captured
+stack dumps. Other parameters can be sampled in the profiler callback,
+too. But it's important not to spend too much time in the callback,
+since this may skew the statistics.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="profile_start"><tt>profile.start(mode, cb)</tt>
+&mdash; Start profiler</h3>
+<p>
+This function starts the profiler. The <tt>mode</tt> argument is a
+string holding options:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li><tt>f</tt> &mdash; Profile with precision down to the function level.</li>
+<li><tt>l</tt> &mdash; Profile with precision down to the line level.</li>
+<li><tt>i&lt;number&gt;</tt> &mdash; Sampling interval in milliseconds (default
+10ms).</br>
+Note: The actual sampling precision is OS-dependent.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+The <tt>cb</tt> argument is a callback function which is called with
+three arguments: <tt>(thread, samples, vmstate)</tt>. The callback is
+called on a separate coroutine, the <tt>thread</tt> argument is the
+state that holds the stack to sample for profiling. Note: do
+<em>not</em> modify the stack of that state or call functions on it.
+</p>
+<p>
+<tt>samples</tt> gives the number of accumulated samples since the last
+callback (usually 1).
+</p>
+<p>
+<tt>vmstate</tt> holds the VM state at the time the profiling timer
+triggered. This may or may not correspond to the state of the VM when
+the profiling callback is called. The state is either <tt>'N'</tt>
+native (compiled) code, <tt>'I'</tt> interpreted code, <tt>'C'</tt>
+C&nbsp;code, <tt>'G'</tt> the garbage collector, or <tt>'J'</tt> the JIT
+compiler.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="profile_stop"><tt>profile.stop()</tt>
+&mdash; Stop profiler</h3>
+<p>
+This function stops the profiler.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="profile_dump"><tt>dump = profile.dumpstack([thread,] fmt, depth)</tt>
+&mdash; Dump stack </h3>
+<p>
+This function allows taking stack dumps in an efficient manner. It
+returns a string with a stack dump for the <tt>thread</tt> (coroutine),
+formatted according to the <tt>fmt</tt> argument:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li><tt>p</tt> &mdash; Preserve the full path for module names. Otherwise,
+only the file name is used.</li>
+<li><tt>f</tt> &mdash; Dump the function name if it can be derived. Otherwise,
+use module:line.</li>
+<li><tt>F</tt> &mdash; Ditto, but dump module:name.</li>
+<li><tt>l</tt> &mdash; Dump module:line.</li>
+<li><tt>Z</tt> &mdash; Zap the following characters for the last dumped
+frame.</li>
+<li>All other characters are added verbatim to the output string.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+The <tt>depth</tt> argument gives the number of frames to dump, starting
+at the topmost frame of the thread. A negative number dumps the frames in
+inverse order.
+</p>
+<p>
+The first example prints a list of the current module names and line
+numbers of up to 10 frames in separate lines. The second example prints
+semicolon-separated function names for all frames (up to 100) in inverse
+order:
+</p>
+<pre class="code">
+print(profile.dumpstack(thread, "l\n", 10))
+print(profile.dumpstack(thread, "lZ;", -100))
+</pre>
+
+<h2 id="ll_c_api">Low-level C API</h2>
+<p>
+The profiler can be controlled directly from C&nbsp;code, e.g. for
+use by IDEs. The declarations are in <tt>"luajit.h"</tt> (see
+<a href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a> extensions).
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="luaJIT_profile_start"><tt>luaJIT_profile_start(L, mode, cb, data)</tt>
+&mdash; Start profiler</h3>
+<p>
+This function starts the profiler. <a href="#profile_start">See
+above</a> for a description of the <tt>mode</tt> argument.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <tt>cb</tt> argument is a callback function with the following
+declaration:
+</p>
+<pre class="code">
+typedef void (*luaJIT_profile_callback)(void *data, lua_State *L,
+                                        int samples, int vmstate);
+</pre>
+<p>
+<tt>data</tt> is available for use by the callback. <tt>L</tt> is the
+state that holds the stack to sample for profiling. Note: do
+<em>not</em> modify this stack or call functions on this stack &mdash;
+use a separate coroutine for this purpose. <a href="#profile_start">See
+above</a> for a description of <tt>samples</tt> and <tt>vmstate</tt>.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="luaJIT_profile_stop"><tt>luaJIT_profile_stop(L)</tt>
+&mdash; Stop profiler</h3>
+<p>
+This function stops the profiler.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="luaJIT_profile_dumpstack"><tt>p = luaJIT_profile_dumpstack(L, fmt, depth, len)</tt>
+&mdash; Dump stack </h3>
+<p>
+This function allows taking stack dumps in an efficient manner.
+<a href="#profile_dump">See above</a> for a description of <tt>fmt</tt>
+and <tt>depth</tt>.
+</p>
+<p>
+This function returns a <tt>const&nbsp;char&nbsp;*</tt> pointing to a
+private string buffer of the profiler. The <tt>int&nbsp;*len</tt>
+argument returns the length of the output string. The buffer is
+overwritten on the next call and deallocated when the profiler stops.
+You either need to consume the content immediately or copy it for later
+use.
+</p>
+<br class="flush">
+</div>
+<div id="foot">
+<hr class="hide">
+Copyright &copy; 2005-2023
+<span class="noprint">
+&middot;
+<a href="contact.html">Contact</a>
+</span>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/doc/extensions.html b/doc/extensions.html
index f8b45c28..eb591d1e 100644
--- a/doc/extensions.html
+++ b/doc/extensions.html
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 <title>Extensions</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<meta charset="utf-8">
 <meta name="Copyright" content="Copyright (C) 2005-2023">
 <meta name="Language" content="en">
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad.css" media="screen">
@@ -54,9 +54,13 @@ td.excinterop {
 <a href="ext_ffi_semantics.html">FFI Semantics</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
+<a href="ext_buffer.html">String Buffers</a>
+</li><li>
 <a href="ext_jit.html">jit.* Library</a>
 </li><li>
 <a href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_profiler.html">Profiler</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
 <a href="https://luajit.org/status.html">Status <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
@@ -106,6 +110,9 @@ bit.lshift bit.rshift bit.arshift bit.rol  bit.ror  bit.bswap
 This module is a LuaJIT built-in &mdash; you don't need to download or
 install Lua BitOp. The Lua BitOp site has full documentation for all
 <a href="https://bitop.luajit.org/api.html"><span class="ext">&raquo;</span>&nbsp;Lua BitOp API functions</a>.
+The FFI adds support for
+<a href="ext_ffi_semantics.html#cdata_arith">64&nbsp;bit bitwise operations</a>,
+using the same API functions.
 </p>
 <p>
 Please make sure to <tt>require</tt> the module before using any of
@@ -139,6 +146,11 @@ LuaJIT adds some
 <a href="ext_c_api.html">extra functions to the Lua/C API</a>.
 </p>
 
+<h3 id="profiler">Profiler</h3>
+<p>
+LuaJIT has an <a href="ext_profiler.html">integrated profiler</a>.
+</p>
+
 <h2 id="library">Enhanced Standard Library Functions</h2>
 
 <h3 id="xpcall"><tt>xpcall(f, err [,args...])</tt> passes arguments</h3>
@@ -166,7 +178,7 @@ in <tt>"-inf"</tt>.
 <h3 id="tonumber"><tt>tonumber()</tt> etc. use builtin string to number conversion</h3>
 <p>
 All string-to-number conversions consistently convert integer and
-floating-point inputs in decimal and hexadecimal on all platforms.
+floating-point inputs in decimal, hexadecimal and binary on all platforms.
 <tt>strtod()</tt> is <em>not</em> used anymore, which avoids numerous
 problems with poor C library implementations. The builtin conversion
 function provides full precision according to the IEEE-754 standard, it
@@ -190,6 +202,36 @@ for dot releases (x.y.0 &rarr; x.y.1), but may change with major or
 minor releases (2.0 &rarr; 2.1) or between any beta release. Foreign
 bytecode (e.g. from Lua 5.1) is incompatible and cannot be loaded.
 </p>
+<p>
+Note: <tt>LJ_GC64</tt> mode requires a different frame layout, which implies
+a different, incompatible bytecode format for all 64 bit ports. This may be
+rectified in the future.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="table_new"><tt>table.new(narray, nhash)</tt> allocates a pre-sized table</h3>
+<p>
+An extra library function <tt>table.new()</tt> can be made available via
+<tt>require("table.new")</tt>. This creates a pre-sized table, just like
+the C API equivalent <tt>lua_createtable()</tt>. This is useful for big
+tables if the final table size is known and automatic table resizing is
+too expensive.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="table_clear"><tt>table.clear(tab)</tt> clears a table</h3>
+<p>
+An extra library function <tt>table.clear()</tt> can be made available
+via <tt>require("table.clear")</tt>. This clears all keys and values
+from a table, but preserves the allocated array/hash sizes. This is
+useful when a table, which is linked from multiple places, needs to be
+cleared and/or when recycling a table for use by the same context. This
+avoids managing backlinks, saves an allocation and the overhead of
+incremental array/hash part growth.
+</p>
+<p>
+Please note, this function is meant for very specific situations. In most
+cases it's better to replace the (usually single) link with a new table
+and let the GC do its work.
+</p>
 
 <h3 id="math_random">Enhanced PRNG for <tt>math.random()</tt></h3>
 <p>
@@ -268,6 +310,26 @@ indexes for varargs.</li>
 <li><tt>debug.getupvalue()</tt> and <tt>debug.setupvalue()</tt> handle
 C&nbsp;functions.</li>
 <li><tt>debug.upvalueid()</tt> and <tt>debug.upvaluejoin()</tt>.</li>
+<li>Lua/C API extensions:
+<tt>lua_version()</tt>
+<tt>lua_upvalueid()</tt>
+<tt>lua_upvaluejoin()</tt>
+<tt>lua_loadx()</tt>
+<tt>lua_copy()</tt>
+<tt>lua_tonumberx()</tt>
+<tt>lua_tointegerx()</tt>
+<tt>luaL_fileresult()</tt>
+<tt>luaL_execresult()</tt>
+<tt>luaL_loadfilex()</tt>
+<tt>luaL_loadbufferx()</tt>
+<tt>luaL_traceback()</tt>
+<tt>luaL_setfuncs()</tt>
+<tt>luaL_pushmodule()</tt>
+<tt>luaL_newlibtable()</tt>
+<tt>luaL_newlib()</tt>
+<tt>luaL_testudata()</tt>
+<tt>luaL_setmetatable()</tt>
+</li>
 <li>Command line option <tt>-E</tt>.</li>
 <li>Command line checks <tt>__tostring</tt> for errors.</li>
 </ul>
@@ -293,6 +355,8 @@ exit status.</li>
 <li><tt>debug.setmetatable()</tt> returns object.</li>
 <li><tt>debug.getuservalue()</tt> and <tt>debug.setuservalue()</tt>.</li>
 <li>Remove <tt>math.mod()</tt>, <tt>string.gfind()</tt>.</li>
+<li><tt>package.searchers</tt>.</li>
+<li><tt>module()</tt> returns the module table.</li>
 </ul>
 <p>
 Note: this provides only partial compatibility with Lua 5.2 at the
@@ -301,6 +365,21 @@ Lua&nbsp;5.1, which prevents implementing features that would otherwise
 break the Lua/C API and ABI (e.g. <tt>_ENV</tt>).
 </p>
 
+<h2 id="lua53">Extensions from Lua 5.3</h2>
+<p>
+LuaJIT supports some extensions from Lua&nbsp;5.3:
+<ul>
+<li>Unicode escape <tt>'\u{XX...}'</tt> embeds the UTF-8 encoding in string literals.</li>
+<li>The argument table <tt>arg</tt> can be read (and modified) by <tt>LUA_INIT</tt> and <tt>-e</tt> chunks.</li>
+<li><tt>io.read()</tt> and <tt>file:read()</tt> accept formats with or without a leading <tt>*</tt>.</li>
+<li><tt>assert()</tt> accepts any type of error object.</li>
+<li><tt>table.move(a1, f, e, t [,a2])</tt>.</li>
+<li><tt>coroutine.isyieldable()</tt>.</li>
+<li>Lua/C API extensions:
+<tt>lua_isyieldable()</tt>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
 <h2 id="exceptions">C++ Exception Interoperability</h2>
 <p>
 LuaJIT has built-in support for interoperating with C++&nbsp;exceptions.
@@ -314,26 +393,21 @@ the toolchain used to compile LuaJIT:
 <td class="excinterop">Interoperability</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="odd separate">
-<td class="excplatform">POSIX/x64, DWARF2 unwinding</td>
-<td class="exccompiler">GCC 4.3+</td>
+<td class="excplatform">External frame unwinding</td>
+<td class="exccompiler">GCC, Clang, MSVC</td>
 <td class="excinterop"><b style="color: #00a000;">Full</b></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="even">
-<td class="excplatform">Other platforms, DWARF2 unwinding</td>
-<td class="exccompiler">GCC</td>
+<td class="excplatform">Internal frame unwinding + DWARF2</td>
+<td class="exccompiler">GCC, Clang</td>
 <td class="excinterop"><b style="color: #c06000;">Limited</b></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="odd">
-<td class="excplatform">Windows/x64</td>
-<td class="exccompiler">MSVC</td>
-<td class="excinterop"><b style="color: #00a000;">Full</b></td>
+<td class="excplatform">Windows 64 bit</td>
+<td class="exccompiler">non-MSVC</td>
+<td class="excinterop"><b style="color: #c06000;">Limited</b></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="even">
-<td class="excplatform">Windows/x86</td>
-<td class="exccompiler">Any</td>
-<td class="excinterop"><b style="color: #a00000;">No</b></td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="odd">
 <td class="excplatform">Other platforms</td>
 <td class="exccompiler">Other compilers</td>
 <td class="excinterop"><b style="color: #a00000;">No</b></td>
@@ -384,14 +458,6 @@ C++ destructors.</li>
 <li>Lua errors <b>cannot</b> be caught on the C++ side.</li>
 <li>Throwing Lua errors across C++ frames will <b>not</b> call
 C++ destructors.</li>
-<li>Additionally, on Windows/x86 with SEH-based C++&nbsp;exceptions:
-it's <b>not</b> safe to throw a Lua error across any frames containing
-a C++ function with any try/catch construct or using variables with
-(implicit) destructors. This also applies to any functions which may be
-inlined in such a function. It doesn't matter whether <tt>lua_error()</tt>
-is called inside or outside of a try/catch or whether any object actually
-needs to be destroyed: the SEH chain is corrupted and this will eventually
-lead to the termination of the process.</li>
 </ul>
 <br class="flush">
 </div>
diff --git a/doc/install.html b/doc/install.html
index 21866315..be721031 100644
--- a/doc/install.html
+++ b/doc/install.html
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 <title>Installation</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<meta charset="utf-8">
 <meta name="Copyright" content="Copyright (C) 2005-2023">
 <meta name="Language" content="en">
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad.css" media="screen">
@@ -60,9 +60,13 @@ td.compatx {
 <a href="ext_ffi_semantics.html">FFI Semantics</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
+<a href="ext_buffer.html">String Buffers</a>
+</li><li>
 <a href="ext_jit.html">jit.* Library</a>
 </li><li>
 <a href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_profiler.html">Profiler</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
 <a href="https://luajit.org/status.html">Status <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
@@ -121,6 +125,13 @@ MSVC (Visual Studio).</li>
 Please read the instructions given in these files, before changing
 any settings.
 </p>
+<p>
+All LuaJIT 64 bit ports use 64 bit GC objects by default (<tt>LJ_GC64</tt>).
+For x64, you can select the old 32-on-64 bit mode by adding
+<tt>XCFLAGS=-DLUAJIT_DISABLE_GC64</tt> to the make command.
+Please check the note about the
+<a href="extensions.html#string_dump">bytecode format</a> differences, too.
+</p>
 
 <h2 id="posix">POSIX Systems (Linux, macOS, *BSD etc.)</h2>
 <h3>Prerequisites</h3>
@@ -154,9 +165,12 @@ You can add an extra prefix to the search paths by appending the
 make PREFIX=/home/myself/lj2
 </pre>
 <p>
-Please use the LuaJIT 2.1 branch to compile for
-<b id="osx">macOS (OSX)</b>.
+Note for macOS: you <b>must</b> set the <tt>MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET</tt>
+environment variable to a value supported by your toolchain:
 </p>
+<pre class="code">
+MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=XX.YY make
+</pre>
 <h3>Installing LuaJIT</h3>
 <p>
 The top-level Makefile installs LuaJIT by default under
@@ -235,25 +249,36 @@ directory where <tt>luajit.exe</tt> is installed
 
 <h2 id="cross">Cross-compiling LuaJIT</h2>
 <p>
+First, let's clear up some terminology:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Host: This is your development system, usually based on a x64 or x86 CPU.</li>
+<li>Target: This is the target system you want LuaJIT to run on, e.g. Android/ARM.</li>
+<li>Toolchain: This comprises a C compiler, linker, assembler and a matching C library.</li>
+<li>Host (or system) toolchain: This is the toolchain used to build native binaries for your host system.</li>
+<li>Cross-compile toolchain: This is the toolchain used to build binaries for the target system. They can only be run on the target system.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
 The GNU Makefile-based build system allows cross-compiling on any host
-for any supported target, as long as both architectures have the same
-pointer size. If you want to cross-compile to any 32 bit target on an
-x64 OS, you need to install the multilib development package (e.g.
-<tt>libc6-dev-i386</tt> on Debian/Ubuntu) and build a 32 bit host part
-(<tt>HOST_CC="gcc -m32"</tt>).
+for any supported target:
 </p>
+<ul>
+<li>Yes, you need a toolchain for both your host <em>and</em> your target!</li>
+<li>Both host and target architectures must have the same pointer size.</li>
+<li>E.g. if you want to cross-compile to a 32 bit target on a 64 bit host, you need to install the multilib development package (e.g. <tt>libc6-dev-i386</tt> on Debian/Ubuntu) and build a 32 bit host part (<tt>HOST_CC="gcc -m32"</tt>).</li>
+<li>64 bit targets always require compilation on a 64 bit host.</li>
+</ul>
 <p>
 You need to specify <tt>TARGET_SYS</tt> whenever the host OS and the
-target OS differ, or you'll get assembler or linker errors. E.g. if
-you're compiling on a Windows or macOS host for embedded Linux or Android,
-you need to add <tt>TARGET_SYS=Linux</tt> to the examples below. For a
-minimal target OS, you may need to disable the built-in allocator in
-<tt>src/Makefile</tt> and use <tt>TARGET_SYS=Other</tt>. Don't forget to
-specify the same <tt>TARGET_SYS</tt> for the install step, too.
+target OS differ, or you'll get assembler or linker errors:
 </p>
+<ul>
+<li>E.g. if you're compiling on a Windows or macOS host for embedded Linux or Android, you need to add <tt>TARGET_SYS=Linux</tt> to the examples below.</li>
+<li>For a minimal target OS, you may need to disable the built-in allocator in <tt>src/Makefile</tt> and use <tt>TARGET_SYS=Other</tt>.</li>
+<li>Don't forget to specify the same <tt>TARGET_SYS</tt> for the install step, too.</li>
+</ul>
 <p>
-The examples below only show some popular targets &mdash; please check
-the comments in <tt>src/Makefile</tt> for more details.
+Here are some examples where host and target have the same CPU:
 </p>
 <pre class="code">
 # Cross-compile to a 32 bit binary on a multilib x64 OS
@@ -271,34 +296,44 @@ use the canonical toolchain triplets for Linux.
 </p>
 <p>
 Since there's often no easy way to detect CPU features at runtime, it's
-important to compile with the proper CPU or architecture settings. You
-can specify these when building the toolchain yourself. Or add
-<tt>-mcpu=...</tt> or <tt>-march=...</tt> to <tt>TARGET_CFLAGS</tt>. For
-ARM it's important to have the correct <tt>-mfloat-abi=...</tt> setting,
-too. Otherwise, LuaJIT may not run at the full performance of your target
-CPU.
+important to compile with the proper CPU or architecture settings:
+</o>
+<ul>
+<li>The best way to get consistent results is to specify the correct settings when building the toolchain yourself.</li>
+<li>For a pre-built, generic toolchain add <tt>-mcpu=...</tt> or <tt>-march=...</tt> and other necessary flags to <tt>TARGET_CFLAGS</tt>.</li>
+<li>For ARM it's important to have the correct <tt>-mfloat-abi=...</tt> setting, too. Otherwise LuaJIT may not run at the full performance of your target CPU.</li>
+<li>For MIPS it's important to select a supported ABI (o32 on MIPS32, n64 on MIPS64) and consistently compile your project either with hard-float or soft-float compiler settings.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+Here are some examples for targets with a different CPU than the host:
 </p>
 <pre class="code">
 # ARM soft-float
 make HOST_CC="gcc -m32" CROSS=arm-linux-gnueabi- \
      TARGET_CFLAGS="-mfloat-abi=soft"
 
-# ARM soft-float ABI with VFP (example for Cortex-A8)
+# ARM soft-float ABI with VFP (example for Cortex-A9)
 make HOST_CC="gcc -m32" CROSS=arm-linux-gnueabi- \
-     TARGET_CFLAGS="-mcpu=cortex-a8 -mfloat-abi=softfp"
+     TARGET_CFLAGS="-mcpu=cortex-a9 -mfloat-abi=softfp"
 
-# ARM hard-float ABI with VFP (armhf, requires recent toolchain)
+# ARM hard-float ABI with VFP (armhf, most modern toolchains)
 make HOST_CC="gcc -m32" CROSS=arm-linux-gnueabihf-
 
+# ARM64
+make CROSS=aarch64-linux-gnu-
+
 # PPC
 make HOST_CC="gcc -m32" CROSS=powerpc-linux-gnu-
-# PPC/e500v2 (fast interpreter only)
-make HOST_CC="gcc -m32" CROSS=powerpc-e500v2-linux-gnuspe-
 
-# MIPS big-endian
-make HOST_CC="gcc -m32" CROSS=mips-linux-
-# MIPS little-endian
-make HOST_CC="gcc -m32" CROSS=mipsel-linux-
+# MIPS32 big-endian
+make HOST_CC="gcc -m32" CROSS=mips-linux-gnu-
+# MIPS32 little-endian
+make HOST_CC="gcc -m32" CROSS=mipsel-linux-gnu-
+
+# MIPS64 big-endian
+make CROSS=mips-linux- TARGET_CFLAGS="-mips64r2 -mabi=64"
+# MIPS64 little-endian
+make CROSS=mipsel-linux- TARGET_CFLAGS="-mips64r2 -mabi=64"
 </pre>
 <p>
 You can cross-compile for <b id="android">Android</b> using the <a href="https://developer.android.com/ndk/"><span class="ext">&raquo;</span>&nbsp;Android NDK</a>.
@@ -306,8 +341,17 @@ Please adapt the environment variables to match the install locations and the
 desired target platform. E.g. Android&nbsp;4.1 corresponds to ABI level&nbsp;16.
 </p>
 <pre class="code">
-# Android/ARM, armeabi-v7a (ARMv7 VFP), Android 4.1+ (JB)
+# Android/ARM64, aarch64, Android 5.0+ (L)
+NDKDIR=/opt/android/ndk
+NDKBIN=$NDKDIR/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/linux-x86_64/bin
+NDKCROSS=$NDKBIN/aarch64-linux-android-
+NDKCC=$NDKBIN/aarch64-linux-android21-clang
+make CROSS=$NDKCROSS \
+     STATIC_CC=$NDKCC DYNAMIC_CC="$NDKCC -fPIC" \
+     TARGET_LD=$NDKCC TARGET_AR="$NDKBIN/llvm-ar rcus" \
+     TARGET_STRIP=$NDKBIN/llvm-strip
 
+# Android/ARM, armeabi-v7a (ARMv7 VFP), Android 4.1+ (JB)
 NDKDIR=/opt/android/ndk
 NDKBIN=$NDKDIR/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/linux-x86_64/bin
 NDKCROSS=$NDKBIN/arm-linux-androideabi-
@@ -318,9 +362,23 @@ make HOST_CC="gcc -m32" CROSS=$NDKCROSS \
      TARGET_STRIP=$NDKBIN/llvm-strip
 </pre>
 <p>
-Please use the LuaJIT 2.1 branch to compile for
-<b id="ios">iOS</b> (iPhone/iPad).
+You can cross-compile for <b id="ios">iOS 3.0+</b> (iPhone/iPad) using the <a href="https://developer.apple.com/ios/"><span class="ext">&raquo;</span>&nbsp;iOS SDK</a>:
+</p>
+<p style="font-size: 8pt;">
+Note: <b>the JIT compiler is disabled for iOS</b>, because regular iOS Apps
+are not allowed to generate code at runtime. You'll only get the performance
+of the LuaJIT interpreter on iOS. This is still faster than plain Lua, but
+much slower than the JIT compiler. Please complain to Apple, not me.
+Or use Android. :-p
 </p>
+<pre class="code">
+# iOS/ARM64
+ISDKP=$(xcrun --sdk iphoneos --show-sdk-path)
+ICC=$(xcrun --sdk iphoneos --find clang)
+ISDKF="-arch arm64 -isysroot $ISDKP"
+make DEFAULT_CC=clang CROSS="$(dirname $ICC)/" \
+     TARGET_FLAGS="$ISDKF" TARGET_SYS=iOS
+</pre>
 
 <h3 id="consoles">Cross-compiling for consoles</h3>
 <p>
@@ -364,15 +422,35 @@ and run the build command given in the table:
 <td class="compatx"><tt>ps4build</tt></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="even">
+<td class="compatname"><b id="ps5">PS5</b></td>
+<td class="compatbits">64</td>
+<td class="compatx"><tt>ps5build</tt></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
 <td class="compatname"><b id="psvita">PS Vita</b></td>
 <td class="compatbits">32</td>
 <td class="compatx"><tt>psvitabuild</tt></td>
 </tr>
-<tr class="odd">
+<tr class="even">
 <td class="compatname"><b id="xbox360">Xbox 360</b></td>
 <td class="compatbits">32</td>
 <td class="compatx"><tt>xedkbuild</tt></td>
 </tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td class="compatname"><b id="xboxone">Xbox One</b></td>
+<td class="compatbits">64</td>
+<td class="compatx"><tt>xb1build</tt></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td class="compatname"><b id="nx32">Nintendo Switch NX32</b></td>
+<td class="compatbits">32</td>
+<td class="compatx"><tt>nxbuild</tt></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td class="compatname"><b id="nx64">Nintendo Switch NX64</b></td>
+<td class="compatbits">64</td>
+<td class="compatx"><tt>nxbuild</tt></td>
+</tr>
 </table>
 <p>
 Please check out the comments in the corresponding <tt>*.bat</tt>
diff --git a/doc/luajit.html b/doc/luajit.html
index 7346acb3..030cf705 100644
--- a/doc/luajit.html
+++ b/doc/luajit.html
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 <title>LuaJIT</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<meta charset="utf-8">
 <meta name="Copyright" content="Copyright (C) 2005-2023">
 <meta name="Language" content="en">
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad.css" media="screen">
@@ -98,9 +98,13 @@ table.fcompat td {
 <a href="ext_ffi_semantics.html">FFI Semantics</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
+<a href="ext_buffer.html">String Buffers</a>
+</li><li>
 <a href="ext_jit.html">jit.* Library</a>
 </li><li>
 <a href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_profiler.html">Profiler</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
 <a href="https://luajit.org/status.html">Status <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
@@ -132,13 +136,13 @@ LuaJIT is Copyright &copy; 2005-2023 Mike Pall, released under the
 <tr><td><span style="font-size:90%;">Embedded</span></td><td>Android</td><td>iOS</td></tr>
 </table>
 <table class="feature os os3">
-<tr><td>PS3</td><td>PS4</td><td>PS Vita</td><td>Xbox 360</td></tr>
+<tr><td>PS3</td><td>PS4<br>PS5</td><td>PS Vita</td><td>Xbox 360</td><td>Xbox One</td><td>Nintendo<br>Switch</td></tr>
 </table>
 <table class="feature compiler">
-<tr><td>GCC</td><td>CLANG<br>LLVM</td><td>MSVC</td></tr>
+<tr><td>GCC</td><td>Clang<br>LLVM</td><td>MSVC</td></tr>
 </table>
 <table class="feature cpu">
-<tr><td>x86</td><td>x64</td><td>ARM</td><td>PPC</td><td>e500</td><td>MIPS</td></tr>
+<tr><td>x86<br>x64</td><td>ARM<br>ARM64</td><td>PPC</td><td>MIPS32<br>MIPS64</td></tr>
 </table>
 <table class="feature fcompat">
 <tr><td>Lua&nbsp;5.1<br>API+ABI</td><td>+&nbsp;JIT</td><td>+&nbsp;BitOp</td><td>+&nbsp;FFI</td><td>Drop-in<br>DLL/.so</td></tr>
diff --git a/doc/running.html b/doc/running.html
index c7d9e9b6..3afc1b56 100644
--- a/doc/running.html
+++ b/doc/running.html
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 <title>Running LuaJIT</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<meta charset="utf-8">
 <meta name="Copyright" content="Copyright (C) 2005-2023">
 <meta name="Language" content="en">
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad.css" media="screen">
@@ -59,9 +59,13 @@ td.param_default {
 <a href="ext_ffi_semantics.html">FFI Semantics</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
+<a href="ext_buffer.html">String Buffers</a>
+</li><li>
 <a href="ext_jit.html">jit.* Library</a>
 </li><li>
 <a href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a>
+</li><li>
+<a href="ext_profiler.html">Profiler</a>
 </li></ul>
 </li><li>
 <a href="https://luajit.org/status.html">Status <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
@@ -106,6 +110,7 @@ are accepted:
 <li><tt>-t type</tt> &mdash; Set output file type (default: auto-detect from output name).</li>
 <li><tt>-a arch</tt> &mdash; Override architecture for object files (default: native).</li>
 <li><tt>-o os</tt> &mdash; Override OS for object files (default: native).</li>
+<li><tt>-F name</tt> &mdash; Override filename (default: input filename).</li>
 <li><tt>-e chunk</tt> &mdash; Use chunk string as input.</li>
 <li><tt>-</tt> (a single minus sign) &mdash; Use stdin as input and/or stdout as output.</li>
 </ul>
@@ -171,6 +176,7 @@ Here are the available LuaJIT control commands:
 <li id="j_flush"><tt>-jflush</tt> &mdash; Flushes the whole cache of compiled code.</li>
 <li id="j_v"><tt>-jv</tt> &mdash; Shows verbose information about the progress of the JIT compiler.</li>
 <li id="j_dump"><tt>-jdump</tt> &mdash; Dumps the code and structures used in various compiler stages.</li>
+<li id="j_p"><tt>-jp</tt> &mdash; Start the <a href="ext_profiler.html">integrated profiler</a>.</li>
 </ul>
 <p>
 The <tt>-jv</tt> and <tt>-jdump</tt> commands are extension modules
@@ -215,6 +221,12 @@ mix the three forms, but note that setting an optimization level
 overrides all earlier flags.
 </p>
 <p>
+Note that <tt>-Ofma</tt> is not enabled by default at any level,
+because it affects floating-point result accuracy. Only enable this,
+if you fully understand the trade-offs of FMA for performance (higher),
+determinism (lower) and numerical accuracy (higher).
+</p>
+<p>
 Here are the available flags and at what optimization levels they
 are enabled:
 </p>
@@ -246,6 +258,8 @@ are enabled:
 <td class="flag_name">sink</td><td class="flag_level">&nbsp;</td><td class="flag_level">&nbsp;</td><td class="flag_level">&bull;</td><td class="flag_desc">Allocation/Store Sinking</td></tr>
 <tr class="even">
 <td class="flag_name">fuse</td><td class="flag_level">&nbsp;</td><td class="flag_level">&nbsp;</td><td class="flag_level">&bull;</td><td class="flag_desc">Fusion of operands into instructions</td></tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td class="flag_name">fma </td><td class="flag_level">&nbsp;</td><td class="flag_level">&nbsp;</td><td class="flag_level">&nbsp;</td><td class="flag_desc">Fused multiply-add</td></tr>
 </table>
 <p>
 Here are the parameters and their default settings:
diff --git a/dynasm/dasm_arm.h b/dynasm/dasm_arm.h
index a93e831e..eaa94d9c 100644
--- a/dynasm/dasm_arm.h
+++ b/dynasm/dasm_arm.h
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ struct dasm_State {
   size_t lgsize;
   int *pclabels;                /* PC label chains/pos ptrs. */
   size_t pcsize;
-  void **globals;               /* Array of globals (bias -10). */
+  void **globals;               /* Array of globals. */
   dasm_Section *section;        /* Pointer to active section. */
   size_t codesize;              /* Total size of all code sections. */
   int maxsection;               /* 0 <= sectionidx < maxsection. */
@@ -87,7 +87,6 @@ void dasm_init(Dst_DECL, int maxsection)
 {
   dasm_State *D;
   size_t psz = 0;
-  int i;
   Dst_REF = NULL;
   DASM_M_GROW(Dst, struct dasm_State, Dst_REF, psz, DASM_PSZ(maxsection));
   D = Dst_REF;
@@ -98,12 +97,7 @@ void dasm_init(Dst_DECL, int maxsection)
   D->pcsize = 0;
   D->globals = NULL;
   D->maxsection = maxsection;
-  for (i = 0; i < maxsection; i++) {
-    D->sections[i].buf = NULL;  /* Need this for pass3. */
-    D->sections[i].rbuf = D->sections[i].buf - DASM_SEC2POS(i);
-    D->sections[i].bsize = 0;
-    D->sections[i].epos = 0;  /* Wrong, but is recalculated after resize. */
-  }
+  memset((void *)D->sections, 0, maxsection * sizeof(dasm_Section));
 }
 
 /* Free DynASM state. */
@@ -123,7 +117,7 @@ void dasm_free(Dst_DECL)
 void dasm_setupglobal(Dst_DECL, void **gl, unsigned int maxgl)
 {
   dasm_State *D = Dst_REF;
-  D->globals = gl - 10;  /* Negative bias to compensate for locals. */
+  D->globals = gl;
   DASM_M_GROW(Dst, int, D->lglabels, D->lgsize, (10+maxgl)*sizeof(int));
 }
 
@@ -148,6 +142,7 @@ void dasm_setup(Dst_DECL, const void *actionlist)
   if (D->pclabels) memset((void *)D->pclabels, 0, D->pcsize);
   for (i = 0; i < D->maxsection; i++) {
     D->sections[i].pos = DASM_SEC2POS(i);
+    D->sections[i].rbuf = D->sections[i].buf - D->sections[i].pos;
     D->sections[i].ofs = 0;
   }
 }
@@ -294,7 +289,7 @@ int dasm_link(Dst_DECL, size_t *szp)
 
   { /* Handle globals not defined in this translation unit. */
     int idx;
-    for (idx = 20; idx*sizeof(int) < D->lgsize; idx++) {
+    for (idx = 10; idx*sizeof(int) < D->lgsize; idx++) {
       int n = D->lglabels[idx];
       /* Undefined label: Collapse rel chain and replace with marker (< 0). */
       while (n > 0) { int *pb = DASM_POS2PTR(D, n); n = *pb; *pb = -idx; }
@@ -371,7 +366,10 @@ int dasm_encode(Dst_DECL, void *buffer)
           ins &= 255; while ((((char *)cp - base) & ins)) *cp++ = 0xe1a00000;
           break;
         case DASM_REL_LG:
-          CK(n >= 0, UNDEF_LG);
+          if (n < 0) {
+            n = (int)((ptrdiff_t)D->globals[-n-10] - (ptrdiff_t)cp - 4);
+            goto patchrel;
+          }
           /* fallthrough */
         case DASM_REL_PC:
           CK(n >= 0, UNDEF_PC);
@@ -393,7 +391,7 @@ int dasm_encode(Dst_DECL, void *buffer)
           }
           break;
         case DASM_LABEL_LG:
-          ins &= 2047; if (ins >= 20) D->globals[ins-10] = (void *)(base + n);
+          ins &= 2047; if (ins >= 20) D->globals[ins-20] = (void *)(base + n);
           break;
         case DASM_LABEL_PC: break;
         case DASM_IMM:
diff --git a/dynasm/dasm_arm.lua b/dynasm/dasm_arm.lua
index 960f1fe6..edb57536 100644
--- a/dynasm/dasm_arm.lua
+++ b/dynasm/dasm_arm.lua
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
 local _info = {
   arch =        "arm",
   description = "DynASM ARM module",
-  version =     "1.3.0",
-  vernum =       10300,
-  release =     "2011-05-05",
+  version =     "1.5.0",
+  vernum =       10500,
+  release =     "2021-05-02",
   author =      "Mike Pall",
   license =     "MIT",
 }
diff --git a/dynasm/dasm_arm64.h b/dynasm/dasm_arm64.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c541e5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dynasm/dasm_arm64.h
@@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
+/*
+** DynASM ARM64 encoding engine.
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. All rights reserved.
+** Released under the MIT license. See dynasm.lua for full copyright notice.
+*/
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#define DASM_ARCH               "arm64"
+
+#ifndef DASM_EXTERN
+#define DASM_EXTERN(a,b,c,d)    0
+#endif
+
+/* Action definitions. */
+enum {
+  DASM_STOP, DASM_SECTION, DASM_ESC, DASM_REL_EXT,
+  /* The following actions need a buffer position. */
+  DASM_ALIGN, DASM_REL_LG, DASM_LABEL_LG,
+  /* The following actions also have an argument. */
+  DASM_REL_PC, DASM_LABEL_PC, DASM_REL_A,
+  DASM_IMM, DASM_IMM6, DASM_IMM12, DASM_IMM13W, DASM_IMM13X, DASM_IMML,
+  DASM_IMMV, DASM_VREG,
+  DASM__MAX
+};
+
+/* Maximum number of section buffer positions for a single dasm_put() call. */
+#define DASM_MAXSECPOS          25
+
+/* DynASM encoder status codes. Action list offset or number are or'ed in. */
+#define DASM_S_OK               0x00000000
+#define DASM_S_NOMEM            0x01000000
+#define DASM_S_PHASE            0x02000000
+#define DASM_S_MATCH_SEC        0x03000000
+#define DASM_S_RANGE_I          0x11000000
+#define DASM_S_RANGE_SEC        0x12000000
+#define DASM_S_RANGE_LG         0x13000000
+#define DASM_S_RANGE_PC         0x14000000
+#define DASM_S_RANGE_REL        0x15000000
+#define DASM_S_RANGE_VREG       0x16000000
+#define DASM_S_UNDEF_LG         0x21000000
+#define DASM_S_UNDEF_PC         0x22000000
+
+/* Macros to convert positions (8 bit section + 24 bit index). */
+#define DASM_POS2IDX(pos)       ((pos)&0x00ffffff)
+#define DASM_POS2BIAS(pos)      ((pos)&0xff000000)
+#define DASM_SEC2POS(sec)       ((sec)<<24)
+#define DASM_POS2SEC(pos)       ((pos)>>24)
+#define DASM_POS2PTR(D, pos)    (D->sections[DASM_POS2SEC(pos)].rbuf + (pos))
+
+/* Action list type. */
+typedef const unsigned int *dasm_ActList;
+
+/* Per-section structure. */
+typedef struct dasm_Section {
+  int *rbuf;            /* Biased buffer pointer (negative section bias). */
+  int *buf;             /* True buffer pointer. */
+  size_t bsize;         /* Buffer size in bytes. */
+  int pos;              /* Biased buffer position. */
+  int epos;             /* End of biased buffer position - max single put. */
+  int ofs;              /* Byte offset into section. */
+} dasm_Section;
+
+/* Core structure holding the DynASM encoding state. */
+struct dasm_State {
+  size_t psize;                 /* Allocated size of this structure. */
+  dasm_ActList actionlist;      /* Current actionlist pointer. */
+  int *lglabels;                /* Local/global chain/pos ptrs. */
+  size_t lgsize;
+  int *pclabels;                /* PC label chains/pos ptrs. */
+  size_t pcsize;
+  void **globals;               /* Array of globals. */
+  dasm_Section *section;        /* Pointer to active section. */
+  size_t codesize;              /* Total size of all code sections. */
+  int maxsection;               /* 0 <= sectionidx < maxsection. */
+  int status;                   /* Status code. */
+  dasm_Section sections[1];     /* All sections. Alloc-extended. */
+};
+
+/* The size of the core structure depends on the max. number of sections. */
+#define DASM_PSZ(ms)    (sizeof(dasm_State)+(ms-1)*sizeof(dasm_Section))
+
+
+/* Initialize DynASM state. */
+void dasm_init(Dst_DECL, int maxsection)
+{
+  dasm_State *D;
+  size_t psz = 0;
+  Dst_REF = NULL;
+  DASM_M_GROW(Dst, struct dasm_State, Dst_REF, psz, DASM_PSZ(maxsection));
+  D = Dst_REF;
+  D->psize = psz;
+  D->lglabels = NULL;
+  D->lgsize = 0;
+  D->pclabels = NULL;
+  D->pcsize = 0;
+  D->globals = NULL;
+  D->maxsection = maxsection;
+  memset((void *)D->sections, 0, maxsection * sizeof(dasm_Section));
+}
+
+/* Free DynASM state. */
+void dasm_free(Dst_DECL)
+{
+  dasm_State *D = Dst_REF;
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < D->maxsection; i++)
+    if (D->sections[i].buf)
+      DASM_M_FREE(Dst, D->sections[i].buf, D->sections[i].bsize);
+  if (D->pclabels) DASM_M_FREE(Dst, D->pclabels, D->pcsize);
+  if (D->lglabels) DASM_M_FREE(Dst, D->lglabels, D->lgsize);
+  DASM_M_FREE(Dst, D, D->psize);
+}
+
+/* Setup global label array. Must be called before dasm_setup(). */
+void dasm_setupglobal(Dst_DECL, void **gl, unsigned int maxgl)
+{
+  dasm_State *D = Dst_REF;
+  D->globals = gl;
+  DASM_M_GROW(Dst, int, D->lglabels, D->lgsize, (10+maxgl)*sizeof(int));
+}
+
+/* Grow PC label array. Can be called after dasm_setup(), too. */
+void dasm_growpc(Dst_DECL, unsigned int maxpc)
+{
+  dasm_State *D = Dst_REF;
+  size_t osz = D->pcsize;
+  DASM_M_GROW(Dst, int, D->pclabels, D->pcsize, maxpc*sizeof(int));
+  memset((void *)(((unsigned char *)D->pclabels)+osz), 0, D->pcsize-osz);
+}
+
+/* Setup encoder. */
+void dasm_setup(Dst_DECL, const void *actionlist)
+{
+  dasm_State *D = Dst_REF;
+  int i;
+  D->actionlist = (dasm_ActList)actionlist;
+  D->status = DASM_S_OK;
+  D->section = &D->sections[0];
+  memset((void *)D->lglabels, 0, D->lgsize);
+  if (D->pclabels) memset((void *)D->pclabels, 0, D->pcsize);
+  for (i = 0; i < D->maxsection; i++) {
+    D->sections[i].pos = DASM_SEC2POS(i);
+    D->sections[i].rbuf = D->sections[i].buf - D->sections[i].pos;
+    D->sections[i].ofs = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+
+#ifdef DASM_CHECKS
+#define CK(x, st) \
+  do { if (!(x)) { \
+    D->status = DASM_S_##st|(int)(p-D->actionlist-1); return; } } while (0)
+#define CKPL(kind, st) \
+  do { if ((size_t)((char *)pl-(char *)D->kind##labels) >= D->kind##size) { \
+    D->status = DASM_S_RANGE_##st|(int)(p-D->actionlist-1); return; } } while (0)
+#else
+#define CK(x, st)       ((void)0)
+#define CKPL(kind, st)  ((void)0)
+#endif
+
+static int dasm_imm12(unsigned int n)
+{
+  if ((n >> 12) == 0)
+    return n;
+  else if ((n & 0xff000fff) == 0)
+    return (n >> 12) | 0x1000;
+  else
+    return -1;
+}
+
+static int dasm_ffs(unsigned long long x)
+{
+  int n = -1;
+  while (x) { x >>= 1; n++; }
+  return n;
+}
+
+static int dasm_imm13(int lo, int hi)
+{
+  int inv = 0, w = 64, s = 0xfff, xa, xb;
+  unsigned long long n = (((unsigned long long)hi) << 32) | (unsigned int)lo;
+  unsigned long long m = 1ULL, a, b, c;
+  if (n & 1) { n = ~n; inv = 1; }
+  a = n & (unsigned long long)-(long long)n;
+  b = (n+a)&(unsigned long long)-(long long)(n+a);
+  c = (n+a-b)&(unsigned long long)-(long long)(n+a-b);
+  xa = dasm_ffs(a); xb = dasm_ffs(b);
+  if (c) {
+    w = dasm_ffs(c) - xa;
+    if (w == 32) m = 0x0000000100000001UL;
+    else if (w == 16) m = 0x0001000100010001UL;
+    else if (w == 8) m = 0x0101010101010101UL;
+    else if (w == 4) m = 0x1111111111111111UL;
+    else if (w == 2) m = 0x5555555555555555UL;
+    else return -1;
+    s = (-2*w & 0x3f) - 1;
+  } else if (!a) {
+    return -1;
+  } else if (xb == -1) {
+    xb = 64;
+  }
+  if ((b-a) * m != n) return -1;
+  if (inv) {
+    return ((w - xb) << 6) | (s+w+xa-xb);
+  } else {
+    return ((w - xa) << 6) | (s+xb-xa);
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+
+/* Pass 1: Store actions and args, link branches/labels, estimate offsets. */
+void dasm_put(Dst_DECL, int start, ...)
+{
+  va_list ap;
+  dasm_State *D = Dst_REF;
+  dasm_ActList p = D->actionlist + start;
+  dasm_Section *sec = D->section;
+  int pos = sec->pos, ofs = sec->ofs;
+  int *b;
+
+  if (pos >= sec->epos) {
+    DASM_M_GROW(Dst, int, sec->buf, sec->bsize,
+      sec->bsize + 2*DASM_MAXSECPOS*sizeof(int));
+    sec->rbuf = sec->buf - DASM_POS2BIAS(pos);
+    sec->epos = (int)sec->bsize/sizeof(int) - DASM_MAXSECPOS+DASM_POS2BIAS(pos);
+  }
+
+  b = sec->rbuf;
+  b[pos++] = start;
+
+  va_start(ap, start);
+  while (1) {
+    unsigned int ins = *p++;
+    unsigned int action = (ins >> 16);
+    if (action >= DASM__MAX) {
+      ofs += 4;
+    } else {
+      int *pl, n = action >= DASM_REL_PC ? va_arg(ap, int) : 0;
+      switch (action) {
+      case DASM_STOP: goto stop;
+      case DASM_SECTION:
+        n = (ins & 255); CK(n < D->maxsection, RANGE_SEC);
+        D->section = &D->sections[n]; goto stop;
+      case DASM_ESC: p++; ofs += 4; break;
+      case DASM_REL_EXT: if ((ins & 0x8000)) ofs += 8; break;
+      case DASM_ALIGN: ofs += (ins & 255); b[pos++] = ofs; break;
+      case DASM_REL_LG:
+        n = (ins & 2047) - 10; pl = D->lglabels + n;
+        /* Bkwd rel or global. */
+        if (n >= 0) { CK(n>=10||*pl<0, RANGE_LG); CKPL(lg, LG); goto putrel; }
+        pl += 10; n = *pl;
+        if (n < 0) n = 0;  /* Start new chain for fwd rel if label exists. */
+        goto linkrel;
+      case DASM_REL_PC:
+        pl = D->pclabels + n; CKPL(pc, PC);
+      putrel:
+        n = *pl;
+        if (n < 0) {  /* Label exists. Get label pos and store it. */
+          b[pos] = -n;
+        } else {
+      linkrel:
+          b[pos] = n;  /* Else link to rel chain, anchored at label. */
+          *pl = pos;
+        }
+        pos++;
+        if ((ins & 0x8000)) ofs += 8;
+        break;
+      case DASM_REL_A:
+        b[pos++] = n;
+        b[pos++] = va_arg(ap, int);
+        break;
+      case DASM_LABEL_LG:
+        pl = D->lglabels + (ins & 2047) - 10; CKPL(lg, LG); goto putlabel;
+      case DASM_LABEL_PC:
+        pl = D->pclabels + n; CKPL(pc, PC);
+      putlabel:
+        n = *pl;  /* n > 0: Collapse rel chain and replace with label pos. */
+        while (n > 0) { int *pb = DASM_POS2PTR(D, n); n = *pb; *pb = pos;
+        }
+        *pl = -pos;  /* Label exists now. */
+        b[pos++] = ofs;  /* Store pass1 offset estimate. */
+        break;
+      case DASM_IMM:
+        CK((n & ((1<<((ins>>10)&31))-1)) == 0, RANGE_I);
+        n >>= ((ins>>10)&31);
+#ifdef DASM_CHECKS
+        if ((ins & 0x8000))
+          CK(((n + (1<<(((ins>>5)&31)-1)))>>((ins>>5)&31)) == 0, RANGE_I);
+        else
+          CK((n>>((ins>>5)&31)) == 0, RANGE_I);
+#endif
+        b[pos++] = n;
+        break;
+      case DASM_IMM6:
+        CK((n >> 6) == 0, RANGE_I);
+        b[pos++] = n;
+        break;
+      case DASM_IMM12:
+        CK(dasm_imm12((unsigned int)n) != -1, RANGE_I);
+        b[pos++] = n;
+        break;
+      case DASM_IMM13W:
+        CK(dasm_imm13(n, n) != -1, RANGE_I);
+        b[pos++] = n;
+        break;
+      case DASM_IMM13X: {
+        int m = va_arg(ap, int);
+        CK(dasm_imm13(n, m) != -1, RANGE_I);
+        b[pos++] = n;
+        b[pos++] = m;
+        break;
+        }
+      case DASM_IMML: {
+#ifdef DASM_CHECKS
+        int scale = (ins & 3);
+        CK((!(n & ((1<<scale)-1)) && (unsigned int)(n>>scale) < 4096) ||
+           (unsigned int)(n+256) < 512, RANGE_I);
+#endif
+        b[pos++] = n;
+        break;
+        }
+      case DASM_IMMV:
+        ofs += 4;
+        b[pos++] = n;
+        break;
+      case DASM_VREG:
+        CK(n < 32, RANGE_VREG);
+        b[pos++] = n;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+stop:
+  va_end(ap);
+  sec->pos = pos;
+  sec->ofs = ofs;
+}
+#undef CK
+
+/* Pass 2: Link sections, shrink aligns, fix label offsets. */
+int dasm_link(Dst_DECL, size_t *szp)
+{
+  dasm_State *D = Dst_REF;
+  int secnum;
+  int ofs = 0;
+
+#ifdef DASM_CHECKS
+  *szp = 0;
+  if (D->status != DASM_S_OK) return D->status;
+  {
+    int pc;
+    for (pc = 0; pc*sizeof(int) < D->pcsize; pc++)
+      if (D->pclabels[pc] > 0) return DASM_S_UNDEF_PC|pc;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  { /* Handle globals not defined in this translation unit. */
+    int idx;
+    for (idx = 10; idx*sizeof(int) < D->lgsize; idx++) {
+      int n = D->lglabels[idx];
+      /* Undefined label: Collapse rel chain and replace with marker (< 0). */
+      while (n > 0) { int *pb = DASM_POS2PTR(D, n); n = *pb; *pb = -idx; }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Combine all code sections. No support for data sections (yet). */
+  for (secnum = 0; secnum < D->maxsection; secnum++) {
+    dasm_Section *sec = D->sections + secnum;
+    int *b = sec->rbuf;
+    int pos = DASM_SEC2POS(secnum);
+    int lastpos = sec->pos;
+
+    while (pos != lastpos) {
+      dasm_ActList p = D->actionlist + b[pos++];
+      while (1) {
+        unsigned int ins = *p++;
+        unsigned int action = (ins >> 16);
+        switch (action) {
+        case DASM_STOP: case DASM_SECTION: goto stop;
+        case DASM_ESC: p++; break;
+        case DASM_REL_EXT: break;
+        case DASM_ALIGN: ofs -= (b[pos++] + ofs) & (ins & 255); break;
+        case DASM_REL_LG: case DASM_REL_PC: pos++; break;
+        case DASM_LABEL_LG: case DASM_LABEL_PC: b[pos++] += ofs; break;
+        case DASM_IMM: case DASM_IMM6: case DASM_IMM12: case DASM_IMM13W:
+        case DASM_IMML: case DASM_IMMV: case DASM_VREG: pos++; break;
+        case DASM_IMM13X: case DASM_REL_A: pos += 2; break;
+        }
+      }
+      stop: (void)0;
+    }
+    ofs += sec->ofs;  /* Next section starts right after current section. */
+  }
+
+  D->codesize = ofs;  /* Total size of all code sections */
+  *szp = ofs;
+  return DASM_S_OK;
+}
+
+#ifdef DASM_CHECKS
+#define CK(x, st) \
+  do { if (!(x)) return DASM_S_##st|(int)(p-D->actionlist-1); } while (0)
+#else
+#define CK(x, st)       ((void)0)
+#endif
+
+/* Pass 3: Encode sections. */
+int dasm_encode(Dst_DECL, void *buffer)
+{
+  dasm_State *D = Dst_REF;
+  char *base = (char *)buffer;
+  unsigned int *cp = (unsigned int *)buffer;
+  int secnum;
+
+  /* Encode all code sections. No support for data sections (yet). */
+  for (secnum = 0; secnum < D->maxsection; secnum++) {
+    dasm_Section *sec = D->sections + secnum;
+    int *b = sec->buf;
+    int *endb = sec->rbuf + sec->pos;
+
+    while (b != endb) {
+      dasm_ActList p = D->actionlist + *b++;
+      while (1) {
+        unsigned int ins = *p++;
+        unsigned int action = (ins >> 16);
+        int n = (action >= DASM_ALIGN && action < DASM__MAX) ? *b++ : 0;
+        switch (action) {
+        case DASM_STOP: case DASM_SECTION: goto stop;
+        case DASM_ESC: *cp++ = *p++; break;
+        case DASM_REL_EXT:
+          n = DASM_EXTERN(Dst, (unsigned char *)cp, (ins&2047), !(ins&2048));
+          goto patchrel;
+        case DASM_ALIGN:
+          ins &= 255; while ((((char *)cp - base) & ins)) *cp++ = 0xd503201f;
+          break;
+        case DASM_REL_LG:
+          if (n < 0) {
+            ptrdiff_t na = (ptrdiff_t)D->globals[-n-10] - (ptrdiff_t)cp + 4;
+            n = (int)na;
+            CK((ptrdiff_t)n == na, RANGE_REL);
+            goto patchrel;
+          }
+          /* fallthrough */
+        case DASM_REL_PC:
+          CK(n >= 0, UNDEF_PC);
+          n = *DASM_POS2PTR(D, n) - (int)((char *)cp - base) + 4;
+        patchrel:
+          if (!(ins & 0xf800)) {  /* B, BL */
+            CK((n & 3) == 0 && ((n+0x08000000) >> 28) == 0, RANGE_REL);
+            cp[-1] |= ((n >> 2) & 0x03ffffff);
+          } else if ((ins & 0x800)) {  /* B.cond, CBZ, CBNZ, LDR* literal */
+            CK((n & 3) == 0 && ((n+0x00100000) >> 21) == 0, RANGE_REL);
+            cp[-1] |= ((n << 3) & 0x00ffffe0);
+          } else if ((ins & 0x3000) == 0x2000) {  /* ADR */
+            CK(((n+0x00100000) >> 21) == 0, RANGE_REL);
+            cp[-1] |= ((n << 3) & 0x00ffffe0) | ((n & 3) << 29);
+          } else if ((ins & 0x3000) == 0x3000) {  /* ADRP */
+            cp[-1] |= ((n >> 9) & 0x00ffffe0) | (((n >> 12) & 3) << 29);
+          } else if ((ins & 0x1000)) {  /* TBZ, TBNZ */
+            CK((n & 3) == 0 && ((n+0x00008000) >> 16) == 0, RANGE_REL);
+            cp[-1] |= ((n << 3) & 0x0007ffe0);
+          } else if ((ins & 0x8000)) {  /* absolute */
+            cp[0] = (unsigned int)((ptrdiff_t)cp - 4 + n);
+            cp[1] = (unsigned int)(((ptrdiff_t)cp - 4 + n) >> 32);
+            cp += 2;
+          }
+          break;
+        case DASM_REL_A: {
+          ptrdiff_t na = (((ptrdiff_t)(*b++) << 32) | (unsigned int)n);
+          if ((ins & 0x3000) == 0x3000) {  /* ADRP */
+            ins &= ~0x1000;
+            na = (na >> 12) - (((ptrdiff_t)cp - 4) >> 12);
+          } else {
+            na = na - (ptrdiff_t)cp + 4;
+          }
+          n = (int)na;
+          CK((ptrdiff_t)n == na, RANGE_REL);
+          goto patchrel;
+        }
+        case DASM_LABEL_LG:
+          ins &= 2047; if (ins >= 20) D->globals[ins-20] = (void *)(base + n);
+          break;
+        case DASM_LABEL_PC: break;
+        case DASM_IMM:
+          cp[-1] |= (n & ((1<<((ins>>5)&31))-1)) << (ins&31);
+          break;
+        case DASM_IMM6:
+          cp[-1] |= ((n&31) << 19) | ((n&32) << 26);
+          break;
+        case DASM_IMM12:
+          cp[-1] |= (dasm_imm12((unsigned int)n) << 10);
+          break;
+        case DASM_IMM13W:
+          cp[-1] |= (dasm_imm13(n, n) << 10);
+          break;
+        case DASM_IMM13X:
+          cp[-1] |= (dasm_imm13(n, *b++) << 10);
+          break;
+        case DASM_IMML: {
+          int scale = (ins & 3);
+          cp[-1] |= (!(n & ((1<<scale)-1)) && (unsigned int)(n>>scale) < 4096) ?
+            ((n << (10-scale)) | 0x01000000) : ((n & 511) << 12);
+          break;
+          }
+        case DASM_IMMV:
+          *cp++ = n;
+          break;
+        case DASM_VREG:
+          cp[-1] |= (n & 0x1f) << (ins & 0x1f);
+          break;
+        default: *cp++ = ins; break;
+        }
+      }
+      stop: (void)0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (base + D->codesize != (char *)cp)  /* Check for phase errors. */
+    return DASM_S_PHASE;
+  return DASM_S_OK;
+}
+#undef CK
+
+/* Get PC label offset. */
+int dasm_getpclabel(Dst_DECL, unsigned int pc)
+{
+  dasm_State *D = Dst_REF;
+  if (pc*sizeof(int) < D->pcsize) {
+    int pos = D->pclabels[pc];
+    if (pos < 0) return *DASM_POS2PTR(D, -pos);
+    if (pos > 0) return -1;  /* Undefined. */
+  }
+  return -2;  /* Unused or out of range. */
+}
+
+#ifdef DASM_CHECKS
+/* Optional sanity checker to call between isolated encoding steps. */
+int dasm_checkstep(Dst_DECL, int secmatch)
+{
+  dasm_State *D = Dst_REF;
+  if (D->status == DASM_S_OK) {
+    int i;
+    for (i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {
+      if (D->lglabels[i] > 0) { D->status = DASM_S_UNDEF_LG|i; break; }
+      D->lglabels[i] = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  if (D->status == DASM_S_OK && secmatch >= 0 &&
+      D->section != &D->sections[secmatch])
+    D->status = DASM_S_MATCH_SEC|(int)(D->section-D->sections);
+  return D->status;
+}
+#endif
+
diff --git a/dynasm/dasm_arm64.lua b/dynasm/dasm_arm64.lua
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69f8ef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dynasm/dasm_arm64.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,1226 @@
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- DynASM ARM64 module.
+--
+-- Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. All rights reserved.
+-- See dynasm.lua for full copyright notice.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Module information:
+local _info = {
+  arch =        "arm",
+  description = "DynASM ARM64 module",
+  version =     "1.5.0",
+  vernum =       10500,
+  release =     "2021-05-02",
+  author =      "Mike Pall",
+  license =     "MIT",
+}
+
+-- Exported glue functions for the arch-specific module.
+local _M = { _info = _info }
+
+-- Cache library functions.
+local type, tonumber, pairs, ipairs = type, tonumber, pairs, ipairs
+local assert, setmetatable, rawget = assert, setmetatable, rawget
+local _s = string
+local format, byte, char = _s.format, _s.byte, _s.char
+local match, gmatch, gsub = _s.match, _s.gmatch, _s.gsub
+local concat, sort, insert = table.concat, table.sort, table.insert
+local bit = bit or require("bit")
+local band, shl, shr, sar = bit.band, bit.lshift, bit.rshift, bit.arshift
+local ror, tohex, tobit = bit.ror, bit.tohex, bit.tobit
+
+-- Inherited tables and callbacks.
+local g_opt, g_arch
+local wline, werror, wfatal, wwarn
+
+-- Action name list.
+-- CHECK: Keep this in sync with the C code!
+local action_names = {
+  "STOP", "SECTION", "ESC", "REL_EXT",
+  "ALIGN", "REL_LG", "LABEL_LG",
+  "REL_PC", "LABEL_PC", "REL_A",
+  "IMM", "IMM6", "IMM12", "IMM13W", "IMM13X", "IMML", "IMMV",
+  "VREG",
+}
+
+-- Maximum number of section buffer positions for dasm_put().
+-- CHECK: Keep this in sync with the C code!
+local maxsecpos = 25 -- Keep this low, to avoid excessively long C lines.
+
+-- Action name -> action number.
+local map_action = {}
+for n,name in ipairs(action_names) do
+  map_action[name] = n-1
+end
+
+-- Action list buffer.
+local actlist = {}
+
+-- Argument list for next dasm_put(). Start with offset 0 into action list.
+local actargs = { 0 }
+
+-- Current number of section buffer positions for dasm_put().
+local secpos = 1
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Dump action names and numbers.
+local function dumpactions(out)
+  out:write("DynASM encoding engine action codes:\n")
+  for n,name in ipairs(action_names) do
+    local num = map_action[name]
+    out:write(format("  %-10s %02X  %d\n", name, num, num))
+  end
+  out:write("\n")
+end
+
+-- Write action list buffer as a huge static C array.
+local function writeactions(out, name)
+  local nn = #actlist
+  if nn == 0 then nn = 1; actlist[0] = map_action.STOP end
+  out:write("static const unsigned int ", name, "[", nn, "] = {\n")
+  for i = 1,nn-1 do
+    assert(out:write("0x", tohex(actlist[i]), ",\n"))
+  end
+  assert(out:write("0x", tohex(actlist[nn]), "\n};\n\n"))
+end
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Add word to action list.
+local function wputxw(n)
+  assert(n >= 0 and n <= 0xffffffff and n % 1 == 0, "word out of range")
+  actlist[#actlist+1] = n
+end
+
+-- Add action to list with optional arg. Advance buffer pos, too.
+local function waction(action, val, a, num)
+  local w = assert(map_action[action], "bad action name `"..action.."'")
+  wputxw(w * 0x10000 + (val or 0))
+  if a then actargs[#actargs+1] = a end
+  if a or num then secpos = secpos + (num or 1) end
+end
+
+-- Flush action list (intervening C code or buffer pos overflow).
+local function wflush(term)
+  if #actlist == actargs[1] then return end -- Nothing to flush.
+  if not term then waction("STOP") end -- Terminate action list.
+  wline(format("dasm_put(Dst, %s);", concat(actargs, ", ")), true)
+  actargs = { #actlist } -- Actionlist offset is 1st arg to next dasm_put().
+  secpos = 1 -- The actionlist offset occupies a buffer position, too.
+end
+
+-- Put escaped word.
+local function wputw(n)
+  if n <= 0x000fffff then waction("ESC") end
+  wputxw(n)
+end
+
+-- Reserve position for word.
+local function wpos()
+  local pos = #actlist+1
+  actlist[pos] = ""
+  return pos
+end
+
+-- Store word to reserved position.
+local function wputpos(pos, n)
+  assert(n >= 0 and n <= 0xffffffff and n % 1 == 0, "word out of range")
+  if n <= 0x000fffff then
+    insert(actlist, pos+1, n)
+    n = map_action.ESC * 0x10000
+  end
+  actlist[pos] = n
+end
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Global label name -> global label number. With auto assignment on 1st use.
+local next_global = 20
+local map_global = setmetatable({}, { __index = function(t, name)
+  if not match(name, "^[%a_][%w_]*$") then werror("bad global label") end
+  local n = next_global
+  if n > 2047 then werror("too many global labels") end
+  next_global = n + 1
+  t[name] = n
+  return n
+end})
+
+-- Dump global labels.
+local function dumpglobals(out, lvl)
+  local t = {}
+  for name, n in pairs(map_global) do t[n] = name end
+  out:write("Global labels:\n")
+  for i=20,next_global-1 do
+    out:write(format("  %s\n", t[i]))
+  end
+  out:write("\n")
+end
+
+-- Write global label enum.
+local function writeglobals(out, prefix)
+  local t = {}
+  for name, n in pairs(map_global) do t[n] = name end
+  out:write("enum {\n")
+  for i=20,next_global-1 do
+    out:write("  ", prefix, t[i], ",\n")
+  end
+  out:write("  ", prefix, "_MAX\n};\n")
+end
+
+-- Write global label names.
+local function writeglobalnames(out, name)
+  local t = {}
+  for name, n in pairs(map_global) do t[n] = name end
+  out:write("static const char *const ", name, "[] = {\n")
+  for i=20,next_global-1 do
+    out:write("  \"", t[i], "\",\n")
+  end
+  out:write("  (const char *)0\n};\n")
+end
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Extern label name -> extern label number. With auto assignment on 1st use.
+local next_extern = 0
+local map_extern_ = {}
+local map_extern = setmetatable({}, { __index = function(t, name)
+  -- No restrictions on the name for now.
+  local n = next_extern
+  if n > 2047 then werror("too many extern labels") end
+  next_extern = n + 1
+  t[name] = n
+  map_extern_[n] = name
+  return n
+end})
+
+-- Dump extern labels.
+local function dumpexterns(out, lvl)
+  out:write("Extern labels:\n")
+  for i=0,next_extern-1 do
+    out:write(format("  %s\n", map_extern_[i]))
+  end
+  out:write("\n")
+end
+
+-- Write extern label names.
+local function writeexternnames(out, name)
+  out:write("static const char *const ", name, "[] = {\n")
+  for i=0,next_extern-1 do
+    out:write("  \"", map_extern_[i], "\",\n")
+  end
+  out:write("  (const char *)0\n};\n")
+end
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Arch-specific maps.
+
+-- Ext. register name -> int. name.
+local map_archdef = { xzr = "@x31", wzr = "@w31", lr = "x30", }
+
+-- Int. register name -> ext. name.
+local map_reg_rev = { ["@x31"] = "xzr", ["@w31"] = "wzr", x30 = "lr", }
+
+local map_type = {}             -- Type name -> { ctype, reg }
+local ctypenum = 0              -- Type number (for Dt... macros).
+
+-- Reverse defines for registers.
+function _M.revdef(s)
+  return map_reg_rev[s] or s
+end
+
+local map_shift = { lsl = 0, lsr = 1, asr = 2, }
+
+local map_extend = {
+  uxtb = 0, uxth = 1, uxtw = 2, uxtx = 3,
+  sxtb = 4, sxth = 5, sxtw = 6, sxtx = 7,
+}
+
+local map_cond = {
+  eq = 0, ne = 1, cs = 2, cc = 3, mi = 4, pl = 5, vs = 6, vc = 7,
+  hi = 8, ls = 9, ge = 10, lt = 11, gt = 12, le = 13, al = 14,
+  hs = 2, lo = 3,
+}
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+local parse_reg_type
+
+local function parse_reg(expr, shift, no_vreg)
+  if not expr then werror("expected register name") end
+  local tname, ovreg = match(expr, "^([%w_]+):(@?%l%d+)$")
+  if not tname then
+    tname, ovreg = match(expr, "^([%w_]+):(R[xwqdshb]%b())$")
+  end
+  local tp = map_type[tname or expr]
+  if tp then
+    local reg = ovreg or tp.reg
+    if not reg then
+      werror("type `"..(tname or expr).."' needs a register override")
+    end
+    expr = reg
+  end
+  local ok31, rt, r = match(expr, "^(@?)([xwqdshb])([123]?[0-9])$")
+  if r then
+    r = tonumber(r)
+    if r <= 30 or (r == 31 and ok31 ~= "" or (rt ~= "w" and rt ~= "x")) then
+      if not parse_reg_type then
+        parse_reg_type = rt
+      elseif parse_reg_type ~= rt then
+        werror("register size mismatch")
+      end
+      return shl(r, shift), tp
+    end
+  end
+  local vrt, vreg = match(expr, "^R([xwqdshb])(%b())$")
+  if vreg then
+    if not parse_reg_type then
+      parse_reg_type = vrt
+    elseif parse_reg_type ~= vrt then
+      werror("register size mismatch")
+    end
+    if not no_vreg then waction("VREG", shift, vreg) end
+    return 0
+  end
+  werror("bad register name `"..expr.."'")
+end
+
+local function parse_reg_base(expr)
+  if expr == "sp" then return 0x3e0 end
+  local base, tp = parse_reg(expr, 5)
+  if parse_reg_type ~= "x" then werror("bad register type") end
+  parse_reg_type = false
+  return base, tp
+end
+
+local parse_ctx = {}
+
+local loadenv = setfenv and function(s)
+  local code = loadstring(s, "")
+  if code then setfenv(code, parse_ctx) end
+  return code
+end or function(s)
+  return load(s, "", nil, parse_ctx)
+end
+
+-- Try to parse simple arithmetic, too, since some basic ops are aliases.
+local function parse_number(n)
+  local x = tonumber(n)
+  if x then return x end
+  local code = loadenv("return "..n)
+  if code then
+    local ok, y = pcall(code)
+    if ok and type(y) == "number" then return y end
+  end
+  return nil
+end
+
+local function parse_imm(imm, bits, shift, scale, signed)
+  imm = match(imm, "^#(.*)$")
+  if not imm then werror("expected immediate operand") end
+  local n = parse_number(imm)
+  if n then
+    local m = sar(n, scale)
+    if shl(m, scale) == n then
+      if signed then
+        local s = sar(m, bits-1)
+        if s == 0 then return shl(m, shift)
+        elseif s == -1 then return shl(m + shl(1, bits), shift) end
+      else
+        if sar(m, bits) == 0 then return shl(m, shift) end
+      end
+    end
+    werror("out of range immediate `"..imm.."'")
+  else
+    waction("IMM", (signed and 32768 or 0)+scale*1024+bits*32+shift, imm)
+    return 0
+  end
+end
+
+local function parse_imm12(imm)
+  imm = match(imm, "^#(.*)$")
+  if not imm then werror("expected immediate operand") end
+  local n = parse_number(imm)
+  if n then
+    if shr(n, 12) == 0 then
+      return shl(n, 10)
+    elseif band(n, 0xff000fff) == 0 then
+      return shr(n, 2) + 0x00400000
+    end
+    werror("out of range immediate `"..imm.."'")
+  else
+    waction("IMM12", 0, imm)
+    return 0
+  end
+end
+
+local function parse_imm13(imm)
+  imm = match(imm, "^#(.*)$")
+  if not imm then werror("expected immediate operand") end
+  local n = parse_number(imm)
+  local r64 = parse_reg_type == "x"
+  if n and n % 1 == 0 and n >= 0 and n <= 0xffffffff then
+    local inv = false
+    if band(n, 1) == 1 then n = bit.bnot(n); inv = true end
+    local t = {}
+    for i=1,32 do t[i] = band(n, 1); n = shr(n, 1) end
+    local b = table.concat(t)
+    b = b..(r64 and (inv and "1" or "0"):rep(32) or b)
+    local p0, p1, p0a, p1a = b:match("^(0+)(1+)(0*)(1*)")
+    if p0 then
+      local w = p1a == "" and (r64 and 64 or 32) or #p1+#p0a
+      if band(w, w-1) == 0 and b == b:sub(1, w):rep(64/w) then
+        local s = band(-2*w, 0x3f) - 1
+        if w == 64 then s = s + 0x1000 end
+        if inv then
+          return shl(w-#p1-#p0, 16) + shl(s+w-#p1, 10)
+        else
+          return shl(w-#p0, 16) + shl(s+#p1, 10)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    werror("out of range immediate `"..imm.."'")
+  elseif r64 then
+    waction("IMM13X", 0, format("(unsigned int)(%s)", imm))
+    actargs[#actargs+1] = format("(unsigned int)((unsigned long long)(%s)>>32)", imm)
+    return 0
+  else
+    waction("IMM13W", 0, imm)
+    return 0
+  end
+end
+
+local function parse_imm6(imm)
+  imm = match(imm, "^#(.*)$")
+  if not imm then werror("expected immediate operand") end
+  local n = parse_number(imm)
+  if n then
+    if n >= 0 and n <= 63 then
+      return shl(band(n, 0x1f), 19) + (n >= 32 and 0x80000000 or 0)
+    end
+    werror("out of range immediate `"..imm.."'")
+  else
+    waction("IMM6", 0, imm)
+    return 0
+  end
+end
+
+local function parse_imm_load(imm, scale)
+  local n = parse_number(imm)
+  if n then
+    local m = sar(n, scale)
+    if shl(m, scale) == n and m >= 0 and m < 0x1000 then
+      return shl(m, 10) + 0x01000000 -- Scaled, unsigned 12 bit offset.
+    elseif n >= -256 and n < 256 then
+      return shl(band(n, 511), 12) -- Unscaled, signed 9 bit offset.
+    end
+    werror("out of range immediate `"..imm.."'")
+  else
+    waction("IMML", scale, imm)
+    return 0
+  end
+end
+
+local function parse_fpimm(imm)
+  imm = match(imm, "^#(.*)$")
+  if not imm then werror("expected immediate operand") end
+  local n = parse_number(imm)
+  if n then
+    local m, e = math.frexp(n)
+    local s, e2 = 0, band(e-2, 7)
+    if m < 0 then m = -m; s = 0x00100000 end
+    m = m*32-16
+    if m % 1 == 0 and m >= 0 and m <= 15 and sar(shl(e2, 29), 29)+2 == e then
+      return s + shl(e2, 17) + shl(m, 13)
+    end
+    werror("out of range immediate `"..imm.."'")
+  else
+    werror("NYI fpimm action")
+  end
+end
+
+local function parse_shift(expr)
+  local s, s2 = match(expr, "^(%S+)%s*(.*)$")
+  s = map_shift[s]
+  if not s then werror("expected shift operand") end
+  return parse_imm(s2, 6, 10, 0, false) + shl(s, 22)
+end
+
+local function parse_lslx16(expr)
+  local n = match(expr, "^lsl%s*#(%d+)$")
+  n = tonumber(n)
+  if not n then werror("expected shift operand") end
+  if band(n, parse_reg_type == "x" and 0xffffffcf or 0xffffffef) ~= 0 then
+    werror("bad shift amount")
+  end
+  return shl(n, 17)
+end
+
+local function parse_extend(expr)
+  local s, s2 = match(expr, "^(%S+)%s*(.*)$")
+  if s == "lsl" then
+    s = parse_reg_type == "x" and 3 or 2
+  else
+    s = map_extend[s]
+  end
+  if not s then werror("expected extend operand") end
+  return (s2 == "" and 0 or parse_imm(s2, 3, 10, 0, false)) + shl(s, 13)
+end
+
+local function parse_cond(expr, inv)
+  local c = map_cond[expr]
+  if not c then werror("expected condition operand") end
+  return shl(bit.bxor(c, inv), 12)
+end
+
+local function parse_load(params, nparams, n, op)
+  if params[n+2] then werror("too many operands") end
+  local scale = shr(op, 30)
+  local pn, p2 = params[n], params[n+1]
+  local p1, wb = match(pn, "^%[%s*(.-)%s*%](!?)$")
+  if not p1 then
+    if not p2 then
+      local reg, tailr = match(pn, "^([%w_:]+)%s*(.*)$")
+      if reg and tailr ~= "" then
+        local base, tp = parse_reg_base(reg)
+        if tp then
+          waction("IMML", scale, format(tp.ctypefmt, tailr))
+          return op + base
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    werror("expected address operand")
+  end
+  if p2 then
+    if wb == "!" then werror("bad use of '!'") end
+    op = op + parse_reg_base(p1) + parse_imm(p2, 9, 12, 0, true) + 0x400
+  elseif wb == "!" then
+    local p1a, p2a = match(p1, "^([^,%s]*)%s*,%s*(.*)$")
+    if not p1a then werror("bad use of '!'") end
+    op = op + parse_reg_base(p1a) + parse_imm(p2a, 9, 12, 0, true) + 0xc00
+  else
+    local p1a, p2a = match(p1, "^([^,%s]*)%s*(.*)$")
+    op = op + parse_reg_base(p1a)
+    if p2a ~= "" then
+      local imm = match(p2a, "^,%s*#(.*)$")
+      if imm then
+        op = op + parse_imm_load(imm, scale)
+      else
+        local p2b, p3b, p3s = match(p2a, "^,%s*([^,%s]*)%s*,?%s*(%S*)%s*(.*)$")
+        op = op + parse_reg(p2b, 16) + 0x00200800
+        if parse_reg_type ~= "x" and parse_reg_type ~= "w" then
+          werror("bad index register type")
+        end
+        if p3b == "" then
+          if parse_reg_type ~= "x" then werror("bad index register type") end
+          op = op + 0x6000
+        else
+          if p3s == "" or p3s == "#0" then
+          elseif p3s == "#"..scale then
+            op = op + 0x1000
+          else
+            werror("bad scale")
+          end
+          if parse_reg_type == "x" then
+            if p3b == "lsl" and p3s ~= "" then op = op + 0x6000
+            elseif p3b == "sxtx" then op = op + 0xe000
+            else
+              werror("bad extend/shift specifier")
+            end
+          else
+            if p3b == "uxtw" then op = op + 0x4000
+            elseif p3b == "sxtw" then op = op + 0xc000
+            else
+              werror("bad extend/shift specifier")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    else
+      if wb == "!" then werror("bad use of '!'") end
+      op = op + 0x01000000
+    end
+  end
+  return op
+end
+
+local function parse_load_pair(params, nparams, n, op)
+  if params[n+2] then werror("too many operands") end
+  local pn, p2 = params[n], params[n+1]
+  local scale = shr(op, 30) == 0 and 2 or 3
+  local p1, wb = match(pn, "^%[%s*(.-)%s*%](!?)$")
+  if not p1 then
+    if not p2 then
+      local reg, tailr = match(pn, "^([%w_:]+)%s*(.*)$")
+      if reg and tailr ~= "" then
+        local base, tp = parse_reg_base(reg)
+        if tp then
+          waction("IMM", 32768+7*32+15+scale*1024, format(tp.ctypefmt, tailr))
+          return op + base + 0x01000000
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    werror("expected address operand")
+  end
+  if p2 then
+    if wb == "!" then werror("bad use of '!'") end
+    op = op + 0x00800000
+  else
+    local p1a, p2a = match(p1, "^([^,%s]*)%s*,%s*(.*)$")
+    if p1a then p1, p2 = p1a, p2a else p2 = "#0" end
+    op = op + (wb == "!" and 0x01800000 or 0x01000000)
+  end
+  return op + parse_reg_base(p1) + parse_imm(p2, 7, 15, scale, true)
+end
+
+local function parse_label(label, def)
+  local prefix = label:sub(1, 2)
+  -- =>label (pc label reference)
+  if prefix == "=>" then
+    return "PC", 0, label:sub(3)
+  end
+  -- ->name (global label reference)
+  if prefix == "->" then
+    return "LG", map_global[label:sub(3)]
+  end
+  if def then
+    -- [1-9] (local label definition)
+    if match(label, "^[1-9]$") then
+      return "LG", 10+tonumber(label)
+    end
+  else
+    -- [<>][1-9] (local label reference)
+    local dir, lnum = match(label, "^([<>])([1-9])$")
+    if dir then -- Fwd: 1-9, Bkwd: 11-19.
+      return "LG", lnum + (dir == ">" and 0 or 10)
+    end
+    -- extern label (extern label reference)
+    local extname = match(label, "^extern%s+(%S+)$")
+    if extname then
+      return "EXT", map_extern[extname]
+    end
+    -- &expr (pointer)
+    if label:sub(1, 1) == "&" then
+      return "A", 0, format("(ptrdiff_t)(%s)", label:sub(2))
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+local function branch_type(op)
+  if band(op, 0x7c000000) == 0x14000000 then return 0 -- B, BL
+  elseif shr(op, 24) == 0x54 or band(op, 0x7e000000) == 0x34000000 or
+         band(op, 0x3b000000) == 0x18000000 then
+    return 0x800 -- B.cond, CBZ, CBNZ, LDR* literal
+  elseif band(op, 0x7e000000) == 0x36000000 then return 0x1000 -- TBZ, TBNZ
+  elseif band(op, 0x9f000000) == 0x10000000 then return 0x2000 -- ADR
+  elseif band(op, 0x9f000000) == band(0x90000000) then return 0x3000 -- ADRP
+  else
+    assert(false, "unknown branch type")
+  end
+end
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+local map_op, op_template
+
+local function op_alias(opname, f)
+  return function(params, nparams)
+    if not params then return "-> "..opname:sub(1, -3) end
+    f(params, nparams)
+    op_template(params, map_op[opname], nparams)
+  end
+end
+
+local function alias_bfx(p)
+  p[4] = "#("..p[3]:sub(2)..")+("..p[4]:sub(2)..")-1"
+end
+
+local function alias_bfiz(p)
+  parse_reg(p[1], 0, true)
+  if parse_reg_type == "w" then
+    p[3] = "#(32-("..p[3]:sub(2).."))%32"
+    p[4] = "#("..p[4]:sub(2)..")-1"
+  else
+    p[3] = "#(64-("..p[3]:sub(2).."))%64"
+    p[4] = "#("..p[4]:sub(2)..")-1"
+  end
+end
+
+local alias_lslimm = op_alias("ubfm_4", function(p)
+  parse_reg(p[1], 0, true)
+  local sh = p[3]:sub(2)
+  if parse_reg_type == "w" then
+    p[3] = "#(32-("..sh.."))%32"
+    p[4] = "#31-("..sh..")"
+  else
+    p[3] = "#(64-("..sh.."))%64"
+    p[4] = "#63-("..sh..")"
+  end
+end)
+
+-- Template strings for ARM instructions.
+map_op = {
+  -- Basic data processing instructions.
+  add_3  = "0b000000DNMg|11000000pDpNIg|8b206000pDpNMx",
+  add_4  = "0b000000DNMSg|0b200000DNMXg|8b200000pDpNMXx|8b200000pDpNxMwX",
+  adds_3 = "2b000000DNMg|31000000DpNIg|ab206000DpNMx",
+  adds_4 = "2b000000DNMSg|2b200000DNMXg|ab200000DpNMXx|ab200000DpNxMwX",
+  cmn_2  = "2b00001fNMg|3100001fpNIg|ab20601fpNMx",
+  cmn_3  = "2b00001fNMSg|2b20001fNMXg|ab20001fpNMXx|ab20001fpNxMwX",
+
+  sub_3  = "4b000000DNMg|51000000pDpNIg|cb206000pDpNMx",
+  sub_4  = "4b000000DNMSg|4b200000DNMXg|cb200000pDpNMXx|cb200000pDpNxMwX",
+  subs_3 = "6b000000DNMg|71000000DpNIg|eb206000DpNMx",
+  subs_4 = "6b000000DNMSg|6b200000DNMXg|eb200000DpNMXx|eb200000DpNxMwX",
+  cmp_2  = "6b00001fNMg|7100001fpNIg|eb20601fpNMx",
+  cmp_3  = "6b00001fNMSg|6b20001fNMXg|eb20001fpNMXx|eb20001fpNxMwX",
+
+  neg_2  = "4b0003e0DMg",
+  neg_3  = "4b0003e0DMSg",
+  negs_2 = "6b0003e0DMg",
+  negs_3 = "6b0003e0DMSg",
+
+  adc_3  = "1a000000DNMg",
+  adcs_3 = "3a000000DNMg",
+  sbc_3  = "5a000000DNMg",
+  sbcs_3 = "7a000000DNMg",
+  ngc_2  = "5a0003e0DMg",
+  ngcs_2 = "7a0003e0DMg",
+
+  and_3  = "0a000000DNMg|12000000pDNig",
+  and_4  = "0a000000DNMSg",
+  orr_3  = "2a000000DNMg|32000000pDNig",
+  orr_4  = "2a000000DNMSg",
+  eor_3  = "4a000000DNMg|52000000pDNig",
+  eor_4  = "4a000000DNMSg",
+  ands_3 = "6a000000DNMg|72000000DNig",
+  ands_4 = "6a000000DNMSg",
+  tst_2  = "6a00001fNMg|7200001fNig",
+  tst_3  = "6a00001fNMSg",
+
+  bic_3  = "0a200000DNMg",
+  bic_4  = "0a200000DNMSg",
+  orn_3  = "2a200000DNMg",
+  orn_4  = "2a200000DNMSg",
+  eon_3  = "4a200000DNMg",
+  eon_4  = "4a200000DNMSg",
+  bics_3 = "6a200000DNMg",
+  bics_4 = "6a200000DNMSg",
+
+  movn_2 = "12800000DWg",
+  movn_3 = "12800000DWRg",
+  movz_2 = "52800000DWg",
+  movz_3 = "52800000DWRg",
+  movk_2 = "72800000DWg",
+  movk_3 = "72800000DWRg",
+
+  -- TODO: this doesn't cover all valid immediates for mov reg, #imm.
+  mov_2  = "2a0003e0DMg|52800000DW|320003e0pDig|11000000pDpNg",
+  mov_3  = "2a0003e0DMSg",
+  mvn_2  = "2a2003e0DMg",
+  mvn_3  = "2a2003e0DMSg",
+
+  adr_2  = "10000000DBx",
+  adrp_2 = "90000000DBx",
+
+  csel_4  = "1a800000DNMCg",
+  csinc_4 = "1a800400DNMCg",
+  csinv_4 = "5a800000DNMCg",
+  csneg_4 = "5a800400DNMCg",
+  cset_2  = "1a9f07e0Dcg",
+  csetm_2 = "5a9f03e0Dcg",
+  cinc_3  = "1a800400DNmcg",
+  cinv_3  = "5a800000DNmcg",
+  cneg_3  = "5a800400DNmcg",
+
+  ccmn_4 = "3a400000NMVCg|3a400800N5VCg",
+  ccmp_4 = "7a400000NMVCg|7a400800N5VCg",
+
+  madd_4 = "1b000000DNMAg",
+  msub_4 = "1b008000DNMAg",
+  mul_3  = "1b007c00DNMg",
+  mneg_3 = "1b00fc00DNMg",
+
+  smaddl_4 = "9b200000DxNMwAx",
+  smsubl_4 = "9b208000DxNMwAx",
+  smull_3  = "9b207c00DxNMw",
+  smnegl_3 = "9b20fc00DxNMw",
+  smulh_3  = "9b407c00DNMx",
+  umaddl_4 = "9ba00000DxNMwAx",
+  umsubl_4 = "9ba08000DxNMwAx",
+  umull_3  = "9ba07c00DxNMw",
+  umnegl_3 = "9ba0fc00DxNMw",
+  umulh_3  = "9bc07c00DNMx",
+
+  udiv_3 = "1ac00800DNMg",
+  sdiv_3 = "1ac00c00DNMg",
+
+  -- Bit operations.
+  sbfm_4 = "13000000DN12w|93400000DN12x",
+  bfm_4  = "33000000DN12w|b3400000DN12x",
+  ubfm_4 = "53000000DN12w|d3400000DN12x",
+  extr_4 = "13800000DNM2w|93c00000DNM2x",
+
+  sxtb_2 = "13001c00DNw|93401c00DNx",
+  sxth_2 = "13003c00DNw|93403c00DNx",
+  sxtw_2 = "93407c00DxNw",
+  uxtb_2 = "53001c00DNw",
+  uxth_2 = "53003c00DNw",
+
+  sbfx_4  = op_alias("sbfm_4", alias_bfx),
+  bfxil_4 = op_alias("bfm_4", alias_bfx),
+  ubfx_4  = op_alias("ubfm_4", alias_bfx),
+  sbfiz_4 = op_alias("sbfm_4", alias_bfiz),
+  bfi_4   = op_alias("bfm_4", alias_bfiz),
+  ubfiz_4 = op_alias("ubfm_4", alias_bfiz),
+
+  lsl_3  = function(params, nparams)
+    if params and params[3]:byte() == 35 then
+      return alias_lslimm(params, nparams)
+    else
+      return op_template(params, "1ac02000DNMg", nparams)
+    end
+  end,
+  lsr_3  = "1ac02400DNMg|53007c00DN1w|d340fc00DN1x",
+  asr_3  = "1ac02800DNMg|13007c00DN1w|9340fc00DN1x",
+  ror_3  = "1ac02c00DNMg|13800000DNm2w|93c00000DNm2x",
+
+  clz_2   = "5ac01000DNg",
+  cls_2   = "5ac01400DNg",
+  rbit_2  = "5ac00000DNg",
+  rev_2   = "5ac00800DNw|dac00c00DNx",
+  rev16_2 = "5ac00400DNg",
+  rev32_2 = "dac00800DNx",
+
+  -- Loads and stores.
+  ["strb_*"]  = "38000000DwL",
+  ["ldrb_*"]  = "38400000DwL",
+  ["ldrsb_*"] = "38c00000DwL|38800000DxL",
+  ["strh_*"]  = "78000000DwL",
+  ["ldrh_*"]  = "78400000DwL",
+  ["ldrsh_*"] = "78c00000DwL|78800000DxL",
+  ["str_*"]   = "b8000000DwL|f8000000DxL|bc000000DsL|fc000000DdL",
+  ["ldr_*"]   = "18000000DwB|58000000DxB|1c000000DsB|5c000000DdB|b8400000DwL|f8400000DxL|bc400000DsL|fc400000DdL",
+  ["ldrsw_*"] = "98000000DxB|b8800000DxL",
+  -- NOTE: ldur etc. are handled by ldr et al.
+
+  ["stp_*"]   = "28000000DAwP|a8000000DAxP|2c000000DAsP|6c000000DAdP",
+  ["ldp_*"]   = "28400000DAwP|a8400000DAxP|2c400000DAsP|6c400000DAdP",
+  ["ldpsw_*"] = "68400000DAxP",
+
+  -- Branches.
+  b_1    = "14000000B",
+  bl_1   = "94000000B",
+  blr_1  = "d63f0000Nx",
+  br_1   = "d61f0000Nx",
+  ret_0  = "d65f03c0",
+  ret_1  = "d65f0000Nx",
+  -- b.cond is added below.
+  cbz_2  = "34000000DBg",
+  cbnz_2 = "35000000DBg",
+  tbz_3  = "36000000DTBw|36000000DTBx",
+  tbnz_3 = "37000000DTBw|37000000DTBx",
+
+  -- ARM64e: Pointer authentication codes (PAC).
+  blraaz_1  = "d63f081fNx",
+  braa_2    = "d71f0800NDx",
+  braaz_1   = "d61f081fNx",
+  pacibsp_0 = "d503237f",
+  retab_0   = "d65f0fff",
+
+  -- Miscellaneous instructions.
+  -- TODO: hlt, hvc, smc, svc, eret, dcps[123], drps, mrs, msr
+  -- TODO: sys, sysl, ic, dc, at, tlbi
+  -- TODO: hint, yield, wfe, wfi, sev, sevl
+  -- TODO: clrex, dsb, dmb, isb
+  nop_0  = "d503201f",
+  brk_0  = "d4200000",
+  brk_1  = "d4200000W",
+
+  -- Floating point instructions.
+  fmov_2  = "1e204000DNf|1e260000DwNs|1e270000DsNw|9e660000DxNd|9e670000DdNx|1e201000DFf",
+  fabs_2  = "1e20c000DNf",
+  fneg_2  = "1e214000DNf",
+  fsqrt_2 = "1e21c000DNf",
+
+  fcvt_2  = "1e22c000DdNs|1e624000DsNd",
+
+  -- TODO: half-precision and fixed-point conversions.
+  fcvtas_2 = "1e240000DwNs|9e240000DxNs|1e640000DwNd|9e640000DxNd",
+  fcvtau_2 = "1e250000DwNs|9e250000DxNs|1e650000DwNd|9e650000DxNd",
+  fcvtms_2 = "1e300000DwNs|9e300000DxNs|1e700000DwNd|9e700000DxNd",
+  fcvtmu_2 = "1e310000DwNs|9e310000DxNs|1e710000DwNd|9e710000DxNd",
+  fcvtns_2 = "1e200000DwNs|9e200000DxNs|1e600000DwNd|9e600000DxNd",
+  fcvtnu_2 = "1e210000DwNs|9e210000DxNs|1e610000DwNd|9e610000DxNd",
+  fcvtps_2 = "1e280000DwNs|9e280000DxNs|1e680000DwNd|9e680000DxNd",
+  fcvtpu_2 = "1e290000DwNs|9e290000DxNs|1e690000DwNd|9e690000DxNd",
+  fcvtzs_2 = "1e380000DwNs|9e380000DxNs|1e780000DwNd|9e780000DxNd",
+  fcvtzu_2 = "1e390000DwNs|9e390000DxNs|1e790000DwNd|9e790000DxNd",
+
+  scvtf_2  = "1e220000DsNw|9e220000DsNx|1e620000DdNw|9e620000DdNx",
+  ucvtf_2  = "1e230000DsNw|9e230000DsNx|1e630000DdNw|9e630000DdNx",
+
+  frintn_2 = "1e244000DNf",
+  frintp_2 = "1e24c000DNf",
+  frintm_2 = "1e254000DNf",
+  frintz_2 = "1e25c000DNf",
+  frinta_2 = "1e264000DNf",
+  frintx_2 = "1e274000DNf",
+  frinti_2 = "1e27c000DNf",
+
+  fadd_3   = "1e202800DNMf",
+  fsub_3   = "1e203800DNMf",
+  fmul_3   = "1e200800DNMf",
+  fnmul_3  = "1e208800DNMf",
+  fdiv_3   = "1e201800DNMf",
+
+  fmadd_4  = "1f000000DNMAf",
+  fmsub_4  = "1f008000DNMAf",
+  fnmadd_4 = "1f200000DNMAf",
+  fnmsub_4 = "1f208000DNMAf",
+
+  fmax_3   = "1e204800DNMf",
+  fmaxnm_3 = "1e206800DNMf",
+  fmin_3   = "1e205800DNMf",
+  fminnm_3 = "1e207800DNMf",
+
+  fcmp_2   = "1e202000NMf|1e202008NZf",
+  fcmpe_2  = "1e202010NMf|1e202018NZf",
+
+  fccmp_4  = "1e200400NMVCf",
+  fccmpe_4 = "1e200410NMVCf",
+
+  fcsel_4  = "1e200c00DNMCf",
+
+  -- TODO: crc32*, aes*, sha*, pmull
+  -- TODO: SIMD instructions.
+}
+
+for cond,c in pairs(map_cond) do
+  map_op["b"..cond.."_1"] = tohex(0x54000000+c).."B"
+end
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Handle opcodes defined with template strings.
+local function parse_template(params, template, nparams, pos)
+  local op = tonumber(template:sub(1, 8), 16)
+  local n = 1
+  local rtt = {}
+
+  parse_reg_type = false
+
+  -- Process each character.
+  for p in gmatch(template:sub(9), ".") do
+    local q = params[n]
+    if p == "D" then
+      op = op + parse_reg(q, 0); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "N" then
+      op = op + parse_reg(q, 5); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "M" then
+      op = op + parse_reg(q, 16); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "A" then
+      op = op + parse_reg(q, 10); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "m" then
+      op = op + parse_reg(params[n-1], 16)
+
+    elseif p == "p" then
+      if q == "sp" then params[n] = "@x31" end
+    elseif p == "g" then
+      if parse_reg_type == "x" then
+        op = op + 0x80000000
+      elseif parse_reg_type ~= "w" then
+        werror("bad register type")
+      end
+      parse_reg_type = false
+    elseif p == "f" then
+      if parse_reg_type == "d" then
+        op = op + 0x00400000
+      elseif parse_reg_type ~= "s" then
+        werror("bad register type")
+      end
+      parse_reg_type = false
+    elseif p == "x" or p == "w" or p == "d" or p == "s" then
+      if parse_reg_type ~= p then
+        werror("register size mismatch")
+      end
+      parse_reg_type = false
+
+    elseif p == "L" then
+      op = parse_load(params, nparams, n, op)
+    elseif p == "P" then
+      op = parse_load_pair(params, nparams, n, op)
+
+    elseif p == "B" then
+      local mode, v, s = parse_label(q, false); n = n + 1
+      if not mode then werror("bad label `"..q.."'") end
+      local m = branch_type(op)
+      if mode == "A" then
+        waction("REL_"..mode, v+m, format("(unsigned int)(%s)", s))
+        actargs[#actargs+1] = format("(unsigned int)((%s)>>32)", s)
+      else
+        waction("REL_"..mode, v+m, s, 1)
+      end
+
+    elseif p == "I" then
+      op = op + parse_imm12(q); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "i" then
+      op = op + parse_imm13(q); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "W" then
+      op = op + parse_imm(q, 16, 5, 0, false); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "T" then
+      op = op + parse_imm6(q); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "1" then
+      op = op + parse_imm(q, 6, 16, 0, false); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "2" then
+      op = op + parse_imm(q, 6, 10, 0, false); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "5" then
+      op = op + parse_imm(q, 5, 16, 0, false); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "V" then
+      op = op + parse_imm(q, 4, 0, 0, false); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "F" then
+      op = op + parse_fpimm(q); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "Z" then
+      if q ~= "#0" and q ~= "#0.0" then werror("expected zero immediate") end
+      n = n + 1
+
+    elseif p == "S" then
+      op = op + parse_shift(q); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "X" then
+      op = op + parse_extend(q); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "R" then
+      op = op + parse_lslx16(q); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "C" then
+      op = op + parse_cond(q, 0); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "c" then
+      op = op + parse_cond(q, 1); n = n + 1
+
+    else
+      assert(false)
+    end
+  end
+  wputpos(pos, op)
+end
+
+function op_template(params, template, nparams)
+  if not params then return template:gsub("%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x", "") end
+
+  -- Limit number of section buffer positions used by a single dasm_put().
+  -- A single opcode needs a maximum of 4 positions.
+  if secpos+4 > maxsecpos then wflush() end
+  local pos = wpos()
+  local lpos, apos, spos = #actlist, #actargs, secpos
+
+  local ok, err
+  for t in gmatch(template, "[^|]+") do
+    ok, err = pcall(parse_template, params, t, nparams, pos)
+    if ok then return end
+    secpos = spos
+    actlist[lpos+1] = nil
+    actlist[lpos+2] = nil
+    actlist[lpos+3] = nil
+    actlist[lpos+4] = nil
+    actargs[apos+1] = nil
+    actargs[apos+2] = nil
+    actargs[apos+3] = nil
+    actargs[apos+4] = nil
+  end
+  error(err, 0)
+end
+
+map_op[".template__"] = op_template
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Pseudo-opcode to mark the position where the action list is to be emitted.
+map_op[".actionlist_1"] = function(params)
+  if not params then return "cvar" end
+  local name = params[1] -- No syntax check. You get to keep the pieces.
+  wline(function(out) writeactions(out, name) end)
+end
+
+-- Pseudo-opcode to mark the position where the global enum is to be emitted.
+map_op[".globals_1"] = function(params)
+  if not params then return "prefix" end
+  local prefix = params[1] -- No syntax check. You get to keep the pieces.
+  wline(function(out) writeglobals(out, prefix) end)
+end
+
+-- Pseudo-opcode to mark the position where the global names are to be emitted.
+map_op[".globalnames_1"] = function(params)
+  if not params then return "cvar" end
+  local name = params[1] -- No syntax check. You get to keep the pieces.
+  wline(function(out) writeglobalnames(out, name) end)
+end
+
+-- Pseudo-opcode to mark the position where the extern names are to be emitted.
+map_op[".externnames_1"] = function(params)
+  if not params then return "cvar" end
+  local name = params[1] -- No syntax check. You get to keep the pieces.
+  wline(function(out) writeexternnames(out, name) end)
+end
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Label pseudo-opcode (converted from trailing colon form).
+map_op[".label_1"] = function(params)
+  if not params then return "[1-9] | ->global | =>pcexpr" end
+  if secpos+1 > maxsecpos then wflush() end
+  local mode, n, s = parse_label(params[1], true)
+  if not mode or mode == "EXT" then werror("bad label definition") end
+  waction("LABEL_"..mode, n, s, 1)
+end
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Pseudo-opcodes for data storage.
+local function op_data(params)
+  if not params then return "imm..." end
+  local sz = params.op == ".long" and 4 or 8
+  for _,p in ipairs(params) do
+    local imm = parse_number(p)
+    if imm then
+      local n = tobit(imm)
+      if n == imm or (n < 0 and n + 2^32 == imm) then
+        wputw(n < 0 and n + 2^32 or n)
+        if sz == 8 then
+          wputw(imm < 0 and 0xffffffff or 0)
+        end
+      elseif sz == 4 then
+        werror("bad immediate `"..p.."'")
+      else
+        imm = nil
+      end
+    end
+    if not imm then
+      local mode, v, s = parse_label(p, false)
+      if sz == 4 then
+        if mode then werror("label does not fit into .long") end
+        waction("IMMV", 0, p)
+      elseif mode and mode ~= "A" then
+        waction("REL_"..mode, v+0x8000, s, 1)
+      else
+        if mode == "A" then p = s end
+        waction("IMMV", 0, format("(unsigned int)(%s)", p))
+        waction("IMMV", 0, format("(unsigned int)((unsigned long long)(%s)>>32)", p))
+      end
+    end
+    if secpos+2 > maxsecpos then wflush() end
+  end
+end
+map_op[".long_*"] = op_data
+map_op[".quad_*"] = op_data
+map_op[".addr_*"] = op_data
+
+-- Alignment pseudo-opcode.
+map_op[".align_1"] = function(params)
+  if not params then return "numpow2" end
+  if secpos+1 > maxsecpos then wflush() end
+  local align = tonumber(params[1])
+  if align then
+    local x = align
+    -- Must be a power of 2 in the range (2 ... 256).
+    for i=1,8 do
+      x = x / 2
+      if x == 1 then
+        waction("ALIGN", align-1, nil, 1) -- Action byte is 2**n-1.
+        return
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  werror("bad alignment")
+end
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Pseudo-opcode for (primitive) type definitions (map to C types).
+map_op[".type_3"] = function(params, nparams)
+  if not params then
+    return nparams == 2 and "name, ctype" or "name, ctype, reg"
+  end
+  local name, ctype, reg = params[1], params[2], params[3]
+  if not match(name, "^[%a_][%w_]*$") then
+    werror("bad type name `"..name.."'")
+  end
+  local tp = map_type[name]
+  if tp then
+    werror("duplicate type `"..name.."'")
+  end
+  -- Add #type to defines. A bit unclean to put it in map_archdef.
+  map_archdef["#"..name] = "sizeof("..ctype..")"
+  -- Add new type and emit shortcut define.
+  local num = ctypenum + 1
+  map_type[name] = {
+    ctype = ctype,
+    ctypefmt = format("Dt%X(%%s)", num),
+    reg = reg,
+  }
+  wline(format("#define Dt%X(_V) (int)(ptrdiff_t)&(((%s *)0)_V)", num, ctype))
+  ctypenum = num
+end
+map_op[".type_2"] = map_op[".type_3"]
+
+-- Dump type definitions.
+local function dumptypes(out, lvl)
+  local t = {}
+  for name in pairs(map_type) do t[#t+1] = name end
+  sort(t)
+  out:write("Type definitions:\n")
+  for _,name in ipairs(t) do
+    local tp = map_type[name]
+    local reg = tp.reg or ""
+    out:write(format("  %-20s %-20s %s\n", name, tp.ctype, reg))
+  end
+  out:write("\n")
+end
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Set the current section.
+function _M.section(num)
+  waction("SECTION", num)
+  wflush(true) -- SECTION is a terminal action.
+end
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Dump architecture description.
+function _M.dumparch(out)
+  out:write(format("DynASM %s version %s, released %s\n\n",
+    _info.arch, _info.version, _info.release))
+  dumpactions(out)
+end
+
+-- Dump all user defined elements.
+function _M.dumpdef(out, lvl)
+  dumptypes(out, lvl)
+  dumpglobals(out, lvl)
+  dumpexterns(out, lvl)
+end
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Pass callbacks from/to the DynASM core.
+function _M.passcb(wl, we, wf, ww)
+  wline, werror, wfatal, wwarn = wl, we, wf, ww
+  return wflush
+end
+
+-- Setup the arch-specific module.
+function _M.setup(arch, opt)
+  g_arch, g_opt = arch, opt
+end
+
+-- Merge the core maps and the arch-specific maps.
+function _M.mergemaps(map_coreop, map_def)
+  setmetatable(map_op, { __index = map_coreop })
+  setmetatable(map_def, { __index = map_archdef })
+  return map_op, map_def
+end
+
+return _M
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
diff --git a/dynasm/dasm_mips.h b/dynasm/dasm_mips.h
index 7f3d6c35..7800e933 100644
--- a/dynasm/dasm_mips.h
+++ b/dynasm/dasm_mips.h
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ enum {
   /* The following actions need a buffer position. */
   DASM_ALIGN, DASM_REL_LG, DASM_LABEL_LG,
   /* The following actions also have an argument. */
-  DASM_REL_PC, DASM_LABEL_PC, DASM_IMM,
+  DASM_REL_PC, DASM_LABEL_PC, DASM_IMM, DASM_IMMS,
   DASM__MAX
 };
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ struct dasm_State {
   size_t lgsize;
   int *pclabels;                /* PC label chains/pos ptrs. */
   size_t pcsize;
-  void **globals;               /* Array of globals (bias -10). */
+  void **globals;               /* Array of globals. */
   dasm_Section *section;        /* Pointer to active section. */
   size_t codesize;              /* Total size of all code sections. */
   int maxsection;               /* 0 <= sectionidx < maxsection. */
@@ -86,7 +86,6 @@ void dasm_init(Dst_DECL, int maxsection)
 {
   dasm_State *D;
   size_t psz = 0;
-  int i;
   Dst_REF = NULL;
   DASM_M_GROW(Dst, struct dasm_State, Dst_REF, psz, DASM_PSZ(maxsection));
   D = Dst_REF;
@@ -97,12 +96,7 @@ void dasm_init(Dst_DECL, int maxsection)
   D->pcsize = 0;
   D->globals = NULL;
   D->maxsection = maxsection;
-  for (i = 0; i < maxsection; i++) {
-    D->sections[i].buf = NULL;  /* Need this for pass3. */
-    D->sections[i].rbuf = D->sections[i].buf - DASM_SEC2POS(i);
-    D->sections[i].bsize = 0;
-    D->sections[i].epos = 0;  /* Wrong, but is recalculated after resize. */
-  }
+  memset((void *)D->sections, 0, maxsection * sizeof(dasm_Section));
 }
 
 /* Free DynASM state. */
@@ -122,7 +116,7 @@ void dasm_free(Dst_DECL)
 void dasm_setupglobal(Dst_DECL, void **gl, unsigned int maxgl)
 {
   dasm_State *D = Dst_REF;
-  D->globals = gl - 10;  /* Negative bias to compensate for locals. */
+  D->globals = gl;
   DASM_M_GROW(Dst, int, D->lglabels, D->lgsize, (10+maxgl)*sizeof(int));
 }
 
@@ -147,6 +141,7 @@ void dasm_setup(Dst_DECL, const void *actionlist)
   if (D->pclabels) memset((void *)D->pclabels, 0, D->pcsize);
   for (i = 0; i < D->maxsection; i++) {
     D->sections[i].pos = DASM_SEC2POS(i);
+    D->sections[i].rbuf = D->sections[i].buf - D->sections[i].pos;
     D->sections[i].ofs = 0;
   }
 }
@@ -155,10 +150,10 @@ void dasm_setup(Dst_DECL, const void *actionlist)
 #ifdef DASM_CHECKS
 #define CK(x, st) \
   do { if (!(x)) { \
-    D->status = DASM_S_##st|(p-D->actionlist-1); return; } } while (0)
+    D->status = DASM_S_##st|(int)(p-D->actionlist-1); return; } } while (0)
 #define CKPL(kind, st) \
   do { if ((size_t)((char *)pl-(char *)D->kind##labels) >= D->kind##size) { \
-    D->status = DASM_S_RANGE_##st|(p-D->actionlist-1); return; } } while (0)
+    D->status = DASM_S_RANGE_##st|(int)(p-D->actionlist-1); return; } } while (0)
 #else
 #define CK(x, st)       ((void)0)
 #define CKPL(kind, st)  ((void)0)
@@ -231,7 +226,7 @@ void dasm_put(Dst_DECL, int start, ...)
         *pl = -pos;  /* Label exists now. */
         b[pos++] = ofs;  /* Store pass1 offset estimate. */
         break;
-      case DASM_IMM:
+      case DASM_IMM: case DASM_IMMS:
 #ifdef DASM_CHECKS
         CK((n & ((1<<((ins>>10)&31))-1)) == 0, RANGE_I);
 #endif
@@ -273,7 +268,7 @@ int dasm_link(Dst_DECL, size_t *szp)
 
   { /* Handle globals not defined in this translation unit. */
     int idx;
-    for (idx = 20; idx*sizeof(int) < D->lgsize; idx++) {
+    for (idx = 10; idx*sizeof(int) < D->lgsize; idx++) {
       int n = D->lglabels[idx];
       /* Undefined label: Collapse rel chain and replace with marker (< 0). */
       while (n > 0) { int *pb = DASM_POS2PTR(D, n); n = *pb; *pb = -idx; }
@@ -299,7 +294,7 @@ int dasm_link(Dst_DECL, size_t *szp)
         case DASM_ALIGN: ofs -= (b[pos++] + ofs) & (ins & 255); break;
         case DASM_REL_LG: case DASM_REL_PC: pos++; break;
         case DASM_LABEL_LG: case DASM_LABEL_PC: b[pos++] += ofs; break;
-        case DASM_IMM: pos++; break;
+        case DASM_IMM: case DASM_IMMS: pos++; break;
         }
       }
       stop: (void)0;
@@ -314,7 +309,7 @@ int dasm_link(Dst_DECL, size_t *szp)
 
 #ifdef DASM_CHECKS
 #define CK(x, st) \
-  do { if (!(x)) return DASM_S_##st|(p-D->actionlist-1); } while (0)
+  do { if (!(x)) return DASM_S_##st|(int)(p-D->actionlist-1); } while (0)
 #else
 #define CK(x, st)       ((void)0)
 #endif
@@ -349,25 +344,32 @@ int dasm_encode(Dst_DECL, void *buffer)
           ins &= 255; while ((((char *)cp - base) & ins)) *cp++ = 0x60000000;
           break;
         case DASM_REL_LG:
-          CK(n >= 0, UNDEF_LG);
+          if (n < 0) {
+            n = (int)((ptrdiff_t)D->globals[-n-10] - (ptrdiff_t)cp);
+            goto patchrel;
+          }
           /* fallthrough */
         case DASM_REL_PC:
           CK(n >= 0, UNDEF_PC);
           n = *DASM_POS2PTR(D, n);
           if (ins & 2048)
-            n = n - (int)((char *)cp - base);
+            n = (n + (int)(size_t)base) & 0x0fffffff;
           else
-            n = (n + (int)base) & 0x0fffffff;
-        patchrel:
+            n = n - (int)((char *)cp - base);
+        patchrel: {
+          unsigned int e = 16 + ((ins >> 12) & 15);
           CK((n & 3) == 0 &&
-             ((n + ((ins & 2048) ? 0x00020000 : 0)) >>
-               ((ins & 2048) ? 18 : 28)) == 0, RANGE_REL);
-          cp[-1] |= ((n>>2) & ((ins & 2048) ? 0x0000ffff: 0x03ffffff));
+             ((n + ((ins & 2048) ? 0 : (1<<(e+1)))) >> (e+2)) == 0, RANGE_REL);
+          cp[-1] |= ((n>>2) & ((1<<e)-1));
+          }
           break;
         case DASM_LABEL_LG:
-          ins &= 2047; if (ins >= 20) D->globals[ins-10] = (void *)(base + n);
+          ins &= 2047; if (ins >= 20) D->globals[ins-20] = (void *)(base + n);
           break;
         case DASM_LABEL_PC: break;
+        case DASM_IMMS:
+          cp[-1] |= ((n>>3) & 4); n &= 0x1f;
+          /* fallthrough */
         case DASM_IMM:
           cp[-1] |= (n & ((1<<((ins>>5)&31))-1)) << (ins&31);
           break;
@@ -410,7 +412,7 @@ int dasm_checkstep(Dst_DECL, int secmatch)
   }
   if (D->status == DASM_S_OK && secmatch >= 0 &&
       D->section != &D->sections[secmatch])
-    D->status = DASM_S_MATCH_SEC|(D->section-D->sections);
+    D->status = DASM_S_MATCH_SEC|(int)(D->section-D->sections);
   return D->status;
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/dynasm/dasm_mips.lua b/dynasm/dasm_mips.lua
index e2ff17f0..1c605b68 100644
--- a/dynasm/dasm_mips.lua
+++ b/dynasm/dasm_mips.lua
@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- DynASM MIPS module.
+-- DynASM MIPS32/MIPS64 module.
 --
 -- Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. All rights reserved.
 -- See dynasm.lua for full copyright notice.
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+local mips64 = mips64
+local mipsr6 = _map_def.MIPSR6
+
 -- Module information:
 local _info = {
-  arch =        "mips",
-  description = "DynASM MIPS module",
-  version =     "1.3.0",
-  vernum =       10300,
-  release =     "2012-01-23",
+  arch =        mips64 and "mips64" or "mips",
+  description = "DynASM MIPS32/MIPS64 module",
+  version =     "1.5.0",
+  vernum =       10500,
+  release =     "2021-05-02",
   author =      "Mike Pall",
   license =     "MIT",
 }
@@ -27,7 +30,8 @@ local sub, format, byte, char = _s.sub, _s.format, _s.byte, _s.char
 local match, gmatch = _s.match, _s.gmatch
 local concat, sort = table.concat, table.sort
 local bit = bit or require("bit")
-local band, shl, sar, tohex = bit.band, bit.lshift, bit.arshift, bit.tohex
+local band, shl, shr, sar = bit.band, bit.lshift, bit.rshift, bit.arshift
+local tohex = bit.tohex
 
 -- Inherited tables and callbacks.
 local g_opt, g_arch
@@ -38,7 +42,7 @@ local wline, werror, wfatal, wwarn
 local action_names = {
   "STOP", "SECTION", "ESC", "REL_EXT",
   "ALIGN", "REL_LG", "LABEL_LG",
-  "REL_PC", "LABEL_PC", "IMM",
+  "REL_PC", "LABEL_PC", "IMM", "IMMS",
 }
 
 -- Maximum number of section buffer positions for dasm_put().
@@ -235,7 +239,6 @@ local map_op = {
   bne_3 =       "14000000STB",
   blez_2 =      "18000000SB",
   bgtz_2 =      "1c000000SB",
-  addi_3 =      "20000000TSI",
   li_2 =        "24000000TI",
   addiu_3 =     "24000000TSI",
   slti_3 =      "28000000TSI",
@@ -245,70 +248,52 @@ local map_op = {
   ori_3 =       "34000000TSU",
   xori_3 =      "38000000TSU",
   lui_2 =       "3c000000TU",
-  beqzl_2 =     "50000000SB",
-  beql_3 =      "50000000STB",
-  bnezl_2 =     "54000000SB",
-  bnel_3 =      "54000000STB",
-  blezl_2 =     "58000000SB",
-  bgtzl_2 =     "5c000000SB",
+  daddiu_3 =    mips64 and "64000000TSI",
+  ldl_2 =       mips64 and "68000000TO",
+  ldr_2 =       mips64 and "6c000000TO",
   lb_2 =        "80000000TO",
   lh_2 =        "84000000TO",
-  lwl_2 =       "88000000TO",
   lw_2 =        "8c000000TO",
   lbu_2 =       "90000000TO",
   lhu_2 =       "94000000TO",
-  lwr_2 =       "98000000TO",
+  lwu_2 =       mips64 and "9c000000TO",
   sb_2 =        "a0000000TO",
   sh_2 =        "a4000000TO",
-  swl_2 =       "a8000000TO",
   sw_2 =        "ac000000TO",
-  swr_2 =       "b8000000TO",
-  cache_2 =     "bc000000NO",
-  ll_2 =        "c0000000TO",
   lwc1_2 =      "c4000000HO",
-  pref_2 =      "cc000000NO",
   ldc1_2 =      "d4000000HO",
-  sc_2 =        "e0000000TO",
+  ld_2 =        mips64 and "dc000000TO",
   swc1_2 =      "e4000000HO",
   sdc1_2 =      "f4000000HO",
+  sd_2 =        mips64 and "fc000000TO",
 
   -- Opcode SPECIAL.
   nop_0 =       "00000000",
   sll_3 =       "00000000DTA",
-  movf_2 =      "00000001DS",
-  movf_3 =      "00000001DSC",
-  movt_2 =      "00010001DS",
-  movt_3 =      "00010001DSC",
+  sextw_2 =     "00000000DT",
   srl_3 =       "00000002DTA",
   rotr_3 =      "00200002DTA",
   sra_3 =       "00000003DTA",
   sllv_3 =      "00000004DTS",
   srlv_3 =      "00000006DTS",
   rotrv_3 =     "00000046DTS",
+  drotrv_3 =    mips64 and "00000056DTS",
   srav_3 =      "00000007DTS",
-  jr_1 =        "00000008S",
   jalr_1 =      "0000f809S",
   jalr_2 =      "00000009DS",
-  movz_3 =      "0000000aDST",
-  movn_3 =      "0000000bDST",
   syscall_0 =   "0000000c",
   syscall_1 =   "0000000cY",
   break_0 =     "0000000d",
   break_1 =     "0000000dY",
   sync_0 =      "0000000f",
-  mfhi_1 =      "00000010D",
-  mthi_1 =      "00000011S",
-  mflo_1 =      "00000012D",
-  mtlo_1 =      "00000013S",
-  mult_2 =      "00000018ST",
-  multu_2 =     "00000019ST",
-  div_2 =       "0000001aST",
-  divu_2 =      "0000001bST",
+  dsllv_3 =     mips64 and "00000014DTS",
+  dsrlv_3 =     mips64 and "00000016DTS",
+  dsrav_3 =     mips64 and "00000017DTS",
   add_3 =       "00000020DST",
-  move_2 =      "00000021DS",
+  move_2 =      mips64 and "00000025DS" or "00000021DS",
   addu_3 =      "00000021DST",
   sub_3 =       "00000022DST",
-  negu_2 =      "00000023DT",
+  negu_2 =      mips64 and "0000002fDT" or "00000023DT",
   subu_3 =      "00000023DST",
   and_3 =       "00000024DST",
   or_3 =        "00000025DST",
@@ -317,6 +302,10 @@ local map_op = {
   nor_3 =       "00000027DST",
   slt_3 =       "0000002aDST",
   sltu_3 =      "0000002bDST",
+  dadd_3 =      mips64 and "0000002cDST",
+  daddu_3 =     mips64 and "0000002dDST",
+  dsub_3 =      mips64 and "0000002eDST",
+  dsubu_3 =     mips64 and "0000002fDST",
   tge_2 =       "00000030ST",
   tge_3 =       "00000030STZ",
   tgeu_2 =      "00000031ST",
@@ -329,40 +318,36 @@ local map_op = {
   teq_3 =       "00000034STZ",
   tne_2 =       "00000036ST",
   tne_3 =       "00000036STZ",
+  dsll_3 =      mips64 and "00000038DTa",
+  dsrl_3 =      mips64 and "0000003aDTa",
+  drotr_3 =     mips64 and "0020003aDTa",
+  dsra_3 =      mips64 and "0000003bDTa",
+  dsll32_3 =    mips64 and "0000003cDTA",
+  dsrl32_3 =    mips64 and "0000003eDTA",
+  drotr32_3 =   mips64 and "0020003eDTA",
+  dsra32_3 =    mips64 and "0000003fDTA",
 
   -- Opcode REGIMM.
   bltz_2 =      "04000000SB",
   bgez_2 =      "04010000SB",
   bltzl_2 =     "04020000SB",
   bgezl_2 =     "04030000SB",
-  tgei_2 =      "04080000SI",
-  tgeiu_2 =     "04090000SI",
-  tlti_2 =      "040a0000SI",
-  tltiu_2 =     "040b0000SI",
-  teqi_2 =      "040c0000SI",
-  tnei_2 =      "040e0000SI",
-  bltzal_2 =    "04100000SB",
   bal_1 =       "04110000B",
-  bgezal_2 =    "04110000SB",
-  bltzall_2 =   "04120000SB",
-  bgezall_2 =   "04130000SB",
   synci_1 =     "041f0000O",
 
-  -- Opcode SPECIAL2.
-  madd_2 =      "70000000ST",
-  maddu_2 =     "70000001ST",
-  mul_3 =       "70000002DST",
-  msub_2 =      "70000004ST",
-  msubu_2 =     "70000005ST",
-  clz_2 =       "70000020DS=",
-  clo_2 =       "70000021DS=",
-  sdbbp_0 =     "7000003f",
-  sdbbp_1 =     "7000003fY",
-
   -- Opcode SPECIAL3.
   ext_4 =       "7c000000TSAM", -- Note: last arg is msbd = size-1
+  dextm_4 =     mips64 and "7c000001TSAM", -- Args: pos    | size-1-32
+  dextu_4 =     mips64 and "7c000002TSAM", -- Args: pos-32 | size-1
+  dext_4 =      mips64 and "7c000003TSAM", -- Args: pos    | size-1
+  zextw_2 =     mips64 and "7c00f803TS",
   ins_4 =       "7c000004TSAM", -- Note: last arg is msb = pos+size-1
+  dinsm_4 =     mips64 and "7c000005TSAM", -- Args: pos    | pos+size-33
+  dinsu_4 =     mips64 and "7c000006TSAM", -- Args: pos-32 | pos+size-33
+  dins_4 =      mips64 and "7c000007TSAM", -- Args: pos    | pos+size-1
   wsbh_2 =      "7c0000a0DT",
+  dsbh_2 =      mips64 and "7c0000a4DT",
+  dshd_2 =      mips64 and "7c000164DT",
   seb_2 =       "7c000420DT",
   seh_2 =       "7c000620DT",
   rdhwr_2 =     "7c00003bTD",
@@ -370,8 +355,12 @@ local map_op = {
   -- Opcode COP0.
   mfc0_2 =      "40000000TD",
   mfc0_3 =      "40000000TDW",
+  dmfc0_2 =     mips64 and "40200000TD",
+  dmfc0_3 =     mips64 and "40200000TDW",
   mtc0_2 =      "40800000TD",
   mtc0_3 =      "40800000TDW",
+  dmtc0_2 =     mips64 and "40a00000TD",
+  dmtc0_3 =     mips64 and "40a00000TDW",
   rdpgpr_2 =    "41400000DT",
   di_0 =        "41606000",
   di_1 =        "41606000T",
@@ -388,21 +377,14 @@ local map_op = {
 
   -- Opcode COP1.
   mfc1_2 =      "44000000TG",
+  dmfc1_2 =     mips64 and "44200000TG",
   cfc1_2 =      "44400000TG",
   mfhc1_2 =     "44600000TG",
   mtc1_2 =      "44800000TG",
+  dmtc1_2 =     mips64 and "44a00000TG",
   ctc1_2 =      "44c00000TG",
   mthc1_2 =     "44e00000TG",
 
-  bc1f_1 =      "45000000B",
-  bc1f_2 =      "45000000CB",
-  bc1t_1 =      "45010000B",
-  bc1t_2 =      "45010000CB",
-  bc1fl_1 =     "45020000B",
-  bc1fl_2 =     "45020000CB",
-  bc1tl_1 =     "45030000B",
-  bc1tl_2 =     "45030000CB",
-
   ["add.s_3"] =         "46000000FGH",
   ["sub.s_3"] =         "46000001FGH",
   ["mul.s_3"] =         "46000002FGH",
@@ -419,51 +401,11 @@ local map_op = {
   ["trunc.w.s_2"] =     "4600000dFG",
   ["ceil.w.s_2"] =      "4600000eFG",
   ["floor.w.s_2"] =     "4600000fFG",
-  ["movf.s_2"] =        "46000011FG",
-  ["movf.s_3"] =        "46000011FGC",
-  ["movt.s_2"] =        "46010011FG",
-  ["movt.s_3"] =        "46010011FGC",
-  ["movz.s_3"] =        "46000012FGT",
-  ["movn.s_3"] =        "46000013FGT",
   ["recip.s_2"] =       "46000015FG",
   ["rsqrt.s_2"] =       "46000016FG",
   ["cvt.d.s_2"] =       "46000021FG",
   ["cvt.w.s_2"] =       "46000024FG",
   ["cvt.l.s_2"] =       "46000025FG",
-  ["cvt.ps.s_3"] =      "46000026FGH",
-  ["c.f.s_2"] =         "46000030GH",
-  ["c.f.s_3"] =         "46000030VGH",
-  ["c.un.s_2"] =        "46000031GH",
-  ["c.un.s_3"] =        "46000031VGH",
-  ["c.eq.s_2"] =        "46000032GH",
-  ["c.eq.s_3"] =        "46000032VGH",
-  ["c.ueq.s_2"] =       "46000033GH",
-  ["c.ueq.s_3"] =       "46000033VGH",
-  ["c.olt.s_2"] =       "46000034GH",
-  ["c.olt.s_3"] =       "46000034VGH",
-  ["c.ult.s_2"] =       "46000035GH",
-  ["c.ult.s_3"] =       "46000035VGH",
-  ["c.ole.s_2"] =       "46000036GH",
-  ["c.ole.s_3"] =       "46000036VGH",
-  ["c.ule.s_2"] =       "46000037GH",
-  ["c.ule.s_3"] =       "46000037VGH",
-  ["c.sf.s_2"] =        "46000038GH",
-  ["c.sf.s_3"] =        "46000038VGH",
-  ["c.ngle.s_2"] =      "46000039GH",
-  ["c.ngle.s_3"] =      "46000039VGH",
-  ["c.seq.s_2"] =       "4600003aGH",
-  ["c.seq.s_3"] =       "4600003aVGH",
-  ["c.ngl.s_2"] =       "4600003bGH",
-  ["c.ngl.s_3"] =       "4600003bVGH",
-  ["c.lt.s_2"] =        "4600003cGH",
-  ["c.lt.s_3"] =        "4600003cVGH",
-  ["c.nge.s_2"] =       "4600003dGH",
-  ["c.nge.s_3"] =       "4600003dVGH",
-  ["c.le.s_2"] =        "4600003eGH",
-  ["c.le.s_3"] =        "4600003eVGH",
-  ["c.ngt.s_2"] =       "4600003fGH",
-  ["c.ngt.s_3"] =       "4600003fVGH",
-
   ["add.d_3"] =         "46200000FGH",
   ["sub.d_3"] =         "46200001FGH",
   ["mul.d_3"] =         "46200002FGH",
@@ -480,130 +422,410 @@ local map_op = {
   ["trunc.w.d_2"] =     "4620000dFG",
   ["ceil.w.d_2"] =      "4620000eFG",
   ["floor.w.d_2"] =     "4620000fFG",
-  ["movf.d_2"] =        "46200011FG",
-  ["movf.d_3"] =        "46200011FGC",
-  ["movt.d_2"] =        "46210011FG",
-  ["movt.d_3"] =        "46210011FGC",
-  ["movz.d_3"] =        "46200012FGT",
-  ["movn.d_3"] =        "46200013FGT",
   ["recip.d_2"] =       "46200015FG",
   ["rsqrt.d_2"] =       "46200016FG",
   ["cvt.s.d_2"] =       "46200020FG",
   ["cvt.w.d_2"] =       "46200024FG",
   ["cvt.l.d_2"] =       "46200025FG",
-  ["c.f.d_2"] =         "46200030GH",
-  ["c.f.d_3"] =         "46200030VGH",
-  ["c.un.d_2"] =        "46200031GH",
-  ["c.un.d_3"] =        "46200031VGH",
-  ["c.eq.d_2"] =        "46200032GH",
-  ["c.eq.d_3"] =        "46200032VGH",
-  ["c.ueq.d_2"] =       "46200033GH",
-  ["c.ueq.d_3"] =       "46200033VGH",
-  ["c.olt.d_2"] =       "46200034GH",
-  ["c.olt.d_3"] =       "46200034VGH",
-  ["c.ult.d_2"] =       "46200035GH",
-  ["c.ult.d_3"] =       "46200035VGH",
-  ["c.ole.d_2"] =       "46200036GH",
-  ["c.ole.d_3"] =       "46200036VGH",
-  ["c.ule.d_2"] =       "46200037GH",
-  ["c.ule.d_3"] =       "46200037VGH",
-  ["c.sf.d_2"] =        "46200038GH",
-  ["c.sf.d_3"] =        "46200038VGH",
-  ["c.ngle.d_2"] =      "46200039GH",
-  ["c.ngle.d_3"] =      "46200039VGH",
-  ["c.seq.d_2"] =       "4620003aGH",
-  ["c.seq.d_3"] =       "4620003aVGH",
-  ["c.ngl.d_2"] =       "4620003bGH",
-  ["c.ngl.d_3"] =       "4620003bVGH",
-  ["c.lt.d_2"] =        "4620003cGH",
-  ["c.lt.d_3"] =        "4620003cVGH",
-  ["c.nge.d_2"] =       "4620003dGH",
-  ["c.nge.d_3"] =       "4620003dVGH",
-  ["c.le.d_2"] =        "4620003eGH",
-  ["c.le.d_3"] =        "4620003eVGH",
-  ["c.ngt.d_2"] =       "4620003fGH",
-  ["c.ngt.d_3"] =       "4620003fVGH",
-
-  ["add.ps_3"] =        "46c00000FGH",
-  ["sub.ps_3"] =        "46c00001FGH",
-  ["mul.ps_3"] =        "46c00002FGH",
-  ["abs.ps_2"] =        "46c00005FG",
-  ["mov.ps_2"] =        "46c00006FG",
-  ["neg.ps_2"] =        "46c00007FG",
-  ["movf.ps_2"] =       "46c00011FG",
-  ["movf.ps_3"] =       "46c00011FGC",
-  ["movt.ps_2"] =       "46c10011FG",
-  ["movt.ps_3"] =       "46c10011FGC",
-  ["movz.ps_3"] =       "46c00012FGT",
-  ["movn.ps_3"] =       "46c00013FGT",
-  ["cvt.s.pu_2"] =      "46c00020FG",
-  ["cvt.s.pl_2"] =      "46c00028FG",
-  ["pll.ps_3"] =        "46c0002cFGH",
-  ["plu.ps_3"] =        "46c0002dFGH",
-  ["pul.ps_3"] =        "46c0002eFGH",
-  ["puu.ps_3"] =        "46c0002fFGH",
-  ["c.f.ps_2"] =        "46c00030GH",
-  ["c.f.ps_3"] =        "46c00030VGH",
-  ["c.un.ps_2"] =       "46c00031GH",
-  ["c.un.ps_3"] =       "46c00031VGH",
-  ["c.eq.ps_2"] =       "46c00032GH",
-  ["c.eq.ps_3"] =       "46c00032VGH",
-  ["c.ueq.ps_2"] =      "46c00033GH",
-  ["c.ueq.ps_3"] =      "46c00033VGH",
-  ["c.olt.ps_2"] =      "46c00034GH",
-  ["c.olt.ps_3"] =      "46c00034VGH",
-  ["c.ult.ps_2"] =      "46c00035GH",
-  ["c.ult.ps_3"] =      "46c00035VGH",
-  ["c.ole.ps_2"] =      "46c00036GH",
-  ["c.ole.ps_3"] =      "46c00036VGH",
-  ["c.ule.ps_2"] =      "46c00037GH",
-  ["c.ule.ps_3"] =      "46c00037VGH",
-  ["c.sf.ps_2"] =       "46c00038GH",
-  ["c.sf.ps_3"] =       "46c00038VGH",
-  ["c.ngle.ps_2"] =     "46c00039GH",
-  ["c.ngle.ps_3"] =     "46c00039VGH",
-  ["c.seq.ps_2"] =      "46c0003aGH",
-  ["c.seq.ps_3"] =      "46c0003aVGH",
-  ["c.ngl.ps_2"] =      "46c0003bGH",
-  ["c.ngl.ps_3"] =      "46c0003bVGH",
-  ["c.lt.ps_2"] =       "46c0003cGH",
-  ["c.lt.ps_3"] =       "46c0003cVGH",
-  ["c.nge.ps_2"] =      "46c0003dGH",
-  ["c.nge.ps_3"] =      "46c0003dVGH",
-  ["c.le.ps_2"] =       "46c0003eGH",
-  ["c.le.ps_3"] =       "46c0003eVGH",
-  ["c.ngt.ps_2"] =      "46c0003fGH",
-  ["c.ngt.ps_3"] =      "46c0003fVGH",
-
   ["cvt.s.w_2"] =       "46800020FG",
   ["cvt.d.w_2"] =       "46800021FG",
-
   ["cvt.s.l_2"] =       "46a00020FG",
   ["cvt.d.l_2"] =       "46a00021FG",
-
-  -- Opcode COP1X.
-  lwxc1_2 =             "4c000000FX",
-  ldxc1_2 =             "4c000001FX",
-  luxc1_2 =             "4c000005FX",
-  swxc1_2 =             "4c000008FX",
-  sdxc1_2 =             "4c000009FX",
-  suxc1_2 =             "4c00000dFX",
-  prefx_2 =             "4c00000fMX",
-  ["alnv.ps_4"] =       "4c00001eFGHS",
-  ["madd.s_4"] =        "4c000020FRGH",
-  ["madd.d_4"] =        "4c000021FRGH",
-  ["madd.ps_4"] =       "4c000026FRGH",
-  ["msub.s_4"] =        "4c000028FRGH",
-  ["msub.d_4"] =        "4c000029FRGH",
-  ["msub.ps_4"] =       "4c00002eFRGH",
-  ["nmadd.s_4"] =       "4c000030FRGH",
-  ["nmadd.d_4"] =       "4c000031FRGH",
-  ["nmadd.ps_4"] =      "4c000036FRGH",
-  ["nmsub.s_4"] =       "4c000038FRGH",
-  ["nmsub.d_4"] =       "4c000039FRGH",
-  ["nmsub.ps_4"] =      "4c00003eFRGH",
 }
 
+if mipsr6 then -- Instructions added with MIPSR6.
+
+  for k,v in pairs({
+
+    -- Add immediate to upper bits.
+    aui_3 =     "3c000000TSI",
+    daui_3 =    mips64 and "74000000TSI",
+    dahi_2 =    mips64 and "04060000SI",
+    dati_2 =    mips64 and "041e0000SI",
+
+    -- TODO: addiupc, auipc, aluipc, lwpc, lwupc, ldpc.
+
+    -- Compact branches.
+    blezalc_2 = "18000000TB",   -- rt != 0.
+    bgezalc_2 = "18000000T=SB", -- rt != 0.
+    bgtzalc_2 = "1c000000TB",   -- rt != 0.
+    bltzalc_2 = "1c000000T=SB", -- rt != 0.
+
+    blezc_2 =   "58000000TB",   -- rt != 0.
+    bgezc_2 =   "58000000T=SB", -- rt != 0.
+    bgec_3 =    "58000000STB",  -- rs != rt.
+    blec_3 =    "58000000TSB",  -- rt != rs.
+
+    bgtzc_2 =   "5c000000TB",   -- rt != 0.
+    bltzc_2 =   "5c000000T=SB", -- rt != 0.
+    bltc_3 =    "5c000000STB",  -- rs != rt.
+    bgtc_3 =    "5c000000TSB",  -- rt != rs.
+
+    bgeuc_3 =   "18000000STB",  -- rs != rt.
+    bleuc_3 =   "18000000TSB",  -- rt != rs.
+    bltuc_3 =   "1c000000STB",  -- rs != rt.
+    bgtuc_3 =   "1c000000TSB",  -- rt != rs.
+
+    beqzalc_2 = "20000000TB",   -- rt != 0.
+    bnezalc_2 = "60000000TB",   -- rt != 0.
+    beqc_3 =    "20000000STB",  -- rs < rt.
+    bnec_3 =    "60000000STB",  -- rs < rt.
+    bovc_3 =    "20000000STB",  -- rs >= rt.
+    bnvc_3 =    "60000000STB",  -- rs >= rt.
+
+    beqzc_2 =   "d8000000SK",   -- rs != 0.
+    bnezc_2 =   "f8000000SK",   -- rs != 0.
+    jic_2 =     "d8000000TI",
+    jialc_2 =   "f8000000TI",
+    bc_1 =      "c8000000L",
+    balc_1 =    "e8000000L",
+
+    -- Opcode SPECIAL.
+    jr_1 =      "00000009S",
+    sdbbp_0 =   "0000000e",
+    sdbbp_1 =   "0000000eY",
+    lsa_4 =     "00000005DSTA",
+    dlsa_4 =    mips64 and "00000015DSTA",
+    seleqz_3 =  "00000035DST",
+    selnez_3 =  "00000037DST",
+    clz_2 =     "00000050DS",
+    clo_2 =     "00000051DS",
+    dclz_2 =    mips64 and "00000052DS",
+    dclo_2 =    mips64 and "00000053DS",
+    mul_3 =     "00000098DST",
+    muh_3 =     "000000d8DST",
+    mulu_3 =    "00000099DST",
+    muhu_3 =    "000000d9DST",
+    div_3 =     "0000009aDST",
+    mod_3 =     "000000daDST",
+    divu_3 =    "0000009bDST",
+    modu_3 =    "000000dbDST",
+    dmul_3 =    mips64 and "0000009cDST",
+    dmuh_3 =    mips64 and "000000dcDST",
+    dmulu_3 =   mips64 and "0000009dDST",
+    dmuhu_3 =   mips64 and "000000ddDST",
+    ddiv_3 =    mips64 and "0000009eDST",
+    dmod_3 =    mips64 and "000000deDST",
+    ddivu_3 =   mips64 and "0000009fDST",
+    dmodu_3 =   mips64 and "000000dfDST",
+
+    -- Opcode SPECIAL3.
+    align_4 =           "7c000220DSTA",
+    dalign_4 =          mips64 and "7c000224DSTA",
+    bitswap_2 =         "7c000020DT",
+    dbitswap_2 =        mips64 and "7c000024DT",
+
+    -- Opcode COP1.
+    bc1eqz_2 =  "45200000HB",
+    bc1nez_2 =  "45a00000HB",
+
+    ["sel.s_3"] =       "46000010FGH",
+    ["seleqz.s_3"] =    "46000014FGH",
+    ["selnez.s_3"] =    "46000017FGH",
+    ["maddf.s_3"] =     "46000018FGH",
+    ["msubf.s_3"] =     "46000019FGH",
+    ["rint.s_2"] =      "4600001aFG",
+    ["class.s_2"] =     "4600001bFG",
+    ["min.s_3"] =       "4600001cFGH",
+    ["mina.s_3"] =      "4600001dFGH",
+    ["max.s_3"] =       "4600001eFGH",
+    ["maxa.s_3"] =      "4600001fFGH",
+    ["cmp.af.s_3"] =    "46800000FGH",
+    ["cmp.un.s_3"] =    "46800001FGH",
+    ["cmp.or.s_3"] =    "46800011FGH",
+    ["cmp.eq.s_3"] =    "46800002FGH",
+    ["cmp.une.s_3"] =   "46800012FGH",
+    ["cmp.ueq.s_3"] =   "46800003FGH",
+    ["cmp.ne.s_3"] =    "46800013FGH",
+    ["cmp.lt.s_3"] =    "46800004FGH",
+    ["cmp.ult.s_3"] =   "46800005FGH",
+    ["cmp.le.s_3"] =    "46800006FGH",
+    ["cmp.ule.s_3"] =   "46800007FGH",
+    ["cmp.saf.s_3"] =   "46800008FGH",
+    ["cmp.sun.s_3"] =   "46800009FGH",
+    ["cmp.sor.s_3"] =   "46800019FGH",
+    ["cmp.seq.s_3"] =   "4680000aFGH",
+    ["cmp.sune.s_3"] =  "4680001aFGH",
+    ["cmp.sueq.s_3"] =  "4680000bFGH",
+    ["cmp.sne.s_3"] =   "4680001bFGH",
+    ["cmp.slt.s_3"] =   "4680000cFGH",
+    ["cmp.sult.s_3"] =  "4680000dFGH",
+    ["cmp.sle.s_3"] =   "4680000eFGH",
+    ["cmp.sule.s_3"] =  "4680000fFGH",
+
+    ["sel.d_3"] =       "46200010FGH",
+    ["seleqz.d_3"] =    "46200014FGH",
+    ["selnez.d_3"] =    "46200017FGH",
+    ["maddf.d_3"] =     "46200018FGH",
+    ["msubf.d_3"] =     "46200019FGH",
+    ["rint.d_2"] =      "4620001aFG",
+    ["class.d_2"] =     "4620001bFG",
+    ["min.d_3"] =       "4620001cFGH",
+    ["mina.d_3"] =      "4620001dFGH",
+    ["max.d_3"] =       "4620001eFGH",
+    ["maxa.d_3"] =      "4620001fFGH",
+    ["cmp.af.d_3"] =    "46a00000FGH",
+    ["cmp.un.d_3"] =    "46a00001FGH",
+    ["cmp.or.d_3"] =    "46a00011FGH",
+    ["cmp.eq.d_3"] =    "46a00002FGH",
+    ["cmp.une.d_3"] =   "46a00012FGH",
+    ["cmp.ueq.d_3"] =   "46a00003FGH",
+    ["cmp.ne.d_3"] =    "46a00013FGH",
+    ["cmp.lt.d_3"] =    "46a00004FGH",
+    ["cmp.ult.d_3"] =   "46a00005FGH",
+    ["cmp.le.d_3"] =    "46a00006FGH",
+    ["cmp.ule.d_3"] =   "46a00007FGH",
+    ["cmp.saf.d_3"] =   "46a00008FGH",
+    ["cmp.sun.d_3"] =   "46a00009FGH",
+    ["cmp.sor.d_3"] =   "46a00019FGH",
+    ["cmp.seq.d_3"] =   "46a0000aFGH",
+    ["cmp.sune.d_3"] =  "46a0001aFGH",
+    ["cmp.sueq.d_3"] =  "46a0000bFGH",
+    ["cmp.sne.d_3"] =   "46a0001bFGH",
+    ["cmp.slt.d_3"] =   "46a0000cFGH",
+    ["cmp.sult.d_3"] =  "46a0000dFGH",
+    ["cmp.sle.d_3"] =   "46a0000eFGH",
+    ["cmp.sule.d_3"] =  "46a0000fFGH",
+
+  }) do map_op[k] = v end
+
+else -- Instructions removed by MIPSR6.
+
+  for k,v in pairs({
+    -- Traps, don't use.
+    addi_3 =    "20000000TSI",
+    daddi_3 =   mips64 and "60000000TSI",
+
+    -- Branch on likely, don't use.
+    beqzl_2 =   "50000000SB",
+    beql_3 =    "50000000STB",
+    bnezl_2 =   "54000000SB",
+    bnel_3 =    "54000000STB",
+    blezl_2 =   "58000000SB",
+    bgtzl_2 =   "5c000000SB",
+
+    lwl_2 =     "88000000TO",
+    lwr_2 =     "98000000TO",
+    swl_2 =     "a8000000TO",
+    sdl_2 =     mips64 and "b0000000TO",
+    sdr_2 =     mips64 and "b1000000TO",
+    swr_2 =     "b8000000TO",
+    cache_2 =   "bc000000NO",
+    ll_2 =      "c0000000TO",
+    pref_2 =    "cc000000NO",
+    sc_2 =      "e0000000TO",
+    scd_2 =     mips64 and "f0000000TO",
+
+    -- Opcode SPECIAL.
+    movf_2 =    "00000001DS",
+    movf_3 =    "00000001DSC",
+    movt_2 =    "00010001DS",
+    movt_3 =    "00010001DSC",
+    jr_1 =      "00000008S",
+    movz_3 =    "0000000aDST",
+    movn_3 =    "0000000bDST",
+    mfhi_1 =    "00000010D",
+    mthi_1 =    "00000011S",
+    mflo_1 =    "00000012D",
+    mtlo_1 =    "00000013S",
+    mult_2 =    "00000018ST",
+    multu_2 =   "00000019ST",
+    div_3 =     "0000001aST",
+    divu_3 =    "0000001bST",
+    ddiv_3 =    mips64 and "0000001eST",
+    ddivu_3 =   mips64 and "0000001fST",
+    dmult_2 =   mips64 and "0000001cST",
+    dmultu_2 =  mips64 and "0000001dST",
+
+    -- Opcode REGIMM.
+    tgei_2 =    "04080000SI",
+    tgeiu_2 =   "04090000SI",
+    tlti_2 =    "040a0000SI",
+    tltiu_2 =   "040b0000SI",
+    teqi_2 =    "040c0000SI",
+    tnei_2 =    "040e0000SI",
+    bltzal_2 =  "04100000SB",
+    bgezal_2 =  "04110000SB",
+    bltzall_2 = "04120000SB",
+    bgezall_2 = "04130000SB",
+
+    -- Opcode SPECIAL2.
+    madd_2 =    "70000000ST",
+    maddu_2 =   "70000001ST",
+    mul_3 =     "70000002DST",
+    msub_2 =    "70000004ST",
+    msubu_2 =   "70000005ST",
+    clz_2 =     "70000020D=TS",
+    clo_2 =     "70000021D=TS",
+    dclz_2 =    mips64 and "70000024D=TS",
+    dclo_2 =    mips64 and "70000025D=TS",
+    sdbbp_0 =   "7000003f",
+    sdbbp_1 =   "7000003fY",
+
+    -- Opcode COP1.
+    bc1f_1 =    "45000000B",
+    bc1f_2 =    "45000000CB",
+    bc1t_1 =    "45010000B",
+    bc1t_2 =    "45010000CB",
+    bc1fl_1 =   "45020000B",
+    bc1fl_2 =   "45020000CB",
+    bc1tl_1 =   "45030000B",
+    bc1tl_2 =   "45030000CB",
+
+    ["movf.s_2"] =      "46000011FG",
+    ["movf.s_3"] =      "46000011FGC",
+    ["movt.s_2"] =      "46010011FG",
+    ["movt.s_3"] =      "46010011FGC",
+    ["movz.s_3"] =      "46000012FGT",
+    ["movn.s_3"] =      "46000013FGT",
+    ["cvt.ps.s_3"] =    "46000026FGH",
+    ["c.f.s_2"] =       "46000030GH",
+    ["c.f.s_3"] =       "46000030VGH",
+    ["c.un.s_2"] =      "46000031GH",
+    ["c.un.s_3"] =      "46000031VGH",
+    ["c.eq.s_2"] =      "46000032GH",
+    ["c.eq.s_3"] =      "46000032VGH",
+    ["c.ueq.s_2"] =     "46000033GH",
+    ["c.ueq.s_3"] =     "46000033VGH",
+    ["c.olt.s_2"] =     "46000034GH",
+    ["c.olt.s_3"] =     "46000034VGH",
+    ["c.ult.s_2"] =     "46000035GH",
+    ["c.ult.s_3"] =     "46000035VGH",
+    ["c.ole.s_2"] =     "46000036GH",
+    ["c.ole.s_3"] =     "46000036VGH",
+    ["c.ule.s_2"] =     "46000037GH",
+    ["c.ule.s_3"] =     "46000037VGH",
+    ["c.sf.s_2"] =      "46000038GH",
+    ["c.sf.s_3"] =      "46000038VGH",
+    ["c.ngle.s_2"] =    "46000039GH",
+    ["c.ngle.s_3"] =    "46000039VGH",
+    ["c.seq.s_2"] =     "4600003aGH",
+    ["c.seq.s_3"] =     "4600003aVGH",
+    ["c.ngl.s_2"] =     "4600003bGH",
+    ["c.ngl.s_3"] =     "4600003bVGH",
+    ["c.lt.s_2"] =      "4600003cGH",
+    ["c.lt.s_3"] =      "4600003cVGH",
+    ["c.nge.s_2"] =     "4600003dGH",
+    ["c.nge.s_3"] =     "4600003dVGH",
+    ["c.le.s_2"] =      "4600003eGH",
+    ["c.le.s_3"] =      "4600003eVGH",
+    ["c.ngt.s_2"] =     "4600003fGH",
+    ["c.ngt.s_3"] =     "4600003fVGH",
+    ["movf.d_2"] =      "46200011FG",
+    ["movf.d_3"] =      "46200011FGC",
+    ["movt.d_2"] =      "46210011FG",
+    ["movt.d_3"] =      "46210011FGC",
+    ["movz.d_3"] =      "46200012FGT",
+    ["movn.d_3"] =      "46200013FGT",
+    ["c.f.d_2"] =       "46200030GH",
+    ["c.f.d_3"] =       "46200030VGH",
+    ["c.un.d_2"] =      "46200031GH",
+    ["c.un.d_3"] =      "46200031VGH",
+    ["c.eq.d_2"] =      "46200032GH",
+    ["c.eq.d_3"] =      "46200032VGH",
+    ["c.ueq.d_2"] =     "46200033GH",
+    ["c.ueq.d_3"] =     "46200033VGH",
+    ["c.olt.d_2"] =     "46200034GH",
+    ["c.olt.d_3"] =     "46200034VGH",
+    ["c.ult.d_2"] =     "46200035GH",
+    ["c.ult.d_3"] =     "46200035VGH",
+    ["c.ole.d_2"] =     "46200036GH",
+    ["c.ole.d_3"] =     "46200036VGH",
+    ["c.ule.d_2"] =     "46200037GH",
+    ["c.ule.d_3"] =     "46200037VGH",
+    ["c.sf.d_2"] =      "46200038GH",
+    ["c.sf.d_3"] =      "46200038VGH",
+    ["c.ngle.d_2"] =    "46200039GH",
+    ["c.ngle.d_3"] =    "46200039VGH",
+    ["c.seq.d_2"] =     "4620003aGH",
+    ["c.seq.d_3"] =     "4620003aVGH",
+    ["c.ngl.d_2"] =     "4620003bGH",
+    ["c.ngl.d_3"] =     "4620003bVGH",
+    ["c.lt.d_2"] =      "4620003cGH",
+    ["c.lt.d_3"] =      "4620003cVGH",
+    ["c.nge.d_2"] =     "4620003dGH",
+    ["c.nge.d_3"] =     "4620003dVGH",
+    ["c.le.d_2"] =      "4620003eGH",
+    ["c.le.d_3"] =      "4620003eVGH",
+    ["c.ngt.d_2"] =     "4620003fGH",
+    ["c.ngt.d_3"] =     "4620003fVGH",
+    ["add.ps_3"] =      "46c00000FGH",
+    ["sub.ps_3"] =      "46c00001FGH",
+    ["mul.ps_3"] =      "46c00002FGH",
+    ["abs.ps_2"] =      "46c00005FG",
+    ["mov.ps_2"] =      "46c00006FG",
+    ["neg.ps_2"] =      "46c00007FG",
+    ["movf.ps_2"] =     "46c00011FG",
+    ["movf.ps_3"] =     "46c00011FGC",
+    ["movt.ps_2"] =     "46c10011FG",
+    ["movt.ps_3"] =     "46c10011FGC",
+    ["movz.ps_3"] =     "46c00012FGT",
+    ["movn.ps_3"] =     "46c00013FGT",
+    ["cvt.s.pu_2"] =    "46c00020FG",
+    ["cvt.s.pl_2"] =    "46c00028FG",
+    ["pll.ps_3"] =      "46c0002cFGH",
+    ["plu.ps_3"] =      "46c0002dFGH",
+    ["pul.ps_3"] =      "46c0002eFGH",
+    ["puu.ps_3"] =      "46c0002fFGH",
+    ["c.f.ps_2"] =      "46c00030GH",
+    ["c.f.ps_3"] =      "46c00030VGH",
+    ["c.un.ps_2"] =     "46c00031GH",
+    ["c.un.ps_3"] =     "46c00031VGH",
+    ["c.eq.ps_2"] =     "46c00032GH",
+    ["c.eq.ps_3"] =     "46c00032VGH",
+    ["c.ueq.ps_2"] =    "46c00033GH",
+    ["c.ueq.ps_3"] =    "46c00033VGH",
+    ["c.olt.ps_2"] =    "46c00034GH",
+    ["c.olt.ps_3"] =    "46c00034VGH",
+    ["c.ult.ps_2"] =    "46c00035GH",
+    ["c.ult.ps_3"] =    "46c00035VGH",
+    ["c.ole.ps_2"] =    "46c00036GH",
+    ["c.ole.ps_3"] =    "46c00036VGH",
+    ["c.ule.ps_2"] =    "46c00037GH",
+    ["c.ule.ps_3"] =    "46c00037VGH",
+    ["c.sf.ps_2"] =     "46c00038GH",
+    ["c.sf.ps_3"] =     "46c00038VGH",
+    ["c.ngle.ps_2"] =   "46c00039GH",
+    ["c.ngle.ps_3"] =   "46c00039VGH",
+    ["c.seq.ps_2"] =    "46c0003aGH",
+    ["c.seq.ps_3"] =    "46c0003aVGH",
+    ["c.ngl.ps_2"] =    "46c0003bGH",
+    ["c.ngl.ps_3"] =    "46c0003bVGH",
+    ["c.lt.ps_2"] =     "46c0003cGH",
+    ["c.lt.ps_3"] =     "46c0003cVGH",
+    ["c.nge.ps_2"] =    "46c0003dGH",
+    ["c.nge.ps_3"] =    "46c0003dVGH",
+    ["c.le.ps_2"] =     "46c0003eGH",
+    ["c.le.ps_3"] =     "46c0003eVGH",
+    ["c.ngt.ps_2"] =    "46c0003fGH",
+    ["c.ngt.ps_3"] =    "46c0003fVGH",
+
+    -- Opcode COP1X.
+    lwxc1_2 =   "4c000000FX",
+    ldxc1_2 =   "4c000001FX",
+    luxc1_2 =   "4c000005FX",
+    swxc1_2 =   "4c000008FX",
+    sdxc1_2 =   "4c000009FX",
+    suxc1_2 =   "4c00000dFX",
+    prefx_2 =   "4c00000fMX",
+    ["alnv.ps_4"] =     "4c00001eFGHS",
+    ["madd.s_4"] =      "4c000020FRGH",
+    ["madd.d_4"] =      "4c000021FRGH",
+    ["madd.ps_4"] =     "4c000026FRGH",
+    ["msub.s_4"] =      "4c000028FRGH",
+    ["msub.d_4"] =      "4c000029FRGH",
+    ["msub.ps_4"] =     "4c00002eFRGH",
+    ["nmadd.s_4"] =     "4c000030FRGH",
+    ["nmadd.d_4"] =     "4c000031FRGH",
+    ["nmadd.ps_4"] =    "4c000036FRGH",
+    ["nmsub.s_4"] =     "4c000038FRGH",
+    ["nmsub.d_4"] =     "4c000039FRGH",
+    ["nmsub.ps_4"] =    "4c00003eFRGH",
+
+  }) do map_op[k] = v end
+
+end
+
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 local function parse_gpr(expr)
@@ -633,7 +855,7 @@ local function parse_fpr(expr)
   werror("bad register name `"..expr.."'")
 end
 
-local function parse_imm(imm, bits, shift, scale, signed)
+local function parse_imm(imm, bits, shift, scale, signed, action)
   local n = tonumber(imm)
   if n then
     local m = sar(n, scale)
@@ -651,7 +873,8 @@ local function parse_imm(imm, bits, shift, scale, signed)
          match(imm, "^([%w_]+):([rf][1-3]?[0-9])$") then
     werror("expected immediate operand, got register")
   else
-    waction("IMM", (signed and 32768 or 0)+scale*1024+bits*32+shift, imm)
+    waction(action or "IMM",
+            (signed and 32768 or 0)+shl(scale, 10)+shl(bits, 5)+shift, imm)
     return 0
   end
 end
@@ -756,13 +979,18 @@ map_op[".template__"] = function(params, template, nparams)
       op = op + parse_disp(params[n]); n = n + 1
     elseif p == "X" then
       op = op + parse_index(params[n]); n = n + 1
-    elseif p == "B" or p == "J" then
+    elseif p == "B" or p == "J" or p == "K" or p == "L" then
       local mode, m, s = parse_label(params[n], false)
-      if p == "B" then m = m + 2048 end
+      if p == "J" then m = m + 0xa800
+      elseif p == "K" then m = m + 0x5000
+      elseif p == "L" then m = m + 0xa000 end
       waction("REL_"..mode, m, s, 1)
       n = n + 1
     elseif p == "A" then
       op = op + parse_imm(params[n], 5, 6, 0, false); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "a" then
+      local m = parse_imm(params[n], 6, 6, 0, false, "IMMS"); n = n + 1
+      op = op + band(m, 0x7c0) + band(shr(m, 9), 4)
     elseif p == "M" then
       op = op + parse_imm(params[n], 5, 11, 0, false); n = n + 1
     elseif p == "N" then
@@ -778,7 +1006,7 @@ map_op[".template__"] = function(params, template, nparams)
     elseif p == "Z" then
       op = op + parse_imm(params[n], 10, 6, 0, false); n = n + 1
     elseif p == "=" then
-      op = op + shl(band(op, 0xf800), 5) -- Copy D to T for clz, clo.
+      n = n - 1 -- Re-use previous parameter for next template char.
     else
       assert(false)
     end
diff --git a/dynasm/dasm_mips64.lua b/dynasm/dasm_mips64.lua
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c97d666b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dynasm/dasm_mips64.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- DynASM MIPS64 module.
+--
+-- Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. All rights reserved.
+-- See dynasm.lua for full copyright notice.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- This module just sets 64 bit mode for the combined MIPS/MIPS64 module.
+-- All the interesting stuff is there.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+mips64 = true -- Using a global is an ugly, but effective solution.
+return require("dasm_mips")
diff --git a/dynasm/dasm_ppc.h b/dynasm/dasm_ppc.h
index e2d6f1fc..4c7d7289 100644
--- a/dynasm/dasm_ppc.h
+++ b/dynasm/dasm_ppc.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-** DynASM PPC encoding engine.
+** DynASM PPC/PPC64 encoding engine.
 ** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. All rights reserved.
 ** Released under the MIT license. See dynasm.lua for full copyright notice.
 */
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ enum {
   /* The following actions need a buffer position. */
   DASM_ALIGN, DASM_REL_LG, DASM_LABEL_LG,
   /* The following actions also have an argument. */
-  DASM_REL_PC, DASM_LABEL_PC, DASM_IMM,
+  DASM_REL_PC, DASM_LABEL_PC, DASM_IMM, DASM_IMMSH,
   DASM__MAX
 };
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ struct dasm_State {
   size_t lgsize;
   int *pclabels;                /* PC label chains/pos ptrs. */
   size_t pcsize;
-  void **globals;               /* Array of globals (bias -10). */
+  void **globals;               /* Array of globals. */
   dasm_Section *section;        /* Pointer to active section. */
   size_t codesize;              /* Total size of all code sections. */
   int maxsection;               /* 0 <= sectionidx < maxsection. */
@@ -86,7 +86,6 @@ void dasm_init(Dst_DECL, int maxsection)
 {
   dasm_State *D;
   size_t psz = 0;
-  int i;
   Dst_REF = NULL;
   DASM_M_GROW(Dst, struct dasm_State, Dst_REF, psz, DASM_PSZ(maxsection));
   D = Dst_REF;
@@ -97,12 +96,7 @@ void dasm_init(Dst_DECL, int maxsection)
   D->pcsize = 0;
   D->globals = NULL;
   D->maxsection = maxsection;
-  for (i = 0; i < maxsection; i++) {
-    D->sections[i].buf = NULL;  /* Need this for pass3. */
-    D->sections[i].rbuf = D->sections[i].buf - DASM_SEC2POS(i);
-    D->sections[i].bsize = 0;
-    D->sections[i].epos = 0;  /* Wrong, but is recalculated after resize. */
-  }
+  memset((void *)D->sections, 0, maxsection * sizeof(dasm_Section));
 }
 
 /* Free DynASM state. */
@@ -122,7 +116,7 @@ void dasm_free(Dst_DECL)
 void dasm_setupglobal(Dst_DECL, void **gl, unsigned int maxgl)
 {
   dasm_State *D = Dst_REF;
-  D->globals = gl - 10;  /* Negative bias to compensate for locals. */
+  D->globals = gl;
   DASM_M_GROW(Dst, int, D->lglabels, D->lgsize, (10+maxgl)*sizeof(int));
 }
 
@@ -147,6 +141,7 @@ void dasm_setup(Dst_DECL, const void *actionlist)
   if (D->pclabels) memset((void *)D->pclabels, 0, D->pcsize);
   for (i = 0; i < D->maxsection; i++) {
     D->sections[i].pos = DASM_SEC2POS(i);
+    D->sections[i].rbuf = D->sections[i].buf - D->sections[i].pos;
     D->sections[i].ofs = 0;
   }
 }
@@ -244,6 +239,10 @@ void dasm_put(Dst_DECL, int start, ...)
 #endif
         b[pos++] = n;
         break;
+      case DASM_IMMSH:
+        CK((n >> 6) == 0, RANGE_I);
+        b[pos++] = n;
+        break;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -273,7 +272,7 @@ int dasm_link(Dst_DECL, size_t *szp)
 
   { /* Handle globals not defined in this translation unit. */
     int idx;
-    for (idx = 20; idx*sizeof(int) < D->lgsize; idx++) {
+    for (idx = 10; idx*sizeof(int) < D->lgsize; idx++) {
       int n = D->lglabels[idx];
       /* Undefined label: Collapse rel chain and replace with marker (< 0). */
       while (n > 0) { int *pb = DASM_POS2PTR(D, n); n = *pb; *pb = -idx; }
@@ -299,7 +298,7 @@ int dasm_link(Dst_DECL, size_t *szp)
         case DASM_ALIGN: ofs -= (b[pos++] + ofs) & (ins & 255); break;
         case DASM_REL_LG: case DASM_REL_PC: pos++; break;
         case DASM_LABEL_LG: case DASM_LABEL_PC: b[pos++] += ofs; break;
-        case DASM_IMM: pos++; break;
+        case DASM_IMM: case DASM_IMMSH: pos++; break;
         }
       }
       stop: (void)0;
@@ -349,7 +348,10 @@ int dasm_encode(Dst_DECL, void *buffer)
           ins &= 255; while ((((char *)cp - base) & ins)) *cp++ = 0x60000000;
           break;
         case DASM_REL_LG:
-          CK(n >= 0, UNDEF_LG);
+          if (n < 0) {
+            n = (int)((ptrdiff_t)D->globals[-n-10] - (ptrdiff_t)cp);
+            goto patchrel;
+          }
           /* fallthrough */
         case DASM_REL_PC:
           CK(n >= 0, UNDEF_PC);
@@ -361,12 +363,15 @@ int dasm_encode(Dst_DECL, void *buffer)
           cp[-1] |= ((n+4) & ((ins & 2048) ? 0x0000fffc: 0x03fffffc));
           break;
         case DASM_LABEL_LG:
-          ins &= 2047; if (ins >= 20) D->globals[ins-10] = (void *)(base + n);
+          ins &= 2047; if (ins >= 20) D->globals[ins-20] = (void *)(base + n);
           break;
         case DASM_LABEL_PC: break;
         case DASM_IMM:
           cp[-1] |= (n & ((1<<((ins>>5)&31))-1)) << (ins&31);
           break;
+        case DASM_IMMSH:
+          cp[-1] |= (ins & 1) ? ((n&31)<<11)|((n&32)>>4) : ((n&31)<<6)|(n&32);
+          break;
         default: *cp++ = ins; break;
         }
       }
diff --git a/dynasm/dasm_ppc.lua b/dynasm/dasm_ppc.lua
index b4f5cea4..d66ae4a0 100644
--- a/dynasm/dasm_ppc.lua
+++ b/dynasm/dasm_ppc.lua
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- DynASM PPC module.
+-- DynASM PPC/PPC64 module.
 --
 -- Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. All rights reserved.
 -- See dynasm.lua for full copyright notice.
+--
+-- Support for various extensions contributed by Caio Souza Oliveira.
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 -- Module information:
 local _info = {
   arch =        "ppc",
   description = "DynASM PPC module",
-  version =     "1.3.0",
-  vernum =       10300,
-  release =     "2011-05-05",
+  version =     "1.5.0",
+  vernum =       10500,
+  release =     "2021-05-02",
   author =      "Mike Pall",
   license =     "MIT",
 }
@@ -39,7 +41,7 @@ local wline, werror, wfatal, wwarn
 local action_names = {
   "STOP", "SECTION", "ESC", "REL_EXT",
   "ALIGN", "REL_LG", "LABEL_LG",
-  "REL_PC", "LABEL_PC", "IMM",
+  "REL_PC", "LABEL_PC", "IMM", "IMMSH"
 }
 
 -- Maximum number of section buffer positions for dasm_put().
@@ -228,8 +230,18 @@ local map_cond = {
 
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+local map_op, op_template
+
+local function op_alias(opname, f)
+  return function(params, nparams)
+    if not params then return "-> "..opname:sub(1, -3) end
+    f(params, nparams)
+    op_template(params, map_op[opname], nparams)
+  end
+end
+
 -- Template strings for PPC instructions.
-local map_op = {
+map_op = {
   tdi_3 =       "08000000ARI",
   twi_3 =       "0c000000ARI",
   mulli_3 =     "1c000000RRI",
@@ -297,6 +309,250 @@ local map_op = {
   std_2 =       "f8000000RD",
   stdu_2 =      "f8000001RD",
 
+  subi_3 =      op_alias("addi_3", function(p) p[3] = "-("..p[3]..")" end),
+  subis_3 =     op_alias("addis_3", function(p) p[3] = "-("..p[3]..")" end),
+  subic_3 =     op_alias("addic_3", function(p) p[3] = "-("..p[3]..")" end),
+  ["subic._3"] = op_alias("addic._3", function(p) p[3] = "-("..p[3]..")" end),
+
+  rotlwi_3 =    op_alias("rlwinm_5", function(p)
+    p[4] = "0"; p[5] = "31"
+  end),
+  rotrwi_3 =    op_alias("rlwinm_5", function(p)
+    p[3] = "32-("..p[3]..")"; p[4] = "0"; p[5] = "31"
+  end),
+  rotlw_3 =     op_alias("rlwnm_5", function(p)
+    p[4] = "0"; p[5] = "31"
+  end),
+  slwi_3 =      op_alias("rlwinm_5", function(p)
+    p[5] = "31-("..p[3]..")"; p[4] = "0"
+  end),
+  srwi_3 =      op_alias("rlwinm_5", function(p)
+    p[4] = p[3]; p[3] = "32-("..p[3]..")"; p[5] = "31"
+  end),
+  clrlwi_3 =    op_alias("rlwinm_5", function(p)
+    p[4] = p[3]; p[3] = "0"; p[5] = "31"
+  end),
+  clrrwi_3 =    op_alias("rlwinm_5", function(p)
+    p[5] = "31-("..p[3]..")"; p[3] = "0"; p[4] = "0"
+  end),
+
+  -- Primary opcode 4:
+  mulhhwu_3 =           "10000010RRR.",
+  machhwu_3 =           "10000018RRR.",
+  mulhhw_3 =            "10000050RRR.",
+  nmachhw_3 =           "1000005cRRR.",
+  machhwsu_3 =          "10000098RRR.",
+  machhws_3 =           "100000d8RRR.",
+  nmachhws_3 =          "100000dcRRR.",
+  mulchwu_3 =           "10000110RRR.",
+  macchwu_3 =           "10000118RRR.",
+  mulchw_3 =            "10000150RRR.",
+  macchw_3 =            "10000158RRR.",
+  nmacchw_3 =           "1000015cRRR.",
+  macchwsu_3 =          "10000198RRR.",
+  macchws_3 =           "100001d8RRR.",
+  nmacchws_3 =          "100001dcRRR.",
+  mullhw_3 =            "10000350RRR.",
+  maclhw_3 =            "10000358RRR.",
+  nmaclhw_3 =           "1000035cRRR.",
+  maclhwsu_3 =          "10000398RRR.",
+  maclhws_3 =           "100003d8RRR.",
+  nmaclhws_3 =          "100003dcRRR.",
+  machhwuo_3 =          "10000418RRR.",
+  nmachhwo_3 =          "1000045cRRR.",
+  machhwsuo_3 =         "10000498RRR.",
+  machhwso_3 =          "100004d8RRR.",
+  nmachhwso_3 =         "100004dcRRR.",
+  macchwuo_3 =          "10000518RRR.",
+  macchwo_3 =           "10000558RRR.",
+  nmacchwo_3 =          "1000055cRRR.",
+  macchwsuo_3 =         "10000598RRR.",
+  macchwso_3 =          "100005d8RRR.",
+  nmacchwso_3 =         "100005dcRRR.",
+  maclhwo_3 =           "10000758RRR.",
+  nmaclhwo_3 =          "1000075cRRR.",
+  maclhwsuo_3 =         "10000798RRR.",
+  maclhwso_3 =          "100007d8RRR.",
+  nmaclhwso_3 =         "100007dcRRR.",
+
+  vaddubm_3 =           "10000000VVV",
+  vmaxub_3 =            "10000002VVV",
+  vrlb_3 =              "10000004VVV",
+  vcmpequb_3 =          "10000006VVV",
+  vmuloub_3 =           "10000008VVV",
+  vaddfp_3 =            "1000000aVVV",
+  vmrghb_3 =            "1000000cVVV",
+  vpkuhum_3 =           "1000000eVVV",
+  vmhaddshs_4 =         "10000020VVVV",
+  vmhraddshs_4 =        "10000021VVVV",
+  vmladduhm_4 =         "10000022VVVV",
+  vmsumubm_4 =          "10000024VVVV",
+  vmsummbm_4 =          "10000025VVVV",
+  vmsumuhm_4 =          "10000026VVVV",
+  vmsumuhs_4 =          "10000027VVVV",
+  vmsumshm_4 =          "10000028VVVV",
+  vmsumshs_4 =          "10000029VVVV",
+  vsel_4 =              "1000002aVVVV",
+  vperm_4 =             "1000002bVVVV",
+  vsldoi_4 =            "1000002cVVVP",
+  vpermxor_4 =          "1000002dVVVV",
+  vmaddfp_4 =           "1000002eVVVV~",
+  vnmsubfp_4 =          "1000002fVVVV~",
+  vaddeuqm_4 =          "1000003cVVVV",
+  vaddecuq_4 =          "1000003dVVVV",
+  vsubeuqm_4 =          "1000003eVVVV",
+  vsubecuq_4 =          "1000003fVVVV",
+  vadduhm_3 =           "10000040VVV",
+  vmaxuh_3 =            "10000042VVV",
+  vrlh_3 =              "10000044VVV",
+  vcmpequh_3 =          "10000046VVV",
+  vmulouh_3 =           "10000048VVV",
+  vsubfp_3 =            "1000004aVVV",
+  vmrghh_3 =            "1000004cVVV",
+  vpkuwum_3 =           "1000004eVVV",
+  vadduwm_3 =           "10000080VVV",
+  vmaxuw_3 =            "10000082VVV",
+  vrlw_3 =              "10000084VVV",
+  vcmpequw_3 =          "10000086VVV",
+  vmulouw_3 =           "10000088VVV",
+  vmuluwm_3 =           "10000089VVV",
+  vmrghw_3 =            "1000008cVVV",
+  vpkuhus_3 =           "1000008eVVV",
+  vaddudm_3 =           "100000c0VVV",
+  vmaxud_3 =            "100000c2VVV",
+  vrld_3 =              "100000c4VVV",
+  vcmpeqfp_3 =          "100000c6VVV",
+  vcmpequd_3 =          "100000c7VVV",
+  vpkuwus_3 =           "100000ceVVV",
+  vadduqm_3 =           "10000100VVV",
+  vmaxsb_3 =            "10000102VVV",
+  vslb_3 =              "10000104VVV",
+  vmulosb_3 =           "10000108VVV",
+  vrefp_2 =             "1000010aV-V",
+  vmrglb_3 =            "1000010cVVV",
+  vpkshus_3 =           "1000010eVVV",
+  vaddcuq_3 =           "10000140VVV",
+  vmaxsh_3 =            "10000142VVV",
+  vslh_3 =              "10000144VVV",
+  vmulosh_3 =           "10000148VVV",
+  vrsqrtefp_2 =         "1000014aV-V",
+  vmrglh_3 =            "1000014cVVV",
+  vpkswus_3 =           "1000014eVVV",
+  vaddcuw_3 =           "10000180VVV",
+  vmaxsw_3 =            "10000182VVV",
+  vslw_3 =              "10000184VVV",
+  vmulosw_3 =           "10000188VVV",
+  vexptefp_2 =          "1000018aV-V",
+  vmrglw_3 =            "1000018cVVV",
+  vpkshss_3 =           "1000018eVVV",
+  vmaxsd_3 =            "100001c2VVV",
+  vsl_3 =               "100001c4VVV",
+  vcmpgefp_3 =          "100001c6VVV",
+  vlogefp_2 =           "100001caV-V",
+  vpkswss_3 =           "100001ceVVV",
+  vadduhs_3 =           "10000240VVV",
+  vminuh_3 =            "10000242VVV",
+  vsrh_3 =              "10000244VVV",
+  vcmpgtuh_3 =          "10000246VVV",
+  vmuleuh_3 =           "10000248VVV",
+  vrfiz_2 =             "1000024aV-V",
+  vsplth_3 =            "1000024cVV3",
+  vupkhsh_2 =           "1000024eV-V",
+  vminuw_3 =            "10000282VVV",
+  vminud_3 =            "100002c2VVV",
+  vcmpgtud_3 =          "100002c7VVV",
+  vrfim_2 =             "100002caV-V",
+  vcmpgtsb_3 =          "10000306VVV",
+  vcfux_3 =             "1000030aVVA~",
+  vaddshs_3 =           "10000340VVV",
+  vminsh_3 =            "10000342VVV",
+  vsrah_3 =             "10000344VVV",
+  vcmpgtsh_3 =          "10000346VVV",
+  vmulesh_3 =           "10000348VVV",
+  vcfsx_3 =             "1000034aVVA~",
+  vspltish_2 =          "1000034cVS",
+  vupkhpx_2 =           "1000034eV-V",
+  vaddsws_3 =           "10000380VVV",
+  vminsw_3 =            "10000382VVV",
+  vsraw_3 =             "10000384VVV",
+  vcmpgtsw_3 =          "10000386VVV",
+  vmulesw_3 =           "10000388VVV",
+  vctuxs_3 =            "1000038aVVA~",
+  vspltisw_2 =          "1000038cVS",
+  vminsd_3 =            "100003c2VVV",
+  vsrad_3 =             "100003c4VVV",
+  vcmpbfp_3 =           "100003c6VVV",
+  vcmpgtsd_3 =          "100003c7VVV",
+  vctsxs_3 =            "100003caVVA~",
+  vupklpx_2 =           "100003ceV-V",
+  vsububm_3 =           "10000400VVV",
+  ["bcdadd._4"] =       "10000401VVVy.",
+  vavgub_3 =            "10000402VVV",
+  vand_3 =              "10000404VVV",
+  ["vcmpequb._3"] =     "10000406VVV",
+  vmaxfp_3 =            "1000040aVVV",
+  vsubuhm_3 =           "10000440VVV",
+  ["bcdsub._4"] =       "10000441VVVy.",
+  vavguh_3 =            "10000442VVV",
+  vandc_3 =             "10000444VVV",
+  ["vcmpequh._3"] =     "10000446VVV",
+  vminfp_3 =            "1000044aVVV",
+  vpkudum_3 =           "1000044eVVV",
+  vsubuwm_3 =           "10000480VVV",
+  vavguw_3 =            "10000482VVV",
+  vor_3 =               "10000484VVV",
+  ["vcmpequw._3"] =     "10000486VVV",
+  vpmsumw_3 =           "10000488VVV",
+  ["vcmpeqfp._3"] =     "100004c6VVV",
+  ["vcmpequd._3"] =     "100004c7VVV",
+  vpkudus_3 =           "100004ceVVV",
+  vavgsb_3 =            "10000502VVV",
+  vavgsh_3 =            "10000542VVV",
+  vorc_3 =              "10000544VVV",
+  vbpermq_3 =           "1000054cVVV",
+  vpksdus_3 =           "1000054eVVV",
+  vavgsw_3 =            "10000582VVV",
+  vsld_3 =              "100005c4VVV",
+  ["vcmpgefp._3"] =     "100005c6VVV",
+  vpksdss_3 =           "100005ceVVV",
+  vsububs_3 =           "10000600VVV",
+  mfvscr_1 =            "10000604V--",
+  vsum4ubs_3 =          "10000608VVV",
+  vsubuhs_3 =           "10000640VVV",
+  mtvscr_1 =            "10000644--V",
+  ["vcmpgtuh._3"] =     "10000646VVV",
+  vsum4shs_3 =          "10000648VVV",
+  vupkhsw_2 =           "1000064eV-V",
+  vsubuws_3 =           "10000680VVV",
+  vshasigmaw_4 =        "10000682VVYp",
+  veqv_3 =              "10000684VVV",
+  vsum2sws_3 =          "10000688VVV",
+  vmrgow_3 =            "1000068cVVV",
+  vshasigmad_4 =        "100006c2VVYp",
+  vsrd_3 =              "100006c4VVV",
+  ["vcmpgtud._3"] =     "100006c7VVV",
+  vupklsw_2 =           "100006ceV-V",
+  vupkslw_2 =           "100006ceV-V",
+  vsubsbs_3 =           "10000700VVV",
+  vclzb_2 =             "10000702V-V",
+  vpopcntb_2 =          "10000703V-V",
+  ["vcmpgtsb._3"] =     "10000706VVV",
+  vsum4sbs_3 =          "10000708VVV",
+  vsubshs_3 =           "10000740VVV",
+  vclzh_2 =             "10000742V-V",
+  vpopcnth_2 =          "10000743V-V",
+  ["vcmpgtsh._3"] =     "10000746VVV",
+  vsubsws_3 =           "10000780VVV",
+  vclzw_2 =             "10000782V-V",
+  vpopcntw_2 =          "10000783V-V",
+  ["vcmpgtsw._3"] =     "10000786VVV",
+  vsumsws_3 =           "10000788VVV",
+  vmrgew_3 =            "1000078cVVV",
+  vclzd_2 =             "100007c2V-V",
+  vpopcntd_2 =          "100007c3V-V",
+  ["vcmpbfp._3"] =      "100007c6VVV",
+  ["vcmpgtsd._3"] =     "100007c7VVV",
+
   -- Primary opcode 19:
   mcrf_2 =      "4c000000XX",
   isync_0 =     "4c00012c",
@@ -316,6 +572,8 @@ local map_op = {
   bclrl_2 =     "4c000021AA",
   bcctr_2 =     "4c000420AA",
   bcctrl_2 =    "4c000421AA",
+  bctar_2 =     "4c000460AA",
+  bctarl_2 =    "4c000461AA",
   blr_0 =       "4e800020",
   blrl_0 =      "4e800021",
   bctr_0 =      "4e800420",
@@ -327,6 +585,7 @@ local map_op = {
   cmpd_3 =      "7c200000XRR",
   cmpd_2 =      "7c200000-RR",
   tw_3 =        "7c000008ARR",
+  lvsl_3 =      "7c00000cVRR",
   subfc_3 =     "7c000010RRR.",
   subc_3 =      "7c000010RRR~.",
   mulhdu_3 =    "7c000012RRR.",
@@ -351,50 +610,68 @@ local map_op = {
   cmplw_2 =     "7c000040-RR",
   cmpld_3 =     "7c200040XRR",
   cmpld_2 =     "7c200040-RR",
+  lvsr_3 =      "7c00004cVRR",
   subf_3 =      "7c000050RRR.",
   sub_3 =       "7c000050RRR~.",
+  lbarx_3 =     "7c000068RR0R",
   ldux_3 =      "7c00006aRR0R",
   dcbst_2 =     "7c00006c-RR",
   lwzux_3 =     "7c00006eRR0R",
   cntlzd_2 =    "7c000074RR~",
   andc_3 =      "7c000078RR~R.",
   td_3 =        "7c000088ARR",
+  lvewx_3 =     "7c00008eVRR",
   mulhd_3 =     "7c000092RRR.",
+  addg6s_3 =    "7c000094RRR",
   mulhw_3 =     "7c000096RRR.",
+  dlmzb_3 =     "7c00009cRR~R.",
   ldarx_3 =     "7c0000a8RR0R",
   dcbf_2 =      "7c0000ac-RR",
   lbzx_3 =      "7c0000aeRR0R",
+  lvx_3 =       "7c0000ceVRR",
   neg_2 =       "7c0000d0RR.",
+  lharx_3 =     "7c0000e8RR0R",
   lbzux_3 =     "7c0000eeRR0R",
   popcntb_2 =   "7c0000f4RR~",
   not_2 =       "7c0000f8RR~%.",
   nor_3 =       "7c0000f8RR~R.",
+  stvebx_3 =    "7c00010eVRR",
   subfe_3 =     "7c000110RRR.",
   sube_3 =      "7c000110RRR~.",
   adde_3 =      "7c000114RRR.",
   stdx_3 =      "7c00012aRR0R",
-  stwcx_3 =     "7c00012cRR0R.",
+  ["stwcx._3"] =        "7c00012dRR0R.",
   stwx_3 =      "7c00012eRR0R",
   prtyw_2 =     "7c000134RR~",
+  stvehx_3 =    "7c00014eVRR",
   stdux_3 =     "7c00016aRR0R",
+  ["stqcx._3"] =        "7c00016dR:R0R.",
   stwux_3 =     "7c00016eRR0R",
   prtyd_2 =     "7c000174RR~",
+  stvewx_3 =    "7c00018eVRR",
   subfze_2 =    "7c000190RR.",
   addze_2 =     "7c000194RR.",
-  stdcx_3 =     "7c0001acRR0R.",
+  ["stdcx._3"] =        "7c0001adRR0R.",
   stbx_3 =      "7c0001aeRR0R",
+  stvx_3 =      "7c0001ceVRR",
   subfme_2 =    "7c0001d0RR.",
   mulld_3 =     "7c0001d2RRR.",
   addme_2 =     "7c0001d4RR.",
   mullw_3 =     "7c0001d6RRR.",
   dcbtst_2 =    "7c0001ec-RR",
   stbux_3 =     "7c0001eeRR0R",
+  bpermd_3 =    "7c0001f8RR~R",
+  lvepxl_3 =    "7c00020eVRR",
   add_3 =       "7c000214RRR.",
+  lqarx_3 =     "7c000228R:R0R",
   dcbt_2 =      "7c00022c-RR",
   lhzx_3 =      "7c00022eRR0R",
+  cdtbcd_2 =    "7c000234RR~",
   eqv_3 =       "7c000238RR~R.",
+  lvepx_3 =     "7c00024eVRR",
   eciwx_3 =     "7c00026cRR0R",
   lhzux_3 =     "7c00026eRR0R",
+  cbcdtd_2 =    "7c000274RR~",
   xor_3 =       "7c000278RR~R.",
   mfspefscr_1 = "7c0082a6R",
   mfxer_1 =     "7c0102a6R",
@@ -404,8 +681,12 @@ local map_op = {
   lhax_3 =      "7c0002aeRR0R",
   mftb_1 =      "7c0c42e6R",
   mftbu_1 =     "7c0d42e6R",
+  lvxl_3 =      "7c0002ceVRR",
   lwaux_3 =     "7c0002eaRR0R",
   lhaux_3 =     "7c0002eeRR0R",
+  popcntw_2 =   "7c0002f4RR~",
+  divdeu_3 =    "7c000312RRR.",
+  divweu_3 =    "7c000316RRR.",
   sthx_3 =      "7c00032eRR0R",
   orc_3 =       "7c000338RR~R.",
   ecowx_3 =     "7c00036cRR0R",
@@ -420,10 +701,14 @@ local map_op = {
   mtctr_1 =     "7c0903a6R",
   dcbi_2 =      "7c0003ac-RR",
   nand_3 =      "7c0003b8RR~R.",
+  dsn_2 =       "7c0003c6-RR",
+  stvxl_3 =     "7c0003ceVRR",
   divd_3 =      "7c0003d2RRR.",
   divw_3 =      "7c0003d6RRR.",
+  popcntd_2 =   "7c0003f4RR~",
   cmpb_3 =      "7c0003f8RR~R.",
   mcrxr_1 =     "7c000400X",
+  lbdx_3 =      "7c000406RRR",
   subfco_3 =    "7c000410RRR.",
   subco_3 =     "7c000410RRR~.",
   addco_3 =     "7c000414RRR.",
@@ -433,16 +718,20 @@ local map_op = {
   lfsx_3 =      "7c00042eFR0R",
   srw_3 =       "7c000430RR~R.",
   srd_3 =       "7c000436RR~R.",
+  lhdx_3 =      "7c000446RRR",
   subfo_3 =     "7c000450RRR.",
   subo_3 =      "7c000450RRR~.",
   lfsux_3 =     "7c00046eFR0R",
+  lwdx_3 =      "7c000486RRR",
   lswi_3 =      "7c0004aaRR0A",
   sync_0 =      "7c0004ac",
   lwsync_0 =    "7c2004ac",
   ptesync_0 =   "7c4004ac",
   lfdx_3 =      "7c0004aeFR0R",
+  lddx_3 =      "7c0004c6RRR",
   nego_2 =      "7c0004d0RR.",
   lfdux_3 =     "7c0004eeFR0R",
+  stbdx_3 =     "7c000506RRR",
   subfeo_3 =    "7c000510RRR.",
   subeo_3 =     "7c000510RRR~.",
   addeo_3 =     "7c000514RRR.",
@@ -450,27 +739,42 @@ local map_op = {
   stswx_3 =     "7c00052aRR0R",
   stwbrx_3 =    "7c00052cRR0R",
   stfsx_3 =     "7c00052eFR0R",
+  sthdx_3 =     "7c000546RRR",
+  ["stbcx._3"] =        "7c00056dRRR",
   stfsux_3 =    "7c00056eFR0R",
+  stwdx_3 =     "7c000586RRR",
   subfzeo_2 =   "7c000590RR.",
   addzeo_2 =    "7c000594RR.",
   stswi_3 =     "7c0005aaRR0A",
+  ["sthcx._3"] =        "7c0005adRRR",
   stfdx_3 =     "7c0005aeFR0R",
+  stddx_3 =     "7c0005c6RRR",
   subfmeo_2 =   "7c0005d0RR.",
   mulldo_3 =    "7c0005d2RRR.",
   addmeo_2 =    "7c0005d4RR.",
   mullwo_3 =    "7c0005d6RRR.",
   dcba_2 =      "7c0005ec-RR",
   stfdux_3 =    "7c0005eeFR0R",
+  stvepxl_3 =   "7c00060eVRR",
   addo_3 =      "7c000614RRR.",
   lhbrx_3 =     "7c00062cRR0R",
+  lfdpx_3 =     "7c00062eF:RR",
   sraw_3 =      "7c000630RR~R.",
   srad_3 =      "7c000634RR~R.",
+  lfddx_3 =     "7c000646FRR",
+  stvepx_3 =    "7c00064eVRR",
   srawi_3 =     "7c000670RR~A.",
   sradi_3 =     "7c000674RR~H.",
   eieio_0 =     "7c0006ac",
   lfiwax_3 =    "7c0006aeFR0R",
+  divdeuo_3 =   "7c000712RRR.",
+  divweuo_3 =   "7c000716RRR.",
   sthbrx_3 =    "7c00072cRR0R",
+  stfdpx_3 =    "7c00072eF:RR",
   extsh_2 =     "7c000734RR~.",
+  stfddx_3 =    "7c000746FRR",
+  divdeo_3 =    "7c000752RRR.",
+  divweo_3 =    "7c000756RRR.",
   extsb_2 =     "7c000774RR~.",
   divduo_3 =    "7c000792RRR.",
   divwou_3 =    "7c000796RRR.",
@@ -481,6 +785,40 @@ local map_op = {
   divwo_3 =     "7c0007d6RRR.",
   dcbz_2 =      "7c0007ec-RR",
 
+  ["tbegin._1"] =       "7c00051d1",
+  ["tbegin._0"] =       "7c00051d",
+  ["tend._1"] =         "7c00055dY",
+  ["tend._0"] =         "7c00055d",
+  ["tendall._0"] =      "7e00055d",
+  tcheck_1 =            "7c00059cX",
+  ["tsr._1"] =          "7c0005dd1",
+  ["tsuspend._0"] =     "7c0005dd",
+  ["tresume._0"] =      "7c2005dd",
+  ["tabortwc._3"] =     "7c00061dARR",
+  ["tabortdc._3"] =     "7c00065dARR",
+  ["tabortwci._3"] =    "7c00069dARS",
+  ["tabortdci._3"] =    "7c0006ddARS",
+  ["tabort._1"] =       "7c00071d-R-",
+  ["treclaim._1"] =     "7c00075d-R",
+  ["trechkpt._0"] =     "7c0007dd",
+
+  lxsiwzx_3 =   "7c000018QRR",
+  lxsiwax_3 =   "7c000098QRR",
+  mfvsrd_2 =    "7c000066-Rq",
+  mfvsrwz_2 =   "7c0000e6-Rq",
+  stxsiwx_3 =   "7c000118QRR",
+  mtvsrd_2 =    "7c000166QR",
+  mtvsrwa_2 =   "7c0001a6QR",
+  lxvdsx_3 =    "7c000298QRR",
+  lxsspx_3 =    "7c000418QRR",
+  lxsdx_3 =     "7c000498QRR",
+  stxsspx_3 =   "7c000518QRR",
+  stxsdx_3 =    "7c000598QRR",
+  lxvw4x_3 =    "7c000618QRR",
+  lxvd2x_3 =    "7c000698QRR",
+  stxvw4x_3 =   "7c000718QRR",
+  stxvd2x_3 =   "7c000798QRR",
+
   -- Primary opcode 30:
   rldicl_4 =    "78000000RR~HM.",
   rldicr_4 =    "78000004RR~HM.",
@@ -489,6 +827,34 @@ local map_op = {
   rldcl_4 =     "78000010RR~RM.",
   rldcr_4 =     "78000012RR~RM.",
 
+  rotldi_3 =    op_alias("rldicl_4", function(p)
+    p[4] = "0"
+  end),
+  rotrdi_3 =    op_alias("rldicl_4", function(p)
+    p[3] = "64-("..p[3]..")"; p[4] = "0"
+  end),
+  rotld_3 =     op_alias("rldcl_4", function(p)
+    p[4] = "0"
+  end),
+  sldi_3 =      op_alias("rldicr_4", function(p)
+    p[4] = "63-("..p[3]..")"
+  end),
+  srdi_3 =      op_alias("rldicl_4", function(p)
+    p[4] = p[3]; p[3] = "64-("..p[3]..")"
+  end),
+  clrldi_3 =    op_alias("rldicl_4", function(p)
+    p[4] = p[3]; p[3] = "0"
+  end),
+  clrrdi_3 =    op_alias("rldicr_4", function(p)
+    p[4] = "63-("..p[3]..")"; p[3] = "0"
+  end),
+
+  -- Primary opcode 56:
+  lq_2 =        "e0000000R:D", -- NYI: displacement must be divisible by 8.
+
+  -- Primary opcode 57:
+  lfdp_2 =      "e4000000F:D", -- NYI: displacement must be divisible by 4.
+
   -- Primary opcode 59:
   fdivs_3 =     "ec000024FFF.",
   fsubs_3 =     "ec000028FFF.",
@@ -501,6 +867,200 @@ local map_op = {
   fmadds_4 =    "ec00003aFFFF~.",
   fnmsubs_4 =   "ec00003cFFFF~.",
   fnmadds_4 =   "ec00003eFFFF~.",
+  fcfids_2 =    "ec00069cF-F.",
+  fcfidus_2 =   "ec00079cF-F.",
+
+  dadd_3 =      "ec000004FFF.",
+  dqua_4 =      "ec000006FFFZ.",
+  dmul_3 =      "ec000044FFF.",
+  drrnd_4 =     "ec000046FFFZ.",
+  dscli_3 =     "ec000084FF6.",
+  dquai_4 =     "ec000086SF~FZ.",
+  dscri_3 =     "ec0000c4FF6.",
+  drintx_4 =    "ec0000c61F~FZ.",
+  dcmpo_3 =     "ec000104XFF",
+  dtstex_3 =    "ec000144XFF",
+  dtstdc_3 =    "ec000184XF6",
+  dtstdg_3 =    "ec0001c4XF6",
+  drintn_4 =    "ec0001c61F~FZ.",
+  dctdp_2 =     "ec000204F-F.",
+  dctfix_2 =    "ec000244F-F.",
+  ddedpd_3 =    "ec000284ZF~F.",
+  dxex_2 =      "ec0002c4F-F.",
+  dsub_3 =      "ec000404FFF.",
+  ddiv_3 =      "ec000444FFF.",
+  dcmpu_3 =     "ec000504XFF",
+  dtstsf_3 =    "ec000544XFF",
+  drsp_2 =      "ec000604F-F.",
+  dcffix_2 =    "ec000644F-F.",
+  denbcd_3 =    "ec000684YF~F.",
+  diex_3 =      "ec0006c4FFF.",
+
+  -- Primary opcode 60:
+  xsaddsp_3 =           "f0000000QQQ",
+  xsmaddasp_3 =         "f0000008QQQ",
+  xxsldwi_4 =           "f0000010QQQz",
+  xsrsqrtesp_2 =        "f0000028Q-Q",
+  xssqrtsp_2 =          "f000002cQ-Q",
+  xxsel_4 =             "f0000030QQQQ",
+  xssubsp_3 =           "f0000040QQQ",
+  xsmaddmsp_3 =         "f0000048QQQ",
+  xxpermdi_4 =          "f0000050QQQz",
+  xsresp_2 =            "f0000068Q-Q",
+  xsmulsp_3 =           "f0000080QQQ",
+  xsmsubasp_3 =         "f0000088QQQ",
+  xxmrghw_3 =           "f0000090QQQ",
+  xsdivsp_3 =           "f00000c0QQQ",
+  xsmsubmsp_3 =         "f00000c8QQQ",
+  xsadddp_3 =           "f0000100QQQ",
+  xsmaddadp_3 =         "f0000108QQQ",
+  xscmpudp_3 =          "f0000118XQQ",
+  xscvdpuxws_2 =        "f0000120Q-Q",
+  xsrdpi_2 =            "f0000124Q-Q",
+  xsrsqrtedp_2 =        "f0000128Q-Q",
+  xssqrtdp_2 =          "f000012cQ-Q",
+  xssubdp_3 =           "f0000140QQQ",
+  xsmaddmdp_3 =         "f0000148QQQ",
+  xscmpodp_3 =          "f0000158XQQ",
+  xscvdpsxws_2 =        "f0000160Q-Q",
+  xsrdpiz_2 =           "f0000164Q-Q",
+  xsredp_2 =            "f0000168Q-Q",
+  xsmuldp_3 =           "f0000180QQQ",
+  xsmsubadp_3 =         "f0000188QQQ",
+  xxmrglw_3 =           "f0000190QQQ",
+  xsrdpip_2 =           "f00001a4Q-Q",
+  xstsqrtdp_2 =         "f00001a8X-Q",
+  xsrdpic_2 =           "f00001acQ-Q",
+  xsdivdp_3 =           "f00001c0QQQ",
+  xsmsubmdp_3 =         "f00001c8QQQ",
+  xsrdpim_2 =           "f00001e4Q-Q",
+  xstdivdp_3 =          "f00001e8XQQ",
+  xvaddsp_3 =           "f0000200QQQ",
+  xvmaddasp_3 =         "f0000208QQQ",
+  xvcmpeqsp_3 =         "f0000218QQQ",
+  xvcvspuxws_2 =        "f0000220Q-Q",
+  xvrspi_2 =            "f0000224Q-Q",
+  xvrsqrtesp_2 =        "f0000228Q-Q",
+  xvsqrtsp_2 =          "f000022cQ-Q",
+  xvsubsp_3 =           "f0000240QQQ",
+  xvmaddmsp_3 =         "f0000248QQQ",
+  xvcmpgtsp_3 =         "f0000258QQQ",
+  xvcvspsxws_2 =        "f0000260Q-Q",
+  xvrspiz_2 =           "f0000264Q-Q",
+  xvresp_2 =            "f0000268Q-Q",
+  xvmulsp_3 =           "f0000280QQQ",
+  xvmsubasp_3 =         "f0000288QQQ",
+  xxspltw_3 =           "f0000290QQg~",
+  xvcmpgesp_3 =         "f0000298QQQ",
+  xvcvuxwsp_2 =         "f00002a0Q-Q",
+  xvrspip_2 =           "f00002a4Q-Q",
+  xvtsqrtsp_2 =         "f00002a8X-Q",
+  xvrspic_2 =           "f00002acQ-Q",
+  xvdivsp_3 =           "f00002c0QQQ",
+  xvmsubmsp_3 =         "f00002c8QQQ",
+  xvcvsxwsp_2 =         "f00002e0Q-Q",
+  xvrspim_2 =           "f00002e4Q-Q",
+  xvtdivsp_3 =          "f00002e8XQQ",
+  xvadddp_3 =           "f0000300QQQ",
+  xvmaddadp_3 =         "f0000308QQQ",
+  xvcmpeqdp_3 =         "f0000318QQQ",
+  xvcvdpuxws_2 =        "f0000320Q-Q",
+  xvrdpi_2 =            "f0000324Q-Q",
+  xvrsqrtedp_2 =        "f0000328Q-Q",
+  xvsqrtdp_2 =          "f000032cQ-Q",
+  xvsubdp_3 =           "f0000340QQQ",
+  xvmaddmdp_3 =         "f0000348QQQ",
+  xvcmpgtdp_3 =         "f0000358QQQ",
+  xvcvdpsxws_2 =        "f0000360Q-Q",
+  xvrdpiz_2 =           "f0000364Q-Q",
+  xvredp_2 =            "f0000368Q-Q",
+  xvmuldp_3 =           "f0000380QQQ",
+  xvmsubadp_3 =         "f0000388QQQ",
+  xvcmpgedp_3 =         "f0000398QQQ",
+  xvcvuxwdp_2 =         "f00003a0Q-Q",
+  xvrdpip_2 =           "f00003a4Q-Q",
+  xvtsqrtdp_2 =         "f00003a8X-Q",
+  xvrdpic_2 =           "f00003acQ-Q",
+  xvdivdp_3 =           "f00003c0QQQ",
+  xvmsubmdp_3 =         "f00003c8QQQ",
+  xvcvsxwdp_2 =         "f00003e0Q-Q",
+  xvrdpim_2 =           "f00003e4Q-Q",
+  xvtdivdp_3 =          "f00003e8XQQ",
+  xsnmaddasp_3 =        "f0000408QQQ",
+  xxland_3 =            "f0000410QQQ",
+  xscvdpsp_2 =          "f0000424Q-Q",
+  xscvdpspn_2 =         "f000042cQ-Q",
+  xsnmaddmsp_3 =        "f0000448QQQ",
+  xxlandc_3 =           "f0000450QQQ",
+  xsrsp_2 =             "f0000464Q-Q",
+  xsnmsubasp_3 =        "f0000488QQQ",
+  xxlor_3 =             "f0000490QQQ",
+  xscvuxdsp_2 =         "f00004a0Q-Q",
+  xsnmsubmsp_3 =        "f00004c8QQQ",
+  xxlxor_3 =            "f00004d0QQQ",
+  xscvsxdsp_2 =         "f00004e0Q-Q",
+  xsmaxdp_3 =           "f0000500QQQ",
+  xsnmaddadp_3 =        "f0000508QQQ",
+  xxlnor_3 =            "f0000510QQQ",
+  xscvdpuxds_2 =        "f0000520Q-Q",
+  xscvspdp_2 =          "f0000524Q-Q",
+  xscvspdpn_2 =         "f000052cQ-Q",
+  xsmindp_3 =           "f0000540QQQ",
+  xsnmaddmdp_3 =        "f0000548QQQ",
+  xxlorc_3 =            "f0000550QQQ",
+  xscvdpsxds_2 =        "f0000560Q-Q",
+  xsabsdp_2 =           "f0000564Q-Q",
+  xscpsgndp_3 =         "f0000580QQQ",
+  xsnmsubadp_3 =        "f0000588QQQ",
+  xxlnand_3 =           "f0000590QQQ",
+  xscvuxddp_2 =         "f00005a0Q-Q",
+  xsnabsdp_2 =          "f00005a4Q-Q",
+  xsnmsubmdp_3 =        "f00005c8QQQ",
+  xxleqv_3 =            "f00005d0QQQ",
+  xscvsxddp_2 =         "f00005e0Q-Q",
+  xsnegdp_2 =           "f00005e4Q-Q",
+  xvmaxsp_3 =           "f0000600QQQ",
+  xvnmaddasp_3 =        "f0000608QQQ",
+  ["xvcmpeqsp._3"] =    "f0000618QQQ",
+  xvcvspuxds_2 =        "f0000620Q-Q",
+  xvcvdpsp_2 =          "f0000624Q-Q",
+  xvminsp_3 =           "f0000640QQQ",
+  xvnmaddmsp_3 =        "f0000648QQQ",
+  ["xvcmpgtsp._3"] =    "f0000658QQQ",
+  xvcvspsxds_2 =        "f0000660Q-Q",
+  xvabssp_2 =           "f0000664Q-Q",
+  xvcpsgnsp_3 =         "f0000680QQQ",
+  xvnmsubasp_3 =        "f0000688QQQ",
+  ["xvcmpgesp._3"] =    "f0000698QQQ",
+  xvcvuxdsp_2 =         "f00006a0Q-Q",
+  xvnabssp_2 =          "f00006a4Q-Q",
+  xvnmsubmsp_3 =        "f00006c8QQQ",
+  xvcvsxdsp_2 =         "f00006e0Q-Q",
+  xvnegsp_2 =           "f00006e4Q-Q",
+  xvmaxdp_3 =           "f0000700QQQ",
+  xvnmaddadp_3 =        "f0000708QQQ",
+  ["xvcmpeqdp._3"] =    "f0000718QQQ",
+  xvcvdpuxds_2 =        "f0000720Q-Q",
+  xvcvspdp_2 =          "f0000724Q-Q",
+  xvmindp_3 =           "f0000740QQQ",
+  xvnmaddmdp_3 =        "f0000748QQQ",
+  ["xvcmpgtdp._3"] =    "f0000758QQQ",
+  xvcvdpsxds_2 =        "f0000760Q-Q",
+  xvabsdp_2 =           "f0000764Q-Q",
+  xvcpsgndp_3 =         "f0000780QQQ",
+  xvnmsubadp_3 =        "f0000788QQQ",
+  ["xvcmpgedp._3"] =    "f0000798QQQ",
+  xvcvuxddp_2 =         "f00007a0Q-Q",
+  xvnabsdp_2 =          "f00007a4Q-Q",
+  xvnmsubmdp_3 =        "f00007c8QQQ",
+  xvcvsxddp_2 =         "f00007e0Q-Q",
+  xvnegdp_2 =           "f00007e4Q-Q",
+
+  -- Primary opcode 61:
+  stfdp_2 =     "f4000000F:D", -- NYI: displacement must be divisible by 4.
+
+  -- Primary opcode 62:
+  stq_2 =       "f8000002R:D", -- NYI: displacement must be divisible by 8.
 
   -- Primary opcode 63:
   fdiv_3 =      "fc000024FFF.",
@@ -526,8 +1086,12 @@ local map_op = {
   frsp_2 =      "fc000018F-F.",
   fctiw_2 =     "fc00001cF-F.",
   fctiwz_2 =    "fc00001eF-F.",
+  ftdiv_2 =     "fc000100X-F.",
+  fctiwu_2 =    "fc00011cF-F.",
+  fctiwuz_2 =   "fc00011eF-F.",
   mtfsfi_2 =    "fc00010cAA", -- NYI: upshift.
   fnabs_2 =     "fc000110F-F.",
+  ftsqrt_2 =    "fc000140X-F.",
   fabs_2 =      "fc000210F-F.",
   frin_2 =      "fc000310F-F.",
   friz_2 =      "fc000350F-F.",
@@ -537,7 +1101,38 @@ local map_op = {
   -- NYI: mtfsf, mtfsb0, mtfsb1.
   fctid_2 =     "fc00065cF-F.",
   fctidz_2 =    "fc00065eF-F.",
+  fmrgow_3 =    "fc00068cFFF",
   fcfid_2 =     "fc00069cF-F.",
+  fctidu_2 =    "fc00075cF-F.",
+  fctiduz_2 =   "fc00075eF-F.",
+  fmrgew_3 =    "fc00078cFFF",
+  fcfidu_2 =    "fc00079cF-F.",
+
+  daddq_3 =     "fc000004F:F:F:.",
+  dquaq_4 =     "fc000006F:F:F:Z.",
+  dmulq_3 =     "fc000044F:F:F:.",
+  drrndq_4 =    "fc000046F:F:F:Z.",
+  dscliq_3 =    "fc000084F:F:6.",
+  dquaiq_4 =    "fc000086SF:~F:Z.",
+  dscriq_3 =    "fc0000c4F:F:6.",
+  drintxq_4 =   "fc0000c61F:~F:Z.",
+  dcmpoq_3 =    "fc000104XF:F:",
+  dtstexq_3 =   "fc000144XF:F:",
+  dtstdcq_3 =   "fc000184XF:6",
+  dtstdgq_3 =   "fc0001c4XF:6",
+  drintnq_4 =   "fc0001c61F:~F:Z.",
+  dctqpq_2 =    "fc000204F:-F:.",
+  dctfixq_2 =   "fc000244F:-F:.",
+  ddedpdq_3 =   "fc000284ZF:~F:.",
+  dxexq_2 =     "fc0002c4F:-F:.",
+  dsubq_3 =     "fc000404F:F:F:.",
+  ddivq_3 =     "fc000444F:F:F:.",
+  dcmpuq_3 =    "fc000504XF:F:",
+  dtstsfq_3 =   "fc000544XF:F:",
+  drdpq_2 =     "fc000604F:-F:.",
+  dcffixq_2 =   "fc000644F:-F:.",
+  denbcdq_3 =   "fc000684YF:~F:.",
+  diexq_3 =     "fc0006c4F:FF:.",
 
   -- Primary opcode 4, SPE APU extension:
   evaddw_3 =            "10000200RRR",
@@ -822,7 +1417,7 @@ local map_op = {
 do
   local t = {}
   for k,v in pairs(map_op) do
-    if sub(v, -1) == "." then
+    if type(v) == "string" and sub(v, -1) == "." then
       local v2 = sub(v, 1, 7)..char(byte(v, 8)+1)..sub(v, 9, -2)
       t[sub(k, 1, -3).."."..sub(k, -2)] = v2
     end
@@ -884,6 +1479,24 @@ local function parse_fpr(expr)
   werror("bad register name `"..expr.."'")
 end
 
+local function parse_vr(expr)
+  local r = match(expr, "^v([1-3]?[0-9])$")
+  if r then
+    r = tonumber(r)
+    if r <= 31 then return r end
+  end
+  werror("bad register name `"..expr.."'")
+end
+
+local function parse_vs(expr)
+  local r = match(expr, "^vs([1-6]?[0-9])$")
+  if r then
+    r = tonumber(r)
+    if r <= 63 then return r end
+  end
+  werror("bad register name `"..expr.."'")
+end
+
 local function parse_cr(expr)
   local r = match(expr, "^cr([0-7])$")
   if r then return tonumber(r) end
@@ -900,8 +1513,30 @@ local function parse_cond(expr)
   werror("bad condition bit name `"..expr.."'")
 end
 
+local parse_ctx = {}
+
+local loadenv = setfenv and function(s)
+  local code = loadstring(s, "")
+  if code then setfenv(code, parse_ctx) end
+  return code
+end or function(s)
+  return load(s, "", nil, parse_ctx)
+end
+
+-- Try to parse simple arithmetic, too, since some basic ops are aliases.
+local function parse_number(n)
+  local x = tonumber(n)
+  if x then return x end
+  local code = loadenv("return "..n)
+  if code then
+    local ok, y = pcall(code)
+    if ok then return y end
+  end
+  return nil
+end
+
 local function parse_imm(imm, bits, shift, scale, signed)
-  local n = tonumber(imm)
+  local n = parse_number(imm)
   if n then
     local m = sar(n, scale)
     if shl(m, scale) == n then
@@ -914,7 +1549,8 @@ local function parse_imm(imm, bits, shift, scale, signed)
       end
     end
     werror("out of range immediate `"..imm.."'")
-  elseif match(imm, "^r([1-3]?[0-9])$") or
+  elseif match(imm, "^[rfv]([1-3]?[0-9])$") or
+         match(imm, "^vs([1-6]?[0-9])$") or
          match(imm, "^([%w_]+):(r[1-3]?[0-9])$") then
     werror("expected immediate operand, got register")
   else
@@ -924,11 +1560,11 @@ local function parse_imm(imm, bits, shift, scale, signed)
 end
 
 local function parse_shiftmask(imm, isshift)
-  local n = tonumber(imm)
+  local n = parse_number(imm)
   if n then
     if shr(n, 6) == 0 then
-      local lsb = band(imm, 31)
-      local msb = imm - lsb
+      local lsb = band(n, 31)
+      local msb = n - lsb
       return isshift and (shl(lsb, 11)+shr(msb, 4)) or (shl(lsb, 6)+msb)
     end
     werror("out of range immediate `"..imm.."'")
@@ -936,7 +1572,8 @@ local function parse_shiftmask(imm, isshift)
          match(imm, "^([%w_]+):(r[1-3]?[0-9])$") then
     werror("expected immediate operand, got register")
   else
-    werror("NYI: parameterized 64 bit shift/mask")
+    waction("IMMSH", isshift and 1 or 0, imm)
+    return 0;
   end
 end
 
@@ -1011,7 +1648,7 @@ end
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 -- Handle opcodes defined with template strings.
-map_op[".template__"] = function(params, template, nparams)
+op_template = function(params, template, nparams)
   if not params then return sub(template, 9) end
   local op = tonumber(sub(template, 1, 8), 16)
   local n, rs = 1, 26
@@ -1027,6 +1664,15 @@ map_op[".template__"] = function(params, template, nparams)
       rs = rs - 5; op = op + shl(parse_gpr(params[n]), rs); n = n + 1
     elseif p == "F" then
       rs = rs - 5; op = op + shl(parse_fpr(params[n]), rs); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "V" then
+      rs = rs - 5; op = op + shl(parse_vr(params[n]), rs); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "Q" then
+      local vs = parse_vs(params[n]); n = n + 1; rs = rs - 5
+      local sh = rs == 6 and 2 or 3 + band(shr(rs, 1), 3)
+      op = op + shl(band(vs, 31), rs) + shr(band(vs, 32), sh)
+    elseif p == "q" then
+      local vs = parse_vs(params[n]); n = n + 1
+      op = op + shl(band(vs, 31), 21) + shr(band(vs, 32), 5)
     elseif p == "A" then
       rs = rs - 5; op = op + parse_imm(params[n], 5, rs, 0, false); n = n + 1
     elseif p == "S" then
@@ -1047,6 +1693,26 @@ map_op[".template__"] = function(params, template, nparams)
       rs = rs - 5; op = op + shl(parse_cond(params[n]), rs); n = n + 1
     elseif p == "X" then
       rs = rs - 5; op = op + shl(parse_cr(params[n]), rs+2); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "1" then
+      rs = rs - 5; op = op + parse_imm(params[n], 1, rs, 0, false); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "g" then
+      rs = rs - 5; op = op + parse_imm(params[n], 2, rs, 0, false); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "3" then
+      rs = rs - 5; op = op + parse_imm(params[n], 3, rs, 0, false); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "P" then
+      rs = rs - 5; op = op + parse_imm(params[n], 4, rs, 0, false); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "p" then
+      op = op + parse_imm(params[n], 4, rs, 0, false); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "6" then
+      rs = rs - 6; op = op + parse_imm(params[n], 6, rs, 0, false); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "Y" then
+      rs = rs - 5; op = op + parse_imm(params[n], 1, rs+4, 0, false); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "y" then
+      rs = rs - 5; op = op + parse_imm(params[n], 1, rs+3, 0, false); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "Z" then
+      rs = rs - 5; op = op + parse_imm(params[n], 2, rs+3, 0, false); n = n + 1
+    elseif p == "z" then
+      rs = rs - 5; op = op + parse_imm(params[n], 2, rs+2, 0, false); n = n + 1
     elseif p == "W" then
       op = op + parse_cr(params[n]); n = n + 1
     elseif p == "G" then
@@ -1071,6 +1737,8 @@ map_op[".template__"] = function(params, template, nparams)
       local lo = band(op, mm)
       local hi = band(op, shl(mm, 5))
       op = op - lo - hi + shl(lo, 5) + shr(hi, 5)
+    elseif p == ":" then
+      if band(shr(op, rs), 1) ~= 0 then werror("register pair expected") end
     elseif p == "-" then
       rs = rs - 5
     elseif p == "." then
@@ -1082,6 +1750,8 @@ map_op[".template__"] = function(params, template, nparams)
   wputpos(pos, op)
 end
 
+map_op[".template__"] = op_template
+
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 -- Pseudo-opcode to mark the position where the action list is to be emitted.
diff --git a/dynasm/dasm_proto.h b/dynasm/dasm_proto.h
index 73558c69..3f50f502 100644
--- a/dynasm/dasm_proto.h
+++ b/dynasm/dasm_proto.h
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
 
-#define DASM_IDENT      "DynASM 1.3.0"
-#define DASM_VERSION    10300   /* 1.3.0 */
+#define DASM_IDENT      "DynASM 1.5.0"
+#define DASM_VERSION    10500   /* 1.5.0 */
 
 #ifndef Dst_DECL
 #define Dst_DECL        dasm_State **Dst
diff --git a/dynasm/dasm_x86.h b/dynasm/dasm_x86.h
index 7b031c72..aded9990 100644
--- a/dynasm/dasm_x86.h
+++ b/dynasm/dasm_x86.h
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ struct dasm_State {
   size_t lgsize;
   int *pclabels;                /* PC label chains/pos ptrs. */
   size_t pcsize;
-  void **globals;               /* Array of globals (bias -10). */
+  void **globals;               /* Array of globals. */
   dasm_Section *section;        /* Pointer to active section. */
   size_t codesize;              /* Total size of all code sections. */
   int maxsection;               /* 0 <= sectionidx < maxsection. */
@@ -85,7 +85,6 @@ void dasm_init(Dst_DECL, int maxsection)
 {
   dasm_State *D;
   size_t psz = 0;
-  int i;
   Dst_REF = NULL;
   DASM_M_GROW(Dst, struct dasm_State, Dst_REF, psz, DASM_PSZ(maxsection));
   D = Dst_REF;
@@ -96,12 +95,7 @@ void dasm_init(Dst_DECL, int maxsection)
   D->pcsize = 0;
   D->globals = NULL;
   D->maxsection = maxsection;
-  for (i = 0; i < maxsection; i++) {
-    D->sections[i].buf = NULL;  /* Need this for pass3. */
-    D->sections[i].rbuf = D->sections[i].buf - DASM_SEC2POS(i);
-    D->sections[i].bsize = 0;
-    D->sections[i].epos = 0;  /* Wrong, but is recalculated after resize. */
-  }
+  memset((void *)D->sections, 0, maxsection * sizeof(dasm_Section));
 }
 
 /* Free DynASM state. */
@@ -121,7 +115,7 @@ void dasm_free(Dst_DECL)
 void dasm_setupglobal(Dst_DECL, void **gl, unsigned int maxgl)
 {
   dasm_State *D = Dst_REF;
-  D->globals = gl - 10;  /* Negative bias to compensate for locals. */
+  D->globals = gl;
   DASM_M_GROW(Dst, int, D->lglabels, D->lgsize, (10+maxgl)*sizeof(int));
 }
 
@@ -146,6 +140,7 @@ void dasm_setup(Dst_DECL, const void *actionlist)
   if (D->pclabels) memset((void *)D->pclabels, 0, D->pcsize);
   for (i = 0; i < D->maxsection; i++) {
     D->sections[i].pos = DASM_SEC2POS(i);
+    D->sections[i].rbuf = D->sections[i].buf - D->sections[i].pos;
     D->sections[i].ofs = 0;
   }
 }
@@ -170,7 +165,7 @@ void dasm_put(Dst_DECL, int start, ...)
   dasm_State *D = Dst_REF;
   dasm_ActList p = D->actionlist + start;
   dasm_Section *sec = D->section;
-  int pos = sec->pos, ofs = sec->ofs, mrm = 4;
+  int pos = sec->pos, ofs = sec->ofs, mrm = -1;
   int *b;
 
   if (pos >= sec->epos) {
@@ -193,7 +188,7 @@ void dasm_put(Dst_DECL, int start, ...)
       b[pos++] = n;
       switch (action) {
       case DASM_DISP:
-        if (n == 0) { if ((mrm&7) == 4) mrm = p[-2]; if ((mrm&7) != 5) break; }
+        if (n == 0) { if (mrm < 0) mrm = p[-2]; if ((mrm&7) != 5) break; }
         /* fallthrough */
       case DASM_IMM_DB: if (((n+128)&-256) == 0) goto ob; /* fallthrough */
       case DASM_REL_A: /* Assumes ptrdiff_t is int. !x64 */
@@ -204,11 +199,17 @@ void dasm_put(Dst_DECL, int start, ...)
       case DASM_IMM_W: CK((n&-65536) == 0, RANGE_I); ofs += 2; break;
       case DASM_SPACE: p++; ofs += n; break;
       case DASM_SETLABEL: b[pos-2] = -0x40000000; break;  /* Neg. label ofs. */
-      case DASM_VREG: CK((n&-8) == 0 && (n != 4 || (*p&1) == 0), RANGE_VREG);
-        if (*p++ == 1 && *p == DASM_DISP) mrm = n;
+      case DASM_VREG: CK((n&-16) == 0 && (n != 4 || (*p>>5) != 2), RANGE_VREG);
+        if (*p < 0x40 && p[1] == DASM_DISP) mrm = n;
+        if (*p < 0x20 && (n&7) == 4) ofs++;
+        switch ((*p++ >> 3) & 3) {
+        case 3: n |= b[pos-3]; /* fallthrough */
+        case 2: n |= b[pos-2]; /* fallthrough */
+        case 1: if (n <= 7) { b[pos-1] |= 0x10; ofs--; }
+        }
         continue;
       }
-      mrm = 4;
+      mrm = -1;
     } else {
       int *pl, n;
       switch (action) {
@@ -233,8 +234,11 @@ void dasm_put(Dst_DECL, int start, ...)
         }
         pos++;
         ofs += 4;  /* Maximum offset needed. */
-        if (action == DASM_REL_LG || action == DASM_REL_PC)
+        if (action == DASM_REL_LG || action == DASM_REL_PC) {
           b[pos++] = ofs;  /* Store pass1 offset estimate. */
+        } else if (sizeof(ptrdiff_t) == 8) {
+          ofs += 4;
+        }
         break;
       case DASM_LABEL_LG: pl = D->lglabels + *p++; CKPL(lg, LG); goto putlabel;
       case DASM_LABEL_PC: pl = D->pclabels + va_arg(ap, int); CKPL(pc, PC);
@@ -359,10 +363,22 @@ int dasm_link(Dst_DECL, size_t *szp)
   do { *((unsigned short *)cp) = (unsigned short)(x); cp+=2; } while (0)
 #define dasmd(x) \
   do { *((unsigned int *)cp) = (unsigned int)(x); cp+=4; } while (0)
+#define dasmq(x) \
+  do { *((unsigned long long *)cp) = (unsigned long long)(x); cp+=8; } while (0)
 #else
 #define dasmw(x)        do { dasmb(x); dasmb((x)>>8); } while (0)
 #define dasmd(x)        do { dasmw(x); dasmw((x)>>16); } while (0)
+#define dasmq(x)        do { dasmd(x); dasmd((x)>>32); } while (0)
 #endif
+static unsigned char *dasma_(unsigned char *cp, ptrdiff_t x)
+{
+  if (sizeof(ptrdiff_t) == 8)
+    dasmq((unsigned long long)x);
+  else
+    dasmd((unsigned int)x);
+  return cp;
+}
+#define dasma(x)        (cp = dasma_(cp, (x)))
 
 /* Pass 3: Encode sections. */
 int dasm_encode(Dst_DECL, void *buffer)
@@ -402,9 +418,29 @@ int dasm_encode(Dst_DECL, void *buffer)
         case DASM_IMM_WB: if (((n+128)&-256) == 0) goto db; else mark = NULL;
           /* fallthrough */
         case DASM_IMM_W: dasmw(n); break;
-        case DASM_VREG: { int t = *p++; if (t >= 2) n<<=3; cp[-1] |= n; break; }
+        case DASM_VREG: {
+          int t = *p++;
+          unsigned char *ex = cp - (t&7);
+          if ((n & 8) && t < 0xa0) {
+            if (*ex & 0x80) ex[1] ^= 0x20 << (t>>6); else *ex ^= 1 << (t>>6);
+            n &= 7;
+          } else if (n & 0x10) {
+            if (*ex & 0x80) {
+              *ex = 0xc5; ex[1] = (ex[1] & 0x80) | ex[2]; ex += 2;
+            }
+            while (++ex < cp) ex[-1] = *ex;
+            if (mark) mark--;
+            cp--;
+            n &= 7;
+          }
+          if (t >= 0xc0) n <<= 4;
+          else if (t >= 0x40) n <<= 3;
+          else if (n == 4 && t < 0x20) { cp[-1] ^= n; *cp++ = 0x20; }
+          cp[-1] ^= n;
+          break;
+        }
         case DASM_REL_LG: p++; if (n >= 0) goto rel_pc;
-          b++; n = (int)(ptrdiff_t)D->globals[-n];
+          b++; n = (int)(ptrdiff_t)D->globals[-n-10];
           /* fallthrough */
         case DASM_REL_A: rel_a:
           n -= (unsigned int)(ptrdiff_t)(cp+4); goto wd; /* !x64 */
@@ -417,17 +453,18 @@ int dasm_encode(Dst_DECL, void *buffer)
           goto wb;
         }
         case DASM_IMM_LG:
-          p++; if (n < 0) { n = (int)(ptrdiff_t)D->globals[-n]; goto wd; }
+          p++;
+          if (n < 0) { dasma((ptrdiff_t)D->globals[-n-10]); break; }
           /* fallthrough */
         case DASM_IMM_PC: {
           int *pb = DASM_POS2PTR(D, n);
-          n = *pb < 0 ? pb[1] : (*pb + (int)(ptrdiff_t)base);
-          goto wd;
+          dasma(*pb < 0 ? (ptrdiff_t)pb[1] : (*pb + (ptrdiff_t)base));
+          break;
         }
         case DASM_LABEL_LG: {
           int idx = *p++;
           if (idx >= 10)
-            D->globals[idx] = (void *)(base + (*p == DASM_SETLABEL ? *b : n));
+            D->globals[idx-10] = (void *)(base + (*p == DASM_SETLABEL ? *b : n));
           break;
         }
         case DASM_LABEL_PC: case DASM_SETLABEL: break;
diff --git a/dynasm/dasm_x86.lua b/dynasm/dasm_x86.lua
index 8a4c93a2..787163c0 100644
--- a/dynasm/dasm_x86.lua
+++ b/dynasm/dasm_x86.lua
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ local x64 = x64
 local _info = {
   arch =        x64 and "x64" or "x86",
   description = "DynASM x86/x64 module",
-  version =     "1.3.0",
-  vernum =       10300,
-  release =     "2011-05-05",
+  version =     "1.5.0",
+  vernum =       10500,
+  release =     "2021-05-02",
   author =      "Mike Pall",
   license =     "MIT",
 }
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ local assert, unpack, setmetatable = assert, unpack or table.unpack, setmetatabl
 local _s = string
 local sub, format, byte, char = _s.sub, _s.format, _s.byte, _s.char
 local find, match, gmatch, gsub = _s.find, _s.match, _s.gmatch, _s.gsub
-local concat, sort = table.concat, table.sort
+local concat, sort, remove = table.concat, table.sort, table.remove
 local bit = bit or require("bit")
-local band, shl, shr = bit.band, bit.lshift, bit.rshift
+local band, bxor, shl, shr = bit.band, bit.bxor, bit.lshift, bit.rshift
 
 -- Inherited tables and callbacks.
 local g_opt, g_arch
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ local action_names = {
   -- int arg, 1 buffer pos:
   "DISP",  "IMM_S", "IMM_B", "IMM_W", "IMM_D",  "IMM_WB", "IMM_DB",
   -- action arg (1 byte), int arg, 1 buffer pos (reg/num):
-  "VREG", "SPACE", -- !x64: VREG support NYI.
+  "VREG", "SPACE",
   -- ptrdiff_t arg, 1 buffer pos (address): !x64
   "SETLABEL", "REL_A",
   -- action arg (1 byte) or int arg, 2 buffer pos (link, offset):
@@ -83,6 +83,21 @@ local actargs = { 0 }
 -- Current number of section buffer positions for dasm_put().
 local secpos = 1
 
+-- VREG kind encodings, pre-shifted by 5 bits.
+local map_vreg = {
+  ["modrm.rm.m"] = 0x00,
+  ["modrm.rm.r"] = 0x20,
+  ["opcode"] =     0x20,
+  ["sib.base"] =   0x20,
+  ["sib.index"] =  0x40,
+  ["modrm.reg"] =  0x80,
+  ["vex.v"] =      0xa0,
+  ["imm.hi"] =     0xc0,
+}
+
+-- Current number of VREG actions contributing to REX/VEX shrinkage.
+local vreg_shrink_count = 0
+
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 -- Compute action numbers for action names.
@@ -134,6 +149,21 @@ local function waction(action, a, num)
   if a or num then secpos = secpos + (num or 1) end
 end
 
+-- Optionally add a VREG action.
+local function wvreg(kind, vreg, psz, sk, defer)
+  if not vreg then return end
+  waction("VREG", vreg)
+  local b = assert(map_vreg[kind], "bad vreg kind `"..vreg.."'")
+  if b < (sk or 0) then
+    vreg_shrink_count = vreg_shrink_count + 1
+  end
+  if not defer then
+    b = b + vreg_shrink_count * 8
+    vreg_shrink_count = 0
+  end
+  wputxb(b + (psz or 0))
+end
+
 -- Add call to embedded DynASM C code.
 local function wcall(func, args)
   wline(format("dasm_%s(Dst, %s);", func, concat(args, ", ")), true)
@@ -299,7 +329,7 @@ local function mkrmap(sz, cl, names)
     local iname = format("@%s%x%s", sz, i, needrex and "R" or "")
     if needrex then map_reg_needrex[iname] = true end
     local name
-    if sz == "o" then name = format("xmm%d", i)
+    if sz == "o" or sz == "y" then name = format("%s%d", cl, i)
     elseif sz == "f" then name = format("st%d", i)
     else name = format("r%d%s", i, sz == addrsize and "" or sz) end
     map_archdef[name] = iname
@@ -326,6 +356,7 @@ mkrmap("w", "Rw", {"ax", "cx", "dx", "bx", "sp", "bp", "si", "di"})
 mkrmap("b", "Rb", {"al", "cl", "dl", "bl", "ah", "ch", "dh", "bh"})
 map_reg_valid_index[map_archdef.esp] = false
 if x64 then map_reg_valid_index[map_archdef.rsp] = false end
+if x64 then map_reg_needrex[map_archdef.Rb] = true end
 map_archdef["Ra"] = "@"..addrsize
 
 -- FP registers (internally tword sized, but use "f" as operand size).
@@ -334,21 +365,24 @@ mkrmap("f", "Rf")
 -- SSE registers (oword sized, but qword and dword accessible).
 mkrmap("o", "xmm")
 
+-- AVX registers (yword sized, but oword, qword and dword accessible).
+mkrmap("y", "ymm")
+
 -- Operand size prefixes to codes.
 local map_opsize = {
-  byte = "b", word = "w", dword = "d", qword = "q", oword = "o", tword = "t",
-  aword = addrsize,
+  byte = "b", word = "w", dword = "d", qword = "q", oword = "o", yword = "y",
+  tword = "t", aword = addrsize,
 }
 
 -- Operand size code to number.
 local map_opsizenum = {
-  b = 1, w = 2, d = 4, q = 8, o = 16, t = 10,
+  b = 1, w = 2, d = 4, q = 8, o = 16, y = 32, t = 10,
 }
 
 -- Operand size code to name.
 local map_opsizename = {
-  b = "byte", w = "word", d = "dword", q = "qword", o = "oword", t = "tword",
-  f = "fpword",
+  b = "byte", w = "word", d = "dword", q = "qword", o = "oword", y = "yword",
+  t = "tword", f = "fpword",
 }
 
 -- Valid index register scale factors.
@@ -450,6 +484,22 @@ local function wputdarg(n)
   end
 end
 
+-- Put signed or unsigned qword or arg.
+local function wputqarg(n)
+  local tn = type(n)
+  if tn == "number" then -- This is only used for numbers from -2^31..2^32-1.
+    wputb(band(n, 255))
+    wputb(band(shr(n, 8), 255))
+    wputb(band(shr(n, 16), 255))
+    wputb(shr(n, 24))
+    local sign = n < 0 and 255 or 0
+    wputb(sign); wputb(sign); wputb(sign); wputb(sign)
+  else
+    waction("IMM_D", format("(unsigned int)(%s)", n))
+    waction("IMM_D", format("(unsigned int)((unsigned long long)(%s)>>32)", n))
+  end
+end
+
 -- Put operand-size dependent number or arg (defaults to dword).
 local function wputszarg(sz, n)
   if not sz or sz == "d" or sz == "q" then wputdarg(n)
@@ -460,9 +510,45 @@ local function wputszarg(sz, n)
 end
 
 -- Put multi-byte opcode with operand-size dependent modifications.
-local function wputop(sz, op, rex)
+local function wputop(sz, op, rex, vex, vregr, vregxb)
+  local psz, sk = 0, nil
+  if vex then
+    local tail
+    if vex.m == 1 and band(rex, 11) == 0 then
+      if x64 and vregxb then
+        sk = map_vreg["modrm.reg"]
+      else
+        wputb(0xc5)
+      tail = shl(bxor(band(rex, 4), 4), 5)
+      psz = 3
+      end
+    end
+    if not tail then
+      wputb(0xc4)
+      wputb(shl(bxor(band(rex, 7), 7), 5) + vex.m)
+      tail = shl(band(rex, 8), 4)
+      psz = 4
+    end
+    local reg, vreg = 0, nil
+    if vex.v then
+      reg = vex.v.reg
+      if not reg then werror("bad vex operand") end
+      if reg < 0 then reg = 0; vreg = vex.v.vreg end
+    end
+    if sz == "y" or vex.l then tail = tail + 4 end
+    wputb(tail + shl(bxor(reg, 15), 3) + vex.p)
+    wvreg("vex.v", vreg)
+    rex = 0
+    if op >= 256 then werror("bad vex opcode") end
+  else
+    if rex ~= 0 then
+      if not x64 then werror("bad operand size") end
+    elseif (vregr or vregxb) and x64 then
+      rex = 0x10
+      sk = map_vreg["vex.v"]
+    end
+  end
   local r
-  if rex ~= 0 and not x64 then werror("bad operand size") end
   if sz == "w" then wputb(102) end
   -- Needs >32 bit numbers, but only for crc32 eax, word [ebx]
   if op >= 4294967296 then r = op%4294967296 wputb((op-r)/4294967296) op = r end
@@ -471,20 +557,20 @@ local function wputop(sz, op, rex)
     if rex ~= 0 then
       local opc3 = band(op, 0xffff00)
       if opc3 == 0x0f3a00 or opc3 == 0x0f3800 then
-        wputb(64 + band(rex, 15)); rex = 0
+        wputb(64 + band(rex, 15)); rex = 0; psz = 2
       end
     end
-    wputb(shr(op, 16)); op = band(op, 0xffff)
+    wputb(shr(op, 16)); op = band(op, 0xffff); psz = psz + 1
   end
   if op >= 256 then
     local b = shr(op, 8)
-    if b == 15 and rex ~= 0 then wputb(64 + band(rex, 15)); rex = 0 end
-    wputb(b)
-    op = band(op, 255)
+    if b == 15 and rex ~= 0 then wputb(64 + band(rex, 15)); rex = 0; psz = 2 end
+    wputb(b); op = band(op, 255); psz = psz + 1
   end
-  if rex ~= 0 then wputb(64 + band(rex, 15)) end
+  if rex ~= 0 then wputb(64 + band(rex, 15)); psz = 2 end
   if sz == "b" then op = op - 1 end
   wputb(op)
+  return psz, sk
 end
 
 -- Put ModRM or SIB formatted byte.
@@ -494,7 +580,7 @@ local function wputmodrm(m, s, rm, vs, vrm)
 end
 
 -- Put ModRM/SIB plus optional displacement.
-local function wputmrmsib(t, imark, s, vsreg)
+local function wputmrmsib(t, imark, s, vsreg, psz, sk)
   local vreg, vxreg
   local reg, xreg = t.reg, t.xreg
   if reg and reg < 0 then reg = 0; vreg = t.vreg end
@@ -504,8 +590,8 @@ local function wputmrmsib(t, imark, s, vsreg)
   -- Register mode.
   if sub(t.mode, 1, 1) == "r" then
     wputmodrm(3, s, reg)
-    if vsreg then waction("VREG", vsreg); wputxb(2) end
-    if vreg then waction("VREG", vreg); wputxb(0) end
+    wvreg("modrm.reg", vsreg, psz+1, sk, vreg)
+    wvreg("modrm.rm.r", vreg, psz+1, sk)
     return
   end
 
@@ -519,21 +605,22 @@ local function wputmrmsib(t, imark, s, vsreg)
       -- [xreg*xsc+disp] -> (0, s, esp) (xsc, xreg, ebp)
       wputmodrm(0, s, 4)
       if imark == "I" then waction("MARK") end
-      if vsreg then waction("VREG", vsreg); wputxb(2) end
+      wvreg("modrm.reg", vsreg, psz+1, sk, vxreg)
       wputmodrm(t.xsc, xreg, 5)
-      if vxreg then waction("VREG", vxreg); wputxb(3) end
+      wvreg("sib.index", vxreg, psz+2, sk)
     else
       -- Pure 32 bit displacement.
       if x64 and tdisp ~= "table" then
         wputmodrm(0, s, 4) -- [disp] -> (0, s, esp) (0, esp, ebp)
+        wvreg("modrm.reg", vsreg, psz+1, sk)
         if imark == "I" then waction("MARK") end
         wputmodrm(0, 4, 5)
       else
         riprel = x64
         wputmodrm(0, s, 5) -- [disp|rip-label] -> (0, s, ebp)
+        wvreg("modrm.reg", vsreg, psz+1, sk)
         if imark == "I" then waction("MARK") end
       end
-      if vsreg then waction("VREG", vsreg); wputxb(2) end
     end
     if riprel then -- Emit rip-relative displacement.
       if match("UWSiI", imark) then
@@ -561,16 +648,16 @@ local function wputmrmsib(t, imark, s, vsreg)
   if xreg or band(reg, 7) == 4 then
     wputmodrm(m or 2, s, 4) -- ModRM.
     if m == nil or imark == "I" then waction("MARK") end
-    if vsreg then waction("VREG", vsreg); wputxb(2) end
+    wvreg("modrm.reg", vsreg, psz+1, sk, vxreg or vreg)
     wputmodrm(t.xsc or 0, xreg or 4, reg) -- SIB.
-    if vxreg then waction("VREG", vxreg); wputxb(3) end
-    if vreg then waction("VREG", vreg); wputxb(1) end
+    wvreg("sib.index", vxreg, psz+2, sk, vreg)
+    wvreg("sib.base", vreg, psz+2, sk)
   else
     wputmodrm(m or 2, s, reg) -- ModRM.
     if (imark == "I" and (m == 1 or m == 2)) or
        (m == nil and (vsreg or vreg)) then waction("MARK") end
-    if vsreg then waction("VREG", vsreg); wputxb(2) end
-    if vreg then waction("VREG", vreg); wputxb(1) end
+    wvreg("modrm.reg", vsreg, psz+1, sk, vreg)
+    wvreg("modrm.rm.m", vreg, psz+1, sk)
   end
 
   -- Put displacement.
@@ -592,10 +679,16 @@ local function opmodestr(op, args)
 end
 
 -- Convert number to valid integer or nil.
-local function toint(expr)
+local function toint(expr, isqword)
   local n = tonumber(expr)
   if n then
-    if n % 1 ~= 0 or n < -2147483648 or n > 4294967295 then
+    if n % 1 ~= 0 then
+      werror("not an integer number `"..expr.."'")
+    elseif isqword then
+      if n < -2147483648 or n > 2147483647 then
+        n = nil -- Handle it as an expression to avoid precision loss.
+      end
+    elseif n < -2147483648 or n > 4294967295 then
       werror("bad integer number `"..expr.."'")
     end
     return n
@@ -678,7 +771,7 @@ local function rtexpr(expr)
 end
 
 -- Parse operand and return { mode, opsize, reg, xreg, xsc, disp, imm }.
-local function parseoperand(param)
+local function parseoperand(param, isqword)
   local t = {}
 
   local expr = param
@@ -766,7 +859,7 @@ local function parseoperand(param)
       t.disp = dispexpr(tailx)
     else
       -- imm or opsize*imm
-      local imm = toint(expr)
+      local imm = toint(expr, isqword)
       if not imm and sub(expr, 1, 1) == "*" and t.opsize then
         imm = toint(sub(expr, 2))
         if imm then
@@ -881,9 +974,16 @@ end
 --   "m"/"M"   generates ModRM/SIB from the 1st/2nd operand.
 --             The spare 3 bits are either filled with the last hex digit or
 --             the result from a previous "r"/"R". The opcode is restored.
+--   "u"       Use VEX encoding, vvvv unused.
+--   "v"/"V"   Use VEX encoding, vvvv from 1st/2nd operand (the operand is
+--             removed from the list used by future characters).
+--   "w"       Use VEX encoding, vvvv from 3rd operand.
+--   "L"       Force VEX.L
 --
 -- All of the following characters force a flush of the opcode:
 --   "o"/"O"   stores a pure 32 bit disp (offset) from the 1st/2nd operand.
+--   "s"       stores a 4 bit immediate from the last register operand,
+--             followed by 4 zero bits.
 --   "S"       stores a signed 8 bit immediate from the last operand.
 --   "U"       stores an unsigned 8 bit immediate from the last operand.
 --   "W"       stores an unsigned 16 bit immediate from the last operand.
@@ -1226,46 +1326,14 @@ local map_op = {
   movups_2 =    "rmo:0F10rM|mro:0F11Rm",
   orpd_2 =      "rmo:660F56rM",
   orps_2 =      "rmo:0F56rM",
-  packssdw_2 =  "rmo:660F6BrM",
-  packsswb_2 =  "rmo:660F63rM",
-  packuswb_2 =  "rmo:660F67rM",
-  paddb_2 =     "rmo:660FFCrM",
-  paddd_2 =     "rmo:660FFErM",
-  paddq_2 =     "rmo:660FD4rM",
-  paddsb_2 =    "rmo:660FECrM",
-  paddsw_2 =    "rmo:660FEDrM",
-  paddusb_2 =   "rmo:660FDCrM",
-  paddusw_2 =   "rmo:660FDDrM",
-  paddw_2 =     "rmo:660FFDrM",
-  pand_2 =      "rmo:660FDBrM",
-  pandn_2 =     "rmo:660FDFrM",
   pause_0 =     "F390",
-  pavgb_2 =     "rmo:660FE0rM",
-  pavgw_2 =     "rmo:660FE3rM",
-  pcmpeqb_2 =   "rmo:660F74rM",
-  pcmpeqd_2 =   "rmo:660F76rM",
-  pcmpeqw_2 =   "rmo:660F75rM",
-  pcmpgtb_2 =   "rmo:660F64rM",
-  pcmpgtd_2 =   "rmo:660F66rM",
-  pcmpgtw_2 =   "rmo:660F65rM",
   pextrw_3 =    "rri/do:660FC5rMU|xri/wo:660F3A15nRmU", -- Mem op: SSE4.1 only.
   pinsrw_3 =    "rri/od:660FC4rMU|rxi/ow:",
-  pmaddwd_2 =   "rmo:660FF5rM",
-  pmaxsw_2 =    "rmo:660FEErM",
-  pmaxub_2 =    "rmo:660FDErM",
-  pminsw_2 =    "rmo:660FEArM",
-  pminub_2 =    "rmo:660FDArM",
   pmovmskb_2 =  "rr/do:660FD7rM",
-  pmulhuw_2 =   "rmo:660FE4rM",
-  pmulhw_2 =    "rmo:660FE5rM",
-  pmullw_2 =    "rmo:660FD5rM",
-  pmuludq_2 =   "rmo:660FF4rM",
-  por_2 =       "rmo:660FEBrM",
   prefetchnta_1 = "xb:n0F180m",
   prefetcht0_1 = "xb:n0F181m",
   prefetcht1_1 = "xb:n0F182m",
   prefetcht2_1 = "xb:n0F183m",
-  psadbw_2 =    "rmo:660FF6rM",
   pshufd_3 =    "rmio:660F70rMU",
   pshufhw_3 =   "rmio:F30F70rMU",
   pshuflw_3 =   "rmio:F20F70rMU",
@@ -1279,23 +1347,6 @@ local map_op = {
   psrldq_2 =    "rio:660F733mU",
   psrlq_2 =     "rmo:660FD3rM|rio:660F732mU",
   psrlw_2 =     "rmo:660FD1rM|rio:660F712mU",
-  psubb_2 =     "rmo:660FF8rM",
-  psubd_2 =     "rmo:660FFArM",
-  psubq_2 =     "rmo:660FFBrM",
-  psubsb_2 =    "rmo:660FE8rM",
-  psubsw_2 =    "rmo:660FE9rM",
-  psubusb_2 =   "rmo:660FD8rM",
-  psubusw_2 =   "rmo:660FD9rM",
-  psubw_2 =     "rmo:660FF9rM",
-  punpckhbw_2 = "rmo:660F68rM",
-  punpckhdq_2 = "rmo:660F6ArM",
-  punpckhqdq_2 = "rmo:660F6DrM",
-  punpckhwd_2 = "rmo:660F69rM",
-  punpcklbw_2 = "rmo:660F60rM",
-  punpckldq_2 = "rmo:660F62rM",
-  punpcklqdq_2 = "rmo:660F6CrM",
-  punpcklwd_2 = "rmo:660F61rM",
-  pxor_2 =      "rmo:660FEFrM",
   rcpps_2 =     "rmo:0F53rM",
   rcpss_2 =     "rro:F30F53rM|rx/od:",
   rsqrtps_2 =   "rmo:0F52rM",
@@ -1413,6 +1464,327 @@ local map_op = {
   movntsd_2 =   "xr/qo:nF20F2BRm",
   movntss_2 =   "xr/do:F30F2BRm",
   -- popcnt is also in SSE4.2
+
+  -- AES-NI
+  aesdec_2 =    "rmo:660F38DErM",
+  aesdeclast_2 = "rmo:660F38DFrM",
+  aesenc_2 =    "rmo:660F38DCrM",
+  aesenclast_2 = "rmo:660F38DDrM",
+  aesimc_2 =    "rmo:660F38DBrM",
+  aeskeygenassist_3 = "rmio:660F3ADFrMU",
+  pclmulqdq_3 = "rmio:660F3A44rMU",
+
+   -- AVX FP ops
+  vaddsubpd_3 = "rrmoy:660FVD0rM",
+  vaddsubps_3 = "rrmoy:F20FVD0rM",
+  vandpd_3 =    "rrmoy:660FV54rM",
+  vandps_3 =    "rrmoy:0FV54rM",
+  vandnpd_3 =   "rrmoy:660FV55rM",
+  vandnps_3 =   "rrmoy:0FV55rM",
+  vblendpd_4 =  "rrmioy:660F3AV0DrMU",
+  vblendps_4 =  "rrmioy:660F3AV0CrMU",
+  vblendvpd_4 = "rrmroy:660F3AV4BrMs",
+  vblendvps_4 = "rrmroy:660F3AV4ArMs",
+  vbroadcastf128_2 = "rx/yo:660F38u1ArM",
+  vcmppd_4 =    "rrmioy:660FVC2rMU",
+  vcmpps_4 =    "rrmioy:0FVC2rMU",
+  vcmpsd_4 =    "rrrio:F20FVC2rMU|rrxi/ooq:",
+  vcmpss_4 =    "rrrio:F30FVC2rMU|rrxi/ood:",
+  vcomisd_2 =   "rro:660Fu2FrM|rx/oq:",
+  vcomiss_2 =   "rro:0Fu2FrM|rx/od:",
+  vcvtdq2pd_2 = "rro:F30FuE6rM|rx/oq:|rm/yo:",
+  vcvtdq2ps_2 = "rmoy:0Fu5BrM",
+  vcvtpd2dq_2 = "rmoy:F20FuE6rM",
+  vcvtpd2ps_2 = "rmoy:660Fu5ArM",
+  vcvtps2dq_2 = "rmoy:660Fu5BrM",
+  vcvtps2pd_2 = "rro:0Fu5ArM|rx/oq:|rm/yo:",
+  vcvtsd2si_2 = "rr/do:F20Fu2DrM|rx/dq:|rr/qo:|rxq:",
+  vcvtsd2ss_3 = "rrro:F20FV5ArM|rrx/ooq:",
+  vcvtsi2sd_3 = "rrm/ood:F20FV2ArM|rrm/ooq:F20FVX2ArM",
+  vcvtsi2ss_3 = "rrm/ood:F30FV2ArM|rrm/ooq:F30FVX2ArM",
+  vcvtss2sd_3 = "rrro:F30FV5ArM|rrx/ood:",
+  vcvtss2si_2 = "rr/do:F30Fu2DrM|rxd:|rr/qo:|rx/qd:",
+  vcvttpd2dq_2 = "rmo:660FuE6rM|rm/oy:660FuLE6rM",
+  vcvttps2dq_2 = "rmoy:F30Fu5BrM",
+  vcvttsd2si_2 = "rr/do:F20Fu2CrM|rx/dq:|rr/qo:|rxq:",
+  vcvttss2si_2 = "rr/do:F30Fu2CrM|rxd:|rr/qo:|rx/qd:",
+  vdppd_4 =     "rrmio:660F3AV41rMU",
+  vdpps_4 =     "rrmioy:660F3AV40rMU",
+  vextractf128_3 = "mri/oy:660F3AuL19RmU",
+  vextractps_3 = "mri/do:660F3Au17RmU",
+  vhaddpd_3 =   "rrmoy:660FV7CrM",
+  vhaddps_3 =   "rrmoy:F20FV7CrM",
+  vhsubpd_3 =   "rrmoy:660FV7DrM",
+  vhsubps_3 =   "rrmoy:F20FV7DrM",
+  vinsertf128_4 = "rrmi/yyo:660F3AV18rMU",
+  vinsertps_4 = "rrrio:660F3AV21rMU|rrxi/ood:",
+  vldmxcsr_1 =  "xd:0FuAE2m",
+  vmaskmovps_3 = "rrxoy:660F38V2CrM|xrroy:660F38V2ERm",
+  vmaskmovpd_3 = "rrxoy:660F38V2DrM|xrroy:660F38V2FRm",
+  vmovapd_2 =   "rmoy:660Fu28rM|mroy:660Fu29Rm",
+  vmovaps_2 =   "rmoy:0Fu28rM|mroy:0Fu29Rm",
+  vmovd_2 =     "rm/od:660Fu6ErM|rm/oq:660FuX6ErM|mr/do:660Fu7ERm|mr/qo:",
+  vmovq_2 =     "rro:F30Fu7ErM|rx/oq:|xr/qo:660FuD6Rm",
+  vmovddup_2 =  "rmy:F20Fu12rM|rro:|rx/oq:",
+  vmovhlps_3 =  "rrro:0FV12rM",
+  vmovhpd_2 =   "xr/qo:660Fu17Rm",
+  vmovhpd_3 =   "rrx/ooq:660FV16rM",
+  vmovhps_2 =   "xr/qo:0Fu17Rm",
+  vmovhps_3 =   "rrx/ooq:0FV16rM",
+  vmovlhps_3 =  "rrro:0FV16rM",
+  vmovlpd_2 =   "xr/qo:660Fu13Rm",
+  vmovlpd_3 =   "rrx/ooq:660FV12rM",
+  vmovlps_2 =   "xr/qo:0Fu13Rm",
+  vmovlps_3 =   "rrx/ooq:0FV12rM",
+  vmovmskpd_2 = "rr/do:660Fu50rM|rr/dy:660FuL50rM",
+  vmovmskps_2 = "rr/do:0Fu50rM|rr/dy:0FuL50rM",
+  vmovntpd_2 =  "xroy:660Fu2BRm",
+  vmovntps_2 =  "xroy:0Fu2BRm",
+  vmovsd_2 =    "rx/oq:F20Fu10rM|xr/qo:F20Fu11Rm",
+  vmovsd_3 =    "rrro:F20FV10rM",
+  vmovshdup_2 = "rmoy:F30Fu16rM",
+  vmovsldup_2 = "rmoy:F30Fu12rM",
+  vmovss_2 =    "rx/od:F30Fu10rM|xr/do:F30Fu11Rm",
+  vmovss_3 =    "rrro:F30FV10rM",
+  vmovupd_2 =   "rmoy:660Fu10rM|mroy:660Fu11Rm",
+  vmovups_2 =   "rmoy:0Fu10rM|mroy:0Fu11Rm",
+  vorpd_3 =     "rrmoy:660FV56rM",
+  vorps_3 =     "rrmoy:0FV56rM",
+  vpermilpd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38V0DrM|rmioy:660F3Au05rMU",
+  vpermilps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38V0CrM|rmioy:660F3Au04rMU",
+  vperm2f128_4 = "rrmiy:660F3AV06rMU",
+  vptestpd_2 =  "rmoy:660F38u0FrM",
+  vptestps_2 =  "rmoy:660F38u0ErM",
+  vrcpps_2 =    "rmoy:0Fu53rM",
+  vrcpss_3 =    "rrro:F30FV53rM|rrx/ood:",
+  vrsqrtps_2 =  "rmoy:0Fu52rM",
+  vrsqrtss_3 =  "rrro:F30FV52rM|rrx/ood:",
+  vroundpd_3 =  "rmioy:660F3Au09rMU",
+  vroundps_3 =  "rmioy:660F3Au08rMU",
+  vroundsd_4 =  "rrrio:660F3AV0BrMU|rrxi/ooq:",
+  vroundss_4 =  "rrrio:660F3AV0ArMU|rrxi/ood:",
+  vshufpd_4 =   "rrmioy:660FVC6rMU",
+  vshufps_4 =   "rrmioy:0FVC6rMU",
+  vsqrtps_2 =   "rmoy:0Fu51rM",
+  vsqrtss_2 =   "rro:F30Fu51rM|rx/od:",
+  vsqrtpd_2 =   "rmoy:660Fu51rM",
+  vsqrtsd_2 =   "rro:F20Fu51rM|rx/oq:",
+  vstmxcsr_1 =  "xd:0FuAE3m",
+  vucomisd_2 =  "rro:660Fu2ErM|rx/oq:",
+  vucomiss_2 =  "rro:0Fu2ErM|rx/od:",
+  vunpckhpd_3 = "rrmoy:660FV15rM",
+  vunpckhps_3 = "rrmoy:0FV15rM",
+  vunpcklpd_3 = "rrmoy:660FV14rM",
+  vunpcklps_3 = "rrmoy:0FV14rM",
+  vxorpd_3 =    "rrmoy:660FV57rM",
+  vxorps_3 =    "rrmoy:0FV57rM",
+  vzeroall_0 =  "0FuL77",
+  vzeroupper_0 = "0Fu77",
+
+  -- AVX2 FP ops
+  vbroadcastss_2 = "rx/od:660F38u18rM|rx/yd:|rro:|rr/yo:",
+  vbroadcastsd_2 = "rx/yq:660F38u19rM|rr/yo:",
+  -- *vgather* (!vsib)
+  vpermpd_3 =   "rmiy:660F3AuX01rMU",
+  vpermps_3 =   "rrmy:660F38V16rM",
+
+  -- AVX, AVX2 integer ops
+  -- In general, xmm requires AVX, ymm requires AVX2.
+  vaesdec_3 =  "rrmo:660F38VDErM",
+  vaesdeclast_3 = "rrmo:660F38VDFrM",
+  vaesenc_3 =  "rrmo:660F38VDCrM",
+  vaesenclast_3 = "rrmo:660F38VDDrM",
+  vaesimc_2 =  "rmo:660F38uDBrM",
+  vaeskeygenassist_3 = "rmio:660F3AuDFrMU",
+  vlddqu_2 =    "rxoy:F20FuF0rM",
+  vmaskmovdqu_2 = "rro:660FuF7rM",
+  vmovdqa_2 =   "rmoy:660Fu6FrM|mroy:660Fu7FRm",
+  vmovdqu_2 =   "rmoy:F30Fu6FrM|mroy:F30Fu7FRm",
+  vmovntdq_2 =  "xroy:660FuE7Rm",
+  vmovntdqa_2 = "rxoy:660F38u2ArM",
+  vmpsadbw_4 =  "rrmioy:660F3AV42rMU",
+  vpabsb_2 =    "rmoy:660F38u1CrM",
+  vpabsd_2 =    "rmoy:660F38u1ErM",
+  vpabsw_2 =    "rmoy:660F38u1DrM",
+  vpackusdw_3 = "rrmoy:660F38V2BrM",
+  vpalignr_4 =  "rrmioy:660F3AV0FrMU",
+  vpblendvb_4 = "rrmroy:660F3AV4CrMs",
+  vpblendw_4 =  "rrmioy:660F3AV0ErMU",
+  vpclmulqdq_4 = "rrmio:660F3AV44rMU",
+  vpcmpeqq_3 =  "rrmoy:660F38V29rM",
+  vpcmpestri_3 = "rmio:660F3Au61rMU",
+  vpcmpestrm_3 = "rmio:660F3Au60rMU",
+  vpcmpgtq_3 =  "rrmoy:660F38V37rM",
+  vpcmpistri_3 = "rmio:660F3Au63rMU",
+  vpcmpistrm_3 = "rmio:660F3Au62rMU",
+  vpextrb_3 =   "rri/do:660F3Au14nRmU|rri/qo:|xri/bo:",
+  vpextrw_3 =   "rri/do:660FuC5rMU|xri/wo:660F3Au15nRmU",
+  vpextrd_3 =   "mri/do:660F3Au16RmU",
+  vpextrq_3 =   "mri/qo:660F3Au16RmU",
+  vphaddw_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V01rM",
+  vphaddd_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V02rM",
+  vphaddsw_3 =  "rrmoy:660F38V03rM",
+  vphminposuw_2 = "rmo:660F38u41rM",
+  vphsubw_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V05rM",
+  vphsubd_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V06rM",
+  vphsubsw_3 =  "rrmoy:660F38V07rM",
+  vpinsrb_4 =   "rrri/ood:660F3AV20rMU|rrxi/oob:",
+  vpinsrw_4 =   "rrri/ood:660FVC4rMU|rrxi/oow:",
+  vpinsrd_4 =   "rrmi/ood:660F3AV22rMU",
+  vpinsrq_4 =   "rrmi/ooq:660F3AVX22rMU",
+  vpmaddubsw_3 = "rrmoy:660F38V04rM",
+  vpmaxsb_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V3CrM",
+  vpmaxsd_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V3DrM",
+  vpmaxuw_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V3ErM",
+  vpmaxud_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V3FrM",
+  vpminsb_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V38rM",
+  vpminsd_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V39rM",
+  vpminuw_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V3ArM",
+  vpminud_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V3BrM",
+  vpmovmskb_2 = "rr/do:660FuD7rM|rr/dy:660FuLD7rM",
+  vpmovsxbw_2 = "rroy:660F38u20rM|rx/oq:|rx/yo:",
+  vpmovsxbd_2 = "rroy:660F38u21rM|rx/od:|rx/yq:",
+  vpmovsxbq_2 = "rroy:660F38u22rM|rx/ow:|rx/yd:",
+  vpmovsxwd_2 = "rroy:660F38u23rM|rx/oq:|rx/yo:",
+  vpmovsxwq_2 = "rroy:660F38u24rM|rx/od:|rx/yq:",
+  vpmovsxdq_2 = "rroy:660F38u25rM|rx/oq:|rx/yo:",
+  vpmovzxbw_2 = "rroy:660F38u30rM|rx/oq:|rx/yo:",
+  vpmovzxbd_2 = "rroy:660F38u31rM|rx/od:|rx/yq:",
+  vpmovzxbq_2 = "rroy:660F38u32rM|rx/ow:|rx/yd:",
+  vpmovzxwd_2 = "rroy:660F38u33rM|rx/oq:|rx/yo:",
+  vpmovzxwq_2 = "rroy:660F38u34rM|rx/od:|rx/yq:",
+  vpmovzxdq_2 = "rroy:660F38u35rM|rx/oq:|rx/yo:",
+  vpmuldq_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V28rM",
+  vpmulhrsw_3 = "rrmoy:660F38V0BrM",
+  vpmulld_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V40rM",
+  vpshufb_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V00rM",
+  vpshufd_3 =   "rmioy:660Fu70rMU",
+  vpshufhw_3 =  "rmioy:F30Fu70rMU",
+  vpshuflw_3 =  "rmioy:F20Fu70rMU",
+  vpsignb_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V08rM",
+  vpsignw_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V09rM",
+  vpsignd_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V0ArM",
+  vpslldq_3 =   "rrioy:660Fv737mU",
+  vpsllw_3 =    "rrmoy:660FVF1rM|rrioy:660Fv716mU",
+  vpslld_3 =    "rrmoy:660FVF2rM|rrioy:660Fv726mU",
+  vpsllq_3 =    "rrmoy:660FVF3rM|rrioy:660Fv736mU",
+  vpsraw_3 =    "rrmoy:660FVE1rM|rrioy:660Fv714mU",
+  vpsrad_3 =    "rrmoy:660FVE2rM|rrioy:660Fv724mU",
+  vpsrldq_3 =   "rrioy:660Fv733mU",
+  vpsrlw_3 =    "rrmoy:660FVD1rM|rrioy:660Fv712mU",
+  vpsrld_3 =    "rrmoy:660FVD2rM|rrioy:660Fv722mU",
+  vpsrlq_3 =    "rrmoy:660FVD3rM|rrioy:660Fv732mU",
+  vptest_2 =    "rmoy:660F38u17rM",
+
+  -- AVX2 integer ops
+  vbroadcasti128_2 = "rx/yo:660F38u5ArM",
+  vinserti128_4 = "rrmi/yyo:660F3AV38rMU",
+  vextracti128_3 = "mri/oy:660F3AuL39RmU",
+  vpblendd_4 =  "rrmioy:660F3AV02rMU",
+  vpbroadcastb_2 = "rro:660F38u78rM|rx/ob:|rr/yo:|rx/yb:",
+  vpbroadcastw_2 = "rro:660F38u79rM|rx/ow:|rr/yo:|rx/yw:",
+  vpbroadcastd_2 = "rro:660F38u58rM|rx/od:|rr/yo:|rx/yd:",
+  vpbroadcastq_2 = "rro:660F38u59rM|rx/oq:|rr/yo:|rx/yq:",
+  vpermd_3 =    "rrmy:660F38V36rM",
+  vpermq_3 =    "rmiy:660F3AuX00rMU",
+  -- *vpgather* (!vsib)
+  vperm2i128_4 = "rrmiy:660F3AV46rMU",
+  vpmaskmovd_3 = "rrxoy:660F38V8CrM|xrroy:660F38V8ERm",
+  vpmaskmovq_3 = "rrxoy:660F38VX8CrM|xrroy:660F38VX8ERm",
+  vpsllvd_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V47rM",
+  vpsllvq_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38VX47rM",
+  vpsravd_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V46rM",
+  vpsrlvd_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38V45rM",
+  vpsrlvq_3 =   "rrmoy:660F38VX45rM",
+
+  -- Intel ADX
+  adcx_2 =      "rmqd:660F38F6rM",
+  adox_2 =      "rmqd:F30F38F6rM",
+
+  -- BMI1
+  andn_3 =      "rrmqd:0F38VF2rM",
+  bextr_3 =     "rmrqd:0F38wF7rM",
+  blsi_2 =      "rmqd:0F38vF33m",
+  blsmsk_2 =    "rmqd:0F38vF32m",
+  blsr_2 =      "rmqd:0F38vF31m",
+  tzcnt_2 =     "rmqdw:F30FBCrM",
+
+  -- BMI2
+  bzhi_3 =      "rmrqd:0F38wF5rM",
+  mulx_3 =      "rrmqd:F20F38VF6rM",
+  pdep_3 =      "rrmqd:F20F38VF5rM",
+  pext_3 =      "rrmqd:F30F38VF5rM",
+  rorx_3 =      "rmSqd:F20F3AuF0rMS",
+  sarx_3 =      "rmrqd:F30F38wF7rM",
+  shrx_3 =      "rmrqd:F20F38wF7rM",
+  shlx_3 =      "rmrqd:660F38wF7rM",
+
+  -- FMA3
+  vfmaddsub132pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VX96rM",
+  vfmaddsub132ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38V96rM",
+  vfmaddsub213pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VXA6rM",
+  vfmaddsub213ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VA6rM",
+  vfmaddsub231pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VXB6rM",
+  vfmaddsub231ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VB6rM",
+
+  vfmsubadd132pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VX97rM",
+  vfmsubadd132ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38V97rM",
+  vfmsubadd213pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VXA7rM",
+  vfmsubadd213ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VA7rM",
+  vfmsubadd231pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VXB7rM",
+  vfmsubadd231ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VB7rM",
+
+  vfmadd132pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VX98rM",
+  vfmadd132ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38V98rM",
+  vfmadd132sd_3 = "rrro:660F38VX99rM|rrx/ooq:",
+  vfmadd132ss_3 = "rrro:660F38V99rM|rrx/ood:",
+  vfmadd213pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VXA8rM",
+  vfmadd213ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VA8rM",
+  vfmadd213sd_3 = "rrro:660F38VXA9rM|rrx/ooq:",
+  vfmadd213ss_3 = "rrro:660F38VA9rM|rrx/ood:",
+  vfmadd231pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VXB8rM",
+  vfmadd231ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VB8rM",
+  vfmadd231sd_3 = "rrro:660F38VXB9rM|rrx/ooq:",
+  vfmadd231ss_3 = "rrro:660F38VB9rM|rrx/ood:",
+
+  vfmsub132pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VX9ArM",
+  vfmsub132ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38V9ArM",
+  vfmsub132sd_3 = "rrro:660F38VX9BrM|rrx/ooq:",
+  vfmsub132ss_3 = "rrro:660F38V9BrM|rrx/ood:",
+  vfmsub213pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VXAArM",
+  vfmsub213ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VAArM",
+  vfmsub213sd_3 = "rrro:660F38VXABrM|rrx/ooq:",
+  vfmsub213ss_3 = "rrro:660F38VABrM|rrx/ood:",
+  vfmsub231pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VXBArM",
+  vfmsub231ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VBArM",
+  vfmsub231sd_3 = "rrro:660F38VXBBrM|rrx/ooq:",
+  vfmsub231ss_3 = "rrro:660F38VBBrM|rrx/ood:",
+
+  vfnmadd132pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VX9CrM",
+  vfnmadd132ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38V9CrM",
+  vfnmadd132sd_3 = "rrro:660F38VX9DrM|rrx/ooq:",
+  vfnmadd132ss_3 = "rrro:660F38V9DrM|rrx/ood:",
+  vfnmadd213pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VXACrM",
+  vfnmadd213ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VACrM",
+  vfnmadd213sd_3 = "rrro:660F38VXADrM|rrx/ooq:",
+  vfnmadd213ss_3 = "rrro:660F38VADrM|rrx/ood:",
+  vfnmadd231pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VXBCrM",
+  vfnmadd231ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VBCrM",
+  vfnmadd231sd_3 = "rrro:660F38VXBDrM|rrx/ooq:",
+  vfnmadd231ss_3 = "rrro:660F38VBDrM|rrx/ood:",
+
+  vfnmsub132pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VX9ErM",
+  vfnmsub132ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38V9ErM",
+  vfnmsub132sd_3 = "rrro:660F38VX9FrM|rrx/ooq:",
+  vfnmsub132ss_3 = "rrro:660F38V9FrM|rrx/ood:",
+  vfnmsub213pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VXAErM",
+  vfnmsub213ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VAErM",
+  vfnmsub213sd_3 = "rrro:660F38VXAFrM|rrx/ooq:",
+  vfnmsub213ss_3 = "rrro:660F38VAFrM|rrx/ood:",
+  vfnmsub231pd_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VXBErM",
+  vfnmsub231ps_3 = "rrmoy:660F38VBErM",
+  vfnmsub231sd_3 = "rrro:660F38VXBFrM|rrx/ooq:",
+  vfnmsub231ss_3 = "rrro:660F38VBFrM|rrx/ood:",
 }
 
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1463,28 +1835,58 @@ for cc,n in pairs{ b=0, e=1, be=2, u=3, nb=4, ne=5, nbe=6, nu=7 } do
   map_op["fcmov"..cc.."_2"] = format("Fff:%04XR", nc) -- P6+
 end
 
--- SSE FP arithmetic ops.
+-- SSE / AVX FP arithmetic ops.
 for name,n in pairs{ sqrt = 1, add = 8, mul = 9,
                      sub = 12, min = 13, div = 14, max = 15 } do
   map_op[name.."ps_2"] = format("rmo:0F5%XrM", n)
   map_op[name.."ss_2"] = format("rro:F30F5%XrM|rx/od:", n)
   map_op[name.."pd_2"] = format("rmo:660F5%XrM", n)
   map_op[name.."sd_2"] = format("rro:F20F5%XrM|rx/oq:", n)
+  if n ~= 1 then
+    map_op["v"..name.."ps_3"] = format("rrmoy:0FV5%XrM", n)
+    map_op["v"..name.."ss_3"] = format("rrro:F30FV5%XrM|rrx/ood:", n)
+    map_op["v"..name.."pd_3"] = format("rrmoy:660FV5%XrM", n)
+    map_op["v"..name.."sd_3"] = format("rrro:F20FV5%XrM|rrx/ooq:", n)
+  end
+end
+
+-- SSE2 / AVX / AVX2 integer arithmetic ops (66 0F leaf).
+for name,n in pairs{
+  paddb = 0xFC, paddw = 0xFD, paddd = 0xFE, paddq = 0xD4,
+  paddsb = 0xEC, paddsw = 0xED, packssdw = 0x6B,
+  packsswb = 0x63, packuswb = 0x67, paddusb = 0xDC,
+  paddusw = 0xDD, pand = 0xDB, pandn = 0xDF, pavgb = 0xE0,
+  pavgw = 0xE3, pcmpeqb = 0x74, pcmpeqd = 0x76,
+  pcmpeqw = 0x75, pcmpgtb = 0x64, pcmpgtd = 0x66,
+  pcmpgtw = 0x65, pmaddwd = 0xF5, pmaxsw = 0xEE,
+  pmaxub = 0xDE, pminsw = 0xEA, pminub = 0xDA,
+  pmulhuw = 0xE4, pmulhw = 0xE5, pmullw = 0xD5,
+  pmuludq = 0xF4, por = 0xEB, psadbw = 0xF6, psubb = 0xF8,
+  psubw = 0xF9, psubd = 0xFA, psubq = 0xFB, psubsb = 0xE8,
+  psubsw = 0xE9, psubusb = 0xD8, psubusw = 0xD9,
+  punpckhbw = 0x68, punpckhwd = 0x69, punpckhdq = 0x6A,
+  punpckhqdq = 0x6D, punpcklbw = 0x60, punpcklwd = 0x61,
+  punpckldq = 0x62, punpcklqdq = 0x6C, pxor = 0xEF
+} do
+  map_op[name.."_2"] = format("rmo:660F%02XrM", n)
+  map_op["v"..name.."_3"] = format("rrmoy:660FV%02XrM", n)
 end
 
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+local map_vexarg = { u = false, v = 1, V = 2, w = 3 }
+
 -- Process pattern string.
 local function dopattern(pat, args, sz, op, needrex)
-  local digit, addin
+  local digit, addin, vex
   local opcode = 0
   local szov = sz
   local narg = 1
   local rex = 0
 
   -- Limit number of section buffer positions used by a single dasm_put().
-  -- A single opcode needs a maximum of 5 positions.
-  if secpos+5 > maxsecpos then wflush() end
+  -- A single opcode needs a maximum of 6 positions.
+  if secpos+6 > maxsecpos then wflush() end
 
   -- Process each character.
   for c in gmatch(pat.."|", ".") do
@@ -1498,6 +1900,8 @@ local function dopattern(pat, args, sz, op, needrex)
       szov = nil
     elseif c == "X" then        -- Force REX.W.
       rex = 8
+    elseif c == "L" then        -- Force VEX.L.
+      vex.l = true
     elseif c == "r" then        -- Merge 1st operand regno. into opcode.
       addin = args[1]; opcode = opcode + (addin.reg % 8)
       if narg < 2 then narg = 2 end
@@ -1521,21 +1925,42 @@ local function dopattern(pat, args, sz, op, needrex)
       if t.xreg and t.xreg > 7 then rex = rex + 2 end
       if s > 7 then rex = rex + 4 end
       if needrex then rex = rex + 16 end
-      wputop(szov, opcode, rex); opcode = nil
+      local psz, sk = wputop(szov, opcode, rex, vex, s < 0, t.vreg or t.vxreg)
+      opcode = nil
       local imark = sub(pat, -1) -- Force a mark (ugly).
       -- Put ModRM/SIB with regno/last digit as spare.
-      wputmrmsib(t, imark, s, addin and addin.vreg)
+      wputmrmsib(t, imark, s, addin and addin.vreg, psz, sk)
       addin = nil
+    elseif map_vexarg[c] ~= nil then -- Encode using VEX prefix
+      local b = band(opcode, 255); opcode = shr(opcode, 8)
+      local m = 1
+      if b == 0x38 then m = 2
+      elseif b == 0x3a then m = 3 end
+      if m ~= 1 then b = band(opcode, 255); opcode = shr(opcode, 8) end
+      if b ~= 0x0f then
+        werror("expected `0F', `0F38', or `0F3A' to precede `"..c..
+          "' in pattern `"..pat.."' for `"..op.."'")
+      end
+      local v = map_vexarg[c]
+      if v then v = remove(args, v) end
+      b = band(opcode, 255)
+      local p = 0
+      if b == 0x66 then p = 1
+      elseif b == 0xf3 then p = 2
+      elseif b == 0xf2 then p = 3 end
+      if p ~= 0 then opcode = shr(opcode, 8) end
+      if opcode ~= 0 then wputop(nil, opcode, 0); opcode = 0 end
+      vex = { m = m, p = p, v = v }
     else
       if opcode then -- Flush opcode.
         if szov == "q" and rex == 0 then rex = rex + 8 end
         if needrex then rex = rex + 16 end
         if addin and addin.reg == -1 then
-          wputop(szov, opcode - 7, rex)
-          waction("VREG", addin.vreg); wputxb(0)
+          local psz, sk = wputop(szov, opcode - 7, rex, vex, true)
+          wvreg("opcode", addin.vreg, psz, sk)
         else
           if addin and addin.reg > 7 then rex = rex + 1 end
-          wputop(szov, opcode, rex)
+          wputop(szov, opcode, rex, vex)
         end
         opcode = nil
       end
@@ -1549,7 +1974,7 @@ local function dopattern(pat, args, sz, op, needrex)
         local a = args[narg]
         narg = narg + 1
         local mode, imm = a.mode, a.imm
-        if mode == "iJ" and not match("iIJ", c) then
+        if mode == "iJ" and not match(x64 and "J" or "iIJ", c) then
           werror("bad operand size for label")
         end
         if c == "S" then
@@ -1572,6 +1997,14 @@ local function dopattern(pat, args, sz, op, needrex)
           else
             wputlabel("REL_", imm, 2)
           end
+        elseif c == "s" then
+          local reg = a.reg
+          if reg < 0 then
+            wputb(0)
+            wvreg("imm.hi", a.vreg)
+          else
+            wputb(shl(reg, 4))
+          end
         else
           werror("bad char `"..c.."' in pattern `"..pat.."' for `"..op.."'")
         end
@@ -1648,11 +2081,14 @@ map_op[".template__"] = function(params, template, nparams)
     if pat == "" then pat = lastpat else lastpat = pat end
     if matchtm(tm, args) then
       local prefix = sub(szm, 1, 1)
-      if prefix == "/" then -- Match both operand sizes.
-        if args[1].opsize == sub(szm, 2, 2) and
-           args[2].opsize == sub(szm, 3, 3) then
-          dopattern(pat, args, sz, params.op, needrex) -- Process pattern.
-          return
+      if prefix == "/" then -- Exactly match leading operand sizes.
+        for i = #szm,1,-1 do
+          if i == 1 then
+            dopattern(pat, args, sz, params.op, needrex) -- Process pattern.
+            return
+          elseif args[i-1].opsize ~= sub(szm, i, i) then
+            break
+          end
         end
       else -- Match common operand size.
         local szp = sz
@@ -1717,8 +2153,8 @@ if x64 then
         rex = a.reg > 7 and 9 or 8
       end
     end
-    wputop(sz, opcode, rex)
-    if vreg then waction("VREG", vreg); wputxb(0) end
+    local psz, sk = wputop(sz, opcode, rex, nil, vreg)
+    wvreg("opcode", vreg, psz, sk)
     waction("IMM_D", format("(unsigned int)(%s)", op64))
     waction("IMM_D", format("(unsigned int)((%s)>>32)", op64))
   end
@@ -1730,14 +2166,16 @@ end
 local function op_data(params)
   if not params then return "imm..." end
   local sz = sub(params.op, 2, 2)
-  if sz == "a" then sz = addrsize end
+  if sz == "l" then sz = "d" elseif sz == "a" then sz = addrsize end
   for _,p in ipairs(params) do
-    local a = parseoperand(p)
+    local a = parseoperand(p, sz == "q")
     if sub(a.mode, 1, 1) ~= "i" or (a.opsize and a.opsize ~= sz) then
       werror("bad mode or size in `"..p.."'")
     end
     if a.mode == "iJ" then
       wputlabel("IMM_", a.imm, 1)
+    elseif sz == "q" then
+      wputqarg(a.imm)
     else
       wputszarg(sz, a.imm)
     end
@@ -1749,7 +2187,11 @@ map_op[".byte_*"] = op_data
 map_op[".sbyte_*"] = op_data
 map_op[".word_*"] = op_data
 map_op[".dword_*"] = op_data
+map_op[".qword_*"] = op_data
 map_op[".aword_*"] = op_data
+map_op[".long_*"] = op_data
+map_op[".quad_*"] = op_data
+map_op[".addr_*"] = op_data
 
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
diff --git a/dynasm/dynasm.lua b/dynasm/dynasm.lua
index 068efe2a..5be75f7f 100644
--- a/dynasm/dynasm.lua
+++ b/dynasm/dynasm.lua
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
 local _info = {
   name =        "DynASM",
   description = "A dynamic assembler for code generation engines",
-  version =     "1.3.0",
-  vernum =       10300,
-  release =     "2011-05-05",
+  version =     "1.5.0",
+  vernum =       10500,
+  release =     "2021-05-02",
   author =      "Mike Pall",
   url =         "https://luajit.org/dynasm.html",
   license =     "MIT",
@@ -630,6 +630,7 @@ end
 -- Load architecture-specific module.
 local function loadarch(arch)
   if not match(arch, "^[%w_]+$") then return "bad arch name" end
+  _G._map_def = map_def
   local ok, m_arch = pcall(require, "dasm_"..arch)
   if not ok then return "cannot load module: "..m_arch end
   g_arch = m_arch
diff --git a/etc/luajit.pc b/etc/luajit.pc
index 68f8d5cc..96433008 100644
--- a/etc/luajit.pc
+++ b/etc/luajit.pc
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Package information for LuaJIT to be used by pkg-config.
 majver=2
-minver=0
+minver=1
 relver=ROLLING
 version=${majver}.${minver}.${relver}
 abiver=5.1
diff --git a/src/.gitignore b/src/.gitignore
index 19f2a00e..736a729a 100644
--- a/src/.gitignore
+++ b/src/.gitignore
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ lj_ffdef.h
 lj_libdef.h
 lj_recdef.h
 lj_folddef.h
-lj_vm.s
+lj_vm.[sS]
diff --git a/src/Makefile b/src/Makefile
index e6954a95..3a6a4329 100644
--- a/src/Makefile
+++ b/src/Makefile
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 ##############################################################################
 
 MAJVER=  2
-MINVER=  0
+MINVER=  1
 ABIVER=  5.1
 NODOTABIVER= 51
 
@@ -43,17 +43,14 @@ CCOPT= -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer
 #
 # Target-specific compiler options:
 #
-# x86 only: it's recommended to compile at least for i686. Better yet,
-# compile for an architecture that has SSE2, too (-msse -msse2).
-#
 # x86/x64 only: For GCC 4.2 or higher and if you don't intend to distribute
 # the binaries to a different machine you could also use: -march=native
 #
-CCOPT_x86= -march=i686
+CCOPT_x86= -march=i686 -msse -msse2 -mfpmath=sse
 CCOPT_x64=
 CCOPT_arm=
+CCOPT_arm64=
 CCOPT_ppc=
-CCOPT_ppcspe=
 CCOPT_mips=
 #
 CCDEBUG=
@@ -112,6 +109,9 @@ XCFLAGS=
 #XCFLAGS+= -DLUAJIT_NUMMODE=1
 #XCFLAGS+= -DLUAJIT_NUMMODE=2
 #
+# Disable LJ_GC64 mode for x64.
+#XCFLAGS+= -DLUAJIT_DISABLE_GC64
+#
 ##############################################################################
 
 ##############################################################################
@@ -123,15 +123,14 @@ XCFLAGS=
 #
 # Use the system provided memory allocator (realloc) instead of the
 # bundled memory allocator. This is slower, but sometimes helpful for
-# debugging. This option cannot be enabled on x64, since realloc usually
-# doesn't return addresses in the right address range.
+# debugging. This option cannot be enabled on x64 without GC64, since
+# realloc usually doesn't return addresses in the right address range.
 # OTOH this option is mandatory for Valgrind's memcheck tool on x64 and
 # the only way to get useful results from it for all other architectures.
 #XCFLAGS+= -DLUAJIT_USE_SYSMALLOC
 #
 # This define is required to run LuaJIT under Valgrind. The Valgrind
 # header files must be installed. You should enable debug information, too.
-# Use --suppressions=lj.supp to avoid some false positives.
 #XCFLAGS+= -DLUAJIT_USE_VALGRIND
 #
 # This is the client for the GDB JIT API. GDB 7.0 or higher is required
@@ -188,7 +187,8 @@ endif
 #   make HOST_CC="gcc -m32" CROSS=i586-mingw32msvc- TARGET_SYS=Windows
 #   make HOST_CC="gcc -m32" CROSS=powerpc-linux-gnu-
 
-CCOPTIONS= $(CCDEBUG) $(CCOPT) $(CCWARN) $(XCFLAGS) $(CFLAGS)
+ASOPTIONS= $(CCOPT) $(CCWARN) $(XCFLAGS) $(CFLAGS)
+CCOPTIONS= $(CCDEBUG) $(ASOPTIONS)
 LDOPTIONS= $(CCDEBUG) $(LDFLAGS)
 
 HOST_CC= $(CC)
@@ -228,6 +228,7 @@ TARGET_XLDFLAGS=
 TARGET_XLIBS= -lm
 TARGET_TCFLAGS= $(CCOPTIONS) $(TARGET_XCFLAGS) $(TARGET_FLAGS) $(TARGET_CFLAGS)
 TARGET_ACFLAGS= $(CCOPTIONS) $(TARGET_XCFLAGS) $(TARGET_FLAGS) $(TARGET_CFLAGS)
+TARGET_ASFLAGS= $(ASOPTIONS) $(TARGET_XCFLAGS) $(TARGET_FLAGS) $(TARGET_CFLAGS)
 TARGET_ALDFLAGS= $(LDOPTIONS) $(TARGET_XLDFLAGS) $(TARGET_FLAGS) $(TARGET_LDFLAGS)
 TARGET_ASHLDFLAGS= $(LDOPTIONS) $(TARGET_XSHLDFLAGS) $(TARGET_FLAGS) $(TARGET_SHLDFLAGS)
 TARGET_ALIBS= $(TARGET_XLIBS) $(LIBS) $(TARGET_LIBS)
@@ -242,17 +243,29 @@ else
 ifneq (,$(findstring LJ_TARGET_ARM ,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
   TARGET_LJARCH= arm
 else
+ifneq (,$(findstring LJ_TARGET_ARM64 ,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
+  ifneq (,$(findstring __AARCH64EB__ ,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
+    TARGET_ARCH= -D__AARCH64EB__=1
+  endif
+  TARGET_LJARCH= arm64
+else
 ifneq (,$(findstring LJ_TARGET_PPC ,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
+  ifneq (,$(findstring LJ_LE 1,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
+    TARGET_ARCH= -DLJ_ARCH_ENDIAN=LUAJIT_LE
+  else
+    TARGET_ARCH= -DLJ_ARCH_ENDIAN=LUAJIT_BE
+  endif
   TARGET_LJARCH= ppc
 else
-ifneq (,$(findstring LJ_TARGET_PPCSPE ,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
-  TARGET_LJARCH= ppcspe
-else
 ifneq (,$(findstring LJ_TARGET_MIPS ,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
   ifneq (,$(findstring MIPSEL ,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
     TARGET_ARCH= -D__MIPSEL__=1
   endif
-  TARGET_LJARCH= mips
+  ifneq (,$(findstring LJ_TARGET_MIPS64 ,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
+    TARGET_LJARCH= mips64
+  else
+    TARGET_LJARCH= mips
+  endif
 else
   $(error Unsupported target architecture)
 endif
@@ -266,6 +279,7 @@ ifneq (,$(findstring LJ_TARGET_PS3 1,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
   TARGET_SYS= PS3
   TARGET_ARCH+= -D__CELLOS_LV2__
   TARGET_XCFLAGS+= -DLUAJIT_USE_SYSMALLOC
+  TARGET_XLIBS+= -lpthread
 endif
 
 TARGET_XCFLAGS+= $(CCOPT_$(TARGET_LJARCH))
@@ -305,20 +319,27 @@ ifeq (Darwin,$(TARGET_SYS))
     $(error missing: export MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=XX.YY)
   endif
   TARGET_STRIP+= -x
+  TARGET_XCFLAGS+= -DLUAJIT_UNWIND_EXTERNAL
   TARGET_XSHLDFLAGS= -dynamiclib -single_module -undefined dynamic_lookup -fPIC
   TARGET_DYNXLDOPTS=
   TARGET_XSHLDFLAGS+= -install_name $(TARGET_DYLIBPATH) -compatibility_version $(MAJVER).$(MINVER) -current_version $(MAJVER).$(MINVER).255
-  ifeq (x64,$(TARGET_LJARCH))
-    TARGET_XLDFLAGS+= -pagezero_size 10000 -image_base 100000000
-    TARGET_XSHLDFLAGS+= -image_base 7fff04c4a000
-  endif
 else
 ifeq (iOS,$(TARGET_SYS))
   TARGET_STRIP+= -x
   TARGET_XSHLDFLAGS= -dynamiclib -single_module -undefined dynamic_lookup -fPIC
   TARGET_DYNXLDOPTS=
   TARGET_XSHLDFLAGS+= -install_name $(TARGET_DYLIBPATH) -compatibility_version $(MAJVER).$(MINVER) -current_version $(MAJVER).$(MINVER).255
+  ifeq (arm64,$(TARGET_LJARCH))
+    TARGET_XCFLAGS+= -fno-omit-frame-pointer
+  endif
 else
+  ifeq (,$(findstring LJ_NO_UNWIND 1,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
+    # Find out whether the target toolchain always generates unwind tables.
+    TARGET_TESTUNWIND=$(shell exec 2>/dev/null; echo 'extern void b(void);int a(void){b();return 0;}' | $(TARGET_CC) -c -x c - -o tmpunwind.o && { grep -qa -e eh_frame -e __unwind_info tmpunwind.o || grep -qU -e eh_frame -e __unwind_info tmpunwind.o; } && echo E; rm -f tmpunwind.o)
+    ifneq (,$(findstring E,$(TARGET_TESTUNWIND)))
+      TARGET_XCFLAGS+= -DLUAJIT_UNWIND_EXTERNAL
+    endif
+  endif
   ifneq (SunOS,$(TARGET_SYS))
     ifneq (PS3,$(TARGET_SYS))
       TARGET_XLDFLAGS+= -Wl,-E
@@ -345,7 +366,7 @@ ifneq ($(HOST_SYS),$(TARGET_SYS))
     HOST_XCFLAGS+= -DLUAJIT_OS=LUAJIT_OS_OSX
   else
   ifeq (iOS,$(TARGET_SYS))
-    HOST_XCFLAGS+= -DLUAJIT_OS=LUAJIT_OS_OSX
+    HOST_XCFLAGS+= -DLUAJIT_OS=LUAJIT_OS_OSX -DTARGET_OS_IPHONE=1
   else
     HOST_XCFLAGS+= -DLUAJIT_OS=LUAJIT_OS_OTHER
   endif
@@ -379,6 +400,11 @@ DASM_XFLAGS=
 DASM_AFLAGS=
 DASM_ARCH= $(TARGET_LJARCH)
 
+ifneq (,$(findstring LJ_LE 1,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
+  DASM_AFLAGS+= -D ENDIAN_LE
+else
+  DASM_AFLAGS+= -D ENDIAN_BE
+endif
 ifneq (,$(findstring LJ_ARCH_BITS 64,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
   DASM_AFLAGS+= -D P64
 endif
@@ -407,23 +433,27 @@ ifneq (,$(findstring LJ_NO_UNWIND 1,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
   DASM_AFLAGS+= -D NO_UNWIND
   TARGET_ARCH+= -DLUAJIT_NO_UNWIND
 endif
+ifneq (,$(findstring LJ_ABI_PAUTH 1,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
+  DASM_AFLAGS+= -D PAUTH
+  TARGET_ARCH+= -DLJ_ABI_PAUTH=1
+endif
 DASM_AFLAGS+= -D VER=$(subst LJ_ARCH_VERSION_,,$(filter LJ_ARCH_VERSION_%,$(subst LJ_ARCH_VERSION ,LJ_ARCH_VERSION_,$(TARGET_TESTARCH))))
 ifeq (Windows,$(TARGET_SYS))
   DASM_AFLAGS+= -D WIN
 endif
-ifeq (x86,$(TARGET_LJARCH))
-  ifneq (,$(findstring __SSE2__ 1,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
-    DASM_AFLAGS+= -D SSE
-  endif
-else
 ifeq (x64,$(TARGET_LJARCH))
-  DASM_ARCH= x86
+  ifeq (,$(findstring LJ_FR2 1,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
+    DASM_ARCH= x86
+  endif
 else
 ifeq (arm,$(TARGET_LJARCH))
   ifeq (iOS,$(TARGET_SYS))
     DASM_AFLAGS+= -D IOS
   endif
 else
+ifneq (,$(findstring LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6 ,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
+  DASM_AFLAGS+= -D MIPSR6
+endif
 ifeq (ppc,$(TARGET_LJARCH))
   ifneq (,$(findstring LJ_ARCH_SQRT 1,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
     DASM_AFLAGS+= -D SQRT
@@ -431,7 +461,7 @@ ifeq (ppc,$(TARGET_LJARCH))
   ifneq (,$(findstring LJ_ARCH_ROUND 1,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
     DASM_AFLAGS+= -D ROUND
   endif
-  ifneq (,$(findstring LJ_ARCH_PPC64 1,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
+  ifneq (,$(findstring LJ_ARCH_PPC32ON64 1,$(TARGET_TESTARCH)))
     DASM_AFLAGS+= -D GPR64
   endif
   ifeq (PS3,$(TARGET_SYS))
@@ -440,7 +470,6 @@ ifeq (ppc,$(TARGET_LJARCH))
 endif
 endif
 endif
-endif
 
 DASM_FLAGS= $(DASM_XFLAGS) $(DASM_AFLAGS)
 DASM_DASC= vm_$(DASM_ARCH).dasc
@@ -457,19 +486,22 @@ BUILDVM_X= $(BUILDVM_T)
 HOST_O= $(MINILUA_O) $(BUILDVM_O)
 HOST_T= $(MINILUA_T) $(BUILDVM_T)
 
-LJVM_S= lj_vm.s
+LJVM_S= lj_vm.S
 LJVM_O= lj_vm.o
 LJVM_BOUT= $(LJVM_S)
 LJVM_MODE= elfasm
 
 LJLIB_O= lib_base.o lib_math.o lib_bit.o lib_string.o lib_table.o \
-         lib_io.o lib_os.o lib_package.o lib_debug.o lib_jit.o lib_ffi.o
+         lib_io.o lib_os.o lib_package.o lib_debug.o lib_jit.o lib_ffi.o \
+         lib_buffer.o
 LJLIB_C= $(LJLIB_O:.o=.c)
 
-LJCORE_O= lj_gc.o lj_err.o lj_char.o lj_bc.o lj_obj.o \
+LJCORE_O= lj_assert.o lj_gc.o lj_err.o lj_char.o lj_bc.o lj_obj.o lj_buf.o \
           lj_str.o lj_tab.o lj_func.o lj_udata.o lj_meta.o lj_debug.o \
-          lj_state.o lj_dispatch.o lj_vmevent.o lj_vmmath.o lj_strscan.o \
-          lj_api.o lj_lex.o lj_parse.o lj_bcread.o lj_bcwrite.o lj_load.o \
+          lj_prng.o lj_state.o lj_dispatch.o lj_vmevent.o lj_vmmath.o \
+          lj_strscan.o lj_strfmt.o lj_strfmt_num.o lj_serialize.o \
+          lj_api.o lj_profile.o \
+          lj_lex.o lj_parse.o lj_bcread.o lj_bcwrite.o lj_load.o \
           lj_ir.o lj_opt_mem.o lj_opt_fold.o lj_opt_narrow.o \
           lj_opt_dce.o lj_opt_loop.o lj_opt_split.o lj_opt_sink.o \
           lj_mcode.o lj_snap.o lj_record.o lj_crecord.o lj_ffrecord.o \
@@ -584,12 +616,15 @@ E= @echo
 default all:    $(TARGET_T)
 
 amalg:
-        @grep "^[+|]" ljamalg.c
         $(MAKE) all "LJCORE_O=ljamalg.o"
 
 clean:
         $(HOST_RM) $(ALL_RM)
 
+libbc:
+        ./$(LUAJIT_T) host/genlibbc.lua -o host/buildvm_libbc.h $(LJLIB_C)
+        $(MAKE) all
+
 depend:
         @for file in $(ALL_HDRGEN); do \
           test -f $$file || touch $$file; \
@@ -604,7 +639,7 @@ depend:
           test -s $$file || $(HOST_RM) $$file; \
           done
 
-.PHONY: default all amalg clean depend
+.PHONY: default all amalg clean libbc depend
 
 ##############################################################################
 # Rules for generated files.
@@ -666,10 +701,10 @@ lj_folddef.h: $(BUILDVM_T) lj_opt_fold.c
         $(Q)$(TARGET_DYNCC) $(TARGET_ACFLAGS) -c -o $(@:.o=_dyn.o) $<
         $(Q)$(TARGET_CC) $(TARGET_ACFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
 
-%.o: %.s
+%.o: %.S
         $(E) "ASM       $@"
-        $(Q)$(TARGET_DYNCC) $(TARGET_ACFLAGS) -c -o $(@:.o=_dyn.o) $<
-        $(Q)$(TARGET_CC) $(TARGET_ACFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
+        $(Q)$(TARGET_DYNCC) $(TARGET_ASFLAGS) -c -o $(@:.o=_dyn.o) $<
+        $(Q)$(TARGET_CC) $(TARGET_ASFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
 
 $(LUAJIT_O):
         $(E) "CC        $@"
diff --git a/src/Makefile.dep b/src/Makefile.dep
index 9e14d617..400ef8b0 100644
--- a/src/Makefile.dep
+++ b/src/Makefile.dep
@@ -1,66 +1,79 @@
 lib_aux.o: lib_aux.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lj_obj.h lj_def.h \
  lj_arch.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_state.h lj_trace.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h \
- lj_dispatch.h lj_bc.h lj_traceerr.h lj_lib.h lj_alloc.h
+ lj_dispatch.h lj_bc.h lj_traceerr.h lj_lib.h lj_vmevent.h
 lib_base.o: lib_base.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h lj_obj.h \
- lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_debug.h lj_str.h \
- lj_tab.h lj_meta.h lj_state.h lj_ctype.h lj_cconv.h lj_bc.h lj_ff.h \
- lj_ffdef.h lj_dispatch.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h lj_char.h lj_strscan.h \
- lj_lib.h lj_libdef.h
+ lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_debug.h lj_buf.h \
+ lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_meta.h lj_state.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_ctype.h \
+ lj_cconv.h lj_ff.h lj_ffdef.h lj_dispatch.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h lj_char.h \
+ lj_strscan.h lj_strfmt.h lj_lib.h lj_libdef.h
 lib_bit.o: lib_bit.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h lj_obj.h lj_def.h \
- lj_arch.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_lib.h lj_libdef.h
+ lj_arch.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_gc.h lj_str.h lj_strscan.h \
+ lj_strfmt.h lj_ctype.h lj_cdata.h lj_cconv.h lj_carith.h lj_ff.h \
+ lj_ffdef.h lj_lib.h lj_libdef.h
+lib_buffer.o: lib_buffer.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h lj_obj.h \
+ lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_str.h \
+ lj_tab.h lj_udata.h lj_meta.h lj_ctype.h lj_cdata.h lj_cconv.h \
+ lj_strfmt.h lj_serialize.h lj_lib.h lj_libdef.h
 lib_debug.o: lib_debug.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h lj_obj.h \
  lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_debug.h lj_lib.h \
  lj_libdef.h
 lib_ffi.o: lib_ffi.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h lj_obj.h lj_def.h \
  lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_meta.h \
  lj_ctype.h lj_cparse.h lj_cdata.h lj_cconv.h lj_carith.h lj_ccall.h \
- lj_ccallback.h lj_clib.h lj_ff.h lj_ffdef.h lj_lib.h lj_libdef.h
+ lj_ccallback.h lj_clib.h lj_strfmt.h lj_ff.h lj_ffdef.h lj_lib.h \
+ lj_libdef.h
 lib_init.o: lib_init.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h lj_arch.h
 lib_io.o: lib_io.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h lj_obj.h lj_def.h \
- lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_state.h lj_ff.h \
- lj_ffdef.h lj_lib.h lj_libdef.h
-lib_jit.o: lib_jit.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_obj.h lj_def.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_debug.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h \
- lj_bc.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_ircall.h lj_iropt.h lj_target.h \
- lj_target_*.h lj_dispatch.h lj_vm.h lj_vmevent.h lj_lib.h luajit.h \
- lj_libdef.h
+ lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_str.h lj_state.h \
+ lj_strfmt.h lj_ff.h lj_ffdef.h lj_lib.h lj_libdef.h
+lib_jit.o: lib_jit.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h lj_obj.h lj_def.h \
+ lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_debug.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h \
+ lj_state.h lj_bc.h lj_ctype.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_ircall.h lj_iropt.h \
+ lj_target.h lj_target_*.h lj_trace.h lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h \
+ lj_vm.h lj_vmevent.h lj_lib.h luajit.h lj_libdef.h
 lib_math.o: lib_math.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h lj_obj.h \
- lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_lib.h lj_vm.h lj_libdef.h
+ lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_lib.h lj_vm.h lj_prng.h lj_libdef.h
 lib_os.o: lib_os.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h lj_obj.h lj_def.h \
- lj_arch.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_lib.h lj_libdef.h
+ lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_str.h lj_lib.h \
+ lj_libdef.h
 lib_package.o: lib_package.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h lj_obj.h \
  lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_lib.h
 lib_string.o: lib_string.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h lj_obj.h \
- lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h \
- lj_meta.h lj_state.h lj_ff.h lj_ffdef.h lj_bcdump.h lj_lex.h lj_char.h \
- lj_lib.h lj_libdef.h
+ lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_str.h \
+ lj_tab.h lj_meta.h lj_state.h lj_ff.h lj_ffdef.h lj_bcdump.h lj_lex.h \
+ lj_char.h lj_strfmt.h lj_lib.h lj_libdef.h
 lib_table.o: lib_table.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h lj_obj.h \
- lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_tab.h lj_lib.h \
- lj_libdef.h
-lj_alloc.o: lj_alloc.c lj_def.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_arch.h lj_alloc.h
+ lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_str.h \
+ lj_tab.h lj_ff.h lj_ffdef.h lj_lib.h lj_libdef.h
+lj_alloc.o: lj_alloc.c lj_def.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_arch.h lj_alloc.h \
+ lj_prng.h
 lj_api.o: lj_api.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h \
  lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_debug.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_func.h lj_udata.h \
  lj_meta.h lj_state.h lj_bc.h lj_frame.h lj_trace.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h \
- lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h lj_vm.h lj_strscan.h
+ lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h lj_vm.h lj_strscan.h lj_strfmt.h
 lj_asm.o: lj_asm.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h \
- lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_ctype.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h \
- lj_ircall.h lj_iropt.h lj_mcode.h lj_trace.h lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h \
- lj_snap.h lj_asm.h lj_vm.h lj_target.h lj_target_*.h lj_emit_*.h \
- lj_asm_*.h
+ lj_buf.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_ctype.h lj_ir.h \
+ lj_jit.h lj_ircall.h lj_iropt.h lj_mcode.h lj_trace.h lj_dispatch.h \
+ lj_traceerr.h lj_snap.h lj_asm.h lj_vm.h lj_target.h lj_target_*.h \
+ lj_emit_*.h lj_asm_*.h
+lj_assert.o: lj_assert.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h
 lj_bc.o: lj_bc.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_bc.h \
  lj_bcdef.h
 lj_bcread.o: lj_bcread.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_bc.h lj_ctype.h \
- lj_cdata.h lualib.h lj_lex.h lj_bcdump.h lj_state.h
+ lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_bc.h \
+ lj_ctype.h lj_cdata.h lualib.h lj_lex.h lj_bcdump.h lj_state.h \
+ lj_strfmt.h
 lj_bcwrite.o: lj_bcwrite.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_gc.h lj_str.h lj_bc.h lj_ctype.h lj_dispatch.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h \
- lj_bcdump.h lj_lex.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_vm.h
+ lj_gc.h lj_buf.h lj_str.h lj_bc.h lj_ctype.h lj_dispatch.h lj_jit.h \
+ lj_ir.h lj_strfmt.h lj_bcdump.h lj_lex.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_vm.h
+lj_buf.o: lj_buf.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h \
+ lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_strfmt.h
 lj_carith.o: lj_carith.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_tab.h lj_meta.h lj_ctype.h lj_cconv.h \
- lj_cdata.h lj_carith.h
+ lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_tab.h lj_meta.h lj_ir.h lj_ctype.h \
+ lj_cconv.h lj_cdata.h lj_carith.h lj_strscan.h
 lj_ccall.o: lj_ccall.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_ctype.h lj_cconv.h \
- lj_cdata.h lj_ccall.h lj_trace.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h lj_dispatch.h lj_bc.h \
+ lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_tab.h lj_ctype.h lj_cconv.h lj_cdata.h \
+ lj_ccall.h lj_trace.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h lj_dispatch.h lj_bc.h \
  lj_traceerr.h
 lj_ccallback.o: lj_ccallback.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h \
  lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_tab.h lj_state.h lj_frame.h \
@@ -68,110 +81,127 @@ lj_ccallback.o: lj_ccallback.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h \
  lj_target_*.h lj_mcode.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h lj_trace.h lj_dispatch.h \
  lj_traceerr.h lj_vm.h
 lj_cconv.o: lj_cconv.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_tab.h lj_ctype.h lj_gc.h lj_cdata.h lj_cconv.h \
- lj_ccallback.h
+ lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_gc.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_ctype.h \
+ lj_cdata.h lj_cconv.h lj_ccallback.h
 lj_cdata.o: lj_cdata.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_ctype.h lj_cconv.h \
- lj_cdata.h
+ lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_tab.h lj_ctype.h lj_cconv.h lj_cdata.h
 lj_char.o: lj_char.c lj_char.h lj_def.h lua.h luaconf.h
 lj_clib.o: lj_clib.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h \
  lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_tab.h lj_str.h lj_udata.h lj_ctype.h lj_cconv.h \
- lj_cdata.h lj_clib.h
+ lj_cdata.h lj_clib.h lj_strfmt.h
 lj_cparse.o: lj_cparse.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_ctype.h lj_cparse.h lj_frame.h \
- lj_bc.h lj_vm.h lj_char.h lj_strscan.h
+ lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_str.h lj_ctype.h lj_cparse.h \
+ lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_vm.h lj_char.h lj_strscan.h lj_strfmt.h
 lj_crecord.o: lj_crecord.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_ctype.h \
- lj_gc.h lj_cdata.h lj_cparse.h lj_cconv.h lj_clib.h lj_ccall.h lj_ff.h \
- lj_ffdef.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_ircall.h lj_iropt.h lj_trace.h \
+ lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_tab.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_ctype.h lj_gc.h \
+ lj_cdata.h lj_cparse.h lj_cconv.h lj_carith.h lj_clib.h lj_ccall.h \
+ lj_ff.h lj_ffdef.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_ircall.h lj_iropt.h lj_trace.h \
  lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h lj_record.h lj_ffrecord.h lj_snap.h \
- lj_crecord.h
+ lj_crecord.h lj_strfmt.h
 lj_ctype.o: lj_ctype.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_ctype.h lj_ccallback.h
+ lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_strfmt.h lj_ctype.h \
+ lj_ccallback.h lj_buf.h
 lj_debug.o: lj_debug.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_debug.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_state.h lj_frame.h \
- lj_bc.h lj_vm.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h
+ lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_debug.h lj_buf.h lj_gc.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h \
+ lj_state.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_strfmt.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h
 lj_dispatch.o: lj_dispatch.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_func.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_meta.h lj_debug.h \
- lj_state.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_ff.h lj_ffdef.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h \
- lj_ccallback.h lj_ctype.h lj_gc.h lj_trace.h lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h \
- lj_vm.h luajit.h
+ lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_gc.h lj_str.h lj_func.h lj_tab.h \
+ lj_meta.h lj_debug.h lj_state.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_ff.h lj_ffdef.h \
+ lj_strfmt.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h lj_ccallback.h lj_ctype.h lj_trace.h \
+ lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h lj_profile.h lj_vm.h luajit.h
 lj_err.o: lj_err.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_err.h \
  lj_errmsg.h lj_debug.h lj_str.h lj_func.h lj_state.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h \
  lj_ff.h lj_ffdef.h lj_trace.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h lj_dispatch.h \
- lj_traceerr.h lj_vm.h
+ lj_traceerr.h lj_vm.h lj_strfmt.h
 lj_ffrecord.o: lj_ffrecord.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_ff.h \
- lj_ffdef.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_ircall.h lj_iropt.h lj_trace.h \
- lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h lj_record.h lj_ffrecord.h lj_crecord.h \
- lj_vm.h lj_strscan.h lj_recdef.h
+ lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_gc.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_frame.h \
+ lj_bc.h lj_ff.h lj_ffdef.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_ircall.h lj_iropt.h \
+ lj_trace.h lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h lj_record.h lj_ffrecord.h \
+ lj_crecord.h lj_vm.h lj_strscan.h lj_strfmt.h lj_serialize.h lj_recdef.h
 lj_func.o: lj_func.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h \
  lj_func.h lj_trace.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h lj_dispatch.h lj_bc.h \
  lj_traceerr.h lj_vm.h
 lj_gc.o: lj_gc.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h \
- lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_func.h lj_udata.h lj_meta.h \
- lj_state.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_ctype.h lj_cdata.h lj_trace.h lj_jit.h \
- lj_ir.h lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h lj_vm.h
+ lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_func.h lj_udata.h \
+ lj_meta.h lj_state.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_ctype.h lj_cdata.h lj_trace.h \
+ lj_jit.h lj_ir.h lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h lj_vm.h lj_vmevent.h
 lj_gdbjit.o: lj_gdbjit.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_debug.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_jit.h \
- lj_ir.h lj_dispatch.h
+ lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_debug.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_buf.h \
+ lj_str.h lj_strfmt.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h lj_dispatch.h
 lj_ir.o: lj_ir.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h \
- lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_ircall.h lj_iropt.h lj_trace.h \
- lj_dispatch.h lj_bc.h lj_traceerr.h lj_ctype.h lj_cdata.h lj_carith.h \
- lj_vm.h lj_strscan.h lj_lib.h
+ lj_buf.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_ircall.h lj_iropt.h \
+ lj_trace.h lj_dispatch.h lj_bc.h lj_traceerr.h lj_ctype.h lj_cdata.h \
+ lj_carith.h lj_vm.h lj_strscan.h lj_serialize.h lj_strfmt.h lj_prng.h
 lj_lex.o: lj_lex.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h \
- lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_ctype.h lj_cdata.h lualib.h \
- lj_state.h lj_lex.h lj_parse.h lj_char.h lj_strscan.h
+ lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_ctype.h lj_cdata.h \
+ lualib.h lj_state.h lj_lex.h lj_parse.h lj_char.h lj_strscan.h \
+ lj_strfmt.h
 lj_lib.o: lj_lib.c lauxlib.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_obj.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
  lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_func.h lj_bc.h \
- lj_dispatch.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h lj_vm.h lj_strscan.h lj_lib.h
+ lj_dispatch.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h lj_ctype.h lj_vm.h lj_strscan.h \
+ lj_strfmt.h lj_lex.h lj_bcdump.h lj_lib.h
 lj_load.o: lj_load.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lj_obj.h lj_def.h \
- lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_func.h lj_frame.h \
- lj_bc.h lj_vm.h lj_lex.h lj_bcdump.h lj_parse.h
+ lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_str.h lj_func.h \
+ lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_vm.h lj_lex.h lj_bcdump.h lj_parse.h
 lj_mcode.o: lj_mcode.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
  lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h lj_mcode.h lj_trace.h \
- lj_dispatch.h lj_bc.h lj_traceerr.h lj_vm.h
+ lj_dispatch.h lj_bc.h lj_traceerr.h lj_prng.h lj_vm.h
 lj_meta.o: lj_meta.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h \
- lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_meta.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h \
- lj_vm.h lj_strscan.h
+ lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_meta.h lj_frame.h \
+ lj_bc.h lj_vm.h lj_strscan.h lj_strfmt.h lj_lib.h
 lj_obj.o: lj_obj.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h
 lj_opt_dce.o: lj_opt_dce.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
  lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_iropt.h
 lj_opt_fold.o: lj_opt_fold.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_iropt.h lj_trace.h lj_dispatch.h \
- lj_bc.h lj_traceerr.h lj_ctype.h lj_gc.h lj_carith.h lj_vm.h \
- lj_strscan.h lj_folddef.h
+ lj_buf.h lj_gc.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_ircall.h \
+ lj_iropt.h lj_trace.h lj_dispatch.h lj_bc.h lj_traceerr.h lj_ctype.h \
+ lj_carith.h lj_vm.h lj_strscan.h lj_strfmt.h lj_folddef.h
 lj_opt_loop.o: lj_opt_loop.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_iropt.h lj_trace.h \
- lj_dispatch.h lj_bc.h lj_traceerr.h lj_snap.h lj_vm.h
+ lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_gc.h lj_str.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h \
+ lj_iropt.h lj_trace.h lj_dispatch.h lj_bc.h lj_traceerr.h lj_snap.h \
+ lj_vm.h
 lj_opt_mem.o: lj_opt_mem.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_tab.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_iropt.h
+ lj_tab.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_iropt.h lj_ircall.h lj_dispatch.h lj_bc.h
 lj_opt_narrow.o: lj_opt_narrow.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h \
  lj_arch.h lj_bc.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_iropt.h lj_trace.h lj_dispatch.h \
  lj_traceerr.h lj_vm.h lj_strscan.h
 lj_opt_sink.o: lj_opt_sink.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
  lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_iropt.h lj_target.h lj_target_*.h
 lj_opt_split.o: lj_opt_split.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h \
- lj_arch.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_ircall.h \
- lj_iropt.h lj_vm.h
+ lj_arch.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_gc.h lj_str.h lj_ir.h \
+ lj_jit.h lj_ircall.h lj_iropt.h lj_dispatch.h lj_bc.h lj_vm.h
 lj_parse.o: lj_parse.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_debug.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_func.h \
- lj_state.h lj_bc.h lj_ctype.h lj_lex.h lj_parse.h lj_vm.h lj_vmevent.h
+ lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_debug.h lj_buf.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h \
+ lj_func.h lj_state.h lj_bc.h lj_ctype.h lj_strfmt.h lj_lex.h lj_parse.h \
+ lj_vm.h lj_vmevent.h
+lj_prng.o: lj_prng.c lj_def.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_arch.h lj_prng.h
+lj_profile.o: lj_profile.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
+ lj_buf.h lj_gc.h lj_str.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_debug.h lj_dispatch.h \
+ lj_jit.h lj_ir.h lj_trace.h lj_traceerr.h lj_profile.h luajit.h
 lj_record.o: lj_record.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
  lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_meta.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h \
- lj_ctype.h lj_gc.h lj_ff.h lj_ffdef.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_ircall.h \
- lj_iropt.h lj_trace.h lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h lj_record.h \
- lj_ffrecord.h lj_snap.h lj_vm.h
+ lj_ctype.h lj_gc.h lj_ff.h lj_ffdef.h lj_debug.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h \
+ lj_ircall.h lj_iropt.h lj_trace.h lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h \
+ lj_record.h lj_ffrecord.h lj_snap.h lj_vm.h lj_prng.h
+lj_serialize.o: lj_serialize.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h \
+ lj_arch.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_gc.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h \
+ lj_udata.h lj_ctype.h lj_cdata.h lj_ir.h lj_serialize.h
 lj_snap.o: lj_snap.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h \
  lj_tab.h lj_state.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_iropt.h \
  lj_trace.h lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h lj_snap.h lj_target.h \
  lj_target_*.h lj_ctype.h lj_cdata.h
 lj_state.o: lj_state.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_func.h lj_meta.h \
- lj_state.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_ctype.h lj_trace.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h \
- lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h lj_vm.h lj_lex.h lj_alloc.h
+ lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_func.h \
+ lj_meta.h lj_state.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_ctype.h lj_trace.h lj_jit.h \
+ lj_ir.h lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h lj_vm.h lj_prng.h lj_lex.h \
+ lj_alloc.h luajit.h
 lj_str.o: lj_str.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h \
- lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_state.h lj_char.h
+ lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_char.h lj_prng.h
+lj_strfmt.o: lj_strfmt.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
+ lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h lj_gc.h lj_str.h lj_meta.h lj_state.h \
+ lj_char.h lj_strfmt.h lj_ctype.h lj_lib.h
+lj_strfmt_num.o: lj_strfmt_num.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h \
+ lj_arch.h lj_buf.h lj_gc.h lj_str.h lj_strfmt.h
 lj_strscan.o: lj_strscan.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
  lj_char.h lj_strscan.h
 lj_tab.o: lj_tab.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h \
@@ -180,35 +210,37 @@ lj_trace.o: lj_trace.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
  lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_debug.h lj_str.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h \
  lj_state.h lj_ir.h lj_jit.h lj_iropt.h lj_mcode.h lj_trace.h \
  lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h lj_snap.h lj_gdbjit.h lj_record.h lj_asm.h \
- lj_vm.h lj_vmevent.h lj_target.h lj_target_*.h
+ lj_vm.h lj_vmevent.h lj_target.h lj_target_*.h lj_prng.h
 lj_udata.o: lj_udata.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
- lj_gc.h lj_udata.h
+ lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_udata.h
 lj_vmevent.o: lj_vmevent.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
  lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_state.h lj_dispatch.h lj_bc.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h \
  lj_vm.h lj_vmevent.h
 lj_vmmath.o: lj_vmmath.c lj_obj.h lua.h luaconf.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h \
  lj_ir.h lj_vm.h
-ljamalg.o: ljamalg.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lj_gc.c lj_obj.h lj_def.h \
- lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_func.h \
- lj_udata.h lj_meta.h lj_state.h lj_frame.h lj_bc.h lj_ctype.h lj_cdata.h \
- lj_trace.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h lj_dispatch.h lj_traceerr.h lj_vm.h lj_err.c \
- lj_debug.h lj_ff.h lj_ffdef.h lj_char.c lj_char.h lj_bc.c lj_bcdef.h \
- lj_obj.c lj_str.c lj_tab.c lj_func.c lj_udata.c lj_meta.c lj_strscan.h \
- lj_debug.c lj_state.c lj_lex.h lj_alloc.h lj_dispatch.c lj_ccallback.h \
- luajit.h lj_vmevent.c lj_vmevent.h lj_vmmath.c lj_strscan.c lj_api.c \
- lj_lex.c lualib.h lj_parse.h lj_parse.c lj_bcread.c lj_bcdump.h \
- lj_bcwrite.c lj_load.c lj_ctype.c lj_cdata.c lj_cconv.h lj_cconv.c \
- lj_ccall.c lj_ccall.h lj_ccallback.c lj_target.h lj_target_*.h \
- lj_mcode.h lj_carith.c lj_carith.h lj_clib.c lj_clib.h lj_cparse.c \
- lj_cparse.h lj_lib.c lj_lib.h lj_ir.c lj_ircall.h lj_iropt.h \
- lj_opt_mem.c lj_opt_fold.c lj_folddef.h lj_opt_narrow.c lj_opt_dce.c \
- lj_opt_loop.c lj_snap.h lj_opt_split.c lj_opt_sink.c lj_mcode.c \
- lj_snap.c lj_record.c lj_record.h lj_ffrecord.h lj_crecord.c \
- lj_crecord.h lj_ffrecord.c lj_recdef.h lj_asm.c lj_asm.h lj_emit_*.h \
- lj_asm_*.h lj_trace.c lj_gdbjit.h lj_gdbjit.c lj_alloc.c lib_aux.c \
- lib_base.c lj_libdef.h lib_math.c lib_string.c lib_table.c lib_io.c \
- lib_os.c lib_package.c lib_debug.c lib_bit.c lib_jit.c lib_ffi.c \
- lib_init.c
+ljamalg.o: ljamalg.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lj_assert.c lj_obj.h \
+ lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.c lj_gc.h lj_err.h lj_errmsg.h lj_buf.h \
+ lj_str.h lj_tab.h lj_func.h lj_udata.h lj_meta.h lj_state.h lj_frame.h \
+ lj_bc.h lj_ctype.h lj_cdata.h lj_trace.h lj_jit.h lj_ir.h lj_dispatch.h \
+ lj_traceerr.h lj_vm.h lj_vmevent.h lj_err.c lj_debug.h lj_ff.h \
+ lj_ffdef.h lj_strfmt.h lj_char.c lj_char.h lj_bc.c lj_bcdef.h lj_obj.c \
+ lj_buf.c lj_str.c lj_prng.h lj_tab.c lj_func.c lj_udata.c lj_meta.c \
+ lj_strscan.h lj_lib.h lj_debug.c lj_prng.c lj_state.c lj_lex.h \
+ lj_alloc.h luajit.h lj_dispatch.c lj_ccallback.h lj_profile.h \
+ lj_vmevent.c lj_vmmath.c lj_strscan.c lj_strfmt.c lj_strfmt_num.c \
+ lj_serialize.c lj_serialize.h lj_api.c lj_profile.c lj_lex.c lualib.h \
+ lj_parse.h lj_parse.c lj_bcread.c lj_bcdump.h lj_bcwrite.c lj_load.c \
+ lj_ctype.c lj_cdata.c lj_cconv.h lj_cconv.c lj_ccall.c lj_ccall.h \
+ lj_ccallback.c lj_target.h lj_target_*.h lj_mcode.h lj_carith.c \
+ lj_carith.h lj_clib.c lj_clib.h lj_cparse.c lj_cparse.h lj_lib.c lj_ir.c \
+ lj_ircall.h lj_iropt.h lj_opt_mem.c lj_opt_fold.c lj_folddef.h \
+ lj_opt_narrow.c lj_opt_dce.c lj_opt_loop.c lj_snap.h lj_opt_split.c \
+ lj_opt_sink.c lj_mcode.c lj_snap.c lj_record.c lj_record.h lj_ffrecord.h \
+ lj_crecord.c lj_crecord.h lj_ffrecord.c lj_recdef.h lj_asm.c lj_asm.h \
+ lj_emit_*.h lj_asm_*.h lj_trace.c lj_gdbjit.h lj_gdbjit.c lj_alloc.c \
+ lib_aux.c lib_base.c lj_libdef.h lib_math.c lib_string.c lib_table.c \
+ lib_io.c lib_os.c lib_package.c lib_debug.c lib_bit.c lib_jit.c \
+ lib_ffi.c lib_buffer.c lib_init.c
 luajit.o: luajit.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h luajit.h lj_arch.h
 host/buildvm.o: host/buildvm.c host/buildvm.h lj_def.h lua.h luaconf.h \
  lj_arch.h lj_obj.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_gc.h lj_obj.h lj_bc.h lj_ir.h \
@@ -220,7 +252,8 @@ host/buildvm_asm.o: host/buildvm_asm.c host/buildvm.h lj_def.h lua.h luaconf.h \
 host/buildvm_fold.o: host/buildvm_fold.c host/buildvm.h lj_def.h lua.h \
  luaconf.h lj_arch.h lj_obj.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_ir.h lj_obj.h
 host/buildvm_lib.o: host/buildvm_lib.c host/buildvm.h lj_def.h lua.h luaconf.h \
- lj_arch.h lj_obj.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_lib.h lj_obj.h
+ lj_arch.h lj_obj.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h lj_bc.h lj_lib.h lj_obj.h \
+ host/buildvm_libbc.h
 host/buildvm_peobj.o: host/buildvm_peobj.c host/buildvm.h lj_def.h lua.h \
  luaconf.h lj_arch.h lj_bc.h lj_def.h lj_arch.h
 host/minilua.o: host/minilua.c
diff --git a/src/host/buildvm.c b/src/host/buildvm.c
index 39c2bc24..ec99e501 100644
--- a/src/host/buildvm.c
+++ b/src/host/buildvm.c
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 #include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_bc.h"
+#if LJ_HASJIT
 #include "lj_ir.h"
 #include "lj_ircall.h"
+#endif
 #include "lj_frame.h"
 #include "lj_dispatch.h"
 #if LJ_HASFFI
@@ -59,10 +61,10 @@ static int collect_reloc(BuildCtx *ctx, uint8_t *addr, int idx, int type);
 #include "../dynasm/dasm_x86.h"
 #elif LJ_TARGET_ARM
 #include "../dynasm/dasm_arm.h"
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+#include "../dynasm/dasm_arm64.h"
 #elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
 #include "../dynasm/dasm_ppc.h"
-#elif LJ_TARGET_PPCSPE
-#include "../dynasm/dasm_ppc.h"
 #elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS
 #include "../dynasm/dasm_mips.h"
 #else
@@ -110,11 +112,11 @@ static const char *sym_decorate(BuildCtx *ctx,
   if (p) {
 #if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
     if (!LJ_64 && (ctx->mode == BUILD_coffasm || ctx->mode == BUILD_peobj))
-      name[0] = '@';
+      name[0] = name[1] == 'R' ? '_' : '@';  /* Just for _RtlUnwind@16. */
     else
       *p = '\0';
-#elif (LJ_TARGET_PPC  || LJ_TARGET_PPCSPE) && !LJ_TARGET_CONSOLE
-    /* Keep @plt. */
+#elif LJ_TARGET_PPC && !LJ_TARGET_CONSOLE
+    /* Keep @plt etc. */
 #else
     *p = '\0';
 #endif
@@ -179,6 +181,7 @@ static int build_code(BuildCtx *ctx)
   ctx->nreloc = 0;
 
   ctx->globnames = globnames;
+  ctx->extnames = extnames;
   ctx->relocsym = (const char **)malloc(NRELOCSYM*sizeof(const char *));
   ctx->nrelocsym = 0;
   for (i = 0; i < (int)NRELOCSYM; i++) relocmap[i] = -1;
@@ -249,6 +252,7 @@ BCDEF(BCNAME)
   NULL
 };
 
+#if LJ_HASJIT
 const char *const ir_names[] = {
 #define IRNAME(name, m, m1, m2) #name,
 IRDEF(IRNAME)
@@ -289,7 +293,9 @@ static const char *const trace_errors[] = {
 #include "lj_traceerr.h"
   NULL
 };
+#endif
 
+#if LJ_HASJIT
 static const char *lower(char *buf, const char *s)
 {
   char *p = buf;
@@ -300,6 +306,7 @@ static const char *lower(char *buf, const char *s)
   *p = '\0';
   return buf;
 }
+#endif
 
 /* Emit C source code for bytecode-related definitions. */
 static void emit_bcdef(BuildCtx *ctx)
@@ -317,24 +324,27 @@ static void emit_bcdef(BuildCtx *ctx)
 /* Emit VM definitions as Lua code for debug modules. */
 static void emit_vmdef(BuildCtx *ctx)
 {
+#if LJ_HASJIT
   char buf[80];
+#endif
   int i;
   fprintf(ctx->fp, "-- This is a generated file. DO NOT EDIT!\n\n");
   fprintf(ctx->fp, "assert(require(\"jit\").version == \"%s\", \"LuaJIT core/library version mismatch\")\n\n", LUAJIT_VERSION);
-  fprintf(ctx->fp, "module(...)\n\n");
+  fprintf(ctx->fp, "return {\n\n");
 
   fprintf(ctx->fp, "bcnames = \"");
   for (i = 0; bc_names[i]; i++) fprintf(ctx->fp, "%-6s", bc_names[i]);
-  fprintf(ctx->fp, "\"\n\n");
+  fprintf(ctx->fp, "\",\n\n");
 
+#if LJ_HASJIT
   fprintf(ctx->fp, "irnames = \"");
   for (i = 0; ir_names[i]; i++) fprintf(ctx->fp, "%-6s", ir_names[i]);
-  fprintf(ctx->fp, "\"\n\n");
+  fprintf(ctx->fp, "\",\n\n");
 
   fprintf(ctx->fp, "irfpm = { [0]=");
   for (i = 0; irfpm_names[i]; i++)
     fprintf(ctx->fp, "\"%s\", ", lower(buf, irfpm_names[i]));
-  fprintf(ctx->fp, "}\n\n");
+  fprintf(ctx->fp, "},\n\n");
 
   fprintf(ctx->fp, "irfield = { [0]=");
   for (i = 0; irfield_names[i]; i++) {
@@ -344,17 +354,18 @@ static void emit_vmdef(BuildCtx *ctx)
     if (p) *p = '.';
     fprintf(ctx->fp, "\"%s\", ", buf);
   }
-  fprintf(ctx->fp, "}\n\n");
+  fprintf(ctx->fp, "},\n\n");
 
   fprintf(ctx->fp, "ircall = {\n[0]=");
   for (i = 0; ircall_names[i]; i++)
     fprintf(ctx->fp, "\"%s\",\n", ircall_names[i]);
-  fprintf(ctx->fp, "}\n\n");
+  fprintf(ctx->fp, "},\n\n");
 
   fprintf(ctx->fp, "traceerr = {\n[0]=");
   for (i = 0; trace_errors[i]; i++)
     fprintf(ctx->fp, "\"%s\",\n", trace_errors[i]);
-  fprintf(ctx->fp, "}\n\n");
+  fprintf(ctx->fp, "},\n\n");
+#endif
 }
 
 /* -- Argument parsing ---------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -491,6 +502,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
   case BUILD_vmdef:
     emit_vmdef(ctx);
     emit_lib(ctx);
+    fprintf(ctx->fp, "}\n\n");
     break;
   case BUILD_ffdef:
   case BUILD_libdef:
diff --git a/src/host/buildvm.h b/src/host/buildvm.h
index ded45d94..add8ee15 100644
--- a/src/host/buildvm.h
+++ b/src/host/buildvm.h
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ typedef struct BuildCtx {
   const char *beginsym;
   /* Strings generated by DynASM. */
   const char *const *globnames;
+  const char *const *extnames;
   const char *dasm_ident;
   const char *dasm_arch;
   /* Relocations. */
diff --git a/src/host/buildvm_asm.c b/src/host/buildvm_asm.c
index 458ce733..e7c5de70 100644
--- a/src/host/buildvm_asm.c
+++ b/src/host/buildvm_asm.c
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ static const char *const jccnames[] = {
   "js", "jns", "jpe", "jpo", "jl", "jge", "jle", "jg"
 };
 
-/* Emit relocation for the incredibly stupid OSX assembler. */
-static void emit_asm_reloc_mach(BuildCtx *ctx, uint8_t *cp, int n,
+/* Emit x86/x64 text relocations. */
+static void emit_asm_reloc_text(BuildCtx *ctx, uint8_t *cp, int n,
                                 const char *sym)
 {
   const char *opname = NULL;
@@ -71,6 +71,20 @@ err:
     exit(1);
   }
   emit_asm_bytes(ctx, cp, n);
+  if (strncmp(sym+(*sym == '_'), LABEL_PREFIX, sizeof(LABEL_PREFIX)-1)) {
+    /* Various fixups for external symbols outside of our binary. */
+    if (ctx->mode == BUILD_elfasm) {
+      if (LJ_32)
+        fprintf(ctx->fp, "#if __PIC__\n\t%s lj_wrap_%s\n#else\n", opname, sym);
+      fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t%s %s@PLT\n", opname, sym);
+      if (LJ_32)
+        fprintf(ctx->fp, "#endif\n");
+      return;
+    } else if (LJ_32 && ctx->mode == BUILD_machasm) {
+      fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t%s L%s$stub\n", opname, sym);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
   fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t%s %s\n", opname, sym);
 }
 #else
@@ -79,10 +93,14 @@ static void emit_asm_words(BuildCtx *ctx, uint8_t *p, int n)
 {
   int i;
   for (i = 0; i < n; i += 4) {
+    uint32_t ins = *(uint32_t *)(p+i);
+#if LJ_TARGET_ARM64 && LJ_BE
+    ins = lj_bswap(ins);  /* ARM64 instructions are always little-endian. */
+#endif
     if ((i & 15) == 0)
-      fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.long 0x%08x", *(uint32_t *)(p+i));
+      fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.long 0x%08x", ins);
     else
-      fprintf(ctx->fp, ",0x%08x", *(uint32_t *)(p+i));
+      fprintf(ctx->fp, ",0x%08x", ins);
     if ((i & 15) == 12) putc('\n', ctx->fp);
   }
   if ((n & 15) != 0) putc('\n', ctx->fp);
@@ -107,7 +125,16 @@ static void emit_asm_wordreloc(BuildCtx *ctx, uint8_t *p, int n,
             ins, sym);
     exit(1);
   }
-#elif LJ_TARGET_PPC || LJ_TARGET_PPCSPE
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+  if ((ins >> 26) == 0x25u) {
+    fprintf(ctx->fp, "\tbl %s\n", sym);
+  } else {
+    fprintf(stderr,
+            "Error: unsupported opcode %08x for %s symbol relocation.\n",
+            ins, sym);
+    exit(1);
+  }
+#elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
 #if LJ_TARGET_PS3
 #define TOCPREFIX "."
 #else
@@ -216,6 +243,12 @@ void emit_asm(BuildCtx *ctx)
 
   fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.file \"buildvm_%s.dasc\"\n", ctx->dasm_arch);
   fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.text\n");
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPS32 && !LJ_ABI_SOFTFP
+  fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.module fp=32\n");
+#endif
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPS
+  fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.set nomips16\n\t.abicalls\n\t.set noreorder\n\t.set nomacro\n");
+#endif
   emit_asm_align(ctx, 4);
 
 #if LJ_TARGET_PS3
@@ -228,13 +261,19 @@ void emit_asm(BuildCtx *ctx)
 
 #if LJ_TARGET_ARM && defined(__GNUC__) && !LJ_NO_UNWIND
   /* This should really be moved into buildvm_arm.dasc. */
+#if LJ_ARCH_HASFPU
+  fprintf(ctx->fp,
+          ".fnstart\n"
+          ".save {r5, r6, r7, r8, r9, r10, r11, lr}\n"
+          ".vsave {d8-d15}\n"
+          ".save {r4}\n"
+          ".pad #28\n");
+#else
   fprintf(ctx->fp,
           ".fnstart\n"
           ".save {r4, r5, r6, r7, r8, r9, r10, r11, lr}\n"
           ".pad #28\n");
 #endif
-#if LJ_TARGET_MIPS
-  fprintf(ctx->fp, ".set nomips16\n.abicalls\n.set noreorder\n.set nomacro\n");
 #endif
 
   for (i = rel = 0; i < ctx->nsym; i++) {
@@ -255,8 +294,9 @@ void emit_asm(BuildCtx *ctx)
       BuildReloc *r = &ctx->reloc[rel];
       int n = r->ofs - ofs;
 #if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
-      if (ctx->mode == BUILD_machasm && r->type != 0) {
-        emit_asm_reloc_mach(ctx, ctx->code+ofs, n, ctx->relocsym[r->sym]);
+      if (r->type != 0 &&
+          (ctx->mode == BUILD_elfasm || ctx->mode == BUILD_machasm)) {
+        emit_asm_reloc_text(ctx, ctx->code+ofs, n, ctx->relocsym[r->sym]);
       } else {
         emit_asm_bytes(ctx, ctx->code+ofs, n);
         emit_asm_reloc(ctx, r->type, ctx->relocsym[r->sym]);
@@ -290,10 +330,7 @@ void emit_asm(BuildCtx *ctx)
 #if !(LJ_TARGET_PS3 || LJ_TARGET_PSVITA)
     fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.section .note.GNU-stack,\"\"," ELFASM_PX "progbits\n");
 #endif
-#if LJ_TARGET_PPCSPE
-    /* Soft-float ABI + SPE. */
-    fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.gnu_attribute 4, 2\n\t.gnu_attribute 8, 3\n");
-#elif LJ_TARGET_PPC && !LJ_TARGET_PS3
+#if LJ_TARGET_PPC && !LJ_TARGET_PS3 && !LJ_ABI_SOFTFP
     /* Hard-float ABI. */
     fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.gnu_attribute 4, 1\n");
 #endif
diff --git a/src/host/buildvm_fold.c b/src/host/buildvm_fold.c
index 388a8146..cc392e93 100644
--- a/src/host/buildvm_fold.c
+++ b/src/host/buildvm_fold.c
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 #include "buildvm.h"
 #include "lj_obj.h"
+#if LJ_HASJIT
 #include "lj_ir.h"
 
 /* Context for the folding hash table generator. */
@@ -226,4 +227,10 @@ void emit_fold(BuildCtx *ctx)
 
   makehash(ctx);
 }
+#else
+void emit_fold(BuildCtx *ctx)
+{
+  UNUSED(ctx);
+}
+#endif
 
diff --git a/src/host/buildvm_lib.c b/src/host/buildvm_lib.c
index 36797e4c..99d12a27 100644
--- a/src/host/buildvm_lib.c
+++ b/src/host/buildvm_lib.c
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@
 
 #include "buildvm.h"
 #include "lj_obj.h"
+#include "lj_bc.h"
 #include "lj_lib.h"
+#include "buildvm_libbc.h"
 
 /* Context for library definitions. */
 static uint8_t obuf[8192];
@@ -151,6 +153,62 @@ static void libdef_func(BuildCtx *ctx, char *p, int arg)
   regfunc = REGFUNC_OK;
 }
 
+static uint8_t *libdef_uleb128(uint8_t *p, uint32_t *vv)
+{
+  uint32_t v = *p++;
+  if (v >= 0x80) {
+    int sh = 0; v &= 0x7f;
+    do { v |= ((*p & 0x7f) << (sh += 7)); } while (*p++ >= 0x80);
+  }
+  *vv = v;
+  return p;
+}
+
+static void libdef_fixupbc(uint8_t *p)
+{
+  uint32_t i, sizebc;
+  p += 4;
+  p = libdef_uleb128(p, &sizebc);
+  p = libdef_uleb128(p, &sizebc);
+  p = libdef_uleb128(p, &sizebc);
+  for (i = 0; i < sizebc; i++, p += 4) {
+    uint8_t op = p[libbc_endian ? 3 : 0];
+    uint8_t ra = p[libbc_endian ? 2 : 1];
+    uint8_t rc = p[libbc_endian ? 1 : 2];
+    uint8_t rb = p[libbc_endian ? 0 : 3];
+    if (!LJ_DUALNUM && op == BC_ISTYPE && rc == ~LJ_TNUMX+1) {
+      op = BC_ISNUM; rc++;
+    }
+    p[LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(0, 3)] = op;
+    p[LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(1, 2)] = ra;
+    p[LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(2, 1)] = rc;
+    p[LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(3, 0)] = rb;
+  }
+}
+
+static void libdef_lua(BuildCtx *ctx, char *p, int arg)
+{
+  UNUSED(arg);
+  if (ctx->mode == BUILD_libdef) {
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; libbc_map[i].name != NULL; i++) {
+      if (!strcmp(libbc_map[i].name, p)) {
+        int ofs = libbc_map[i].ofs;
+        int len = libbc_map[i+1].ofs - ofs;
+        obuf[2]++;  /* Bump hash table size. */
+        *optr++ = LIBINIT_LUA;
+        libdef_name(p, 0);
+        memcpy(optr, libbc_code + ofs, len);
+        libdef_fixupbc(optr);
+        optr += len;
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    fprintf(stderr, "Error: missing libbc definition for %s\n", p);
+    exit(1);
+  }
+}
+
 static uint32_t find_rec(char *name)
 {
   char *p = (char *)obuf;
@@ -277,6 +335,7 @@ static const LibDefHandler libdef_handlers[] = {
   { "CF(",      ")",            libdef_func,            LIBINIT_CF },
   { "ASM(",     ")",            libdef_func,            LIBINIT_ASM },
   { "ASM_(",    ")",            libdef_func,            LIBINIT_ASM_ },
+  { "LUA(",     ")",            libdef_lua,             0 },
   { "REC(",     ")",            libdef_rec,             0 },
   { "PUSH(",    ")",            libdef_push,            0 },
   { "SET(",     ")",            libdef_set,             0 },
@@ -333,6 +392,8 @@ void emit_lib(BuildCtx *ctx)
           ok = LJ_HASJIT;
         else if (!strcmp(buf, "#if LJ_HASFFI"))
           ok = LJ_HASFFI;
+        else if (!strcmp(buf, "#if LJ_HASBUFFER"))
+          ok = LJ_HASBUFFER;
         if (!ok) {
           int lvl = 1;
           while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), fp) != NULL) {
@@ -380,7 +441,7 @@ void emit_lib(BuildCtx *ctx)
       "#ifndef FF_NUM_ASMFUNC\n#define FF_NUM_ASMFUNC %d\n#endif\n\n",
       ffasmfunc);
   } else if (ctx->mode == BUILD_vmdef) {
-    fprintf(ctx->fp, "}\n\n");
+    fprintf(ctx->fp, "},\n\n");
   } else if (ctx->mode == BUILD_bcdef) {
     int i;
     fprintf(ctx->fp, "\n};\n\n");
diff --git a/src/host/buildvm_libbc.h b/src/host/buildvm_libbc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..276463b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/host/buildvm_libbc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/* This is a generated file. DO NOT EDIT! */
+
+static const int libbc_endian = 0;
+
+static const uint8_t libbc_code[] = {
+#if LJ_FR2
+/* math.deg */ 0,1,2,0,0,1,2,BC_MULVN,1,0,0,BC_RET1,1,2,0,241,135,158,166,3,
+220,203,178,130,4,
+/* math.rad */ 0,1,2,0,0,1,2,BC_MULVN,1,0,0,BC_RET1,1,2,0,243,244,148,165,20,
+198,190,199,252,3,
+/* string.len */ 0,1,2,0,0,0,3,BC_ISTYPE,0,5,0,BC_LEN,1,0,0,BC_RET1,1,2,0,
+/* table.foreachi */ 0,2,10,0,0,0,15,BC_ISTYPE,0,12,0,BC_ISTYPE,1,9,0,
+BC_KSHORT,2,1,0,BC_LEN,3,0,0,BC_KSHORT,4,1,0,BC_FORI,2,8,128,BC_MOV,6,1,0,
+BC_MOV,8,5,0,BC_TGETR,9,5,0,BC_CALL,6,3,2,BC_ISEQP,6,0,0,BC_JMP,7,1,128,
+BC_RET1,6,2,0,BC_FORL,2,248,127,BC_RET0,0,1,0,
+/* table.foreach */ 0,2,11,0,0,1,16,BC_ISTYPE,0,12,0,BC_ISTYPE,1,9,0,BC_KPRI,
+2,0,0,BC_MOV,3,0,0,BC_KNUM,4,0,0,BC_JMP,5,7,128,BC_MOV,7,1,0,BC_MOV,9,5,0,
+BC_MOV,10,6,0,BC_CALL,7,3,2,BC_ISEQP,7,0,0,BC_JMP,8,1,128,BC_RET1,7,2,0,
+BC_ITERN,5,3,3,BC_ITERL,5,247,127,BC_RET0,0,1,0,1,255,255,249,255,15,
+/* table.getn */ 0,1,2,0,0,0,3,BC_ISTYPE,0,12,0,BC_LEN,1,0,0,BC_RET1,1,2,0,
+/* table.remove */ 0,2,10,0,0,2,30,BC_ISTYPE,0,12,0,BC_LEN,2,0,0,BC_ISNEP,1,0,
+0,BC_JMP,3,7,128,BC_ISEQN,2,0,0,BC_JMP,3,23,128,BC_TGETR,3,2,0,BC_KPRI,4,0,0,
+BC_TSETR,4,2,0,BC_RET1,3,2,0,BC_JMP,3,18,128,BC_ISTYPE,1,14,0,BC_KSHORT,3,1,0,
+BC_ISGT,3,1,0,BC_JMP,3,14,128,BC_ISGT,1,2,0,BC_JMP,3,12,128,BC_TGETR,3,1,0,
+BC_ADDVN,4,1,1,BC_MOV,5,2,0,BC_KSHORT,6,1,0,BC_FORI,4,4,128,BC_SUBVN,8,1,7,
+BC_TGETR,9,7,0,BC_TSETR,9,8,0,BC_FORL,4,252,127,BC_KPRI,4,0,0,BC_TSETR,4,2,0,
+BC_RET1,3,2,0,BC_RET0,0,1,0,0,2,
+/* table.move */ 0,5,12,0,0,0,35,BC_ISTYPE,0,12,0,BC_ISTYPE,1,14,0,BC_ISTYPE,
+2,14,0,BC_ISTYPE,3,14,0,BC_ISNEP,4,0,0,BC_JMP,5,1,128,BC_MOV,4,0,0,BC_ISTYPE,
+4,12,0,BC_ISGT,1,2,0,BC_JMP,5,24,128,BC_SUBVV,5,1,3,BC_ISLT,2,3,0,BC_JMP,6,4,
+128,BC_ISLE,3,1,0,BC_JMP,6,2,128,BC_ISEQV,4,0,0,BC_JMP,6,9,128,BC_MOV,6,1,0,
+BC_MOV,7,2,0,BC_KSHORT,8,1,0,BC_FORI,6,4,128,BC_ADDVV,10,5,9,BC_TGETR,11,9,0,
+BC_TSETR,11,10,4,BC_FORL,6,252,127,BC_JMP,6,8,128,BC_MOV,6,2,0,BC_MOV,7,1,0,
+BC_KSHORT,8,255,255,BC_FORI,6,4,128,BC_ADDVV,10,5,9,BC_TGETR,11,9,0,BC_TSETR,
+11,10,4,BC_FORL,6,252,127,BC_RET1,4,2,0,
+#else
+/* math.deg */ 0,1,2,0,0,1,2,BC_MULVN,1,0,0,BC_RET1,1,2,0,241,135,158,166,3,
+220,203,178,130,4,
+/* math.rad */ 0,1,2,0,0,1,2,BC_MULVN,1,0,0,BC_RET1,1,2,0,243,244,148,165,20,
+198,190,199,252,3,
+/* string.len */ 0,1,2,0,0,0,3,BC_ISTYPE,0,5,0,BC_LEN,1,0,0,BC_RET1,1,2,0,
+/* table.foreachi */ 0,2,9,0,0,0,15,BC_ISTYPE,0,12,0,BC_ISTYPE,1,9,0,
+BC_KSHORT,2,1,0,BC_LEN,3,0,0,BC_KSHORT,4,1,0,BC_FORI,2,8,128,BC_MOV,6,1,0,
+BC_MOV,7,5,0,BC_TGETR,8,5,0,BC_CALL,6,3,2,BC_ISEQP,6,0,0,BC_JMP,7,1,128,
+BC_RET1,6,2,0,BC_FORL,2,248,127,BC_RET0,0,1,0,
+/* table.foreach */ 0,2,10,0,0,1,16,BC_ISTYPE,0,12,0,BC_ISTYPE,1,9,0,BC_KPRI,
+2,0,0,BC_MOV,3,0,0,BC_KNUM,4,0,0,BC_JMP,5,7,128,BC_MOV,7,1,0,BC_MOV,8,5,0,
+BC_MOV,9,6,0,BC_CALL,7,3,2,BC_ISEQP,7,0,0,BC_JMP,8,1,128,BC_RET1,7,2,0,
+BC_ITERN,5,3,3,BC_ITERL,5,247,127,BC_RET0,0,1,0,1,255,255,249,255,15,
+/* table.getn */ 0,1,2,0,0,0,3,BC_ISTYPE,0,12,0,BC_LEN,1,0,0,BC_RET1,1,2,0,
+/* table.remove */ 0,2,10,0,0,2,30,BC_ISTYPE,0,12,0,BC_LEN,2,0,0,BC_ISNEP,1,0,
+0,BC_JMP,3,7,128,BC_ISEQN,2,0,0,BC_JMP,3,23,128,BC_TGETR,3,2,0,BC_KPRI,4,0,0,
+BC_TSETR,4,2,0,BC_RET1,3,2,0,BC_JMP,3,18,128,BC_ISTYPE,1,14,0,BC_KSHORT,3,1,0,
+BC_ISGT,3,1,0,BC_JMP,3,14,128,BC_ISGT,1,2,0,BC_JMP,3,12,128,BC_TGETR,3,1,0,
+BC_ADDVN,4,1,1,BC_MOV,5,2,0,BC_KSHORT,6,1,0,BC_FORI,4,4,128,BC_SUBVN,8,1,7,
+BC_TGETR,9,7,0,BC_TSETR,9,8,0,BC_FORL,4,252,127,BC_KPRI,4,0,0,BC_TSETR,4,2,0,
+BC_RET1,3,2,0,BC_RET0,0,1,0,0,2,
+/* table.move */ 0,5,12,0,0,0,35,BC_ISTYPE,0,12,0,BC_ISTYPE,1,14,0,BC_ISTYPE,
+2,14,0,BC_ISTYPE,3,14,0,BC_ISNEP,4,0,0,BC_JMP,5,1,128,BC_MOV,4,0,0,BC_ISTYPE,
+4,12,0,BC_ISGT,1,2,0,BC_JMP,5,24,128,BC_SUBVV,5,1,3,BC_ISLT,2,3,0,BC_JMP,6,4,
+128,BC_ISLE,3,1,0,BC_JMP,6,2,128,BC_ISEQV,4,0,0,BC_JMP,6,9,128,BC_MOV,6,1,0,
+BC_MOV,7,2,0,BC_KSHORT,8,1,0,BC_FORI,6,4,128,BC_ADDVV,10,5,9,BC_TGETR,11,9,0,
+BC_TSETR,11,10,4,BC_FORL,6,252,127,BC_JMP,6,8,128,BC_MOV,6,2,0,BC_MOV,7,1,0,
+BC_KSHORT,8,255,255,BC_FORI,6,4,128,BC_ADDVV,10,5,9,BC_TGETR,11,9,0,BC_TSETR,
+11,10,4,BC_FORL,6,252,127,BC_RET1,4,2,0,
+#endif
+0
+};
+
+static const struct { const char *name; int ofs; } libbc_map[] = {
+{"math_deg",0},
+{"math_rad",25},
+{"string_len",50},
+{"table_foreachi",69},
+{"table_foreach",136},
+{"table_getn",213},
+{"table_remove",232},
+{"table_move",361},
+{NULL,508}
+};
+
diff --git a/src/host/buildvm_peobj.c b/src/host/buildvm_peobj.c
index 4fbc11b9..5bca6df8 100644
--- a/src/host/buildvm_peobj.c
+++ b/src/host/buildvm_peobj.c
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 #include "buildvm.h"
 #include "lj_bc.h"
 
-#if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64 || LJ_TARGET_PPC
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
 
 /* Context for PE object emitter. */
 static char *strtab;
@@ -93,12 +93,6 @@ typedef struct PEsymaux {
 #define PEOBJ_RELOC_ADDR32NB    0x03
 #define PEOBJ_RELOC_OFS         0
 #define PEOBJ_TEXT_FLAGS        0x60500020  /* 60=r+x, 50=align16, 20=code. */
-#elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
-#define PEOBJ_ARCH_TARGET       0x01f2
-#define PEOBJ_RELOC_REL32       0x06
-#define PEOBJ_RELOC_DIR32       0x02
-#define PEOBJ_RELOC_OFS         (-4)
-#define PEOBJ_TEXT_FLAGS        0x60400020  /* 60=r+x, 40=align8, 20=code. */
 #endif
 
 /* Section numbers (0-based). */
@@ -109,6 +103,8 @@ enum {
 #if LJ_TARGET_X64
   PEOBJ_SECT_PDATA,
   PEOBJ_SECT_XDATA,
+#elif LJ_TARGET_X86
+  PEOBJ_SECT_SXDATA,
 #endif
   PEOBJ_SECT_RDATA_Z,
   PEOBJ_NSECTIONS
@@ -208,6 +204,13 @@ void emit_peobj(BuildCtx *ctx)
   sofs += (pesect[PEOBJ_SECT_XDATA].nreloc = 1) * PEOBJ_RELOC_SIZE;
   /* Flags: 40 = read, 30 = align4, 40 = initialized data. */
   pesect[PEOBJ_SECT_XDATA].flags = 0x40300040;
+#elif LJ_TARGET_X86
+  memcpy(pesect[PEOBJ_SECT_SXDATA].name, ".sxdata", sizeof(".sxdata")-1);
+  pesect[PEOBJ_SECT_SXDATA].ofs = sofs;
+  sofs += (pesect[PEOBJ_SECT_SXDATA].size = 4);
+  pesect[PEOBJ_SECT_SXDATA].relocofs = sofs;
+  /* Flags: 40 = read, 30 = align4, 02 = lnk_info, 40 = initialized data. */
+  pesect[PEOBJ_SECT_SXDATA].flags = 0x40300240;
 #endif
 
   memcpy(pesect[PEOBJ_SECT_RDATA_Z].name, ".rdata$Z", sizeof(".rdata$Z")-1);
@@ -232,7 +235,7 @@ void emit_peobj(BuildCtx *ctx)
   nrsym = ctx->nrelocsym;
   pehdr.nsyms = 1+PEOBJ_NSECTIONS*2 + 1+ctx->nsym + nrsym;
 #if LJ_TARGET_X64
-  pehdr.nsyms += 1;  /* Symbol for lj_err_unwind_win64. */
+  pehdr.nsyms += 1;  /* Symbol for lj_err_unwind_win. */
 #endif
 
   /* Write PE object header and all sections. */
@@ -242,15 +245,8 @@ void emit_peobj(BuildCtx *ctx)
   /* Write .text section. */
   host_endian.u = 1;
   if (host_endian.b != LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(1, 0)) {
-#if LJ_TARGET_PPC
-    uint32_t *p = (uint32_t *)ctx->code;
-    int n = (int)(ctx->codesz >> 2);
-    for (i = 0; i < n; i++, p++)
-      *p = lj_bswap(*p);  /* Byteswap .text section. */
-#else
     fprintf(stderr, "Error: different byte order for host and target\n");
     exit(1);
-#endif
   }
   owrite(ctx, ctx->code, ctx->codesz);
   for (i = 0; i < ctx->nreloc; i++) {
@@ -312,6 +308,19 @@ void emit_peobj(BuildCtx *ctx)
     reloc.type = PEOBJ_RELOC_ADDR32NB;
     owrite(ctx, &reloc, PEOBJ_RELOC_SIZE);
   }
+#elif LJ_TARGET_X86
+  /* Write .sxdata section. */
+  for (i = 0; i < nrsym; i++) {
+    if (!strcmp(ctx->relocsym[i], "_lj_err_unwind_win")) {
+      uint32_t symidx = 1+2+i;
+      owrite(ctx, &symidx, 4);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (i == nrsym) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Error: extern lj_err_unwind_win not used\n");
+    exit(1);
+  }
 #endif
 
   /* Write .rdata$Z section. */
@@ -333,8 +342,10 @@ void emit_peobj(BuildCtx *ctx)
 #if LJ_TARGET_X64
     emit_peobj_sym_sect(ctx, pesect, PEOBJ_SECT_PDATA);
     emit_peobj_sym_sect(ctx, pesect, PEOBJ_SECT_XDATA);
-    emit_peobj_sym(ctx, "lj_err_unwind_win64", 0,
+    emit_peobj_sym(ctx, "lj_err_unwind_win", 0,
                    PEOBJ_SECT_UNDEF, PEOBJ_TYPE_FUNC, PEOBJ_SCL_EXTERN);
+#elif LJ_TARGET_X86
+    emit_peobj_sym_sect(ctx, pesect, PEOBJ_SECT_SXDATA);
 #endif
 
     emit_peobj_sym(ctx, ctx->beginsym, 0,
diff --git a/src/host/genlibbc.lua b/src/host/genlibbc.lua
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3621c3f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/host/genlibbc.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Lua script to dump the bytecode of the library functions written in Lua.
+-- The resulting 'buildvm_libbc.h' is used for the build process of LuaJIT.
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. All rights reserved.
+-- Released under the MIT license. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+local ffi = require("ffi")
+local bit = require("bit")
+local vmdef = require("jit.vmdef")
+local bcnames = vmdef.bcnames
+
+local format = string.format
+
+local isbe = (string.byte(string.dump(function() end), 5) % 2 == 1)
+
+local function usage(arg)
+  io.stderr:write("Usage: ", arg and arg[0] or "genlibbc",
+                  " [-o buildvm_libbc.h] lib_*.c\n")
+  os.exit(1)
+end
+
+local function parse_arg(arg)
+  local outfile = "-"
+  if not (arg and arg[1]) then
+    usage(arg)
+  end
+  if arg[1] == "-o" then
+    outfile = arg[2]
+    if not outfile then usage(arg) end
+    table.remove(arg, 1)
+    table.remove(arg, 1)
+  end
+  return outfile
+end
+
+local function read_files(names)
+  local src = ""
+  for _,name in ipairs(names) do
+    local fp = assert(io.open(name))
+    src = src .. fp:read("*a")
+    fp:close()
+  end
+  return src
+end
+
+local function transform_lua(code)
+  local fixup = {}
+  local n = -30000
+  code = string.gsub(code, "CHECK_(%w*)%((.-)%)", function(tp, var)
+    n = n + 1
+    fixup[n] = { "CHECK", tp }
+    return format("%s=%d", var, n)
+  end)
+  code = string.gsub(code, "PAIRS%((.-)%)", function(var)
+    fixup.PAIRS = true
+    return format("nil, %s, 0x4dp80", var)
+  end)
+  return "return "..code, fixup
+end
+
+local function read_uleb128(p)
+  local v = p[0]; p = p + 1
+  if v >= 128 then
+    local sh = 7; v = v - 128
+    repeat
+      local r = p[0]
+      v = v + bit.lshift(bit.band(r, 127), sh)
+      sh = sh + 7
+      p = p + 1
+    until r < 128
+  end
+  return p, v
+end
+
+-- ORDER LJ_T
+local name2itype = {
+  str = 5, func = 9, tab = 12, int = 14, num = 15
+}
+
+local BC, BCN = {}, {}
+for i=0,#bcnames/6-1 do
+  local name = bcnames:sub(i*6+1, i*6+6):gsub(" ", "")
+  BC[name] = i
+  BCN[i] = name
+end
+local xop, xra = isbe and 3 or 0, isbe and 2 or 1
+local xrc, xrb = isbe and 1 or 2, isbe and 0 or 3
+
+local function fixup_dump(dump, fixup)
+  local buf = ffi.new("uint8_t[?]", #dump+1, dump)
+  local p = buf+5
+  local n, sizebc
+  p, n = read_uleb128(p)
+  local start = p
+  p = p + 4
+  p = read_uleb128(p)
+  p = read_uleb128(p)
+  p, sizebc = read_uleb128(p)
+  local startbc = tonumber(p - start)
+  local rawtab = {}
+  for i=0,sizebc-1 do
+    local op = p[xop]
+    if op == BC.KSHORT then
+      local rd = p[xrc] + 256*p[xrb]
+      rd = bit.arshift(bit.lshift(rd, 16), 16)
+      local f = fixup[rd]
+      if f then
+        if f[1] == "CHECK" then
+          local tp = f[2]
+          if tp == "tab" then rawtab[p[xra]] = true end
+          p[xop] = tp == "num" and BC.ISNUM or BC.ISTYPE
+          p[xrb] = 0
+          p[xrc] = name2itype[tp]
+        else
+          error("unhandled fixup type: "..f[1])
+        end
+      end
+    elseif op == BC.TGETV then
+      if rawtab[p[xrb]] then
+        p[xop] = BC.TGETR
+      end
+    elseif op == BC.TSETV then
+      if rawtab[p[xrb]] then
+        p[xop] = BC.TSETR
+      end
+    elseif op == BC.ITERC then
+      if fixup.PAIRS then
+        p[xop] = BC.ITERN
+      end
+    end
+    p = p + 4
+  end
+  local ndump = ffi.string(start, n)
+  -- Fixup hi-part of 0x4dp80 to LJ_KEYINDEX.
+  ndump = ndump:gsub("\x80\x80\xcd\xaa\x04", "\xff\xff\xf9\xff\x0f")
+  return { dump = ndump, startbc = startbc, sizebc = sizebc }
+end
+
+local function find_defs(src)
+  local defs = {}
+  for name, code in string.gmatch(src, "LJLIB_LUA%(([^)]*)%)%s*/%*(.-)%*/") do
+    local env = {}
+    local tcode, fixup = transform_lua(code)
+    local func = assert(load(tcode, "", nil, env))()
+    defs[name] = fixup_dump(string.dump(func, true), fixup)
+    defs[#defs+1] = name
+  end
+  return defs
+end
+
+local function gen_header(defs)
+  local t = {}
+  local function w(x) t[#t+1] = x end
+  w("/* This is a generated file. DO NOT EDIT! */\n\n")
+  w("static const int libbc_endian = ") w(isbe and 1 or 0) w(";\n\n")
+  local s, sb = "", ""
+  for i,name in ipairs(defs) do
+    local d = defs[name]
+    s = s .. d.dump
+    sb = sb .. string.char(i) .. ("\0"):rep(d.startbc - 1)
+            .. (isbe and "\0\0\0\255" or "\255\0\0\0"):rep(d.sizebc)
+            .. ("\0"):rep(#d.dump - d.startbc - d.sizebc*4)
+  end
+  w("static const uint8_t libbc_code[] = {\n")
+  local n = 0
+  for i=1,#s do
+    local x = string.byte(s, i)
+    local xb = string.byte(sb, i)
+    if xb == 255 then
+      local name = BCN[x]
+      local m = #name + 4
+      if n + m > 78 then n = 0; w("\n") end
+      n = n + m
+      w("BC_"); w(name)
+    else
+      local m = x < 10 and 2 or (x < 100 and 3 or 4)
+      if xb == 0 then
+        if n + m > 78 then n = 0; w("\n") end
+      else
+        local name = defs[xb]:gsub("_", ".")
+        if n ~= 0 then w("\n") end
+        w("/* "); w(name); w(" */ ")
+        n = #name + 7
+      end
+      n = n + m
+      w(x)
+    end
+    w(",")
+  end
+  w("\n0\n};\n\n")
+  w("static const struct { const char *name; int ofs; } libbc_map[] = {\n")
+  local m = 0
+  for _,name in ipairs(defs) do
+    w('{"'); w(name); w('",'); w(m) w('},\n')
+    m = m + #defs[name].dump
+  end
+  w("{NULL,"); w(m); w("}\n};\n\n")
+  return table.concat(t)
+end
+
+local function write_file(name, data)
+  if name == "-" then
+    assert(io.write(data))
+    assert(io.flush())
+  else
+    local fp = io.open(name)
+    if fp then
+      local old = fp:read("*a")
+      fp:close()
+      if data == old then return end
+    end
+    fp = assert(io.open(name, "w"))
+    assert(fp:write(data))
+    assert(fp:close())
+  end
+end
+
+local outfile = parse_arg(arg)
+local src = read_files(arg)
+local defs = find_defs(src)
+local hdr = gen_header(defs)
+write_file(outfile, hdr)
+
diff --git a/src/jit/bc.lua b/src/jit/bc.lua
index 4b384012..f1a63b9c 100644
--- a/src/jit/bc.lua
+++ b/src/jit/bc.lua
@@ -178,13 +178,12 @@ local function bcliston(outfile)
 end
 
 -- Public module functions.
-module(...)
-
-line = bcline
-dump = bcdump
-targets = bctargets
-
-on = bcliston
-off = bclistoff
-start = bcliston -- For -j command line option.
+return {
+  line = bcline,
+  dump = bcdump,
+  targets = bctargets,
+  on = bcliston,
+  off = bclistoff,
+  start = bcliston -- For -j command line option.
+}
 
diff --git a/src/jit/bcsave.lua b/src/jit/bcsave.lua
index 55fae993..74699f3d 100644
--- a/src/jit/bcsave.lua
+++ b/src/jit/bcsave.lua
@@ -11,12 +11,16 @@
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 local jit = require("jit")
-assert(jit.version_num == 20099, "LuaJIT core/library version mismatch")
+assert(jit.version_num == 20199, "LuaJIT core/library version mismatch")
 local bit = require("bit")
 
 -- Symbol name prefix for LuaJIT bytecode.
 local LJBC_PREFIX = "luaJIT_BC_"
 
+local type, assert = type, assert
+local format = string.format
+local tremove, tconcat = table.remove, table.concat
+
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 local function usage()
@@ -29,6 +33,7 @@ Save LuaJIT bytecode: luajit -b[options] input output
   -t type   Set output file type (default: auto-detect from output name).
   -a arch   Override architecture for object files (default: native).
   -o os     Override OS for object files (default: native).
+  -F name   Override filename (default: input filename).
   -e chunk  Use chunk string as input.
   --        Stop handling options.
   -         Use stdin as input and/or stdout as output.
@@ -45,10 +50,22 @@ local function check(ok, ...)
   os.exit(1)
 end
 
-local function readfile(input)
+local function readfile(ctx, input)
   if type(input) == "function" then return input end
-  if input == "-" then input = nil end
-  return check(loadfile(input))
+  if ctx.filename then
+    local data
+    if input == "-" then
+      data = io.stdin:read("*a")
+    else
+      local fp = assert(io.open(input, "rb"))
+      data = assert(fp:read("*a"))
+      assert(fp:close())
+    end
+    return check(load(data, ctx.filename))
+  else
+    if input == "-" then input = nil end
+    return check(loadfile(input))
+  end
 end
 
 local function savefile(name, mode)
@@ -56,6 +73,11 @@ local function savefile(name, mode)
   return check(io.open(name, mode))
 end
 
+local function set_stdout_binary(ffi)
+  ffi.cdef[[int _setmode(int fd, int mode);]]
+  ffi.C._setmode(1, 0x8000)
+end
+
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 local map_type = {
@@ -63,8 +85,18 @@ local map_type = {
 }
 
 local map_arch = {
-  x86 = true, x64 = true, arm = true, ppc = true, ppcspe = true,
-  mips = true, mipsel = true,
+  x86 =         { e = "le", b = 32, m = 3, p = 0x14c, },
+  x64 =         { e = "le", b = 64, m = 62, p = 0x8664, },
+  arm =         { e = "le", b = 32, m = 40, p = 0x1c0, },
+  arm64 =       { e = "le", b = 64, m = 183, p = 0xaa64, },
+  arm64be =     { e = "be", b = 64, m = 183, },
+  ppc =         { e = "be", b = 32, m = 20, },
+  mips =        { e = "be", b = 32, m = 8, f = 0x50001006, },
+  mipsel =      { e = "le", b = 32, m = 8, f = 0x50001006, },
+  mips64 =      { e = "be", b = 64, m = 8, f = 0x80000007, },
+  mips64el =    { e = "le", b = 64, m = 8, f = 0x80000007, },
+  mips64r6 =    { e = "be", b = 64, m = 8, f = 0xa0000407, },
+  mips64r6el =  { e = "le", b = 64, m = 8, f = 0xa0000407, },
 }
 
 local map_os = {
@@ -73,33 +105,33 @@ local map_os = {
 }
 
 local function checkarg(str, map, err)
-  str = string.lower(str)
+  str = str:lower()
   local s = check(map[str], "unknown ", err)
-  return s == true and str or s
+  return type(s) == "string" and s or str
 end
 
 local function detecttype(str)
-  local ext = string.match(string.lower(str), "%.(%a+)$")
+  local ext = str:lower():match("%.(%a+)$")
   return map_type[ext] or "raw"
 end
 
 local function checkmodname(str)
-  check(string.match(str, "^[%w_.%-]+$"), "bad module name")
-  return string.gsub(str, "[%.%-]", "_")
+  check(str:match("^[%w_.%-]+$"), "bad module name")
+  return str:gsub("[%.%-]", "_")
 end
 
 local function detectmodname(str)
   if type(str) == "string" then
-    local tail = string.match(str, "[^/\\]+$")
+    local tail = str:match("[^/\\]+$")
     if tail then str = tail end
-    local head = string.match(str, "^(.*)%.[^.]*$")
+    local head = str:match("^(.*)%.[^.]*$")
     if head then str = head end
-    str = string.match(str, "^[%w_.%-]+")
+    str = str:match("^[%w_.%-]+")
   else
     str = nil
   end
   check(str, "cannot derive module name, use -n name")
-  return string.gsub(str, "[%.%-]", "_")
+  return str:gsub("[%.%-]", "_")
 end
 
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -111,6 +143,11 @@ local function bcsave_tail(fp, output, s)
 end
 
 local function bcsave_raw(output, s)
+  if output == "-" and jit.os == "Windows" then
+    local ok, ffi = pcall(require, "ffi")
+    check(ok, "FFI library required to write binary file to stdout")
+    set_stdout_binary(ffi)
+  end
   local fp = savefile(output, "wb")
   bcsave_tail(fp, output, s)
 end
@@ -118,19 +155,19 @@ end
 local function bcsave_c(ctx, output, s)
   local fp = savefile(output, "w")
   if ctx.type == "c" then
-    fp:write(string.format([[
+    fp:write(format([[
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C"
 #endif
 #ifdef _WIN32
 __declspec(dllexport)
 #endif
-const char %s%s[] = {
+const unsigned char %s%s[] = {
 ]], LJBC_PREFIX, ctx.modname))
   else
-    fp:write(string.format([[
+    fp:write(format([[
 #define %s%s_SIZE %d
-static const char %s%s[] = {
+static const unsigned char %s%s[] = {
 ]], LJBC_PREFIX, ctx.modname, #s, LJBC_PREFIX, ctx.modname))
   end
   local t, n, m = {}, 0, 0
@@ -138,13 +175,13 @@ static const char %s%s[] = {
     local b = tostring(string.byte(s, i))
     m = m + #b + 1
     if m > 78 then
-      fp:write(table.concat(t, ",", 1, n), ",\n")
+      fp:write(tconcat(t, ",", 1, n), ",\n")
       n, m = 0, #b + 1
     end
     n = n + 1
     t[n] = b
   end
-  bcsave_tail(fp, output, table.concat(t, ",", 1, n).."\n};\n")
+  bcsave_tail(fp, output, tconcat(t, ",", 1, n).."\n};\n")
 end
 
 local function bcsave_elfobj(ctx, output, s, ffi)
@@ -199,12 +236,8 @@ typedef struct {
 } ELF64obj;
 ]]
   local symname = LJBC_PREFIX..ctx.modname
-  local is64, isbe = false, false
-  if ctx.arch == "x64" then
-    is64 = true
-  elseif ctx.arch == "ppc" or ctx.arch == "ppcspe" or ctx.arch == "mips" then
-    isbe = true
-  end
+  local ai = assert(map_arch[ctx.arch])
+  local is64, isbe = ai.b == 64, ai.e == "be"
 
   -- Handle different host/target endianess.
   local function f32(x) return x end
@@ -237,10 +270,8 @@ typedef struct {
   hdr.eendian = isbe and 2 or 1
   hdr.eversion = 1
   hdr.type = f16(1)
-  hdr.machine = f16(({ x86=3, x64=62, arm=40, ppc=20, ppcspe=20, mips=8, mipsel=8 })[ctx.arch])
-  if ctx.arch == "mips" or ctx.arch == "mipsel" then
-    hdr.flags = f32(0x50001006)
-  end
+  hdr.machine = f16(ai.m)
+  hdr.flags = f32(ai.f or 0)
   hdr.version = f32(1)
   hdr.shofs = fofs(ffi.offsetof(o, "sect"))
   hdr.ehsize = f16(ffi.sizeof(hdr))
@@ -336,12 +367,8 @@ typedef struct {
 } PEobj;
 ]]
   local symname = LJBC_PREFIX..ctx.modname
-  local is64 = false
-  if ctx.arch == "x86" then
-    symname = "_"..symname
-  elseif ctx.arch == "x64" then
-    is64 = true
-  end
+  local ai = assert(map_arch[ctx.arch])
+  local is64 = ai.b == 64
   local symexport = "   /EXPORT:"..symname..",DATA "
 
   -- The file format is always little-endian. Swap if the host is big-endian.
@@ -355,7 +382,7 @@ typedef struct {
   -- Create PE object and fill in header.
   local o = ffi.new("PEobj")
   local hdr = o.hdr
-  hdr.arch = f16(({ x86=0x14c, x64=0x8664, arm=0x1c0, ppc=0x1f2, mips=0x366, mipsel=0x366 })[ctx.arch])
+  hdr.arch = f16(assert(ai.p))
   hdr.nsects = f16(2)
   hdr.symtabofs = f32(ffi.offsetof(o, "sym0"))
   hdr.nsyms = f32(6)
@@ -442,18 +469,18 @@ typedef struct {
   uint32_t value;
 } mach_nlist;
 typedef struct {
-  uint32_t strx;
+  int32_t strx;
   uint8_t type, sect;
   uint16_t desc;
   uint64_t value;
 } mach_nlist_64;
 typedef struct
 {
-  uint32_t magic, nfat_arch;
+  int32_t magic, nfat_arch;
 } mach_fat_header;
 typedef struct
 {
-  uint32_t cputype, cpusubtype, offset, size, align;
+  int32_t cputype, cpusubtype, offset, size, align;
 } mach_fat_arch;
 typedef struct {
   struct {
@@ -477,16 +504,28 @@ typedef struct {
 } mach_obj_64;
 typedef struct {
   mach_fat_header fat;
-  mach_fat_arch fat_arch[4];
+  mach_fat_arch fat_arch[2];
   struct {
     mach_header hdr;
     mach_segment_command seg;
     mach_section sec;
     mach_symtab_command sym;
-  } arch[4];
+  } arch[2];
   mach_nlist sym_entry;
   uint8_t space[4096];
 } mach_fat_obj;
+typedef struct {
+  mach_fat_header fat;
+  mach_fat_arch fat_arch[2];
+  struct {
+    mach_header_64 hdr;
+    mach_segment_command_64 seg;
+    mach_section_64 sec;
+    mach_symtab_command sym;
+  } arch[2];
+  mach_nlist_64 sym_entry;
+  uint8_t space[4096];
+} mach_fat_obj_64;
 ]]
   local symname = '_'..LJBC_PREFIX..ctx.modname
   local isfat, is64, align, mobj = false, false, 4, "mach_obj"
@@ -494,6 +533,8 @@ typedef struct {
     is64, align, mobj = true, 8, "mach_obj_64"
   elseif ctx.arch == "arm" then
     isfat, mobj = true, "mach_fat_obj"
+  elseif ctx.arch == "arm64" then
+    is64, align, isfat, mobj = true, 8, true, "mach_fat_obj_64"
   else
     check(ctx.arch == "x86", "unsupported architecture for OSX")
   end
@@ -503,8 +544,8 @@ typedef struct {
   -- Create Mach-O object and fill in header.
   local o = ffi.new(mobj)
   local mach_size = aligned(ffi.offsetof(o, "space")+#symname+2, align)
-  local cputype = ({ x86={7}, x64={0x01000007}, arm={7,12,12,12} })[ctx.arch]
-  local cpusubtype = ({ x86={3}, x64={3}, arm={3,6,9,11} })[ctx.arch]
+  local cputype = ({ x86={7}, x64={0x01000007}, arm={7,12}, arm64={0x01000007,0x0100000c} })[ctx.arch]
+  local cpusubtype = ({ x86={3}, x64={3}, arm={3,9}, arm64={3,0} })[ctx.arch]
   if isfat then
     o.fat.magic = be32(0xcafebabe)
     o.fat.nfat_arch = be32(#cpusubtype)
@@ -562,6 +603,9 @@ end
 local function bcsave_obj(ctx, output, s)
   local ok, ffi = pcall(require, "ffi")
   check(ok, "FFI library required to write this file type")
+  if output == "-" and jit.os == "Windows" then
+    set_stdout_binary(ffi)
+  end
   if ctx.os == "windows" then
     return bcsave_peobj(ctx, output, s, ffi)
   elseif ctx.os == "osx" then
@@ -573,13 +617,13 @@ end
 
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-local function bclist(input, output)
-  local f = readfile(input)
+local function bclist(ctx, input, output)
+  local f = readfile(ctx, input)
   require("jit.bc").dump(f, savefile(output, "w"), true)
 end
 
 local function bcsave(ctx, input, output)
-  local f = readfile(input)
+  local f = readfile(ctx, input)
   local s = string.dump(f, ctx.strip)
   local t = ctx.type
   if not t then
@@ -603,16 +647,16 @@ local function docmd(...)
   local n = 1
   local list = false
   local ctx = {
-    strip = true, arch = jit.arch, os = string.lower(jit.os),
+    strip = true, arch = jit.arch, os = jit.os:lower(),
     type = false, modname = false,
   }
   while n <= #arg do
     local a = arg[n]
-    if type(a) == "string" and string.sub(a, 1, 1) == "-" and a ~= "-" then
-      table.remove(arg, n)
+    if type(a) == "string" and a:sub(1, 1) == "-" and a ~= "-" then
+      tremove(arg, n)
       if a == "--" then break end
       for m=2,#a do
-        local opt = string.sub(a, m, m)
+        local opt = a:sub(m, m)
         if opt == "l" then
           list = true
         elseif opt == "s" then
@@ -625,13 +669,15 @@ local function docmd(...)
             if n ~= 1 then usage() end
             arg[1] = check(loadstring(arg[1]))
           elseif opt == "n" then
-            ctx.modname = checkmodname(table.remove(arg, n))
+            ctx.modname = checkmodname(tremove(arg, n))
           elseif opt == "t" then
-            ctx.type = checkarg(table.remove(arg, n), map_type, "file type")
+            ctx.type = checkarg(tremove(arg, n), map_type, "file type")
           elseif opt == "a" then
-            ctx.arch = checkarg(table.remove(arg, n), map_arch, "architecture")
+            ctx.arch = checkarg(tremove(arg, n), map_arch, "architecture")
           elseif opt == "o" then
-            ctx.os = checkarg(table.remove(arg, n), map_os, "OS name")
+            ctx.os = checkarg(tremove(arg, n), map_os, "OS name")
+          elseif opt == "F" then
+            ctx.filename = "@"..tremove(arg, n)
           else
             usage()
           end
@@ -643,7 +689,7 @@ local function docmd(...)
   end
   if list then
     if #arg == 0 or #arg > 2 then usage() end
-    bclist(arg[1], arg[2] or "-")
+    bclist(ctx, arg[1], arg[2] or "-")
   else
     if #arg ~= 2 then usage() end
     bcsave(ctx, arg[1], arg[2])
@@ -653,7 +699,7 @@ end
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 -- Public module functions.
-module(...)
-
-start = docmd -- Process -b command line option.
+return {
+  start = docmd -- Process -b command line option.
+}
 
diff --git a/src/jit/dis_arm.lua b/src/jit/dis_arm.lua
index 4db85306..a7546a45 100644
--- a/src/jit/dis_arm.lua
+++ b/src/jit/dis_arm.lua
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ local function disass_block(ctx, ofs, len)
 end
 
 -- Extended API: create a disassembler context. Then call ctx:disass(ofs, len).
-local function create_(code, addr, out)
+local function create(code, addr, out)
   local ctx = {}
   ctx.code = code
   ctx.addr = addr or 0
@@ -670,20 +670,20 @@ local function create_(code, addr, out)
 end
 
 -- Simple API: disassemble code (a string) at address and output via out.
-local function disass_(code, addr, out)
-  create_(code, addr, out):disass()
+local function disass(code, addr, out)
+  create(code, addr, out):disass()
 end
 
 -- Return register name for RID.
-local function regname_(r)
+local function regname(r)
   if r < 16 then return map_gpr[r] end
   return "d"..(r-16)
 end
 
 -- Public module functions.
-module(...)
-
-create = create_
-disass = disass_
-regname = regname_
+return {
+  create = create,
+  disass = disass,
+  regname = regname
+}
 
diff --git a/src/jit/dis_arm64.lua b/src/jit/dis_arm64.lua
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b10e2fb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/jit/dis_arm64.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,1216 @@
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- LuaJIT ARM64 disassembler module.
+--
+-- Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. All rights reserved.
+-- Released under the MIT license. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+--
+-- Contributed by Djordje Kovacevic and Stefan Pejic from RT-RK.com.
+-- Sponsored by Cisco Systems, Inc.
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- This is a helper module used by the LuaJIT machine code dumper module.
+--
+-- It disassembles most user-mode AArch64 instructions.
+-- NYI: Advanced SIMD and VFP instructions.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+local type = type
+local sub, byte, format = string.sub, string.byte, string.format
+local match, gmatch, gsub = string.match, string.gmatch, string.gsub
+local concat = table.concat
+local bit = require("bit")
+local band, bor, bxor, tohex = bit.band, bit.bor, bit.bxor, bit.tohex
+local lshift, rshift, arshift = bit.lshift, bit.rshift, bit.arshift
+local ror = bit.ror
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Opcode maps
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+local map_adr = { -- PC-relative addressing.
+  shift = 31, mask = 1,
+  [0] = "adrDBx", "adrpDBx"
+}
+
+local map_addsubi = { -- Add/subtract immediate.
+  shift = 29, mask = 3,
+  [0] = "add|movDNIg", "adds|cmnD0NIg", "subDNIg", "subs|cmpD0NIg",
+}
+
+local map_logi = { -- Logical immediate.
+  shift = 31, mask = 1,
+  [0] = {
+    shift = 22, mask = 1,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 29, mask = 3,
+      [0] = "andDNig", "orr|movDN0ig", "eorDNig", "ands|tstD0Nig"
+    },
+    false -- unallocated
+  },
+  {
+    shift = 29, mask = 3,
+    [0] = "andDNig", "orr|movDN0ig", "eorDNig", "ands|tstD0Nig"
+  }
+}
+
+local map_movwi = { -- Move wide immediate.
+  shift = 31, mask = 1,
+  [0] = {
+    shift = 22, mask = 1,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 29, mask = 3,
+      [0] = "movnDWRg", false, "movz|movDYRg", "movkDWRg"
+    }, false -- unallocated
+  },
+  {
+    shift = 29, mask = 3,
+    [0] = "movnDWRg", false, "movz|movDYRg", "movkDWRg"
+  },
+}
+
+local map_bitf = { -- Bitfield.
+  shift = 31, mask = 1,
+  [0] = {
+    shift = 22, mask = 1,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 29, mask = 3,
+      [0] = "sbfm|sbfiz|sbfx|asr|sxtw|sxth|sxtbDN12w",
+      "bfm|bfi|bfxilDN13w",
+      "ubfm|ubfiz|ubfx|lsr|lsl|uxth|uxtbDN12w"
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    shift = 22, mask = 1,
+    {
+      shift = 29, mask = 3,
+      [0] = "sbfm|sbfiz|sbfx|asr|sxtw|sxth|sxtbDN12x",
+      "bfm|bfi|bfxilDN13x",
+      "ubfm|ubfiz|ubfx|lsr|lsl|uxth|uxtbDN12x"
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+local map_datai = { -- Data processing - immediate.
+  shift = 23, mask = 7,
+  [0] = map_adr, map_adr, map_addsubi, false,
+  map_logi, map_movwi, map_bitf,
+  {
+    shift = 15, mask = 0x1c0c1,
+    [0] = "extr|rorDNM4w", [0x10080] = "extr|rorDNM4x",
+    [0x10081] = "extr|rorDNM4x"
+  }
+}
+
+local map_logsr = { -- Logical, shifted register.
+  shift = 31, mask = 1,
+  [0] = {
+    shift = 15, mask = 1,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 29, mask = 3,
+      [0] = {
+        shift = 21, mask = 7,
+        [0] = "andDNMSg", "bicDNMSg", "andDNMSg", "bicDNMSg",
+        "andDNMSg", "bicDNMSg", "andDNMg", "bicDNMg"
+      },
+      {
+        shift = 21, mask = 7,
+        [0] ="orr|movDN0MSg", "orn|mvnDN0MSg", "orr|movDN0MSg", "orn|mvnDN0MSg",
+             "orr|movDN0MSg", "orn|mvnDN0MSg", "orr|movDN0Mg", "orn|mvnDN0Mg"
+      },
+      {
+        shift = 21, mask = 7,
+        [0] = "eorDNMSg", "eonDNMSg", "eorDNMSg", "eonDNMSg",
+        "eorDNMSg", "eonDNMSg", "eorDNMg", "eonDNMg"
+      },
+      {
+        shift = 21, mask = 7,
+        [0] = "ands|tstD0NMSg", "bicsDNMSg", "ands|tstD0NMSg", "bicsDNMSg",
+        "ands|tstD0NMSg", "bicsDNMSg", "ands|tstD0NMg", "bicsDNMg"
+      }
+    },
+    false -- unallocated
+  },
+  {
+    shift = 29, mask = 3,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 21, mask = 7,
+      [0] = "andDNMSg", "bicDNMSg", "andDNMSg", "bicDNMSg",
+      "andDNMSg", "bicDNMSg", "andDNMg", "bicDNMg"
+    },
+    {
+      shift = 21, mask = 7,
+      [0] = "orr|movDN0MSg", "orn|mvnDN0MSg", "orr|movDN0MSg", "orn|mvnDN0MSg",
+      "orr|movDN0MSg", "orn|mvnDN0MSg", "orr|movDN0Mg", "orn|mvnDN0Mg"
+    },
+    {
+      shift = 21, mask = 7,
+      [0] = "eorDNMSg", "eonDNMSg", "eorDNMSg", "eonDNMSg",
+      "eorDNMSg", "eonDNMSg", "eorDNMg", "eonDNMg"
+    },
+    {
+      shift = 21, mask = 7,
+      [0] = "ands|tstD0NMSg", "bicsDNMSg", "ands|tstD0NMSg", "bicsDNMSg",
+      "ands|tstD0NMSg", "bicsDNMSg", "ands|tstD0NMg", "bicsDNMg"
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+local map_assh = {
+  shift = 31, mask = 1,
+  [0] = {
+    shift = 15, mask = 1,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 29, mask = 3,
+      [0] = {
+        shift = 22, mask = 3,
+        [0] = "addDNMSg", "addDNMSg", "addDNMSg", "addDNMg"
+      },
+      {
+        shift = 22, mask = 3,
+        [0] = "adds|cmnD0NMSg", "adds|cmnD0NMSg",
+              "adds|cmnD0NMSg", "adds|cmnD0NMg"
+      },
+      {
+        shift = 22, mask = 3,
+        [0] = "sub|negDN0MSg", "sub|negDN0MSg", "sub|negDN0MSg", "sub|negDN0Mg"
+      },
+      {
+        shift = 22, mask = 3,
+        [0] = "subs|cmp|negsD0N0MzSg", "subs|cmp|negsD0N0MzSg",
+              "subs|cmp|negsD0N0MzSg", "subs|cmp|negsD0N0Mzg"
+      },
+    },
+    false -- unallocated
+  },
+  {
+    shift = 29, mask = 3,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 22, mask = 3,
+      [0] = "addDNMSg", "addDNMSg", "addDNMSg", "addDNMg"
+    },
+    {
+      shift = 22, mask = 3,
+      [0] = "adds|cmnD0NMSg", "adds|cmnD0NMSg", "adds|cmnD0NMSg",
+            "adds|cmnD0NMg"
+    },
+    {
+      shift = 22, mask = 3,
+      [0] = "sub|negDN0MSg", "sub|negDN0MSg", "sub|negDN0MSg", "sub|negDN0Mg"
+    },
+    {
+      shift = 22, mask = 3,
+      [0] = "subs|cmp|negsD0N0MzSg", "subs|cmp|negsD0N0MzSg",
+            "subs|cmp|negsD0N0MzSg", "subs|cmp|negsD0N0Mzg"
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+local map_addsubsh = { -- Add/subtract, shifted register.
+  shift = 22, mask = 3,
+  [0] = map_assh, map_assh, map_assh
+}
+
+local map_addsubex = { -- Add/subtract, extended register.
+  shift = 22, mask = 3,
+  [0] = {
+    shift = 29, mask = 3,
+    [0] = "addDNMXg", "adds|cmnD0NMXg", "subDNMXg", "subs|cmpD0NMzXg",
+  }
+}
+
+local map_addsubc = { -- Add/subtract, with carry.
+  shift = 10, mask = 63,
+  [0] = {
+    shift = 29, mask = 3,
+    [0] = "adcDNMg", "adcsDNMg", "sbc|ngcDN0Mg", "sbcs|ngcsDN0Mg",
+  }
+}
+
+local map_ccomp = {
+  shift = 4, mask = 1,
+  [0] = {
+    shift = 10, mask = 3,
+    [0] = { -- Conditional compare register.
+      shift = 29, mask = 3,
+      "ccmnNMVCg", false, "ccmpNMVCg",
+    },
+    [2] = {  -- Conditional compare immediate.
+      shift = 29, mask = 3,
+      "ccmnN5VCg", false, "ccmpN5VCg",
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+local map_csel = { -- Conditional select.
+  shift = 11, mask = 1,
+  [0] = {
+    shift = 10, mask = 1,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 29, mask = 3,
+      [0] = "cselDNMzCg", false, "csinv|cinv|csetmDNMcg", false,
+    },
+    {
+      shift = 29, mask = 3,
+      [0] = "csinc|cinc|csetDNMcg", false, "csneg|cnegDNMcg", false,
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+local map_data1s = { -- Data processing, 1 source.
+  shift = 29, mask = 1,
+  [0] = {
+    shift = 31, mask = 1,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 10, mask = 0x7ff,
+      [0] = "rbitDNg", "rev16DNg", "revDNw", false, "clzDNg", "clsDNg"
+    },
+    {
+      shift = 10, mask = 0x7ff,
+      [0] = "rbitDNg", "rev16DNg", "rev32DNx", "revDNx", "clzDNg", "clsDNg"
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+local map_data2s = { -- Data processing, 2 sources.
+  shift = 29, mask = 1,
+  [0] = {
+    shift = 10, mask = 63,
+    false, "udivDNMg", "sdivDNMg", false, false, false, false, "lslDNMg",
+    "lsrDNMg", "asrDNMg", "rorDNMg"
+  }
+}
+
+local map_data3s = { -- Data processing, 3 sources.
+  shift = 29, mask = 7,
+  [0] = {
+    shift = 21, mask = 7,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 15, mask = 1,
+      [0] = "madd|mulDNMA0g", "msub|mnegDNMA0g"
+    }
+  }, false, false, false,
+  {
+    shift = 15, mask = 1,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 21, mask = 7,
+      [0] = "madd|mulDNMA0g", "smaddl|smullDxNMwA0x", "smulhDNMx", false,
+      false, "umaddl|umullDxNMwA0x", "umulhDNMx"
+    },
+    {
+      shift = 21, mask = 7,
+      [0] = "msub|mnegDNMA0g", "smsubl|smneglDxNMwA0x", false, false,
+      false, "umsubl|umneglDxNMwA0x"
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+local map_datar = { -- Data processing, register.
+  shift = 28, mask = 1,
+  [0] = {
+    shift = 24, mask = 1,
+    [0] = map_logsr,
+    {
+      shift = 21, mask = 1,
+      [0] = map_addsubsh, map_addsubex
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    shift = 21, mask = 15,
+    [0] = map_addsubc, false, map_ccomp, false, map_csel, false,
+    {
+      shift = 30, mask = 1,
+      [0] = map_data2s, map_data1s
+    },
+    false, map_data3s, map_data3s, map_data3s, map_data3s, map_data3s,
+    map_data3s, map_data3s, map_data3s
+  }
+}
+
+local map_lrl = { -- Load register, literal.
+  shift = 26, mask = 1,
+  [0] = {
+    shift = 30, mask = 3,
+    [0] = "ldrDwB", "ldrDxB", "ldrswDxB"
+  },
+  {
+    shift = 30, mask = 3,
+    [0] = "ldrDsB", "ldrDdB"
+  }
+}
+
+local map_lsriind = { -- Load/store register, immediate pre/post-indexed.
+  shift = 30, mask = 3,
+  [0] = {
+    shift = 26, mask = 1,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 22, mask = 3,
+      [0] = "strbDwzL", "ldrbDwzL", "ldrsbDxzL", "ldrsbDwzL"
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    shift = 26, mask = 1,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 22, mask = 3,
+      [0] = "strhDwzL", "ldrhDwzL", "ldrshDxzL", "ldrshDwzL"
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    shift = 26, mask = 1,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 22, mask = 3,
+      [0] = "strDwzL", "ldrDwzL", "ldrswDxzL"
+    },
+    {
+      shift = 22, mask = 3,
+      [0] = "strDszL", "ldrDszL"
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    shift = 26, mask = 1,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 22, mask = 3,
+      [0] = "strDxzL", "ldrDxzL"
+    },
+    {
+      shift = 22, mask = 3,
+      [0] = "strDdzL", "ldrDdzL"
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+local map_lsriro = {
+  shift = 21, mask = 1,
+  [0] = {  -- Load/store register immediate.
+    shift = 10, mask = 3,
+    [0] = { -- Unscaled immediate.
+      shift = 26, mask = 1,
+      [0] = {
+        shift = 30, mask = 3,
+        [0] = {
+          shift = 22, mask = 3,
+          [0] = "sturbDwK", "ldurbDwK"
+        },
+        {
+          shift = 22, mask = 3,
+          [0] = "sturhDwK", "ldurhDwK"
+        },
+        {
+          shift = 22, mask = 3,
+          [0] = "sturDwK", "ldurDwK"
+        },
+        {
+          shift = 22, mask = 3,
+          [0] = "sturDxK", "ldurDxK"
+        }
+      }
+    }, map_lsriind, false, map_lsriind
+  },
+  {  -- Load/store register, register offset.
+    shift = 10, mask = 3,
+    [2] = {
+      shift = 26, mask = 1,
+      [0] = {
+        shift = 30, mask = 3,
+        [0] = {
+          shift = 22, mask = 3,
+          [0] = "strbDwO", "ldrbDwO", "ldrsbDxO", "ldrsbDwO"
+        },
+        {
+          shift = 22, mask = 3,
+          [0] = "strhDwO", "ldrhDwO", "ldrshDxO", "ldrshDwO"
+        },
+        {
+          shift = 22, mask = 3,
+          [0] = "strDwO", "ldrDwO", "ldrswDxO"
+        },
+        {
+          shift = 22, mask = 3,
+          [0] = "strDxO", "ldrDxO"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        shift = 30, mask = 3,
+        [2] = {
+          shift = 22, mask = 3,
+          [0] = "strDsO", "ldrDsO"
+        },
+        [3] = {
+          shift = 22, mask = 3,
+          [0] = "strDdO", "ldrDdO"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+local map_lsp = { -- Load/store register pair, offset.
+  shift = 22, mask = 1,
+  [0] = {
+    shift = 30, mask = 3,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 26, mask = 1,
+      [0] = "stpDzAzwP", "stpDzAzsP",
+    },
+    {
+      shift = 26, mask = 1,
+      "stpDzAzdP"
+    },
+    {
+      shift = 26, mask = 1,
+      [0] = "stpDzAzxP"
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    shift = 30, mask = 3,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 26, mask = 1,
+      [0] = "ldpDzAzwP", "ldpDzAzsP",
+    },
+    {
+      shift = 26, mask = 1,
+      [0] = "ldpswDAxP", "ldpDzAzdP"
+    },
+    {
+      shift = 26, mask = 1,
+      [0] = "ldpDzAzxP"
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+local map_ls = { -- Loads and stores.
+  shift = 24, mask = 0x31,
+  [0x10] = map_lrl, [0x30] = map_lsriro,
+  [0x20] = {
+    shift = 23, mask = 3,
+    map_lsp, map_lsp, map_lsp
+  },
+  [0x21] = {
+    shift = 23, mask = 3,
+    map_lsp, map_lsp, map_lsp
+  },
+  [0x31] = {
+    shift = 26, mask = 1,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 30, mask = 3,
+      [0] = {
+        shift = 22, mask = 3,
+        [0] = "strbDwzU", "ldrbDwzU"
+      },
+      {
+        shift = 22, mask = 3,
+        [0] = "strhDwzU", "ldrhDwzU"
+      },
+      {
+        shift = 22, mask = 3,
+        [0] = "strDwzU", "ldrDwzU"
+      },
+      {
+        shift = 22, mask = 3,
+        [0] = "strDxzU", "ldrDxzU"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      shift = 30, mask = 3,
+      [2] = {
+        shift = 22, mask = 3,
+        [0] = "strDszU", "ldrDszU"
+      },
+      [3] = {
+        shift = 22, mask = 3,
+        [0] = "strDdzU", "ldrDdzU"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+}
+
+local map_datafp = { -- Data processing, SIMD and FP.
+  shift = 28, mask = 7,
+  { -- 001
+    shift = 24, mask = 1,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 21, mask = 1,
+      {
+        shift = 10, mask = 3,
+        [0] = {
+          shift = 12, mask = 1,
+          [0] = {
+            shift = 13, mask = 1,
+            [0] = {
+              shift = 14, mask = 1,
+              [0] = {
+                shift = 15, mask = 1,
+                [0] = { -- FP/int conversion.
+                  shift = 31, mask = 1,
+                  [0] = {
+                    shift = 16, mask = 0xff,
+                    [0x20] = "fcvtnsDwNs", [0x21] = "fcvtnuDwNs",
+                    [0x22] = "scvtfDsNw", [0x23] = "ucvtfDsNw",
+                    [0x24] = "fcvtasDwNs", [0x25] = "fcvtauDwNs",
+                    [0x26] = "fmovDwNs", [0x27] = "fmovDsNw",
+                    [0x28] = "fcvtpsDwNs", [0x29] = "fcvtpuDwNs",
+                    [0x30] = "fcvtmsDwNs", [0x31] = "fcvtmuDwNs",
+                    [0x38] = "fcvtzsDwNs", [0x39] = "fcvtzuDwNs",
+                    [0x60] = "fcvtnsDwNd", [0x61] = "fcvtnuDwNd",
+                    [0x62] = "scvtfDdNw", [0x63] = "ucvtfDdNw",
+                    [0x64] = "fcvtasDwNd", [0x65] = "fcvtauDwNd",
+                    [0x68] = "fcvtpsDwNd", [0x69] = "fcvtpuDwNd",
+                    [0x70] = "fcvtmsDwNd", [0x71] = "fcvtmuDwNd",
+                    [0x78] = "fcvtzsDwNd", [0x79] = "fcvtzuDwNd"
+                  },
+                  {
+                    shift = 16, mask = 0xff,
+                    [0x20] = "fcvtnsDxNs", [0x21] = "fcvtnuDxNs",
+                    [0x22] = "scvtfDsNx", [0x23] = "ucvtfDsNx",
+                    [0x24] = "fcvtasDxNs", [0x25] = "fcvtauDxNs",
+                    [0x28] = "fcvtpsDxNs", [0x29] = "fcvtpuDxNs",
+                    [0x30] = "fcvtmsDxNs", [0x31] = "fcvtmuDxNs",
+                    [0x38] = "fcvtzsDxNs", [0x39] = "fcvtzuDxNs",
+                    [0x60] = "fcvtnsDxNd", [0x61] = "fcvtnuDxNd",
+                    [0x62] = "scvtfDdNx", [0x63] = "ucvtfDdNx",
+                    [0x64] = "fcvtasDxNd", [0x65] = "fcvtauDxNd",
+                    [0x66] = "fmovDxNd", [0x67] = "fmovDdNx",
+                    [0x68] = "fcvtpsDxNd", [0x69] = "fcvtpuDxNd",
+                    [0x70] = "fcvtmsDxNd", [0x71] = "fcvtmuDxNd",
+                    [0x78] = "fcvtzsDxNd", [0x79] = "fcvtzuDxNd"
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              { -- FP data-processing, 1 source.
+                shift = 31, mask = 1,
+                [0] = {
+                  shift = 22, mask = 3,
+                  [0] = {
+                    shift = 15, mask = 63,
+                    [0] = "fmovDNf", "fabsDNf", "fnegDNf",
+                    "fsqrtDNf", false, "fcvtDdNs", false, false,
+                    "frintnDNf", "frintpDNf", "frintmDNf", "frintzDNf",
+                    "frintaDNf", false, "frintxDNf", "frintiDNf",
+                  },
+                  {
+                    shift = 15, mask = 63,
+                    [0] = "fmovDNf", "fabsDNf", "fnegDNf",
+                    "fsqrtDNf", "fcvtDsNd", false, false, false,
+                    "frintnDNf", "frintpDNf", "frintmDNf", "frintzDNf",
+                    "frintaDNf", false, "frintxDNf", "frintiDNf",
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            { -- FP compare.
+              shift = 31, mask = 1,
+              [0] = {
+                shift = 14, mask = 3,
+                [0] = {
+                  shift = 23, mask = 1,
+                  [0] = {
+                    shift = 0, mask = 31,
+                    [0] = "fcmpNMf", [8] = "fcmpNZf",
+                    [16] = "fcmpeNMf", [24] = "fcmpeNZf",
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          { -- FP immediate.
+            shift = 31, mask = 1,
+            [0] = {
+              shift = 5, mask = 31,
+              [0] = {
+                shift = 23, mask = 1,
+                [0] = "fmovDFf"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        { -- FP conditional compare.
+          shift = 31, mask = 1,
+          [0] = {
+            shift = 23, mask = 1,
+            [0] = {
+              shift = 4, mask = 1,
+              [0] = "fccmpNMVCf", "fccmpeNMVCf"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        { -- FP data-processing, 2 sources.
+          shift = 31, mask = 1,
+          [0] = {
+            shift = 23, mask = 1,
+            [0] = {
+              shift = 12, mask = 15,
+              [0] = "fmulDNMf", "fdivDNMf", "faddDNMf", "fsubDNMf",
+              "fmaxDNMf", "fminDNMf", "fmaxnmDNMf", "fminnmDNMf",
+              "fnmulDNMf"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        { -- FP conditional select.
+          shift = 31, mask = 1,
+          [0] = {
+            shift = 23, mask = 1,
+            [0] = "fcselDNMCf"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    { -- FP data-processing, 3 sources.
+      shift = 31, mask = 1,
+      [0] = {
+        shift = 15, mask = 1,
+        [0] = {
+          shift = 21, mask = 5,
+          [0] = "fmaddDNMAf", "fnmaddDNMAf"
+        },
+        {
+          shift = 21, mask = 5,
+          [0] = "fmsubDNMAf", "fnmsubDNMAf"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+local map_br = { -- Branches, exception generating and system instructions.
+  shift = 29, mask = 7,
+  [0] = "bB",
+  { -- Compare & branch, immediate.
+    shift = 24, mask = 3,
+    [0] = "cbzDBg", "cbnzDBg", "tbzDTBw", "tbnzDTBw"
+  },
+  { -- Conditional branch, immediate.
+    shift = 24, mask = 3,
+    [0] = {
+      shift = 4, mask = 1,
+      [0] = {
+        shift = 0, mask = 15,
+        [0] = "beqB", "bneB", "bhsB", "bloB", "bmiB", "bplB", "bvsB", "bvcB",
+        "bhiB", "blsB", "bgeB", "bltB", "bgtB", "bleB", "balB"
+      }
+    }
+  }, false, "blB",
+  { -- Compare & branch, immediate.
+    shift = 24, mask = 3,
+    [0] = "cbzDBg", "cbnzDBg", "tbzDTBx", "tbnzDTBx"
+  },
+  {
+    shift = 24, mask = 3,
+    [0] = { -- Exception generation.
+      shift = 0, mask = 0xe0001f,
+      [0x200000] = "brkW"
+    },
+    { -- System instructions.
+      shift = 0, mask = 0x3fffff,
+      [0x03201f] = "nop"
+    },
+    { -- Unconditional branch, register.
+      shift = 0, mask = 0xfffc1f,
+      [0x1f0000] = "brNx", [0x3f0000] = "blrNx",
+      [0x5f0000] = "retNx"
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+local map_init = {
+  shift = 25, mask = 15,
+  [0] = false, false, false, false, map_ls, map_datar, map_ls, map_datafp,
+  map_datai, map_datai, map_br, map_br, map_ls, map_datar, map_ls, map_datafp
+}
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+local map_regs = { x = {}, w = {}, d = {}, s = {} }
+
+for i=0,30 do
+  map_regs.x[i] = "x"..i
+  map_regs.w[i] = "w"..i
+  map_regs.d[i] = "d"..i
+  map_regs.s[i] = "s"..i
+end
+map_regs.x[31] = "sp"
+map_regs.w[31] = "wsp"
+map_regs.d[31] = "d31"
+map_regs.s[31] = "s31"
+
+local map_cond = {
+  [0] = "eq", "ne", "cs", "cc", "mi", "pl", "vs", "vc",
+  "hi", "ls", "ge", "lt", "gt", "le", "al",
+}
+
+local map_shift = { [0] = "lsl", "lsr", "asr", }
+
+local map_extend = {
+  [0] = "uxtb", "uxth", "uxtw", "uxtx", "sxtb", "sxth", "sxtw", "sxtx",
+}
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Output a nicely formatted line with an opcode and operands.
+local function putop(ctx, text, operands)
+  local pos = ctx.pos
+  local extra = ""
+  if ctx.rel then
+    local sym = ctx.symtab[ctx.rel]
+    if sym then
+      extra = "\t->"..sym
+    end
+  end
+  if ctx.hexdump > 0 then
+    ctx.out(format("%08x  %s  %-5s %s%s\n",
+      ctx.addr+pos, tohex(ctx.op), text, concat(operands, ", "), extra))
+  else
+    ctx.out(format("%08x  %-5s %s%s\n",
+      ctx.addr+pos, text, concat(operands, ", "), extra))
+  end
+  ctx.pos = pos + 4
+end
+
+-- Fallback for unknown opcodes.
+local function unknown(ctx)
+  return putop(ctx, ".long", { "0x"..tohex(ctx.op) })
+end
+
+local function match_reg(p, pat, regnum)
+  return map_regs[match(pat, p.."%w-([xwds])")][regnum]
+end
+
+local function fmt_hex32(x)
+  if x < 0 then
+    return tohex(x)
+  else
+    return format("%x", x)
+  end
+end
+
+local imm13_rep = { 0x55555555, 0x11111111, 0x01010101, 0x00010001, 0x00000001 }
+
+local function decode_imm13(op)
+  local imms = band(rshift(op, 10), 63)
+  local immr = band(rshift(op, 16), 63)
+  if band(op, 0x00400000) == 0 then
+    local len = 5
+    if imms >= 56 then
+      if imms >= 60 then len = 1 else len = 2 end
+    elseif imms >= 48 then len = 3 elseif imms >= 32 then len = 4 end
+    local l = lshift(1, len)-1
+    local s = band(imms, l)
+    local r = band(immr, l)
+    local imm = ror(rshift(-1, 31-s), r)
+    if len ~= 5 then imm = band(imm, lshift(1, l)-1) + rshift(imm, 31-l) end
+    imm = imm * imm13_rep[len]
+    local ix = fmt_hex32(imm)
+    if rshift(op, 31) ~= 0 then
+      return ix..tohex(imm)
+    else
+      return ix
+    end
+  else
+    local lo, hi = -1, 0
+    if imms < 32 then lo = rshift(-1, 31-imms) else hi = rshift(-1, 63-imms) end
+    if immr ~= 0 then
+      lo, hi = ror(lo, immr), ror(hi, immr)
+      local x = immr == 32 and 0 or band(bxor(lo, hi), lshift(-1, 32-immr))
+      lo, hi = bxor(lo, x), bxor(hi, x)
+      if immr >= 32 then lo, hi = hi, lo end
+    end
+    if hi ~= 0 then
+      return fmt_hex32(hi)..tohex(lo)
+    else
+      return fmt_hex32(lo)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+local function parse_immpc(op, name)
+  if name == "b" or name == "bl" then
+    return arshift(lshift(op, 6), 4)
+  elseif name == "adr" or name == "adrp" then
+    local immlo = band(rshift(op, 29), 3)
+    local immhi = lshift(arshift(lshift(op, 8), 13), 2)
+    return bor(immhi, immlo)
+  elseif name == "tbz" or name == "tbnz" then
+    return lshift(arshift(lshift(op, 13), 18), 2)
+  else
+    return lshift(arshift(lshift(op, 8), 13), 2)
+  end
+end
+
+local function parse_fpimm8(op)
+  local sign = band(op, 0x100000) == 0 and 1 or -1
+  local exp = bxor(rshift(arshift(lshift(op, 12), 5), 24), 0x80) - 131
+  local frac = 16+band(rshift(op, 13), 15)
+  return sign * frac * 2^exp
+end
+
+local function prefer_bfx(sf, uns, imms, immr)
+  if imms < immr or imms == 31 or imms == 63 then
+    return false
+  end
+  if immr == 0 then
+    if sf == 0 and (imms == 7 or imms == 15) then
+      return false
+    end
+    if sf ~= 0 and uns == 0 and (imms == 7 or imms == 15 or imms == 31) then
+      return false
+    end
+  end
+  return true
+end
+
+-- Disassemble a single instruction.
+local function disass_ins(ctx)
+  local pos = ctx.pos
+  local b0, b1, b2, b3 = byte(ctx.code, pos+1, pos+4)
+  local op = bor(lshift(b3, 24), lshift(b2, 16), lshift(b1, 8), b0)
+  local operands = {}
+  local suffix = ""
+  local last, name, pat
+  local map_reg
+  ctx.op = op
+  ctx.rel = nil
+  last = nil
+  local opat
+  opat = map_init[band(rshift(op, 25), 15)]
+  while type(opat) ~= "string" do
+    if not opat then return unknown(ctx) end
+    opat = opat[band(rshift(op, opat.shift), opat.mask)] or opat._
+  end
+  name, pat = match(opat, "^([a-z0-9]*)(.*)")
+  local altname, pat2 = match(pat, "|([a-z0-9_.|]*)(.*)")
+  if altname then pat = pat2 end
+  if sub(pat, 1, 1) == "." then
+    local s2, p2 = match(pat, "^([a-z0-9.]*)(.*)")
+    suffix = suffix..s2
+    pat = p2
+  end
+
+  local rt = match(pat, "[gf]")
+  if rt then
+    if rt == "g" then
+      map_reg = band(op, 0x80000000) ~= 0 and map_regs.x or map_regs.w
+    else
+      map_reg = band(op, 0x400000) ~= 0 and map_regs.d or map_regs.s
+    end
+  end
+
+  local second0, immr
+
+  for p in gmatch(pat, ".") do
+    local x = nil
+    if p == "D" then
+      local regnum = band(op, 31)
+      x = rt and map_reg[regnum] or match_reg(p, pat, regnum)
+    elseif p == "N" then
+      local regnum = band(rshift(op, 5), 31)
+      x = rt and map_reg[regnum] or match_reg(p, pat, regnum)
+    elseif p == "M" then
+      local regnum = band(rshift(op, 16), 31)
+      x = rt and map_reg[regnum] or match_reg(p, pat, regnum)
+    elseif p == "A" then
+      local regnum = band(rshift(op, 10), 31)
+      x = rt and map_reg[regnum] or match_reg(p, pat, regnum)
+    elseif p == "B" then
+      local addr = ctx.addr + pos + parse_immpc(op, name)
+      ctx.rel = addr
+      x = "0x"..tohex(addr)
+    elseif p == "T" then
+      x = bor(band(rshift(op, 26), 32), band(rshift(op, 19), 31))
+    elseif p == "V" then
+      x = band(op, 15)
+    elseif p == "C" then
+      x = map_cond[band(rshift(op, 12), 15)]
+    elseif p == "c" then
+      local rn = band(rshift(op, 5), 31)
+      local rm = band(rshift(op, 16), 31)
+      local cond = band(rshift(op, 12), 15)
+      local invc = bxor(cond, 1)
+      x = map_cond[cond]
+      if altname and cond ~= 14 and cond ~= 15 then
+        local a1, a2 = match(altname, "([^|]*)|(.*)")
+        if rn == rm then
+          local n = #operands
+          operands[n] = nil
+          x = map_cond[invc]
+          if rn ~= 31 then
+            if a1 then name = a1 else name = altname end
+          else
+            operands[n-1] = nil
+            name = a2
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    elseif p == "W" then
+      x = band(rshift(op, 5), 0xffff)
+    elseif p == "Y" then
+      x = band(rshift(op, 5), 0xffff)
+      local hw = band(rshift(op, 21), 3)
+      if altname and (hw == 0 or x ~= 0) then
+        name = altname
+      end
+    elseif p == "L" then
+      local rn = map_regs.x[band(rshift(op, 5), 31)]
+      local imm9 = arshift(lshift(op, 11), 23)
+      if band(op, 0x800) ~= 0 then
+        x = "["..rn..", #"..imm9.."]!"
+      else
+        x = "["..rn.."], #"..imm9
+      end
+    elseif p == "U" then
+      local rn = map_regs.x[band(rshift(op, 5), 31)]
+      local sz = band(rshift(op, 30), 3)
+      local imm12 = lshift(arshift(lshift(op, 10), 20), sz)
+      if imm12 ~= 0 then
+        x = "["..rn..", #"..imm12.."]"
+      else
+        x = "["..rn.."]"
+      end
+    elseif p == "K" then
+      local rn = map_regs.x[band(rshift(op, 5), 31)]
+      local imm9 = arshift(lshift(op, 11), 23)
+      if imm9 ~= 0 then
+        x = "["..rn..", #"..imm9.."]"
+      else
+        x = "["..rn.."]"
+      end
+    elseif p == "O" then
+      local rn, rm = map_regs.x[band(rshift(op, 5), 31)]
+      local m = band(rshift(op, 13), 1)
+      if m == 0 then
+        rm = map_regs.w[band(rshift(op, 16), 31)]
+      else
+        rm = map_regs.x[band(rshift(op, 16), 31)]
+      end
+      x = "["..rn..", "..rm
+      local opt = band(rshift(op, 13), 7)
+      local s = band(rshift(op, 12), 1)
+      local sz = band(rshift(op, 30), 3)
+      -- extension to be applied
+      if opt == 3 then
+       if s == 0 then x = x.."]"
+       else x = x..", lsl #"..sz.."]" end
+      elseif opt == 2 or opt == 6 or opt == 7 then
+        if s == 0 then x = x..", "..map_extend[opt].."]"
+        else x = x..", "..map_extend[opt].." #"..sz.."]" end
+      else
+        x = x.."]"
+      end
+    elseif p == "P" then
+      local opcv, sh = rshift(op, 26), 2
+      if opcv >= 0x2a then sh = 4 elseif opcv >= 0x1b then sh = 3 end
+      local imm7 = lshift(arshift(lshift(op, 10), 25), sh)
+      local rn = map_regs.x[band(rshift(op, 5), 31)]
+      local ind = band(rshift(op, 23), 3)
+      if ind == 1 then
+        x = "["..rn.."], #"..imm7
+      elseif ind == 2 then
+        if imm7 == 0 then
+          x = "["..rn.."]"
+        else
+          x = "["..rn..", #"..imm7.."]"
+        end
+      elseif ind == 3 then
+        x = "["..rn..", #"..imm7.."]!"
+      end
+    elseif p == "I" then
+      local shf = band(rshift(op, 22), 3)
+      local imm12 = band(rshift(op, 10), 0x0fff)
+      local rn, rd = band(rshift(op, 5), 31), band(op, 31)
+      if altname == "mov" and shf == 0 and imm12 == 0 and (rn == 31 or rd == 31) then
+        name = altname
+        x = nil
+      elseif shf == 0 then
+        x = imm12
+      elseif shf == 1 then
+        x = imm12..", lsl #12"
+      end
+    elseif p == "i" then
+      x = "#0x"..decode_imm13(op)
+    elseif p == "1" then
+      immr = band(rshift(op, 16), 63)
+      x = immr
+    elseif p == "2" then
+      x = band(rshift(op, 10), 63)
+      if altname then
+        local a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 =
+          match(altname, "([^|]*)|([^|]*)|([^|]*)|([^|]*)|([^|]*)|(.*)")
+        local sf = band(rshift(op, 26), 32)
+        local uns = band(rshift(op, 30), 1)
+        if prefer_bfx(sf, uns, x, immr) then
+          name = a2
+          x = x - immr + 1
+        elseif immr == 0 and x == 7 then
+          local n = #operands
+          operands[n] = nil
+          if sf ~= 0 then
+            operands[n-1] = gsub(operands[n-1], "x", "w")
+          end
+          last = operands[n-1]
+          name = a6
+          x = nil
+        elseif immr == 0 and x == 15 then
+          local n = #operands
+          operands[n] = nil
+          if sf ~= 0 then
+            operands[n-1] = gsub(operands[n-1], "x", "w")
+          end
+          last = operands[n-1]
+          name = a5
+          x = nil
+        elseif x == 31 or x == 63 then
+          if x == 31 and immr == 0 and name == "sbfm" then
+            name = a4
+            local n = #operands
+            operands[n] = nil
+            if sf ~= 0 then
+              operands[n-1] = gsub(operands[n-1], "x", "w")
+            end
+            last = operands[n-1]
+          else
+            name = a3
+          end
+          x = nil
+        elseif band(x, 31) ~= 31 and immr == x+1 and name == "ubfm" then
+          name = a4
+          last = "#"..(sf+32 - immr)
+          operands[#operands] = last
+          x = nil
+        elseif x < immr then
+          name = a1
+          last = "#"..(sf+32 - immr)
+          operands[#operands] = last
+          x = x + 1
+        end
+      end
+    elseif p == "3" then
+      x = band(rshift(op, 10), 63)
+      if altname then
+        local a1, a2 = match(altname, "([^|]*)|(.*)")
+        if x < immr then
+          name = a1
+          local sf = band(rshift(op, 26), 32)
+          last = "#"..(sf+32 - immr)
+          operands[#operands] = last
+          x = x + 1
+        else
+          name = a2
+          x = x - immr + 1
+        end
+      end
+    elseif p == "4" then
+      x = band(rshift(op, 10), 63)
+      local rn = band(rshift(op, 5), 31)
+      local rm = band(rshift(op, 16), 31)
+      if altname and rn == rm then
+        local n = #operands
+        operands[n] = nil
+        last = operands[n-1]
+        name = altname
+      end
+    elseif p == "5" then
+      x = band(rshift(op, 16), 31)
+    elseif p == "S" then
+      x = band(rshift(op, 10), 63)
+      if x == 0 then x = nil
+      else x = map_shift[band(rshift(op, 22), 3)].." #"..x end
+    elseif p == "X" then
+      local opt = band(rshift(op, 13), 7)
+      -- Width specifier <R>.
+      if opt ~= 3 and opt ~= 7 then
+        last = map_regs.w[band(rshift(op, 16), 31)]
+        operands[#operands] = last
+      end
+      x = band(rshift(op, 10), 7)
+      -- Extension.
+      if opt == 2 + band(rshift(op, 31), 1) and
+         band(rshift(op, second0 and 5 or 0), 31) == 31 then
+        if x == 0 then x = nil
+        else x = "lsl #"..x end
+      else
+        if x == 0 then x = map_extend[band(rshift(op, 13), 7)]
+        else x = map_extend[band(rshift(op, 13), 7)].." #"..x end
+      end
+    elseif p == "R" then
+      x = band(rshift(op,21), 3)
+      if x == 0 then x = nil
+      else x = "lsl #"..x*16 end
+    elseif p == "z" then
+      local n = #operands
+      if operands[n] == "sp" then operands[n] = "xzr"
+      elseif operands[n] == "wsp" then operands[n] = "wzr"
+      end
+    elseif p == "Z" then
+      x = 0
+    elseif p == "F" then
+      x = parse_fpimm8(op)
+    elseif p == "g" or p == "f" or p == "x" or p == "w" or
+           p == "d" or p == "s" then
+      -- These are handled in D/N/M/A.
+    elseif p == "0" then
+      if last == "sp" or last == "wsp" then
+        local n = #operands
+        operands[n] = nil
+        last = operands[n-1]
+        if altname then
+          local a1, a2 = match(altname, "([^|]*)|(.*)")
+          if not a1 then
+            name = altname
+          elseif second0 then
+            name, altname = a2, a1
+          else
+            name, altname = a1, a2
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      second0 = true
+    else
+      assert(false)
+    end
+    if x then
+      last = x
+      if type(x) == "number" then x = "#"..x end
+      operands[#operands+1] = x
+    end
+  end
+
+  return putop(ctx, name..suffix, operands)
+end
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Disassemble a block of code.
+local function disass_block(ctx, ofs, len)
+  if not ofs then ofs = 0 end
+  local stop = len and ofs+len or #ctx.code
+  ctx.pos = ofs
+  ctx.rel = nil
+  while ctx.pos < stop do disass_ins(ctx) end
+end
+
+-- Extended API: create a disassembler context. Then call ctx:disass(ofs, len).
+local function create(code, addr, out)
+  local ctx = {}
+  ctx.code = code
+  ctx.addr = addr or 0
+  ctx.out = out or io.write
+  ctx.symtab = {}
+  ctx.disass = disass_block
+  ctx.hexdump = 8
+  return ctx
+end
+
+-- Simple API: disassemble code (a string) at address and output via out.
+local function disass(code, addr, out)
+  create(code, addr, out):disass()
+end
+
+-- Return register name for RID.
+local function regname(r)
+  if r < 32 then return map_regs.x[r] end
+  return map_regs.d[r-32]
+end
+
+-- Public module functions.
+return {
+  create = create,
+  disass = disass,
+  regname = regname
+}
+
diff --git a/src/jit/dis_arm64be.lua b/src/jit/dis_arm64be.lua
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f7a56352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/jit/dis_arm64be.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- LuaJIT ARM64BE disassembler wrapper module.
+--
+-- Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. All rights reserved.
+-- Released under the MIT license. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- ARM64 instructions are always little-endian. So just forward to the
+-- common ARM64 disassembler module. All the interesting stuff is there.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+return require((string.match(..., ".*%.") or "").."dis_arm64")
+
diff --git a/src/jit/dis_mips.lua b/src/jit/dis_mips.lua
index ebfed56a..b0e99df4 100644
--- a/src/jit/dis_mips.lua
+++ b/src/jit/dis_mips.lua
@@ -19,13 +19,34 @@ local band, bor, tohex = bit.band, bit.bor, bit.tohex
 local lshift, rshift, arshift = bit.lshift, bit.rshift, bit.arshift
 
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- Primary and extended opcode maps
+-- Extended opcode maps common to all MIPS releases
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-local map_movci = { shift = 16, mask = 1, [0] = "movfDSC", "movtDSC", }
 local map_srl = { shift = 21, mask = 1, [0] = "srlDTA", "rotrDTA", }
 local map_srlv = { shift = 6, mask = 1, [0] = "srlvDTS", "rotrvDTS", }
 
+local map_cop0 = {
+  shift = 25, mask = 1,
+  [0] = {
+    shift = 21, mask = 15,
+    [0] = "mfc0TDW", [4] = "mtc0TDW",
+    [10] = "rdpgprDT",
+    [11] = { shift = 5, mask = 1, [0] = "diT0", "eiT0", },
+    [14] = "wrpgprDT",
+  }, {
+    shift = 0, mask = 63,
+    [1] = "tlbr", [2] = "tlbwi", [6] = "tlbwr", [8] = "tlbp",
+    [24] = "eret", [31] = "deret",
+    [32] = "wait",
+  },
+}
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Primary and extended opcode maps for MIPS R1-R5
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+local map_movci = { shift = 16, mask = 1, [0] = "movfDSC", "movtDSC", }
+
 local map_special = {
   shift = 0, mask = 63,
   [0] = { shift = 0, mask = -1, [0] = "nop", _ = "sllDTA" },
@@ -34,15 +55,17 @@ local map_special = {
   "jrS",        "jalrD1S",      "movzDST",      "movnDST",
   "syscallY",   "breakY",       false,          "sync",
   "mfhiD",      "mthiS",        "mfloD",        "mtloS",
-  false,        false,          false,          false,
+  "dsllvDST",   false,          "dsrlvDST",     "dsravDST",
   "multST",     "multuST",      "divST",        "divuST",
-  false,        false,          false,          false,
+  "dmultST",    "dmultuST",     "ddivST",       "ddivuST",
   "addDST",     "addu|moveDST0", "subDST",      "subu|neguDS0T",
-  "andDST",     "orDST",        "xorDST",       "nor|notDST0",
+  "andDST",     "or|moveDST0",  "xorDST",       "nor|notDST0",
   false,        false,          "sltDST",       "sltuDST",
-  false,        false,          false,          false,
+  "daddDST",    "dadduDST",     "dsubDST",      "dsubuDST",
   "tgeSTZ",     "tgeuSTZ",      "tltSTZ",       "tltuSTZ",
-  "teqSTZ",     false,          "tneSTZ",
+  "teqSTZ",     false,          "tneSTZ",       false,
+  "dsllDTA",    false,          "dsrlDTA",      "dsraDTA",
+  "dsll32DTA",  false,          "dsrl32DTA",    "dsra32DTA",
 }
 
 local map_special2 = {
@@ -60,11 +83,17 @@ local map_bshfl = {
   [24] = "sehDT",
 }
 
+local map_dbshfl = {
+  shift = 6, mask = 31,
+  [2] = "dsbhDT",
+  [5] = "dshdDT",
+}
+
 local map_special3 = {
   shift = 0, mask = 63,
-  [0] = "extTSAK", [4] = "insTSAL",
-  [32] = map_bshfl,
-  [59] = "rdhwrTD",
+  [0]  = "extTSAK", [1]  = "dextmTSAP", [3]  = "dextTSAK",
+  [4]  = "insTSAL", [6]  = "dinsuTSEQ", [7]  = "dinsTSAL",
+  [32] = map_bshfl, [36] = map_dbshfl,  [59] = "rdhwrTD",
 }
 
 local map_regimm = {
@@ -79,22 +108,6 @@ local map_regimm = {
   false,        false,          false,          "synciSO",
 }
 
-local map_cop0 = {
-  shift = 25, mask = 1,
-  [0] = {
-    shift = 21, mask = 15,
-    [0] = "mfc0TDW", [4] = "mtc0TDW",
-    [10] = "rdpgprDT",
-    [11] = { shift = 5, mask = 1, [0] = "diT0", "eiT0", },
-    [14] = "wrpgprDT",
-  }, {
-    shift = 0, mask = 63,
-    [1] = "tlbr", [2] = "tlbwi", [6] = "tlbwr", [8] = "tlbp",
-    [24] = "eret", [31] = "deret",
-    [32] = "wait",
-  },
-}
-
 local map_cop1s = {
   shift = 0, mask = 63,
   [0] = "add.sFGH",     "sub.sFGH",     "mul.sFGH",     "div.sFGH",
@@ -178,8 +191,8 @@ local map_cop1bc = {
 
 local map_cop1 = {
   shift = 21, mask = 31,
-  [0] = "mfc1TG", false,        "cfc1TG",       "mfhc1TG",
-  "mtc1TG",     false,          "ctc1TG",       "mthc1TG",
+  [0] = "mfc1TG", "dmfc1TG",    "cfc1TG",       "mfhc1TG",
+  "mtc1TG",     "dmtc1TG",      "ctc1TG",       "mthc1TG",
   map_cop1bc,   false,          false,          false,
   false,        false,          false,          false,
   map_cop1s,    map_cop1d,      false,          false,
@@ -213,16 +226,218 @@ local map_pri = {
   "andiTSU",    "ori|liTS0U",   "xoriTSU",      "luiTU",
   map_cop0,     map_cop1,       false,          map_cop1x,
   "beql|beqzlST0B",     "bnel|bnezlST0B",       "blezlSB",      "bgtzlSB",
-  false,        false,          false,          false,
-  map_special2, false,          false,          map_special3,
+  "daddiTSI",   "daddiuTSI",    false,          false,
+  map_special2, "jalxJ",        false,          map_special3,
   "lbTSO",      "lhTSO",        "lwlTSO",       "lwTSO",
   "lbuTSO",     "lhuTSO",       "lwrTSO",       false,
   "sbTSO",      "shTSO",        "swlTSO",       "swTSO",
   false,        false,          "swrTSO",       "cacheNSO",
   "llTSO",      "lwc1HSO",      "lwc2TSO",      "prefNSO",
-  false,        "ldc1HSO",      "ldc2TSO",      false,
+  false,        "ldc1HSO",      "ldc2TSO",      "ldTSO",
   "scTSO",      "swc1HSO",      "swc2TSO",      false,
-  false,        "sdc1HSO",      "sdc2TSO",      false,
+  false,        "sdc1HSO",      "sdc2TSO",      "sdTSO",
+}
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Primary and extended opcode maps for MIPS R6
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+local map_mul_r6 =   { shift = 6, mask = 3, [2] = "mulDST",   [3] = "muhDST" }
+local map_mulu_r6 =  { shift = 6, mask = 3, [2] = "muluDST",  [3] = "muhuDST" }
+local map_div_r6 =   { shift = 6, mask = 3, [2] = "divDST",   [3] = "modDST" }
+local map_divu_r6 =  { shift = 6, mask = 3, [2] = "divuDST",  [3] = "moduDST" }
+local map_dmul_r6 =  { shift = 6, mask = 3, [2] = "dmulDST",  [3] = "dmuhDST" }
+local map_dmulu_r6 = { shift = 6, mask = 3, [2] = "dmuluDST", [3] = "dmuhuDST" }
+local map_ddiv_r6 =  { shift = 6, mask = 3, [2] = "ddivDST",  [3] = "dmodDST" }
+local map_ddivu_r6 = { shift = 6, mask = 3, [2] = "ddivuDST", [3] = "dmoduDST" }
+
+local map_special_r6 = {
+  shift = 0, mask = 63,
+  [0] = { shift = 0, mask = -1, [0] = "nop", _ = "sllDTA" },
+  false,        map_srl,        "sraDTA",
+  "sllvDTS",    false,          map_srlv,       "sravDTS",
+  "jrS",        "jalrD1S",      false,          false,
+  "syscallY",   "breakY",       false,          "sync",
+  "clzDS",      "cloDS",        "dclzDS",       "dcloDS",
+  "dsllvDST",   "dlsaDSTA",     "dsrlvDST",     "dsravDST",
+  map_mul_r6,   map_mulu_r6,    map_div_r6,     map_divu_r6,
+  map_dmul_r6,  map_dmulu_r6,   map_ddiv_r6,    map_ddivu_r6,
+  "addDST",     "addu|moveDST0", "subDST",      "subu|neguDS0T",
+  "andDST",     "or|moveDST0",  "xorDST",       "nor|notDST0",
+  false,        false,          "sltDST",       "sltuDST",
+  "daddDST",    "dadduDST",     "dsubDST",      "dsubuDST",
+  "tgeSTZ",     "tgeuSTZ",      "tltSTZ",       "tltuSTZ",
+  "teqSTZ",     "seleqzDST",    "tneSTZ",       "selnezDST",
+  "dsllDTA",    false,          "dsrlDTA",      "dsraDTA",
+  "dsll32DTA",  false,          "dsrl32DTA",    "dsra32DTA",
+}
+
+local map_bshfl_r6 = {
+  shift = 9, mask = 3,
+  [1] = "alignDSTa",
+  _ = {
+    shift = 6, mask = 31,
+    [0] = "bitswapDT",
+    [2] = "wsbhDT",
+    [16] = "sebDT",
+    [24] = "sehDT",
+  }
+}
+
+local map_dbshfl_r6 = {
+  shift = 9, mask = 3,
+  [1] = "dalignDSTa",
+  _ = {
+    shift = 6, mask = 31,
+    [0] = "dbitswapDT",
+    [2] = "dsbhDT",
+    [5] = "dshdDT",
+  }
+}
+
+local map_special3_r6 = {
+  shift = 0, mask = 63,
+  [0]  = "extTSAK", [1]  = "dextmTSAP", [3]  = "dextTSAK",
+  [4]  = "insTSAL", [6]  = "dinsuTSEQ", [7]  = "dinsTSAL",
+  [32] = map_bshfl_r6, [36] = map_dbshfl_r6,  [59] = "rdhwrTD",
+}
+
+local map_regimm_r6 = {
+  shift = 16, mask = 31,
+  [0] = "bltzSB", [1] = "bgezSB",
+  [6] = "dahiSI", [30] = "datiSI",
+  [23] = "sigrieI", [31] = "synciSO",
+}
+
+local map_pcrel_r6 = {
+  shift = 19, mask = 3,
+  [0] = "addiupcS2", "lwpcS2", "lwupcS2", {
+    shift = 18, mask = 1,
+    [0] = "ldpcS3", { shift = 16, mask = 3, [2] = "auipcSI", [3] = "aluipcSI" }
+  }
+}
+
+local map_cop1s_r6 = {
+  shift = 0, mask = 63,
+  [0] = "add.sFGH",     "sub.sFGH",     "mul.sFGH",     "div.sFGH",
+  "sqrt.sFG",           "abs.sFG",      "mov.sFG",      "neg.sFG",
+  "round.l.sFG",        "trunc.l.sFG",  "ceil.l.sFG",   "floor.l.sFG",
+  "round.w.sFG",        "trunc.w.sFG",  "ceil.w.sFG",   "floor.w.sFG",
+  "sel.sFGH",           false,          false,          false,
+  "seleqz.sFGH",        "recip.sFG",    "rsqrt.sFG",    "selnez.sFGH",
+  "maddf.sFGH",         "msubf.sFGH",   "rint.sFG",     "class.sFG",
+  "min.sFGH",           "mina.sFGH",    "max.sFGH",     "maxa.sFGH",
+  false,                "cvt.d.sFG",    false,          false,
+  "cvt.w.sFG",          "cvt.l.sFG",
+}
+
+local map_cop1d_r6 = {
+  shift = 0, mask = 63,
+  [0] = "add.dFGH",     "sub.dFGH",     "mul.dFGH",     "div.dFGH",
+  "sqrt.dFG",           "abs.dFG",      "mov.dFG",      "neg.dFG",
+  "round.l.dFG",        "trunc.l.dFG",  "ceil.l.dFG",   "floor.l.dFG",
+  "round.w.dFG",        "trunc.w.dFG",  "ceil.w.dFG",   "floor.w.dFG",
+  "sel.dFGH",           false,          false,          false,
+  "seleqz.dFGH",        "recip.dFG",    "rsqrt.dFG",    "selnez.dFGH",
+  "maddf.dFGH",         "msubf.dFGH",   "rint.dFG",     "class.dFG",
+  "min.dFGH",           "mina.dFGH",    "max.dFGH",     "maxa.dFGH",
+  "cvt.s.dFG",          false,          false,          false,
+  "cvt.w.dFG",          "cvt.l.dFG",
+}
+
+local map_cop1w_r6 = {
+  shift = 0, mask = 63,
+  [0] = "cmp.af.sFGH",  "cmp.un.sFGH",  "cmp.eq.sFGH",  "cmp.ueq.sFGH",
+  "cmp.lt.sFGH",        "cmp.ult.sFGH", "cmp.le.sFGH",  "cmp.ule.sFGH",
+  "cmp.saf.sFGH",       "cmp.sun.sFGH", "cmp.seq.sFGH", "cmp.sueq.sFGH",
+  "cmp.slt.sFGH",       "cmp.sult.sFGH",        "cmp.sle.sFGH", "cmp.sule.sFGH",
+  false,                "cmp.or.sFGH",  "cmp.une.sFGH", "cmp.ne.sFGH",
+  false,                false,          false,          false,
+  false,                "cmp.sor.sFGH", "cmp.sune.sFGH",        "cmp.sne.sFGH",
+  false,                false,          false,          false,
+  "cvt.s.wFG", "cvt.d.wFG",
+}
+
+local map_cop1l_r6 = {
+  shift = 0, mask = 63,
+  [0] = "cmp.af.dFGH",  "cmp.un.dFGH",  "cmp.eq.dFGH",  "cmp.ueq.dFGH",
+  "cmp.lt.dFGH",        "cmp.ult.dFGH", "cmp.le.dFGH",  "cmp.ule.dFGH",
+  "cmp.saf.dFGH",       "cmp.sun.dFGH", "cmp.seq.dFGH", "cmp.sueq.dFGH",
+  "cmp.slt.dFGH",       "cmp.sult.dFGH",        "cmp.sle.dFGH", "cmp.sule.dFGH",
+  false,                "cmp.or.dFGH",  "cmp.une.dFGH", "cmp.ne.dFGH",
+  false,                false,          false,          false,
+  false,                "cmp.sor.dFGH", "cmp.sune.dFGH",        "cmp.sne.dFGH",
+  false,                false,          false,          false,
+  "cvt.s.lFG", "cvt.d.lFG",
+}
+
+local map_cop1_r6 = {
+  shift = 21, mask = 31,
+  [0] = "mfc1TG", "dmfc1TG",    "cfc1TG",       "mfhc1TG",
+  "mtc1TG",     "dmtc1TG",      "ctc1TG",       "mthc1TG",
+  false,        "bc1eqzHB",     false,          false,
+  false,        "bc1nezHB",     false,          false,
+  map_cop1s_r6, map_cop1d_r6,   false,          false,
+  map_cop1w_r6, map_cop1l_r6,
+}
+
+local function maprs_popTS(rs, rt)
+  if rt == 0 then return 0 elseif rs == 0 then return 1
+  elseif rs == rt then return 2 else return 3 end
+end
+
+local map_pop06_r6 = {
+  maprs = maprs_popTS, [0] = "blezSB", "blezalcTB", "bgezalcTB", "bgeucSTB"
+}
+local map_pop07_r6 = {
+  maprs = maprs_popTS, [0] = "bgtzSB", "bgtzalcTB", "bltzalcTB", "bltucSTB"
+}
+local map_pop26_r6 = {
+  maprs = maprs_popTS, "blezcTB", "bgezcTB", "bgecSTB"
+}
+local map_pop27_r6 = {
+  maprs = maprs_popTS, "bgtzcTB", "bltzcTB", "bltcSTB"
+}
+
+local function maprs_popS(rs, rt)
+  if rs == 0 then return 0 else return 1 end
+end
+
+local map_pop66_r6 = {
+  maprs = maprs_popS, [0] = "jicTI", "beqzcSb"
+}
+local map_pop76_r6 = {
+  maprs = maprs_popS, [0] = "jialcTI", "bnezcSb"
+}
+
+local function maprs_popST(rs, rt)
+  if rs >= rt then return 0 elseif rs == 0 then return 1 else return 2 end
+end
+
+local map_pop10_r6 = {
+  maprs = maprs_popST, [0] = "bovcSTB", "beqzalcTB", "beqcSTB"
+}
+local map_pop30_r6 = {
+  maprs = maprs_popST, [0] = "bnvcSTB", "bnezalcTB", "bnecSTB"
+}
+
+local map_pri_r6 = {
+  [0] = map_special_r6, map_regimm_r6,  "jJ",   "jalJ",
+  "beq|beqz|bST00B",    "bne|bnezST0B",         map_pop06_r6,   map_pop07_r6,
+  map_pop10_r6, "addiu|liTS0I", "sltiTSI",      "sltiuTSI",
+  "andiTSU",    "ori|liTS0U",   "xoriTSU",      "aui|luiTS0U",
+  map_cop0,     map_cop1_r6,    false,          false,
+  false,        false,          map_pop26_r6,   map_pop27_r6,
+  map_pop30_r6, "daddiuTSI",    false,          false,
+  false,        "dauiTSI",      false,          map_special3_r6,
+  "lbTSO",      "lhTSO",        false,          "lwTSO",
+  "lbuTSO",     "lhuTSO",       false,          false,
+  "sbTSO",      "shTSO",        false,          "swTSO",
+  false,        false,          false,          false,
+  false,        "lwc1HSO",      "bc#",          false,
+  false,        "ldc1HSO",      map_pop66_r6,   "ldTSO",
+  false,        "swc1HSO",      "balc#",        map_pcrel_r6,
+  false,        "sdc1HSO",      map_pop76_r6,   "sdTSO",
 }
 
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -279,10 +494,14 @@ local function disass_ins(ctx)
   ctx.op = op
   ctx.rel = nil
 
-  local opat = map_pri[rshift(op, 26)]
+  local opat = ctx.map_pri[rshift(op, 26)]
   while type(opat) ~= "string" do
     if not opat then return unknown(ctx) end
-    opat = opat[band(rshift(op, opat.shift), opat.mask)] or opat._
+    if opat.maprs then
+      opat = opat[opat.maprs(band(rshift(op,21),31), band(rshift(op,16),31))]
+    else
+      opat = opat[band(rshift(op, opat.shift), opat.mask)] or opat._
+    end
   end
   local name, pat = match(opat, "^([a-z0-9_.]*)(.*)")
   local altname, pat2 = match(pat, "|([a-z0-9_.|]*)(.*)")
@@ -306,6 +525,10 @@ local function disass_ins(ctx)
       x = "f"..band(rshift(op, 21), 31)
     elseif p == "A" then
       x = band(rshift(op, 6), 31)
+    elseif p == "a" then
+      x = band(rshift(op, 6), 7)
+    elseif p == "E" then
+      x = band(rshift(op, 6), 31) + 32
     elseif p == "M" then
       x = band(rshift(op, 11), 31)
     elseif p == "N" then
@@ -315,10 +538,18 @@ local function disass_ins(ctx)
       if x == 0 then x = nil end
     elseif p == "K" then
       x = band(rshift(op, 11), 31) + 1
+    elseif p == "P" then
+      x = band(rshift(op, 11), 31) + 33
     elseif p == "L" then
       x = band(rshift(op, 11), 31) - last + 1
+    elseif p == "Q" then
+      x = band(rshift(op, 11), 31) - last + 33
     elseif p == "I" then
       x = arshift(lshift(op, 16), 16)
+    elseif p == "2" then
+      x = arshift(lshift(op, 13), 11)
+    elseif p == "3" then
+      x = arshift(lshift(op, 14), 11)
     elseif p == "U" then
       x = band(op, 0xffff)
     elseif p == "O" then
@@ -328,13 +559,22 @@ local function disass_ins(ctx)
       local index = map_gpr[band(rshift(op, 16), 31)]
       operands[#operands] = format("%s(%s)", index, last)
     elseif p == "B" then
-      x = ctx.addr + ctx.pos + arshift(lshift(op, 16), 16)*4 + 4
+      x = ctx.addr + ctx.pos + arshift(lshift(op, 16), 14) + 4
+      ctx.rel = x
+      x = format("0x%08x", x)
+    elseif p == "b" then
+      x = ctx.addr + ctx.pos + arshift(lshift(op, 11), 9) + 4
       ctx.rel = x
-      x = "0x"..tohex(x)
+      x = format("0x%08x", x)
+    elseif p == "#" then
+      x = ctx.addr + ctx.pos + arshift(lshift(op, 6), 4) + 4
+      ctx.rel = x
+      x = format("0x%08x", x)
     elseif p == "J" then
-      x = band(ctx.addr + ctx.pos, 0xf0000000) + band(op, 0x03ffffff)*4
+      local a = ctx.addr + ctx.pos
+      x = a - band(a, 0x0fffffff) + band(op, 0x03ffffff)*4
       ctx.rel = x
-      x = "0x"..tohex(x)
+      x = format("0x%08x", x)
     elseif p == "V" then
       x = band(rshift(op, 8), 7)
       if x == 0 then x = nil end
@@ -384,7 +624,7 @@ local function disass_block(ctx, ofs, len)
 end
 
 -- Extended API: create a disassembler context. Then call ctx:disass(ofs, len).
-local function create_(code, addr, out)
+local function create(code, addr, out)
   local ctx = {}
   ctx.code = code
   ctx.addr = addr or 0
@@ -393,36 +633,62 @@ local function create_(code, addr, out)
   ctx.disass = disass_block
   ctx.hexdump = 8
   ctx.get = get_be
+  ctx.map_pri = map_pri
+  return ctx
+end
+
+local function create_el(code, addr, out)
+  local ctx = create(code, addr, out)
+  ctx.get = get_le
+  return ctx
+end
+
+local function create_r6(code, addr, out)
+  local ctx = create(code, addr, out)
+  ctx.map_pri = map_pri_r6
   return ctx
 end
 
-local function create_el_(code, addr, out)
-  local ctx = create_(code, addr, out)
+local function create_r6_el(code, addr, out)
+  local ctx = create(code, addr, out)
   ctx.get = get_le
+  ctx.map_pri = map_pri_r6
   return ctx
 end
 
 -- Simple API: disassemble code (a string) at address and output via out.
-local function disass_(code, addr, out)
-  create_(code, addr, out):disass()
+local function disass(code, addr, out)
+  create(code, addr, out):disass()
+end
+
+local function disass_el(code, addr, out)
+  create_el(code, addr, out):disass()
 end
 
-local function disass_el_(code, addr, out)
-  create_el_(code, addr, out):disass()
+local function disass_r6(code, addr, out)
+  create_r6(code, addr, out):disass()
+end
+
+local function disass_r6_el(code, addr, out)
+  create_r6_el(code, addr, out):disass()
 end
 
 -- Return register name for RID.
-local function regname_(r)
+local function regname(r)
   if r < 32 then return map_gpr[r] end
   return "f"..(r-32)
 end
 
 -- Public module functions.
-module(...)
-
-create = create_
-create_el = create_el_
-disass = disass_
-disass_el = disass_el_
-regname = regname_
+return {
+  create = create,
+  create_el = create_el,
+  create_r6 = create_r6,
+  create_r6_el = create_r6_el,
+  disass = disass,
+  disass_el = disass_el,
+  disass_r6 = disass_r6,
+  disass_r6_el = disass_r6_el,
+  regname = regname
+}
 
diff --git a/src/jit/dis_mips64.lua b/src/jit/dis_mips64.lua
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5f3a4dab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/jit/dis_mips64.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- LuaJIT MIPS64 disassembler wrapper module.
+--
+-- Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. All rights reserved.
+-- Released under the MIT license. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- This module just exports the big-endian functions from the
+-- MIPS disassembler module. All the interesting stuff is there.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+local dis_mips = require((string.match(..., ".*%.") or "").."dis_mips")
+return {
+  create = dis_mips.create,
+  disass = dis_mips.disass,
+  regname = dis_mips.regname
+}
+
diff --git a/src/jit/dis_mips64el.lua b/src/jit/dis_mips64el.lua
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea513649
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/jit/dis_mips64el.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- LuaJIT MIPS64EL disassembler wrapper module.
+--
+-- Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. All rights reserved.
+-- Released under the MIT license. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- This module just exports the little-endian functions from the
+-- MIPS disassembler module. All the interesting stuff is there.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+local dis_mips = require((string.match(..., ".*%.") or "").."dis_mips")
+return {
+  create = dis_mips.create_el,
+  disass = dis_mips.disass_el,
+  regname = dis_mips.regname
+}
+
diff --git a/src/jit/dis_mips64r6.lua b/src/jit/dis_mips64r6.lua
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1d948411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/jit/dis_mips64r6.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- LuaJIT MIPS64R6 disassembler wrapper module.
+--
+-- Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. All rights reserved.
+-- Released under the MIT license. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- This module just exports the r6 big-endian functions from the
+-- MIPS disassembler module. All the interesting stuff is there.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+local dis_mips = require((string.match(..., ".*%.") or "").."dis_mips")
+return {
+  create = dis_mips.create_r6,
+  disass = dis_mips.disass_r6,
+  regname = dis_mips.regname
+}
+
diff --git a/src/jit/dis_mips64r6el.lua b/src/jit/dis_mips64r6el.lua
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26592e17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/jit/dis_mips64r6el.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- LuaJIT MIPS64R6EL disassembler wrapper module.
+--
+-- Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. All rights reserved.
+-- Released under the MIT license. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- This module just exports the r6 little-endian functions from the
+-- MIPS disassembler module. All the interesting stuff is there.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+local dis_mips = require((string.match(..., ".*%.") or "").."dis_mips")
+return {
+  create = dis_mips.create_r6_el,
+  disass = dis_mips.disass_r6_el,
+  regname = dis_mips.regname
+}
+
diff --git a/src/jit/dis_mipsel.lua b/src/jit/dis_mipsel.lua
index 6c14800e..6906a779 100644
--- a/src/jit/dis_mipsel.lua
+++ b/src/jit/dis_mipsel.lua
@@ -8,13 +8,10 @@
 -- MIPS disassembler module. All the interesting stuff is there.
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-local require = require
-
-module(...)
-
-local dis_mips = require(_PACKAGE.."dis_mips")
-
-create = dis_mips.create_el
-disass = dis_mips.disass_el
-regname = dis_mips.regname
+local dis_mips = require((string.match(..., ".*%.") or "").."dis_mips")
+return {
+  create = dis_mips.create_el,
+  disass = dis_mips.disass_el,
+  regname = dis_mips.regname
+}
 
diff --git a/src/jit/dis_ppc.lua b/src/jit/dis_ppc.lua
index 26a6b343..95c3da84 100644
--- a/src/jit/dis_ppc.lua
+++ b/src/jit/dis_ppc.lua
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ local function disass_block(ctx, ofs, len)
 end
 
 -- Extended API: create a disassembler context. Then call ctx:disass(ofs, len).
-local function create_(code, addr, out)
+local function create(code, addr, out)
   local ctx = {}
   ctx.code = code
   ctx.addr = addr or 0
@@ -572,20 +572,20 @@ local function create_(code, addr, out)
 end
 
 -- Simple API: disassemble code (a string) at address and output via out.
-local function disass_(code, addr, out)
-  create_(code, addr, out):disass()
+local function disass(code, addr, out)
+  create(code, addr, out):disass()
 end
 
 -- Return register name for RID.
-local function regname_(r)
+local function regname(r)
   if r < 32 then return map_gpr[r] end
   return "f"..(r-32)
 end
 
 -- Public module functions.
-module(...)
-
-create = create_
-disass = disass_
-regname = regname_
+return {
+  create = create,
+  disass = disass,
+  regname = regname
+}
 
diff --git a/src/jit/dis_x64.lua b/src/jit/dis_x64.lua
index 3ffd67e2..eb21f044 100644
--- a/src/jit/dis_x64.lua
+++ b/src/jit/dis_x64.lua
@@ -8,13 +8,10 @@
 -- x86/x64 disassembler module. All the interesting stuff is there.
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-local require = require
-
-module(...)
-
-local dis_x86 = require(_PACKAGE.."dis_x86")
-
-create = dis_x86.create64
-disass = dis_x86.disass64
-regname = dis_x86.regname64
+local dis_x86 = require((string.match(..., ".*%.") or "").."dis_x86")
+return {
+  create = dis_x86.create64,
+  disass = dis_x86.disass64,
+  regname = dis_x86.regname64
+}
 
diff --git a/src/jit/dis_x86.lua b/src/jit/dis_x86.lua
index 77702b89..40b8218e 100644
--- a/src/jit/dis_x86.lua
+++ b/src/jit/dis_x86.lua
@@ -15,19 +15,20 @@
 -- Intel and AMD manuals. The supported instruction set is quite extensive
 -- and reflects what a current generation Intel or AMD CPU implements in
 -- 32 bit and 64 bit mode. Yes, this includes MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3,
--- SSE4.1, SSE4.2, SSE4a and even privileged and hypervisor (VMX/SVM)
--- instructions.
+-- SSE4.1, SSE4.2, SSE4a, AVX, AVX2 and even privileged and hypervisor
+-- (VMX/SVM) instructions.
 --
 -- Notes:
 -- * The (useless) a16 prefix, 3DNow and pre-586 opcodes are unsupported.
 -- * No attempt at optimization has been made -- it's fast enough for my needs.
--- * The public API may change when more architectures are added.
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 local type = type
 local sub, byte, format = string.sub, string.byte, string.format
 local match, gmatch, gsub = string.match, string.gmatch, string.gsub
 local lower, rep = string.lower, string.rep
+local bit = require("bit")
+local tohex = bit.tohex
 
 -- Map for 1st opcode byte in 32 bit mode. Ugly? Well ... read on.
 local map_opc1_32 = {
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ local map_opc1_32 = {
 "movBRi","movBRi","movBRi","movBRi","movBRi","movBRi","movBRi","movBRi",
 "movVRI","movVRI","movVRI","movVRI","movVRI","movVRI","movVRI","movVRI",
 --Cx
-"shift!Bmu","shift!Vmu","retBw","ret","$lesVrm","$ldsVrm","movBmi","movVmi",
+"shift!Bmu","shift!Vmu","retBw","ret","vex*3$lesVrm","vex*2$ldsVrm","movBmi","movVmi",
 "enterBwu","leave","retfBw","retf","int3","intBu","into","iretVS",
 --Dx
 "shift!Bm1","shift!Vm1","shift!Bmc","shift!Vmc","aamBu","aadBu","salc","xlatb",
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ local map_opc1_64 = setmetatable({
   [0x44]="rex*r",  [0x45]="rex*rb",  [0x46]="rex*rx",  [0x47]="rex*rxb",
   [0x48]="rex*w",  [0x49]="rex*wb",  [0x4a]="rex*wx",  [0x4b]="rex*wxb",
   [0x4c]="rex*wr", [0x4d]="rex*wrb", [0x4e]="rex*wrx", [0x4f]="rex*wrxb",
-  [0x82]=false, [0x9a]=false, [0xc4]=false, [0xc5]=false, [0xce]=false,
+  [0x82]=false, [0x9a]=false, [0xc4]="vex*3", [0xc5]="vex*2", [0xce]=false,
   [0xd4]=false, [0xd5]=false, [0xd6]=false, [0xea]=false,
 }, { __index = map_opc1_32 })
 
@@ -112,12 +113,12 @@ local map_opc2 = {
 [0]="sldt!Dmp","sgdt!Ump","larVrm","lslVrm",nil,"syscall","clts","sysret",
 "invd","wbinvd",nil,"ud1",nil,"$prefetch!Bm","femms","3dnowMrmu",
 --1x
-"movupsXrm|movssXrm|movupdXrm|movsdXrm",
-"movupsXmr|movssXmr|movupdXmr|movsdXmr",
+"movupsXrm|movssXrvm|movupdXrm|movsdXrvm",
+"movupsXmr|movssXmvr|movupdXmr|movsdXmvr",
 "movhlpsXrm$movlpsXrm|movsldupXrm|movlpdXrm|movddupXrm",
 "movlpsXmr||movlpdXmr",
-"unpcklpsXrm||unpcklpdXrm",
-"unpckhpsXrm||unpckhpdXrm",
+"unpcklpsXrvm||unpcklpdXrvm",
+"unpckhpsXrvm||unpckhpdXrvm",
 "movlhpsXrm$movhpsXrm|movshdupXrm|movhpdXrm",
 "movhpsXmr||movhpdXmr",
 "$prefetcht!Bm","hintnopVm","hintnopVm","hintnopVm",
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ local map_opc2 = {
 "movUmx$","movUmy$","movUxm$","movUym$","movUmz$",nil,"movUzm$",nil,
 "movapsXrm||movapdXrm",
 "movapsXmr||movapdXmr",
-"cvtpi2psXrMm|cvtsi2ssXrVmt|cvtpi2pdXrMm|cvtsi2sdXrVmt",
+"cvtpi2psXrMm|cvtsi2ssXrvVmt|cvtpi2pdXrMm|cvtsi2sdXrvVmt",
 "movntpsXmr|movntssXmr|movntpdXmr|movntsdXmr",
 "cvttps2piMrXm|cvttss2siVrXm|cvttpd2piMrXm|cvttsd2siVrXm",
 "cvtps2piMrXm|cvtss2siVrXm|cvtpd2piMrXm|cvtsd2siVrXm",
@@ -142,27 +143,27 @@ local map_opc2 = {
 "cmovlVrm","cmovgeVrm","cmovleVrm","cmovgVrm",
 --5x
 "movmskpsVrXm$||movmskpdVrXm$","sqrtpsXrm|sqrtssXrm|sqrtpdXrm|sqrtsdXrm",
-"rsqrtpsXrm|rsqrtssXrm","rcppsXrm|rcpssXrm",
-"andpsXrm||andpdXrm","andnpsXrm||andnpdXrm",
-"orpsXrm||orpdXrm","xorpsXrm||xorpdXrm",
-"addpsXrm|addssXrm|addpdXrm|addsdXrm","mulpsXrm|mulssXrm|mulpdXrm|mulsdXrm",
-"cvtps2pdXrm|cvtss2sdXrm|cvtpd2psXrm|cvtsd2ssXrm",
+"rsqrtpsXrm|rsqrtssXrvm","rcppsXrm|rcpssXrvm",
+"andpsXrvm||andpdXrvm","andnpsXrvm||andnpdXrvm",
+"orpsXrvm||orpdXrvm","xorpsXrvm||xorpdXrvm",
+"addpsXrvm|addssXrvm|addpdXrvm|addsdXrvm","mulpsXrvm|mulssXrvm|mulpdXrvm|mulsdXrvm",
+"cvtps2pdXrm|cvtss2sdXrvm|cvtpd2psXrm|cvtsd2ssXrvm",
 "cvtdq2psXrm|cvttps2dqXrm|cvtps2dqXrm",
-"subpsXrm|subssXrm|subpdXrm|subsdXrm","minpsXrm|minssXrm|minpdXrm|minsdXrm",
-"divpsXrm|divssXrm|divpdXrm|divsdXrm","maxpsXrm|maxssXrm|maxpdXrm|maxsdXrm",
+"subpsXrvm|subssXrvm|subpdXrvm|subsdXrvm","minpsXrvm|minssXrvm|minpdXrvm|minsdXrvm",
+"divpsXrvm|divssXrvm|divpdXrvm|divsdXrvm","maxpsXrvm|maxssXrvm|maxpdXrvm|maxsdXrvm",
 --6x
-"punpcklbwPrm","punpcklwdPrm","punpckldqPrm","packsswbPrm",
-"pcmpgtbPrm","pcmpgtwPrm","pcmpgtdPrm","packuswbPrm",
-"punpckhbwPrm","punpckhwdPrm","punpckhdqPrm","packssdwPrm",
-"||punpcklqdqXrm","||punpckhqdqXrm",
+"punpcklbwPrvm","punpcklwdPrvm","punpckldqPrvm","packsswbPrvm",
+"pcmpgtbPrvm","pcmpgtwPrvm","pcmpgtdPrvm","packuswbPrvm",
+"punpckhbwPrvm","punpckhwdPrvm","punpckhdqPrvm","packssdwPrvm",
+"||punpcklqdqXrvm","||punpckhqdqXrvm",
 "movPrVSm","movqMrm|movdquXrm|movdqaXrm",
 --7x
-"pshufwMrmu|pshufhwXrmu|pshufdXrmu|pshuflwXrmu","pshiftw!Pmu",
-"pshiftd!Pmu","pshiftq!Mmu||pshiftdq!Xmu",
-"pcmpeqbPrm","pcmpeqwPrm","pcmpeqdPrm","emms|",
+"pshufwMrmu|pshufhwXrmu|pshufdXrmu|pshuflwXrmu","pshiftw!Pvmu",
+"pshiftd!Pvmu","pshiftq!Mvmu||pshiftdq!Xvmu",
+"pcmpeqbPrvm","pcmpeqwPrvm","pcmpeqdPrvm","emms*|",
 "vmreadUmr||extrqXmuu$|insertqXrmuu$","vmwriteUrm||extrqXrm$|insertqXrm$",
 nil,nil,
-"||haddpdXrm|haddpsXrm","||hsubpdXrm|hsubpsXrm",
+"||haddpdXrvm|haddpsXrvm","||hsubpdXrvm|hsubpsXrvm",
 "movVSmMr|movqXrm|movVSmXr","movqMmr|movdquXmr|movdqaXmr",
 --8x
 "joVj","jnoVj","jbVj","jnbVj","jzVj","jnzVj","jbeVj","jaVj",
@@ -180,27 +181,27 @@ nil,nil,
 "bsfVrm","bsrVrm|lzcntVrm|bsrWrm","movsxVrBmt","movsxVrWmt",
 --Cx
 "xaddBmr","xaddVmr",
-"cmppsXrmu|cmpssXrmu|cmppdXrmu|cmpsdXrmu","$movntiVmr|",
-"pinsrwPrWmu","pextrwDrPmu",
-"shufpsXrmu||shufpdXrmu","$cmpxchg!Qmp",
+"cmppsXrvmu|cmpssXrvmu|cmppdXrvmu|cmpsdXrvmu","$movntiVmr|",
+"pinsrwPrvWmu","pextrwDrPmu",
+"shufpsXrvmu||shufpdXrvmu","$cmpxchg!Qmp",
 "bswapVR","bswapVR","bswapVR","bswapVR","bswapVR","bswapVR","bswapVR","bswapVR",
 --Dx
-"||addsubpdXrm|addsubpsXrm","psrlwPrm","psrldPrm","psrlqPrm",
-"paddqPrm","pmullwPrm",
+"||addsubpdXrvm|addsubpsXrvm","psrlwPrvm","psrldPrvm","psrlqPrvm",
+"paddqPrvm","pmullwPrvm",
 "|movq2dqXrMm|movqXmr|movdq2qMrXm$","pmovmskbVrMm||pmovmskbVrXm",
-"psubusbPrm","psubuswPrm","pminubPrm","pandPrm",
-"paddusbPrm","padduswPrm","pmaxubPrm","pandnPrm",
+"psubusbPrvm","psubuswPrvm","pminubPrvm","pandPrvm",
+"paddusbPrvm","padduswPrvm","pmaxubPrvm","pandnPrvm",
 --Ex
-"pavgbPrm","psrawPrm","psradPrm","pavgwPrm",
-"pmulhuwPrm","pmulhwPrm",
+"pavgbPrvm","psrawPrvm","psradPrvm","pavgwPrvm",
+"pmulhuwPrvm","pmulhwPrvm",
 "|cvtdq2pdXrm|cvttpd2dqXrm|cvtpd2dqXrm","$movntqMmr||$movntdqXmr",
-"psubsbPrm","psubswPrm","pminswPrm","porPrm",
-"paddsbPrm","paddswPrm","pmaxswPrm","pxorPrm",
+"psubsbPrvm","psubswPrvm","pminswPrvm","porPrvm",
+"paddsbPrvm","paddswPrvm","pmaxswPrvm","pxorPrvm",
 --Fx
-"|||lddquXrm","psllwPrm","pslldPrm","psllqPrm",
-"pmuludqPrm","pmaddwdPrm","psadbwPrm","maskmovqMrm||maskmovdquXrm$",
-"psubbPrm","psubwPrm","psubdPrm","psubqPrm",
-"paddbPrm","paddwPrm","padddPrm","ud",
+"|||lddquXrm","psllwPrvm","pslldPrvm","psllqPrvm",
+"pmuludqPrvm","pmaddwdPrvm","psadbwPrvm","maskmovqMrm||maskmovdquXrm$",
+"psubbPrvm","psubwPrvm","psubdPrvm","psubqPrvm",
+"paddbPrvm","paddwPrvm","padddPrvm","ud",
 }
 assert(map_opc2[255] == "ud")
 
@@ -208,49 +209,91 @@ assert(map_opc2[255] == "ud")
 local map_opc3 = {
 ["38"] = { -- [66] 0f 38 xx
 --0x
-[0]="pshufbPrm","phaddwPrm","phadddPrm","phaddswPrm",
-"pmaddubswPrm","phsubwPrm","phsubdPrm","phsubswPrm",
-"psignbPrm","psignwPrm","psigndPrm","pmulhrswPrm",
-nil,nil,nil,nil,
+[0]="pshufbPrvm","phaddwPrvm","phadddPrvm","phaddswPrvm",
+"pmaddubswPrvm","phsubwPrvm","phsubdPrvm","phsubswPrvm",
+"psignbPrvm","psignwPrvm","psigndPrvm","pmulhrswPrvm",
+"||permilpsXrvm","||permilpdXrvm",nil,nil,
 --1x
 "||pblendvbXrma",nil,nil,nil,
-"||blendvpsXrma","||blendvpdXrma",nil,"||ptestXrm",
-nil,nil,nil,nil,
+"||blendvpsXrma","||blendvpdXrma","||permpsXrvm","||ptestXrm",
+"||broadcastssXrm","||broadcastsdXrm","||broadcastf128XrlXm",nil,
 "pabsbPrm","pabswPrm","pabsdPrm",nil,
 --2x
 "||pmovsxbwXrm","||pmovsxbdXrm","||pmovsxbqXrm","||pmovsxwdXrm",
 "||pmovsxwqXrm","||pmovsxdqXrm",nil,nil,
-"||pmuldqXrm","||pcmpeqqXrm","||$movntdqaXrm","||packusdwXrm",
-nil,nil,nil,nil,
+"||pmuldqXrvm","||pcmpeqqXrvm","||$movntdqaXrm","||packusdwXrvm",
+"||maskmovpsXrvm","||maskmovpdXrvm","||maskmovpsXmvr","||maskmovpdXmvr",
 --3x
 "||pmovzxbwXrm","||pmovzxbdXrm","||pmovzxbqXrm","||pmovzxwdXrm",
-"||pmovzxwqXrm","||pmovzxdqXrm",nil,"||pcmpgtqXrm",
-"||pminsbXrm","||pminsdXrm","||pminuwXrm","||pminudXrm",
-"||pmaxsbXrm","||pmaxsdXrm","||pmaxuwXrm","||pmaxudXrm",
+"||pmovzxwqXrm","||pmovzxdqXrm","||permdXrvm","||pcmpgtqXrvm",
+"||pminsbXrvm","||pminsdXrvm","||pminuwXrvm","||pminudXrvm",
+"||pmaxsbXrvm","||pmaxsdXrvm","||pmaxuwXrvm","||pmaxudXrvm",
 --4x
-"||pmulddXrm","||phminposuwXrm",
+"||pmulddXrvm","||phminposuwXrm",nil,nil,
+nil,"||psrlvVSXrvm","||psravdXrvm","||psllvVSXrvm",
+--5x
+[0x58] = "||pbroadcastdXrlXm",[0x59] = "||pbroadcastqXrlXm",
+[0x5a] = "||broadcasti128XrlXm",
+--7x
+[0x78] = "||pbroadcastbXrlXm",[0x79] = "||pbroadcastwXrlXm",
+--8x
+[0x8c] = "||pmaskmovXrvVSm",
+[0x8e] = "||pmaskmovVSmXvr",
+--9x
+[0x96] = "||fmaddsub132pHXrvm",[0x97] = "||fmsubadd132pHXrvm",
+[0x98] = "||fmadd132pHXrvm",[0x99] = "||fmadd132sHXrvm",
+[0x9a] = "||fmsub132pHXrvm",[0x9b] = "||fmsub132sHXrvm",
+[0x9c] = "||fnmadd132pHXrvm",[0x9d] = "||fnmadd132sHXrvm",
+[0x9e] = "||fnmsub132pHXrvm",[0x9f] = "||fnmsub132sHXrvm",
+--Ax
+[0xa6] = "||fmaddsub213pHXrvm",[0xa7] = "||fmsubadd213pHXrvm",
+[0xa8] = "||fmadd213pHXrvm",[0xa9] = "||fmadd213sHXrvm",
+[0xaa] = "||fmsub213pHXrvm",[0xab] = "||fmsub213sHXrvm",
+[0xac] = "||fnmadd213pHXrvm",[0xad] = "||fnmadd213sHXrvm",
+[0xae] = "||fnmsub213pHXrvm",[0xaf] = "||fnmsub213sHXrvm",
+--Bx
+[0xb6] = "||fmaddsub231pHXrvm",[0xb7] = "||fmsubadd231pHXrvm",
+[0xb8] = "||fmadd231pHXrvm",[0xb9] = "||fmadd231sHXrvm",
+[0xba] = "||fmsub231pHXrvm",[0xbb] = "||fmsub231sHXrvm",
+[0xbc] = "||fnmadd231pHXrvm",[0xbd] = "||fnmadd231sHXrvm",
+[0xbe] = "||fnmsub231pHXrvm",[0xbf] = "||fnmsub231sHXrvm",
+--Dx
+[0xdc] = "||aesencXrvm", [0xdd] = "||aesenclastXrvm",
+[0xde] = "||aesdecXrvm", [0xdf] = "||aesdeclastXrvm",
 --Fx
 [0xf0] = "|||crc32TrBmt",[0xf1] = "|||crc32TrVmt",
+[0xf7] = "| sarxVrmv| shlxVrmv| shrxVrmv",
 },
 
 ["3a"] = { -- [66] 0f 3a xx
 --0x
-[0x00]=nil,nil,nil,nil,nil,nil,nil,nil,
-"||roundpsXrmu","||roundpdXrmu","||roundssXrmu","||roundsdXrmu",
-"||blendpsXrmu","||blendpdXrmu","||pblendwXrmu","palignrPrmu",
+[0x00]="||permqXrmu","||permpdXrmu","||pblenddXrvmu",nil,
+"||permilpsXrmu","||permilpdXrmu","||perm2f128Xrvmu",nil,
+"||roundpsXrmu","||roundpdXrmu","||roundssXrvmu","||roundsdXrvmu",
+"||blendpsXrvmu","||blendpdXrvmu","||pblendwXrvmu","palignrPrvmu",
 --1x
 nil,nil,nil,nil,
 "||pextrbVmXru","||pextrwVmXru","||pextrVmSXru","||extractpsVmXru",
-nil,nil,nil,nil,nil,nil,nil,nil,
+"||insertf128XrvlXmu","||extractf128XlXmYru",nil,nil,
+nil,nil,nil,nil,
 --2x
-"||pinsrbXrVmu","||insertpsXrmu","||pinsrXrVmuS",nil,
+"||pinsrbXrvVmu","||insertpsXrvmu","||pinsrXrvVmuS",nil,
+--3x
+[0x38] = "||inserti128Xrvmu",[0x39] = "||extracti128XlXmYru",
 --4x
-[0x40] = "||dppsXrmu",
-[0x41] = "||dppdXrmu",
-[0x42] = "||mpsadbwXrmu",
+[0x40] = "||dppsXrvmu",
+[0x41] = "||dppdXrvmu",
+[0x42] = "||mpsadbwXrvmu",
+[0x44] = "||pclmulqdqXrvmu",
+[0x46] = "||perm2i128Xrvmu",
+[0x4a] = "||blendvpsXrvmb",[0x4b] = "||blendvpdXrvmb",
+[0x4c] = "||pblendvbXrvmb",
 --6x
 [0x60] = "||pcmpestrmXrmu",[0x61] = "||pcmpestriXrmu",
 [0x62] = "||pcmpistrmXrmu",[0x63] = "||pcmpistriXrmu",
+[0xdf] = "||aeskeygenassistXrmu",
+--Fx
+[0xf0] = "||| rorxVrmu",
 },
 }
 
@@ -354,17 +397,19 @@ local map_regs = {
         "mm0", "mm1", "mm2", "mm3", "mm4", "mm5", "mm6", "mm7" }, -- No x64 ext!
   X = { "xmm0", "xmm1", "xmm2", "xmm3", "xmm4", "xmm5", "xmm6", "xmm7",
         "xmm8", "xmm9", "xmm10", "xmm11", "xmm12", "xmm13", "xmm14", "xmm15" },
+  Y = { "ymm0", "ymm1", "ymm2", "ymm3", "ymm4", "ymm5", "ymm6", "ymm7",
+        "ymm8", "ymm9", "ymm10", "ymm11", "ymm12", "ymm13", "ymm14", "ymm15" },
 }
 local map_segregs = { "es", "cs", "ss", "ds", "fs", "gs", "segr6", "segr7" }
 
 -- Maps for size names.
 local map_sz2n = {
-  B = 1, W = 2, D = 4, Q = 8, M = 8, X = 16,
+  B = 1, W = 2, D = 4, Q = 8, M = 8, X = 16, Y = 32,
 }
 local map_sz2prefix = {
   B = "byte", W = "word", D = "dword",
   Q = "qword",
-  M = "qword", X = "xword",
+  M = "qword", X = "xword", Y = "yword",
   F = "dword", G = "qword", -- No need for sizes/register names for these two.
 }
 
@@ -387,10 +432,13 @@ local function putop(ctx, text, operands)
   if ctx.rep then text = ctx.rep.." "..text; ctx.rep = false end
   if ctx.rex then
     local t = (ctx.rexw and "w" or "")..(ctx.rexr and "r" or "")..
-              (ctx.rexx and "x" or "")..(ctx.rexb and "b" or "")
-    if t ~= "" then text = "rex."..t.." "..text end
+              (ctx.rexx and "x" or "")..(ctx.rexb and "b" or "")..
+              (ctx.vexl and "l" or "")
+    if ctx.vexv and ctx.vexv ~= 0 then t = t.."v"..ctx.vexv end
+    if t ~= "" then text = ctx.rex.."."..t.." "..gsub(text, "^ ", "")
+    elseif ctx.rex == "vex" then text = gsub("v"..text, "^v ", "") end
     ctx.rexw = false; ctx.rexr = false; ctx.rexx = false; ctx.rexb = false
-    ctx.rex = false
+    ctx.rex = false; ctx.vexl = false; ctx.vexv = false
   end
   if ctx.seg then
     local text2, n = gsub(text, "%[", "["..ctx.seg..":")
@@ -405,6 +453,7 @@ local function putop(ctx, text, operands)
   end
   ctx.out(format("%08x  %s%s\n", ctx.addr+ctx.start, hex, text))
   ctx.mrm = false
+  ctx.vexv = false
   ctx.start = pos
   ctx.imm = nil
 end
@@ -413,7 +462,7 @@ end
 local function clearprefixes(ctx)
   ctx.o16 = false; ctx.seg = false; ctx.lock = false; ctx.rep = false
   ctx.rexw = false; ctx.rexr = false; ctx.rexx = false; ctx.rexb = false
-  ctx.rex = false; ctx.a32 = false
+  ctx.rex = false; ctx.a32 = false; ctx.vexl = false
 end
 
 -- Fallback for incomplete opcodes at the end.
@@ -450,9 +499,9 @@ end
 -- Process pattern string and generate the operands.
 local function putpat(ctx, name, pat)
   local operands, regs, sz, mode, sp, rm, sc, rx, sdisp
-  local code, pos, stop = ctx.code, ctx.pos, ctx.stop
+  local code, pos, stop, vexl = ctx.code, ctx.pos, ctx.stop, ctx.vexl
 
-  -- Chars used: 1DFGIMPQRSTUVWXacdfgijmoprstuwxyz
+  -- Chars used: 1DFGHIMPQRSTUVWXYabcdfgijlmoprstuvwxyz
   for p in gmatch(pat, ".") do
     local x = nil
     if p == "V" or p == "U" then
@@ -467,12 +516,17 @@ local function putpat(ctx, name, pat)
     elseif p == "B" then
       sz = "B"
       regs = ctx.rex and map_regs.B64 or map_regs.B
-    elseif match(p, "[WDQMXFG]") then
+    elseif match(p, "[WDQMXYFG]") then
       sz = p
+      if sz == "X" and vexl then sz = "Y"; ctx.vexl = false end
       regs = map_regs[sz]
     elseif p == "P" then
       sz = ctx.o16 and "X" or "M"; ctx.o16 = false
+      if sz == "X" and vexl then sz = "Y"; ctx.vexl = false end
       regs = map_regs[sz]
+    elseif p == "H" then
+      name = name..(ctx.rexw and "d" or "s")
+      ctx.rexw = false
     elseif p == "S" then
       name = name..lower(sz)
     elseif p == "s" then
@@ -484,6 +538,10 @@ local function putpat(ctx, name, pat)
       local imm = getimm(ctx, pos, 1); if not imm then return end
       x = format("0x%02x", imm)
       pos = pos+1
+    elseif p == "b" then
+      local imm = getimm(ctx, pos, 1); if not imm then return end
+      x = regs[imm/16+1]
+      pos = pos+1
     elseif p == "w" then
       local imm = getimm(ctx, pos, 2); if not imm then return end
       x = format("0x%x", imm)
@@ -532,7 +590,7 @@ local function putpat(ctx, name, pat)
         local lo = imm % 0x1000000
         x = format("0x%02x%06x", (imm-lo) / 0x1000000, lo)
       else
-        x = format("0x%08x", imm)
+        x = "0x"..tohex(imm)
       end
     elseif p == "R" then
       local r = byte(code, pos-1, pos-1)%8
@@ -616,8 +674,13 @@ local function putpat(ctx, name, pat)
         else
           x = "CR"..sp
         end
+      elseif p == "v" then
+        if ctx.vexv then
+          x = regs[ctx.vexv+1]; ctx.vexv = false
+        end
       elseif p == "y" then x = "DR"..sp
       elseif p == "z" then x = "TR"..sp
+      elseif p == "l" then vexl = false
       elseif p == "t" then
       else
         error("bad pattern `"..pat.."'")
@@ -692,7 +755,8 @@ map_act = {
   B = putpat, W = putpat, D = putpat, Q = putpat,
   V = putpat, U = putpat, T = putpat,
   M = putpat, X = putpat, P = putpat,
-  F = putpat, G = putpat,
+  F = putpat, G = putpat, Y = putpat,
+  H = putpat,
 
   -- Collect prefixes.
   [":"] = function(ctx, name, pat)
@@ -753,15 +817,68 @@ map_act = {
 
   -- REX prefix.
   rex = function(ctx, name, pat)
-    if ctx.rex then return unknown(ctx) end -- Only 1 REX prefix allowed.
+    if ctx.rex then return unknown(ctx) end -- Only 1 REX or VEX prefix allowed.
     for p in gmatch(pat, ".") do ctx["rex"..p] = true end
-    ctx.rex = true
+    ctx.rex = "rex"
+  end,
+
+  -- VEX prefix.
+  vex = function(ctx, name, pat)
+    if ctx.rex then return unknown(ctx) end -- Only 1 REX or VEX prefix allowed.
+    ctx.rex = "vex"
+    local pos = ctx.pos
+    if ctx.mrm then
+      ctx.mrm = nil
+      pos = pos-1
+    end
+    local b = byte(ctx.code, pos, pos)
+    if not b then return incomplete(ctx) end
+    pos = pos+1
+    if b < 128 then ctx.rexr = true end
+    local m = 1
+    if pat == "3" then
+      m = b%32; b = (b-m)/32
+      local nb = b%2; b = (b-nb)/2
+      if nb == 0 then ctx.rexb = true end
+      local nx = b%2
+      if nx == 0 then ctx.rexx = true end
+      b = byte(ctx.code, pos, pos)
+      if not b then return incomplete(ctx) end
+      pos = pos+1
+      if b >= 128 then ctx.rexw = true end
+    end
+    ctx.pos = pos
+    local map
+    if m == 1 then map = map_opc2
+    elseif m == 2 then map = map_opc3["38"]
+    elseif m == 3 then map = map_opc3["3a"]
+    else return unknown(ctx) end
+    local p = b%4; b = (b-p)/4
+    if p == 1 then ctx.o16 = "o16"
+    elseif p == 2 then ctx.rep = "rep"
+    elseif p == 3 then ctx.rep = "repne" end
+    local l = b%2; b = (b-l)/2
+    if l ~= 0 then ctx.vexl = true end
+    ctx.vexv = (-1-b)%16
+    return dispatchmap(ctx, map)
   end,
 
   -- Special case for nop with REX prefix.
   nop = function(ctx, name, pat)
     return dispatch(ctx, ctx.rex and pat or "nop")
   end,
+
+  -- Special case for 0F 77.
+  emms = function(ctx, name, pat)
+    if ctx.rex ~= "vex" then
+      return putop(ctx, "emms")
+    elseif ctx.vexl then
+      ctx.vexl = false
+      return putop(ctx, "zeroall")
+    else
+      return putop(ctx, "zeroupper")
+    end
+  end,
 }
 
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -782,7 +899,7 @@ local function disass_block(ctx, ofs, len)
 end
 
 -- Extended API: create a disassembler context. Then call ctx:disass(ofs, len).
-local function create_(code, addr, out)
+local function create(code, addr, out)
   local ctx = {}
   ctx.code = code
   ctx.addr = (addr or 0) - 1
@@ -796,8 +913,8 @@ local function create_(code, addr, out)
   return ctx
 end
 
-local function create64_(code, addr, out)
-  local ctx = create_(code, addr, out)
+local function create64(code, addr, out)
+  local ctx = create(code, addr, out)
   ctx.x64 = true
   ctx.map1 = map_opc1_64
   ctx.aregs = map_regs.Q
@@ -805,32 +922,32 @@ local function create64_(code, addr, out)
 end
 
 -- Simple API: disassemble code (a string) at address and output via out.
-local function disass_(code, addr, out)
-  create_(code, addr, out):disass()
+local function disass(code, addr, out)
+  create(code, addr, out):disass()
 end
 
-local function disass64_(code, addr, out)
-  create64_(code, addr, out):disass()
+local function disass64(code, addr, out)
+  create64(code, addr, out):disass()
 end
 
 -- Return register name for RID.
-local function regname_(r)
+local function regname(r)
   if r < 8 then return map_regs.D[r+1] end
   return map_regs.X[r-7]
 end
 
-local function regname64_(r)
+local function regname64(r)
   if r < 16 then return map_regs.Q[r+1] end
   return map_regs.X[r-15]
 end
 
 -- Public module functions.
-module(...)
-
-create = create_
-create64 = create64_
-disass = disass_
-disass64 = disass64_
-regname = regname_
-regname64 = regname64_
+return {
+  create = create,
+  create64 = create64,
+  disass = disass,
+  disass64 = disass64,
+  regname = regname,
+  regname64 = regname64
+}
 
diff --git a/src/jit/dump.lua b/src/jit/dump.lua
index 86f11e26..746732f9 100644
--- a/src/jit/dump.lua
+++ b/src/jit/dump.lua
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ local traceinfo, traceir, tracek = jutil.traceinfo, jutil.traceir, jutil.tracek
 local tracemc, tracesnap = jutil.tracemc, jutil.tracesnap
 local traceexitstub, ircalladdr = jutil.traceexitstub, jutil.ircalladdr
 local bit = require("bit")
-local band, shr = bit.band, bit.rshift
+local band, shr, tohex = bit.band, bit.rshift, bit.tohex
 local sub, gsub, format = string.sub, string.gsub, string.format
 local byte, rep = string.byte, string.rep
 local type, tostring = type, tostring
@@ -84,12 +84,13 @@ local nexitsym = 0
 local function fillsymtab_tr(tr, nexit)
   local t = {}
   symtabmt.__index = t
-  if jit.arch == "mips" or jit.arch == "mipsel" then
+  if jit.arch:sub(1, 4) == "mips" then
     t[traceexitstub(tr, 0)] = "exit"
     return
   end
   for i=0,nexit-1 do
     local addr = traceexitstub(tr, i)
+    if addr < 0 then addr = addr + 2^32 end
     t[addr] = tostring(i)
   end
   local addr = traceexitstub(tr, nexit)
@@ -100,10 +101,15 @@ end
 local function fillsymtab(tr, nexit)
   local t = symtab
   if nexitsym == 0 then
+    local maskaddr = jit.arch == "arm" and -2
     local ircall = vmdef.ircall
     for i=0,#ircall do
       local addr = ircalladdr(i)
-      if addr ~= 0 then t[addr] = ircall[i] end
+      if addr ~= 0 then
+        if maskaddr then addr = band(addr, maskaddr) end
+        if addr < 0 then addr = addr + 2^32 end
+        t[addr] = ircall[i]
+      end
     end
   end
   if nexitsym == 1000000 then -- Per-trace exit stubs.
@@ -117,6 +123,7 @@ local function fillsymtab(tr, nexit)
         nexit = 1000000
         break
       end
+      if addr < 0 then addr = addr + 2^32 end
       t[addr] = tostring(i)
     end
     nexitsym = nexit
@@ -135,6 +142,7 @@ local function dump_mcode(tr)
   local mcode, addr, loop = tracemc(tr)
   if not mcode then return end
   if not disass then disass = require("jit.dis_"..jit.arch) end
+  if addr < 0 then addr = addr + 2^32 end
   out:write("---- TRACE ", tr, " mcode ", #mcode, "\n")
   local ctx = disass.create(mcode, addr, dumpwrite)
   ctx.hexdump = 0
@@ -210,8 +218,10 @@ local function colorize_text(s)
   return s
 end
 
-local function colorize_ansi(s, t)
-  return format(colortype_ansi[t], s)
+local function colorize_ansi(s, t, extra)
+  local out = format(colortype_ansi[t], s)
+  if extra then out = "\027[3m"..out end
+  return out
 end
 
 local irtype_ansi = setmetatable({},
@@ -220,9 +230,10 @@ local irtype_ansi = setmetatable({},
 
 local html_escape = { ["<"] = "&lt;", [">"] = "&gt;", ["&"] = "&amp;", }
 
-local function colorize_html(s, t)
+local function colorize_html(s, t, extra)
   s = gsub(s, "[<>&]", html_escape)
-  return format('<span class="irt_%s">%s</span>', irtype_text[t], s)
+  return format('<span class="irt_%s%s">%s</span>',
+                irtype_text[t], extra and " irt_extra" or "", s)
 end
 
 local irtype_html = setmetatable({},
@@ -247,6 +258,7 @@ span.irt_tab { color: #c00000; }
 span.irt_udt, span.irt_lud { color: #00c0c0; }
 span.irt_num { color: #4040c0; }
 span.irt_int, span.irt_i8, span.irt_u8, span.irt_i16, span.irt_u16 { color: #b040b0; }
+span.irt_extra { font-style: italic; }
 </style>
 ]]
 
@@ -262,6 +274,7 @@ local litname = {
     if band(mode, 8) ~= 0 then s = s.."C" end
     if band(mode, 16) ~= 0 then s = s.."R" end
     if band(mode, 32) ~= 0 then s = s.."I" end
+    if band(mode, 64) ~= 0 then s = s.."K" end
     t[mode] = s
     return s
   end}),
@@ -269,16 +282,20 @@ local litname = {
   ["CONV  "] = setmetatable({}, { __index = function(t, mode)
     local s = irtype[band(mode, 31)]
     s = irtype[band(shr(mode, 5), 31)].."."..s
-    if band(mode, 0x400) ~= 0 then s = s.." trunc"
-    elseif band(mode, 0x800) ~= 0 then s = s.." sext" end
+    if band(mode, 0x800) ~= 0 then s = s.." sext" end
     local c = shr(mode, 12)
-    if c == 2 then s = s.." index" elseif c == 3 then s = s.." check" end
+    if c == 1 then s = s.." none"
+    elseif c == 2 then s = s.." index"
+    elseif c == 3 then s = s.." check" end
     t[mode] = s
     return s
   end}),
   ["FLOAD "] = vmdef.irfield,
   ["FREF  "] = vmdef.irfield,
   ["FPMATH"] = vmdef.irfpm,
+  ["TMPREF"] = { [0] = "", "IN", "OUT", "INOUT", "", "", "OUT2", "INOUT2" },
+  ["BUFHDR"] = { [0] = "RESET", "APPEND", "WRITE" },
+  ["TOSTR "] = { [0] = "INT", "NUM", "CHAR" },
 }
 
 local function ctlsub(c)
@@ -302,15 +319,19 @@ local function fmtfunc(func, pc)
   end
 end
 
-local function formatk(tr, idx)
+local function formatk(tr, idx, sn)
   local k, t, slot = tracek(tr, idx)
   local tn = type(k)
   local s
   if tn == "number" then
-    if k == 2^52+2^51 then
+    if t < 12 then
+      s = k == 0 and "NULL" or format("[0x%08x]", k)
+    elseif band(sn or 0, 0x30000) ~= 0 then
+      s = band(sn, 0x20000) ~= 0 and "contpc" or "ftsz"
+    elseif k == 2^52+2^51 then
       s = "bias"
     else
-      s = format("%+.14g", k)
+      s = format(0 < k and k < 0x1p-1026 and "%+a" or "%+.14g", k)
     end
   elseif tn == "string" then
     s = format(#k > 20 and '"%.20s"~' or '"%s"', gsub(k, "%c", ctlsub))
@@ -328,10 +349,12 @@ local function formatk(tr, idx)
   elseif t == 21 then -- int64_t
     s = sub(tostring(k), 1, -3)
     if sub(s, 1, 1) ~= "-" then s = "+"..s end
+  elseif sn == 0x1057fff then -- SNAP(1, SNAP_FRAME | SNAP_NORESTORE, REF_NIL)
+    return "----" -- Special case for LJ_FR2 slot 1.
   else
     s = tostring(k) -- For primitives.
   end
-  s = colorize(format("%-4s", s), t)
+  s = colorize(format("%-4s", s), t, band(sn or 0, 0x100000) ~= 0)
   if slot then
     s = format("%s @%d", s, slot)
   end
@@ -346,12 +369,12 @@ local function printsnap(tr, snap)
       n = n + 1
       local ref = band(sn, 0xffff) - 0x8000 -- REF_BIAS
       if ref < 0 then
-        out:write(formatk(tr, ref))
+        out:write(formatk(tr, ref, sn))
       elseif band(sn, 0x80000) ~= 0 then -- SNAP_SOFTFPNUM
         out:write(colorize(format("%04d/%04d", ref, ref+1), 14))
       else
         local m, ot, op1, op2 = traceir(tr, ref)
-        out:write(colorize(format("%04d", ref), band(ot, 31)))
+        out:write(colorize(format("%04d", ref), band(ot, 31), band(sn, 0x100000) ~= 0))
       end
       out:write(band(sn, 0x10000) == 0 and " " or "|") -- SNAP_FRAME
     else
@@ -544,7 +567,7 @@ local function dump_trace(what, tr, func, pc, otr, oex)
   if what == "start" then
     if dumpmode.H then out:write('<pre class="ljdump">\n') end
     out:write("---- TRACE ", tr, " ", what)
-    if otr then out:write(" ", otr, "/", oex) end
+    if otr then out:write(" ", otr, "/", oex == -1 and "stitch" or oex) end
     out:write(" ", fmtfunc(func, pc), "\n")
   elseif what == "stop" or what == "abort" then
     out:write("---- TRACE ", tr, " ", what)
@@ -594,23 +617,26 @@ end
 
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+local gpr64 = jit.arch:match("64")
+local fprmips32 = jit.arch == "mips" or jit.arch == "mipsel"
+
 -- Dump taken trace exits.
 local function dump_texit(tr, ex, ngpr, nfpr, ...)
   out:write("---- TRACE ", tr, " exit ", ex, "\n")
   if dumpmode.X then
     local regs = {...}
-    if jit.arch == "x64" then
+    if gpr64 then
       for i=1,ngpr do
         out:write(format(" %016x", regs[i]))
         if i % 4 == 0 then out:write("\n") end
       end
     else
       for i=1,ngpr do
-        out:write(format(" %08x", regs[i]))
+        out:write(" ", tohex(regs[i]))
         if i % 8 == 0 then out:write("\n") end
       end
     end
-    if jit.arch == "mips" or jit.arch == "mipsel" then
+    if fprmips32 then
       for i=1,nfpr,2 do
         out:write(format(" %+17.14g", regs[ngpr+i]))
         if i % 8 == 7 then out:write("\n") end
@@ -691,9 +717,9 @@ local function dumpon(opt, outfile)
 end
 
 -- Public module functions.
-module(...)
-
-on = dumpon
-off = dumpoff
-start = dumpon -- For -j command line option.
+return {
+  on = dumpon,
+  off = dumpoff,
+  start = dumpon -- For -j command line option.
+}
 
diff --git a/src/jit/p.lua b/src/jit/p.lua
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36f836c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/jit/p.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- LuaJIT profiler.
+--
+-- Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. All rights reserved.
+-- Released under the MIT license. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+--
+-- This module is a simple command line interface to the built-in
+-- low-overhead profiler of LuaJIT.
+--
+-- The lower-level API of the profiler is accessible via the "jit.profile"
+-- module or the luaJIT_profile_* C API.
+--
+-- Example usage:
+--
+--   luajit -jp myapp.lua
+--   luajit -jp=s myapp.lua
+--   luajit -jp=-s myapp.lua
+--   luajit -jp=vl myapp.lua
+--   luajit -jp=G,profile.txt myapp.lua
+--
+-- The following dump features are available:
+--
+--   f  Stack dump: function name, otherwise module:line. Default mode.
+--   F  Stack dump: ditto, but always prepend module.
+--   l  Stack dump: module:line.
+--   <number> stack dump depth (callee < caller). Default: 1.
+--   -<number> Inverse stack dump depth (caller > callee).
+--   s  Split stack dump after first stack level. Implies abs(depth) >= 2.
+--   p  Show full path for module names.
+--   v  Show VM states. Can be combined with stack dumps, e.g. vf or fv.
+--   z  Show zones. Can be combined with stack dumps, e.g. zf or fz.
+--   r  Show raw sample counts. Default: show percentages.
+--   a  Annotate excerpts from source code files.
+--   A  Annotate complete source code files.
+--   G  Produce raw output suitable for graphical tools (e.g. flame graphs).
+--   m<number> Minimum sample percentage to be shown. Default: 3.
+--   i<number> Sampling interval in milliseconds. Default: 10.
+--
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Cache some library functions and objects.
+local jit = require("jit")
+local profile = require("jit.profile")
+local vmdef = require("jit.vmdef")
+local math = math
+local pairs, ipairs, tonumber, floor = pairs, ipairs, tonumber, math.floor
+local sort, format = table.sort, string.format
+local stdout = io.stdout
+local zone -- Load jit.zone module on demand.
+
+-- Output file handle.
+local out
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+local prof_ud
+local prof_states, prof_split, prof_min, prof_raw, prof_fmt, prof_depth
+local prof_ann, prof_count1, prof_count2, prof_samples
+
+local map_vmmode = {
+  N = "Compiled",
+  I = "Interpreted",
+  C = "C code",
+  G = "Garbage Collector",
+  J = "JIT Compiler",
+}
+
+-- Profiler callback.
+local function prof_cb(th, samples, vmmode)
+  prof_samples = prof_samples + samples
+  local key_stack, key_stack2, key_state
+  -- Collect keys for sample.
+  if prof_states then
+    if prof_states == "v" then
+      key_state = map_vmmode[vmmode] or vmmode
+    else
+      key_state = zone:get() or "(none)"
+    end
+  end
+  if prof_fmt then
+    key_stack = profile.dumpstack(th, prof_fmt, prof_depth)
+    key_stack = key_stack:gsub("%[builtin#(%d+)%]", function(x)
+      return vmdef.ffnames[tonumber(x)]
+    end)
+    if prof_split == 2 then
+      local k1, k2 = key_stack:match("(.-) [<>] (.*)")
+      if k2 then key_stack, key_stack2 = k1, k2 end
+    elseif prof_split == 3 then
+      key_stack2 = profile.dumpstack(th, "l", 1)
+    end
+  end
+  -- Order keys.
+  local k1, k2
+  if prof_split == 1 then
+    if key_state then
+      k1 = key_state
+      if key_stack then k2 = key_stack end
+    end
+  elseif key_stack then
+    k1 = key_stack
+    if key_stack2 then k2 = key_stack2 elseif key_state then k2 = key_state end
+  end
+  -- Coalesce samples in one or two levels.
+  if k1 then
+    local t1 = prof_count1
+    t1[k1] = (t1[k1] or 0) + samples
+    if k2 then
+      local t2 = prof_count2
+      local t3 = t2[k1]
+      if not t3 then t3 = {}; t2[k1] = t3 end
+      t3[k2] = (t3[k2] or 0) + samples
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Show top N list.
+local function prof_top(count1, count2, samples, indent)
+  local t, n = {}, 0
+  for k in pairs(count1) do
+    n = n + 1
+    t[n] = k
+  end
+  sort(t, function(a, b) return count1[a] > count1[b] end)
+  for i=1,n do
+    local k = t[i]
+    local v = count1[k]
+    local pct = floor(v*100/samples + 0.5)
+    if pct < prof_min then break end
+    if not prof_raw then
+      out:write(format("%s%2d%%  %s\n", indent, pct, k))
+    elseif prof_raw == "r" then
+      out:write(format("%s%5d  %s\n", indent, v, k))
+    else
+      out:write(format("%s %d\n", k, v))
+    end
+    if count2 then
+      local r = count2[k]
+      if r then
+        prof_top(r, nil, v, (prof_split == 3 or prof_split == 1) and "  -- " or
+                            (prof_depth < 0 and "  -> " or "  <- "))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+-- Annotate source code
+local function prof_annotate(count1, samples)
+  local files = {}
+  local ms = 0
+  for k, v in pairs(count1) do
+    local pct = floor(v*100/samples + 0.5)
+    ms = math.max(ms, v)
+    if pct >= prof_min then
+      local file, line = k:match("^(.*):(%d+)$")
+      if not file then file = k; line = 0 end
+      local fl = files[file]
+      if not fl then fl = {}; files[file] = fl; files[#files+1] = file end
+      line = tonumber(line)
+      fl[line] = prof_raw and v or pct
+    end
+  end
+  sort(files)
+  local fmtv, fmtn = " %3d%% | %s\n", "      | %s\n"
+  if prof_raw then
+    local n = math.max(5, math.ceil(math.log10(ms)))
+    fmtv = "%"..n.."d | %s\n"
+    fmtn = (" "):rep(n).." | %s\n"
+  end
+  local ann = prof_ann
+  for _, file in ipairs(files) do
+    local f0 = file:byte()
+    if f0 == 40 or f0 == 91 then
+      out:write(format("\n====== %s ======\n[Cannot annotate non-file]\n", file))
+      break
+    end
+    local fp, err = io.open(file)
+    if not fp then
+      out:write(format("====== ERROR: %s: %s\n", file, err))
+      break
+    end
+    out:write(format("\n====== %s ======\n", file))
+    local fl = files[file]
+    local n, show = 1, false
+    if ann ~= 0 then
+      for i=1,ann do
+        if fl[i] then show = true; out:write("@@ 1 @@\n"); break end
+      end
+    end
+    for line in fp:lines() do
+      if line:byte() == 27 then
+        out:write("[Cannot annotate bytecode file]\n")
+        break
+      end
+      local v = fl[n]
+      if ann ~= 0 then
+        local v2 = fl[n+ann]
+        if show then
+          if v2 then show = n+ann elseif v then show = n
+          elseif show+ann < n then show = false end
+        elseif v2 then
+          show = n+ann
+          out:write(format("@@ %d @@\n", n))
+        end
+        if not show then goto next end
+      end
+      if v then
+        out:write(format(fmtv, v, line))
+      else
+        out:write(format(fmtn, line))
+      end
+    ::next::
+      n = n + 1
+    end
+    fp:close()
+  end
+end
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- Finish profiling and dump result.
+local function prof_finish()
+  if prof_ud then
+    profile.stop()
+    local samples = prof_samples
+    if samples == 0 then
+      if prof_raw ~= true then out:write("[No samples collected]\n") end
+      return
+    end
+    if prof_ann then
+      prof_annotate(prof_count1, samples)
+    else
+      prof_top(prof_count1, prof_count2, samples, "")
+    end
+    prof_count1 = nil
+    prof_count2 = nil
+    prof_ud = nil
+    if out ~= stdout then out:close() end
+  end
+end
+
+-- Start profiling.
+local function prof_start(mode)
+  local interval = ""
+  mode = mode:gsub("i%d*", function(s) interval = s; return "" end)
+  prof_min = 3
+  mode = mode:gsub("m(%d+)", function(s) prof_min = tonumber(s); return "" end)
+  prof_depth = 1
+  mode = mode:gsub("%-?%d+", function(s) prof_depth = tonumber(s); return "" end)
+  local m = {}
+  for c in mode:gmatch(".") do m[c] = c end
+  prof_states = m.z or m.v
+  if prof_states == "z" then zone = require("jit.zone") end
+  local scope = m.l or m.f or m.F or (prof_states and "" or "f")
+  local flags = (m.p or "")
+  prof_raw = m.r
+  if m.s then
+    prof_split = 2
+    if prof_depth == -1 or m["-"] then prof_depth = -2
+    elseif prof_depth == 1 then prof_depth = 2 end
+  elseif mode:find("[fF].*l") then
+    scope = "l"
+    prof_split = 3
+  else
+    prof_split = (scope == "" or mode:find("[zv].*[lfF]")) and 1 or 0
+  end
+  prof_ann = m.A and 0 or (m.a and 3)
+  if prof_ann then
+    scope = "l"
+    prof_fmt = "pl"
+    prof_split = 0
+    prof_depth = 1
+  elseif m.G and scope ~= "" then
+    prof_fmt = flags..scope.."Z;"
+    prof_depth = -100
+    prof_raw = true
+    prof_min = 0
+  elseif scope == "" then
+    prof_fmt = false
+  else
+    local sc = prof_split == 3 and m.f or m.F or scope
+    prof_fmt = flags..sc..(prof_depth >= 0 and "Z < " or "Z > ")
+  end
+  prof_count1 = {}
+  prof_count2 = {}
+  prof_samples = 0
+  profile.start(scope:lower()..interval, prof_cb)
+  prof_ud = newproxy(true)
+  getmetatable(prof_ud).__gc = prof_finish
+end
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+local function start(mode, outfile)
+  if not outfile then outfile = os.getenv("LUAJIT_PROFILEFILE") end
+  if outfile then
+    out = outfile == "-" and stdout or assert(io.open(outfile, "w"))
+  else
+    out = stdout
+  end
+  prof_start(mode or "f")
+end
+
+-- Public module functions.
+return {
+  start = start, -- For -j command line option.
+  stop = prof_finish
+}
+
diff --git a/src/jit/v.lua b/src/jit/v.lua
index 29edcf2b..8e91f494 100644
--- a/src/jit/v.lua
+++ b/src/jit/v.lua
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ end
 local function dump_trace(what, tr, func, pc, otr, oex)
   if what == "start" then
     startloc = fmtfunc(func, pc)
-    startex = otr and "("..otr.."/"..oex..") " or ""
+    startex = otr and "("..otr.."/"..(oex == -1 and "stitch" or oex)..") " or ""
   else
     if what == "abort" then
       local loc = fmtfunc(func, pc)
@@ -115,6 +115,9 @@ local function dump_trace(what, tr, func, pc, otr, oex)
       if ltype == "interpreter" then
         out:write(format("[TRACE %3s %s%s -- fallback to interpreter]\n",
           tr, startex, startloc))
+      elseif ltype == "stitch" then
+        out:write(format("[TRACE %3s %s%s %s %s]\n",
+          tr, startex, startloc, ltype, fmtfunc(func, pc)))
       elseif link == tr or link == 0 then
         out:write(format("[TRACE %3s %s%s %s]\n",
           tr, startex, startloc, ltype))
@@ -158,9 +161,9 @@ local function dumpon(outfile)
 end
 
 -- Public module functions.
-module(...)
-
-on = dumpon
-off = dumpoff
-start = dumpon -- For -j command line option.
+return {
+  on = dumpon,
+  off = dumpoff,
+  start = dumpon -- For -j command line option.
+}
 
diff --git a/src/jit/zone.lua b/src/jit/zone.lua
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55dc76d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/jit/zone.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- LuaJIT profiler zones.
+--
+-- Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. All rights reserved.
+-- Released under the MIT license. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+--
+-- This module implements a simple hierarchical zone model.
+--
+-- Example usage:
+--
+--   local zone = require("jit.zone")
+--   zone("AI")
+--   ...
+--     zone("A*")
+--     ...
+--     print(zone:get()) --> "A*"
+--     ...
+--     zone()
+--   ...
+--   print(zone:get()) --> "AI"
+--   ...
+--   zone()
+--
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+local remove = table.remove
+
+return setmetatable({
+  flush = function(t)
+    for i=#t,1,-1 do t[i] = nil end
+  end,
+  get = function(t)
+    return t[#t]
+  end
+}, {
+  __call = function(t, zone)
+    if zone then
+      t[#t+1] = zone
+    else
+      return (assert(remove(t), "empty zone stack"))
+    end
+  end
+})
+
diff --git a/src/lauxlib.h b/src/lauxlib.h
index fed1491b..a44f0272 100644
--- a/src/lauxlib.h
+++ b/src/lauxlib.h
@@ -15,9 +15,6 @@
 #include "lua.h"
 
 
-#define luaL_getn(L,i)          ((int)lua_objlen(L, i))
-#define luaL_setn(L,i,j)        ((void)0)  /* no op! */
-
 /* extra error code for `luaL_load' */
 #define LUA_ERRFILE     (LUA_ERRERR+1)
 
@@ -58,6 +55,10 @@ LUALIB_API int (luaL_error) (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);
 LUALIB_API int (luaL_checkoption) (lua_State *L, int narg, const char *def,
                                    const char *const lst[]);
 
+/* pre-defined references */
+#define LUA_NOREF       (-2)
+#define LUA_REFNIL      (-1)
+
 LUALIB_API int (luaL_ref) (lua_State *L, int t);
 LUALIB_API void (luaL_unref) (lua_State *L, int t, int ref);
 
@@ -84,6 +85,11 @@ LUALIB_API int (luaL_loadbufferx) (lua_State *L, const char *buff, size_t sz,
                                    const char *name, const char *mode);
 LUALIB_API void luaL_traceback (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1, const char *msg,
                                 int level);
+LUALIB_API void (luaL_setfuncs) (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg *l, int nup);
+LUALIB_API void (luaL_pushmodule) (lua_State *L, const char *modname,
+                                   int sizehint);
+LUALIB_API void *(luaL_testudata) (lua_State *L, int ud, const char *tname);
+LUALIB_API void (luaL_setmetatable) (lua_State *L, const char *tname);
 
 
 /*
@@ -113,6 +119,11 @@ LUALIB_API void luaL_traceback (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1, const char *msg,
 
 #define luaL_opt(L,f,n,d)       (lua_isnoneornil(L,(n)) ? (d) : f(L,(n)))
 
+/* From Lua 5.2. */
+#define luaL_newlibtable(L, l) \
+        lua_createtable(L, 0, sizeof(l)/sizeof((l)[0]) - 1)
+#define luaL_newlib(L, l)       (luaL_newlibtable(L, l), luaL_setfuncs(L, l, 0))
+
 /*
 ** {======================================================
 ** Generic Buffer manipulation
@@ -147,21 +158,4 @@ LUALIB_API void (luaL_pushresult) (luaL_Buffer *B);
 
 /* }====================================================== */
 
-
-/* compatibility with ref system */
-
-/* pre-defined references */
-#define LUA_NOREF       (-2)
-#define LUA_REFNIL      (-1)
-
-#define lua_ref(L,lock) ((lock) ? luaL_ref(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX) : \
-      (lua_pushstring(L, "unlocked references are obsolete"), lua_error(L), 0))
-
-#define lua_unref(L,ref)        luaL_unref(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, (ref))
-
-#define lua_getref(L,ref)       lua_rawgeti(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, (ref))
-
-
-#define luaL_reg        luaL_Reg
-
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lib_aux.c b/src/lib_aux.c
index 8a64f185..7e81ac30 100644
--- a/src/lib_aux.c
+++ b/src/lib_aux.c
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "lj_state.h"
 #include "lj_trace.h"
 #include "lj_lib.h"
+#include "lj_vmevent.h"
 
 #if LJ_TARGET_POSIX
 #include <sys/wait.h>
@@ -107,38 +108,36 @@ LUALIB_API const char *luaL_findtable(lua_State *L, int idx,
 static int libsize(const luaL_Reg *l)
 {
   int size = 0;
-  for (; l->name; l++) size++;
+  for (; l && l->name; l++) size++;
   return size;
 }
 
+LUALIB_API void luaL_pushmodule(lua_State *L, const char *modname, int sizehint)
+{
+  luaL_findtable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "_LOADED", 16);
+  lua_getfield(L, -1, modname);
+  if (!lua_istable(L, -1)) {
+    lua_pop(L, 1);
+    if (luaL_findtable(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, modname, sizehint) != NULL)
+      lj_err_callerv(L, LJ_ERR_BADMODN, modname);
+    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+    lua_setfield(L, -3, modname);  /* _LOADED[modname] = new table. */
+  }
+  lua_remove(L, -2);  /* Remove _LOADED table. */
+}
+
 LUALIB_API void luaL_openlib(lua_State *L, const char *libname,
                              const luaL_Reg *l, int nup)
 {
   lj_lib_checkfpu(L);
   if (libname) {
-    int size = libsize(l);
-    /* check whether lib already exists */
-    luaL_findtable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "_LOADED", 16);
-    lua_getfield(L, -1, libname);  /* get _LOADED[libname] */
-    if (!lua_istable(L, -1)) {  /* not found? */
-      lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove previous result */
-      /* try global variable (and create one if it does not exist) */
-      if (luaL_findtable(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, libname, size) != NULL)
-        lj_err_callerv(L, LJ_ERR_BADMODN, libname);
-      lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
-      lua_setfield(L, -3, libname);  /* _LOADED[libname] = new table */
-    }
-    lua_remove(L, -2);  /* remove _LOADED table */
-    lua_insert(L, -(nup+1));  /* move library table to below upvalues */
+    luaL_pushmodule(L, libname, libsize(l));
+    lua_insert(L, -(nup + 1));  /* Move module table below upvalues. */
   }
-  for (; l->name; l++) {
-    int i;
-    for (i = 0; i < nup; i++)  /* copy upvalues to the top */
-      lua_pushvalue(L, -nup);
-    lua_pushcclosure(L, l->func, nup);
-    lua_setfield(L, -(nup+2), l->name);
-  }
-  lua_pop(L, nup);  /* remove upvalues */
+  if (l)
+    luaL_setfuncs(L, l, nup);
+  else
+    lua_pop(L, nup);  /* Remove upvalues. */
 }
 
 LUALIB_API void luaL_register(lua_State *L, const char *libname,
@@ -147,6 +146,19 @@ LUALIB_API void luaL_register(lua_State *L, const char *libname,
   luaL_openlib(L, libname, l, 0);
 }
 
+LUALIB_API void luaL_setfuncs(lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg *l, int nup)
+{
+  luaL_checkstack(L, nup, "too many upvalues");
+  for (; l->name; l++) {
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < nup; i++)  /* Copy upvalues to the top. */
+      lua_pushvalue(L, -nup);
+    lua_pushcclosure(L, l->func, nup);
+    lua_setfield(L, -(nup + 2), l->name);
+  }
+  lua_pop(L, nup);  /* Remove upvalues. */
+}
+
 LUALIB_API const char *luaL_gsub(lua_State *L, const char *s,
                                  const char *p, const char *r)
 {
@@ -207,8 +219,15 @@ LUALIB_API char *luaL_prepbuffer(luaL_Buffer *B)
 
 LUALIB_API void luaL_addlstring(luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s, size_t l)
 {
-  while (l--)
-    luaL_addchar(B, *s++);
+  if (l <= bufffree(B)) {
+    memcpy(B->p, s, l);
+    B->p += l;
+  } else {
+    emptybuffer(B);
+    lua_pushlstring(B->L, s, l);
+    B->lvl++;
+    adjuststack(B);
+  }
 }
 
 LUALIB_API void luaL_addstring(luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s)
@@ -300,9 +319,21 @@ static int panic(lua_State *L)
   return 0;
 }
 
+#ifndef LUAJIT_DISABLE_VMEVENT
+static int error_finalizer(lua_State *L)
+{
+  const char *s = lua_tostring(L, -1);
+  fputs("ERROR in finalizer: ", stderr);
+  fputs(s ? s : "?", stderr);
+  fputc('\n', stderr);
+  fflush(stderr);
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
 #ifdef LUAJIT_USE_SYSMALLOC
 
-#if LJ_64 && !defined(LUAJIT_USE_VALGRIND)
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64 && !defined(LUAJIT_USE_VALGRIND)
 #error "Must use builtin allocator for 64 bit target"
 #endif
 
@@ -321,29 +352,43 @@ static void *mem_alloc(void *ud, void *ptr, size_t osize, size_t nsize)
 LUALIB_API lua_State *luaL_newstate(void)
 {
   lua_State *L = lua_newstate(mem_alloc, NULL);
-  if (L) G(L)->panic = panic;
+  if (L) {
+    G(L)->panic = panic;
+#ifndef LUAJIT_DISABLE_VMEVENT
+    luaL_findtable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, LJ_VMEVENTS_REGKEY, LJ_VMEVENTS_HSIZE);
+    lua_pushcfunction(L, error_finalizer);
+    lua_rawseti(L, -2, VMEVENT_HASH(LJ_VMEVENT_ERRFIN));
+    G(L)->vmevmask = VMEVENT_MASK(LJ_VMEVENT_ERRFIN);
+    L->top--;
+#endif
+  }
   return L;
 }
 
 #else
 
-#include "lj_alloc.h"
-
 LUALIB_API lua_State *luaL_newstate(void)
 {
   lua_State *L;
-  void *ud = lj_alloc_create();
-  if (ud == NULL) return NULL;
-#if LJ_64
-  L = lj_state_newstate(lj_alloc_f, ud);
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
+  L = lj_state_newstate(LJ_ALLOCF_INTERNAL, NULL);
 #else
-  L = lua_newstate(lj_alloc_f, ud);
+  L = lua_newstate(LJ_ALLOCF_INTERNAL, NULL);
 #endif
-  if (L) G(L)->panic = panic;
+  if (L) {
+    G(L)->panic = panic;
+#ifndef LUAJIT_DISABLE_VMEVENT
+    luaL_findtable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, LJ_VMEVENTS_REGKEY, LJ_VMEVENTS_HSIZE);
+    lua_pushcfunction(L, error_finalizer);
+    lua_rawseti(L, -2, VMEVENT_HASH(LJ_VMEVENT_ERRFIN));
+    G(L)->vmevmask = VMEVENT_MASK(LJ_VMEVENT_ERRFIN);
+    L->top--;
+#endif
+  }
   return L;
 }
 
-#if LJ_64
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
 LUA_API lua_State *lua_newstate(lua_Alloc f, void *ud)
 {
   UNUSED(f); UNUSED(ud);
diff --git a/src/lib_base.c b/src/lib_base.c
index a687411f..dd54b9f9 100644
--- a/src/lib_base.c
+++ b/src/lib_base.c
@@ -19,10 +19,12 @@
 #include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
 #include "lj_debug.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
 #include "lj_meta.h"
 #include "lj_state.h"
+#include "lj_frame.h"
 #if LJ_HASFFI
 #include "lj_ctype.h"
 #include "lj_cconv.h"
@@ -32,6 +34,7 @@
 #include "lj_dispatch.h"
 #include "lj_char.h"
 #include "lj_strscan.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 #include "lj_lib.h"
 
 /* -- Base library: checks ------------------------------------------------ */
@@ -40,13 +43,13 @@
 
 LJLIB_ASM(assert)               LJLIB_REC(.)
 {
-  GCstr *s;
   lj_lib_checkany(L, 1);
-  s = lj_lib_optstr(L, 2);
-  if (s)
-    lj_err_callermsg(L, strdata(s));
-  else
+  if (L->top == L->base+1)
     lj_err_caller(L, LJ_ERR_ASSERT);
+  else if (tvisstr(L->base+1) || tvisnumber(L->base+1))
+    lj_err_callermsg(L, strdata(lj_lib_checkstr(L, 2)));
+  else
+    lj_err_run(L);
   return FFH_UNREACHABLE;
 }
 
@@ -73,9 +76,10 @@ LJLIB_ASM_(type)		LJLIB_REC(.)
 /* This solves a circular dependency problem -- change FF_next_N as needed. */
 LJ_STATIC_ASSERT((int)FF_next == FF_next_N);
 
-LJLIB_ASM(next)
+LJLIB_ASM(next)                 LJLIB_REC(.)
 {
   lj_lib_checktab(L, 1);
+  lj_err_msg(L, LJ_ERR_NEXTIDX);
   return FFH_UNREACHABLE;
 }
 
@@ -86,10 +90,11 @@ static int ffh_pairs(lua_State *L, MMS mm)
   cTValue *mo = lj_meta_lookup(L, o, mm);
   if ((LJ_52 || tviscdata(o)) && !tvisnil(mo)) {
     L->top = o+1;  /* Only keep one argument. */
-    copyTV(L, L->base-1, mo);  /* Replace callable. */
+    copyTV(L, L->base-1-LJ_FR2, mo);  /* Replace callable. */
     return FFH_TAILCALL;
   } else {
     if (!tvistab(o)) lj_err_argt(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
+    if (LJ_FR2) { copyTV(L, o-1, o); o--; }
     setfuncV(L, o-1, funcV(lj_lib_upvalue(L, 1)));
     if (mm == MM_pairs) setnilV(o+1); else setintV(o+1, 0);
     return FFH_RES(3);
@@ -100,7 +105,7 @@ static int ffh_pairs(lua_State *L, MMS mm)
 #endif
 
 LJLIB_PUSH(lastcl)
-LJLIB_ASM(pairs)
+LJLIB_ASM(pairs)                LJLIB_REC(xpairs 0)
 {
   return ffh_pairs(L, MM_pairs);
 }
@@ -113,7 +118,7 @@ LJLIB_NOREGUV LJLIB_ASM(ipairs_aux)	LJLIB_REC(.)
 }
 
 LJLIB_PUSH(lastcl)
-LJLIB_ASM(ipairs)               LJLIB_REC(.)
+LJLIB_ASM(ipairs)               LJLIB_REC(xpairs 1)
 {
   return ffh_pairs(L, MM_ipairs);
 }
@@ -131,11 +136,11 @@ LJLIB_ASM(setmetatable)		LJLIB_REC(.)
     lj_err_caller(L, LJ_ERR_PROTMT);
   setgcref(t->metatable, obj2gco(mt));
   if (mt) { lj_gc_objbarriert(L, t, mt); }
-  settabV(L, L->base-1, t);
+  settabV(L, L->base-1-LJ_FR2, t);
   return FFH_RES(1);
 }
 
-LJLIB_CF(getfenv)
+LJLIB_CF(getfenv)               LJLIB_REC(.)
 {
   GCfunc *fn;
   cTValue *o = L->base;
@@ -144,6 +149,7 @@ LJLIB_CF(getfenv)
     o = lj_debug_frame(L, level, &level);
     if (o == NULL)
       lj_err_arg(L, 1, LJ_ERR_INVLVL);
+    if (LJ_FR2) o--;
   }
   fn = &gcval(o)->fn;
   settabV(L, L->top++, isluafunc(fn) ? tabref(fn->l.env) : tabref(L->env));
@@ -165,6 +171,7 @@ LJLIB_CF(setfenv)
     o = lj_debug_frame(L, level, &level);
     if (o == NULL)
       lj_err_arg(L, 1, LJ_ERR_INVLVL);
+    if (LJ_FR2) o--;
   }
   fn = &gcval(o)->fn;
   if (!isluafunc(fn))
@@ -259,7 +266,7 @@ LJLIB_ASM(tonumber)		LJLIB_REC(.)
   if (base == 10) {
     TValue *o = lj_lib_checkany(L, 1);
     if (lj_strscan_numberobj(o)) {
-      copyTV(L, L->base-1, o);
+      copyTV(L, L->base-1-LJ_FR2, o);
       return FFH_RES(1);
     }
 #if LJ_HASFFI
@@ -272,11 +279,11 @@ LJLIB_ASM(tonumber)		LJLIB_REC(.)
             ct->size <= 4 && !(ct->size == 4 && (ct->info & CTF_UNSIGNED))) {
           int32_t i;
           lj_cconv_ct_tv(cts, ctype_get(cts, CTID_INT32), (uint8_t *)&i, o, 0);
-          setintV(L->base-1, i);
+          setintV(L->base-1-LJ_FR2, i);
           return FFH_RES(1);
         }
         lj_cconv_ct_tv(cts, ctype_get(cts, CTID_DOUBLE),
-                       (uint8_t *)&(L->base-1)->n, o, 0);
+                       (uint8_t *)&(L->base-1-LJ_FR2)->n, o, 0);
         return FFH_RES(1);
       }
     }
@@ -284,53 +291,46 @@ LJLIB_ASM(tonumber)		LJLIB_REC(.)
   } else {
     const char *p = strdata(lj_lib_checkstr(L, 1));
     char *ep;
+    unsigned int neg = 0;
     unsigned long ul;
     if (base < 2 || base > 36)
       lj_err_arg(L, 2, LJ_ERR_BASERNG);
-    ul = strtoul(p, &ep, base);
-    if (p != ep) {
-      while (lj_char_isspace((unsigned char)(*ep))) ep++;
-      if (*ep == '\0') {
-        if (LJ_DUALNUM && LJ_LIKELY(ul < 0x80000000u))
-          setintV(L->base-1, (int32_t)ul);
-        else
-          setnumV(L->base-1, (lua_Number)ul);
-        return FFH_RES(1);
+    while (lj_char_isspace((unsigned char)(*p))) p++;
+    if (*p == '-') { p++; neg = 1; } else if (*p == '+') { p++; }
+    if (lj_char_isalnum((unsigned char)(*p))) {
+      ul = strtoul(p, &ep, base);
+      if (p != ep) {
+        while (lj_char_isspace((unsigned char)(*ep))) ep++;
+        if (*ep == '\0') {
+          if (LJ_DUALNUM && LJ_LIKELY(ul < 0x80000000u+neg)) {
+            if (neg) ul = ~ul+1u;
+            setintV(L->base-1-LJ_FR2, (int32_t)ul);
+          } else {
+            lua_Number n = (lua_Number)ul;
+            if (neg) n = -n;
+            setnumV(L->base-1-LJ_FR2, n);
+          }
+          return FFH_RES(1);
+        }
       }
     }
   }
-  setnilV(L->base-1);
+  setnilV(L->base-1-LJ_FR2);
   return FFH_RES(1);
 }
 
-LJLIB_PUSH("nil")
-LJLIB_PUSH("false")
-LJLIB_PUSH("true")
 LJLIB_ASM(tostring)             LJLIB_REC(.)
 {
   TValue *o = lj_lib_checkany(L, 1);
   cTValue *mo;
   L->top = o+1;  /* Only keep one argument. */
   if (!tvisnil(mo = lj_meta_lookup(L, o, MM_tostring))) {
-    copyTV(L, L->base-1, mo);  /* Replace callable. */
+    copyTV(L, L->base-1-LJ_FR2, mo);  /* Replace callable. */
     return FFH_TAILCALL;
-  } else {
-    GCstr *s;
-    if (tvisnumber(o)) {
-      s = lj_str_fromnumber(L, o);
-    } else if (tvispri(o)) {
-      s = strV(lj_lib_upvalue(L, -(int32_t)itype(o)));
-    } else {
-      if (tvisfunc(o) && isffunc(funcV(o)))
-        lua_pushfstring(L, "function: builtin#%d", funcV(o)->c.ffid);
-      else
-        lua_pushfstring(L, "%s: %p", lj_typename(o), lua_topointer(L, 1));
-      /* Note: lua_pushfstring calls the GC which may invalidate o. */
-      s = strV(L->top-1);
-    }
-    setstrV(L, L->base-1, s);
-    return FFH_RES(1);
   }
+  lj_gc_check(L);
+  setstrV(L, L->base-1-LJ_FR2, lj_strfmt_obj(L, L->base));
+  return FFH_RES(1);
 }
 
 /* -- Base library: throw and catch errors -------------------------------- */
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ LJLIB_ASM_(xpcall)		LJLIB_REC(.)
 
 static int load_aux(lua_State *L, int status, int envarg)
 {
-  if (status == 0) {
+  if (status == LUA_OK) {
     if (tvistab(L->base+envarg-1)) {
       GCfunc *fn = funcV(L->top-1);
       GCtab *t = tabV(L->base+envarg-1);
@@ -408,10 +408,22 @@ LJLIB_CF(load)
   GCstr *name = lj_lib_optstr(L, 2);
   GCstr *mode = lj_lib_optstr(L, 3);
   int status;
-  if (L->base < L->top && (tvisstr(L->base) || tvisnumber(L->base))) {
-    GCstr *s = lj_lib_checkstr(L, 1);
+  if (L->base < L->top &&
+      (tvisstr(L->base) || tvisnumber(L->base) || tvisbuf(L->base))) {
+    const char *s;
+    MSize len;
+    if (tvisbuf(L->base)) {
+      SBufExt *sbx = bufV(L->base);
+      s = sbx->r;
+      len = sbufxlen(sbx);
+      if (!name) name = &G(L)->strempty;  /* Buffers are not NUL-terminated. */
+    } else {
+      GCstr *str = lj_lib_checkstr(L, 1);
+      s = strdata(str);
+      len = str->len;
+    }
     lua_settop(L, 4);  /* Ensure env arg exists. */
-    status = luaL_loadbufferx(L, strdata(s), s->len, strdata(name ? name : s),
+    status = luaL_loadbufferx(L, s, len, name ? strdata(name) : s,
                               mode ? strdata(mode) : NULL);
   } else {
     lj_lib_checkfunc(L, 1);
@@ -432,7 +444,7 @@ LJLIB_CF(dofile)
   GCstr *fname = lj_lib_optstr(L, 1);
   setnilV(L->top);
   L->top = L->base+1;
-  if (luaL_loadfile(L, fname ? strdata(fname) : NULL) != 0)
+  if (luaL_loadfile(L, fname ? strdata(fname) : NULL) != LUA_OK)
     lua_error(L);
   lua_call(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET);
   return (int)(L->top - L->base) - 1;
@@ -442,20 +454,20 @@ LJLIB_CF(dofile)
 
 LJLIB_CF(gcinfo)
 {
-  setintV(L->top++, (G(L)->gc.total >> 10));
+  setintV(L->top++, (int32_t)(G(L)->gc.total >> 10));
   return 1;
 }
 
 LJLIB_CF(collectgarbage)
 {
   int opt = lj_lib_checkopt(L, 1, LUA_GCCOLLECT,  /* ORDER LUA_GC* */
-    "\4stop\7restart\7collect\5count\1\377\4step\10setpause\12setstepmul");
+    "\4stop\7restart\7collect\5count\1\377\4step\10setpause\12setstepmul\1\377\11isrunning");
   int32_t data = lj_lib_optint(L, 2, 0);
   if (opt == LUA_GCCOUNT) {
     setnumV(L->top, (lua_Number)G(L)->gc.total/1024.0);
   } else {
     int res = lua_gc(L, opt, data);
-    if (opt == LUA_GCSTEP)
+    if (opt == LUA_GCSTEP || opt == LUA_GCISRUNNING)
       setboolV(L->top, res);
     else
       setintV(L->top, res);
@@ -507,23 +519,14 @@ LJLIB_CF(print)
     tv = L->top-1;
   }
   shortcut = (tvisfunc(tv) && funcV(tv)->c.ffid == FF_tostring) &&
-              !gcrefu(basemt_it(G(L), LJ_TNUMX));
+             !gcrefu(basemt_it(G(L), LJ_TNUMX));
   for (i = 0; i < nargs; i++) {
+    cTValue *o = &L->base[i];
     const char *str;
     size_t size;
-    cTValue *o = &L->base[i];
-    if (shortcut && tvisstr(o)) {
-      str = strVdata(o);
-      size = strV(o)->len;
-    } else if (shortcut && tvisint(o)) {
-      char buf[LJ_STR_INTBUF];
-      char *p = lj_str_bufint(buf, intV(o));
-      size = (size_t)(buf+LJ_STR_INTBUF-p);
-      str = p;
-    } else if (shortcut && tvisnum(o)) {
-      char buf[LJ_STR_NUMBUF];
-      size = lj_str_bufnum(buf, o);
-      str = buf;
+    MSize len;
+    if (shortcut && (str = lj_strfmt_wstrnum(L, o, &len)) != NULL) {
+      size = len;
     } else {
       copyTV(L, L->top+1, o);
       copyTV(L, L->top, L->top-1);
@@ -560,8 +563,8 @@ LJLIB_CF(coroutine_status)
   co = threadV(L->base);
   if (co == L) s = "running";
   else if (co->status == LUA_YIELD) s = "suspended";
-  else if (co->status != 0) s = "dead";
-  else if (co->base > tvref(co->stack)+1) s = "normal";
+  else if (co->status != LUA_OK) s = "dead";
+  else if (co->base > tvref(co->stack)+1+LJ_FR2) s = "normal";
   else if (co->top == co->base) s = "dead";
   else s = "suspended";
   lua_pushstring(L, s);
@@ -581,6 +584,12 @@ LJLIB_CF(coroutine_running)
 #endif
 }
 
+LJLIB_CF(coroutine_isyieldable)
+{
+  setboolV(L->top++, cframe_canyield(L->cframe));
+  return 1;
+}
+
 LJLIB_CF(coroutine_create)
 {
   lua_State *L1;
@@ -600,11 +609,11 @@ LJLIB_ASM(coroutine_yield)
 static int ffh_resume(lua_State *L, lua_State *co, int wrap)
 {
   if (co->cframe != NULL || co->status > LUA_YIELD ||
-      (co->status == 0 && co->top == co->base)) {
+      (co->status == LUA_OK && co->top == co->base)) {
     ErrMsg em = co->cframe ? LJ_ERR_CORUN : LJ_ERR_CODEAD;
     if (wrap) lj_err_caller(L, em);
-    setboolV(L->base-1, 0);
-    setstrV(L, L->base, lj_err_str(L, em));
+    setboolV(L->base-1-LJ_FR2, 0);
+    setstrV(L, L->base-LJ_FR2, lj_err_str(L, em));
     return FFH_RES(2);
   }
   lj_state_growstack(co, (MSize)(L->top - L->base));
@@ -645,9 +654,10 @@ static void setpc_wrap_aux(lua_State *L, GCfunc *fn);
 
 LJLIB_CF(coroutine_wrap)
 {
+  GCfunc *fn;
   lj_cf_coroutine_create(L);
-  lj_lib_pushcc(L, lj_ffh_coroutine_wrap_aux, FF_coroutine_wrap_aux, 1);
-  setpc_wrap_aux(L, funcV(L->top-1));
+  fn = lj_lib_pushcc(L, lj_ffh_coroutine_wrap_aux, FF_coroutine_wrap_aux, 1);
+  setpc_wrap_aux(L, fn);
   return 1;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib_bit.c b/src/lib_bit.c
index d7c79aeb..ce40e298 100644
--- a/src/lib_bit.c
+++ b/src/lib_bit.c
@@ -12,26 +12,99 @@
 
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
-#include "lj_str.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
+#include "lj_strscan.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+#include "lj_ctype.h"
+#include "lj_cdata.h"
+#include "lj_cconv.h"
+#include "lj_carith.h"
+#endif
+#include "lj_ff.h"
 #include "lj_lib.h"
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
 #define LJLIB_MODULE_bit
 
-LJLIB_ASM(bit_tobit)            LJLIB_REC(bit_unary IR_TOBIT)
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+static int bit_result64(lua_State *L, CTypeID id, uint64_t x)
 {
+  GCcdata *cd = lj_cdata_new_(L, id, 8);
+  *(uint64_t *)cdataptr(cd) = x;
+  setcdataV(L, L->base-1-LJ_FR2, cd);
+  return FFH_RES(1);
+}
+#else
+static int32_t bit_checkbit(lua_State *L, int narg)
+{
+  TValue *o = L->base + narg-1;
+  if (!(o < L->top && lj_strscan_numberobj(o)))
+    lj_err_argt(L, narg, LUA_TNUMBER);
+  if (LJ_LIKELY(tvisint(o))) {
+    return intV(o);
+  } else {
+    int32_t i = lj_num2bit(numV(o));
+    if (LJ_DUALNUM) setintV(o, i);
+    return i;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+LJLIB_ASM(bit_tobit)            LJLIB_REC(bit_tobit)
+{
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  CTypeID id = 0;
+  setintV(L->base-1-LJ_FR2, (int32_t)lj_carith_check64(L, 1, &id));
+  return FFH_RES(1);
+#else
+  lj_lib_checknumber(L, 1);
+  return FFH_RETRY;
+#endif
+}
+
+LJLIB_ASM(bit_bnot)             LJLIB_REC(bit_unary IR_BNOT)
+{
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  CTypeID id = 0;
+  uint64_t x = lj_carith_check64(L, 1, &id);
+  return id ? bit_result64(L, id, ~x) : FFH_RETRY;
+#else
   lj_lib_checknumber(L, 1);
   return FFH_RETRY;
+#endif
+}
+
+LJLIB_ASM(bit_bswap)            LJLIB_REC(bit_unary IR_BSWAP)
+{
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  CTypeID id = 0;
+  uint64_t x = lj_carith_check64(L, 1, &id);
+  return id ? bit_result64(L, id, lj_bswap64(x)) : FFH_RETRY;
+#else
+  lj_lib_checknumber(L, 1);
+  return FFH_RETRY;
+#endif
 }
-LJLIB_ASM_(bit_bnot)            LJLIB_REC(bit_unary IR_BNOT)
-LJLIB_ASM_(bit_bswap)           LJLIB_REC(bit_unary IR_BSWAP)
 
 LJLIB_ASM(bit_lshift)           LJLIB_REC(bit_shift IR_BSHL)
 {
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  CTypeID id = 0, id2 = 0;
+  uint64_t x = lj_carith_check64(L, 1, &id);
+  int32_t sh = (int32_t)lj_carith_check64(L, 2, &id2);
+  if (id) {
+    x = lj_carith_shift64(x, sh, curr_func(L)->c.ffid - (int)FF_bit_lshift);
+    return bit_result64(L, id, x);
+  }
+  if (id2) setintV(L->base+1, sh);
+  return FFH_RETRY;
+#else
   lj_lib_checknumber(L, 1);
-  lj_lib_checkbit(L, 2);
+  bit_checkbit(L, 2);
   return FFH_RETRY;
+#endif
 }
 LJLIB_ASM_(bit_rshift)          LJLIB_REC(bit_shift IR_BSHR)
 LJLIB_ASM_(bit_arshift)         LJLIB_REC(bit_shift IR_BSAR)
@@ -40,25 +113,59 @@ LJLIB_ASM_(bit_ror)		LJLIB_REC(bit_shift IR_BROR)
 
 LJLIB_ASM(bit_band)             LJLIB_REC(bit_nary IR_BAND)
 {
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  CTypeID id = 0;
+  TValue *o = L->base, *top = L->top;
+  int i = 0;
+  do { lj_carith_check64(L, ++i, &id); } while (++o < top);
+  if (id) {
+    CTState *cts = ctype_cts(L);
+    CType *ct = ctype_get(cts, id);
+    int op = curr_func(L)->c.ffid - (int)FF_bit_bor;
+    uint64_t x, y = op >= 0 ? 0 : ~(uint64_t)0;
+    o = L->base;
+    do {
+      lj_cconv_ct_tv(cts, ct, (uint8_t *)&x, o, 0);
+      if (op < 0) y &= x; else if (op == 0) y |= x; else y ^= x;
+    } while (++o < top);
+    return bit_result64(L, id, y);
+  }
+  return FFH_RETRY;
+#else
   int i = 0;
   do { lj_lib_checknumber(L, ++i); } while (L->base+i < L->top);
   return FFH_RETRY;
+#endif
 }
 LJLIB_ASM_(bit_bor)             LJLIB_REC(bit_nary IR_BOR)
 LJLIB_ASM_(bit_bxor)            LJLIB_REC(bit_nary IR_BXOR)
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
-LJLIB_CF(bit_tohex)
+LJLIB_CF(bit_tohex)             LJLIB_REC(.)
 {
-  uint32_t b = (uint32_t)lj_lib_checkbit(L, 1);
-  int32_t i, n = L->base+1 >= L->top ? 8 : lj_lib_checkbit(L, 2);
-  const char *hexdigits = "0123456789abcdef";
-  char buf[8];
-  if (n < 0) { n = (int32_t)(~(uint32_t)n+1u); hexdigits = "0123456789ABCDEF"; }
-  if ((uint32_t)n > 8) n = 8;
-  for (i = n; --i >= 0; ) { buf[i] = hexdigits[b & 15]; b >>= 4; }
-  lua_pushlstring(L, buf, (size_t)n);
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  CTypeID id = 0, id2 = 0;
+  uint64_t b = lj_carith_check64(L, 1, &id);
+  int32_t n = L->base+1>=L->top ? (id ? 16 : 8) :
+                                  (int32_t)lj_carith_check64(L, 2, &id2);
+#else
+  uint32_t b = (uint32_t)bit_checkbit(L, 1);
+  int32_t n = L->base+1>=L->top ? 8 : bit_checkbit(L, 2);
+#endif
+  SBuf *sb = lj_buf_tmp_(L);
+  SFormat sf = (STRFMT_UINT|STRFMT_T_HEX);
+  if (n < 0) { n = (int32_t)(~(uint32_t)n+1u); sf |= STRFMT_F_UPPER; }
+  if ((uint32_t)n > 254) n = 254;
+  sf |= ((SFormat)((n+1)&255) << STRFMT_SH_PREC);
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  if (n < 16) b &= ((uint64_t)1 << 4*n)-1;
+#else
+  if (n < 8) b &= (1u << 4*n)-1;
+#endif
+  sb = lj_strfmt_putfxint(sb, sf, b);
+  setstrV(L, L->top-1, lj_buf_str(L, sb));
+  lj_gc_check(L);
   return 1;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib_buffer.c b/src/lib_buffer.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e4ec9d9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib_buffer.c
@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+/*
+** Buffer library.
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+*/
+
+#define lib_buffer_c
+#define LUA_LIB
+
+#include "lua.h"
+#include "lauxlib.h"
+#include "lualib.h"
+
+#include "lj_obj.h"
+
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+#include "lj_gc.h"
+#include "lj_err.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
+#include "lj_str.h"
+#include "lj_tab.h"
+#include "lj_udata.h"
+#include "lj_meta.h"
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+#include "lj_ctype.h"
+#include "lj_cdata.h"
+#include "lj_cconv.h"
+#endif
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
+#include "lj_serialize.h"
+#include "lj_lib.h"
+
+/* -- Helper functions ---------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Check that the first argument is a string buffer. */
+static SBufExt *buffer_tobuf(lua_State *L)
+{
+  if (!(L->base < L->top && tvisbuf(L->base)))
+    lj_err_argtype(L, 1, "buffer");
+  return bufV(L->base);
+}
+
+/* Ditto, but for writers. */
+static LJ_AINLINE SBufExt *buffer_tobufw(lua_State *L)
+{
+  SBufExt *sbx = buffer_tobuf(L);
+  setsbufXL_(sbx, L);
+  return sbx;
+}
+
+#define buffer_toudata(sbx)     ((GCudata *)(sbx)-1)
+
+/* -- Buffer methods ------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+#define LJLIB_MODULE_buffer_method
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_method_free)
+{
+  SBufExt *sbx = buffer_tobuf(L);
+  lj_bufx_free(L, sbx);
+  L->top = L->base+1;  /* Chain buffer object. */
+  return 1;
+}
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_method_reset)           LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  SBufExt *sbx = buffer_tobuf(L);
+  lj_bufx_reset(sbx);
+  L->top = L->base+1;  /* Chain buffer object. */
+  return 1;
+}
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_method_skip)            LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  SBufExt *sbx = buffer_tobuf(L);
+  MSize n = (MSize)lj_lib_checkintrange(L, 2, 0, LJ_MAX_BUF);
+  MSize len = sbufxlen(sbx);
+  if (n < len) {
+    sbx->r += n;
+  } else if (sbufiscow(sbx)) {
+    sbx->r = sbx->w;
+  } else {
+    sbx->r = sbx->w = sbx->b;
+  }
+  L->top = L->base+1;  /* Chain buffer object. */
+  return 1;
+}
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_method_set)             LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  SBufExt *sbx = buffer_tobuf(L);
+  GCobj *ref;
+  const char *p;
+  MSize len;
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  if (tviscdata(L->base+1)) {
+    CTState *cts = ctype_cts(L);
+    lj_cconv_ct_tv(cts, ctype_get(cts, CTID_P_CVOID), (uint8_t *)&p,
+                   L->base+1, CCF_ARG(2));
+    len = (MSize)lj_lib_checkintrange(L, 3, 0, LJ_MAX_BUF);
+  } else
+#endif
+  {
+    GCstr *str = lj_lib_checkstrx(L, 2);
+    p = strdata(str);
+    len = str->len;
+  }
+  lj_bufx_free(L, sbx);
+  lj_bufx_set_cow(L, sbx, p, len);
+  ref = gcV(L->base+1);
+  setgcref(sbx->cowref, ref);
+  lj_gc_objbarrier(L, buffer_toudata(sbx), ref);
+  L->top = L->base+1;  /* Chain buffer object. */
+  return 1;
+}
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_method_put)             LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  SBufExt *sbx = buffer_tobufw(L);
+  ptrdiff_t arg, narg = L->top - L->base;
+  for (arg = 1; arg < narg; arg++) {
+    cTValue *o = &L->base[arg], *mo = NULL;
+  retry:
+    if (tvisstr(o)) {
+      lj_buf_putstr((SBuf *)sbx, strV(o));
+    } else if (tvisint(o)) {
+      lj_strfmt_putint((SBuf *)sbx, intV(o));
+    } else if (tvisnum(o)) {
+      lj_strfmt_putfnum((SBuf *)sbx, STRFMT_G14, numV(o));
+    } else if (tvisbuf(o)) {
+      SBufExt *sbx2 = bufV(o);
+      if (sbx2 == sbx) lj_err_arg(L, (int)(arg+1), LJ_ERR_BUFFER_SELF);
+      lj_buf_putmem((SBuf *)sbx, sbx2->r, sbufxlen(sbx2));
+    } else if (!mo && !tvisnil(mo = lj_meta_lookup(L, o, MM_tostring))) {
+      /* Call __tostring metamethod inline. */
+      copyTV(L, L->top++, mo);
+      copyTV(L, L->top++, o);
+      lua_call(L, 1, 1);
+      o = &L->base[arg];  /* The stack may have been reallocated. */
+      copyTV(L, &L->base[arg], L->top-1);
+      L->top = L->base + narg;
+      goto retry;  /* Retry with the result. */
+    } else {
+      lj_err_argtype(L, (int)(arg+1), "string/number/__tostring");
+    }
+    /* Probably not useful to inline other __tostring MMs, e.g. FFI numbers. */
+  }
+  L->top = L->base+1;  /* Chain buffer object. */
+  lj_gc_check(L);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_method_putf)            LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  SBufExt *sbx = buffer_tobufw(L);
+  lj_strfmt_putarg(L, (SBuf *)sbx, 2, 2);
+  L->top = L->base+1;  /* Chain buffer object. */
+  lj_gc_check(L);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_method_get)             LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  SBufExt *sbx = buffer_tobuf(L);
+  ptrdiff_t arg, narg = L->top - L->base;
+  if (narg == 1) {
+    narg++;
+    setnilV(L->top++);  /* get() is the same as get(nil). */
+  }
+  for (arg = 1; arg < narg; arg++) {
+    TValue *o = &L->base[arg];
+    MSize n = tvisnil(o) ? LJ_MAX_BUF :
+              (MSize) lj_lib_checkintrange(L, (int)(arg+1), 0, LJ_MAX_BUF);
+    MSize len = sbufxlen(sbx);
+    if (n > len) n = len;
+    setstrV(L, o, lj_str_new(L, sbx->r, n));
+    sbx->r += n;
+  }
+  if (sbx->r == sbx->w && !sbufiscow(sbx)) sbx->r = sbx->w = sbx->b;
+  lj_gc_check(L);
+  return (int)(narg-1);
+}
+
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_method_putcdata)        LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  SBufExt *sbx = buffer_tobufw(L);
+  const char *p;
+  MSize len;
+  if (tviscdata(L->base+1)) {
+    CTState *cts = ctype_cts(L);
+    lj_cconv_ct_tv(cts, ctype_get(cts, CTID_P_CVOID), (uint8_t *)&p,
+                   L->base+1, CCF_ARG(2));
+  } else {
+    lj_err_argtype(L, 2, "cdata");
+  }
+  len = (MSize)lj_lib_checkintrange(L, 3, 0, LJ_MAX_BUF);
+  lj_buf_putmem((SBuf *)sbx, p, len);
+  L->top = L->base+1;  /* Chain buffer object. */
+  return 1;
+}
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_method_reserve)         LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  SBufExt *sbx = buffer_tobufw(L);
+  MSize sz = (MSize)lj_lib_checkintrange(L, 2, 0, LJ_MAX_BUF);
+  GCcdata *cd;
+  lj_buf_more((SBuf *)sbx, sz);
+  ctype_loadffi(L);
+  cd = lj_cdata_new_(L, CTID_P_UINT8, CTSIZE_PTR);
+  *(void **)cdataptr(cd) = sbx->w;
+  setcdataV(L, L->top++, cd);
+  setintV(L->top++, sbufleft(sbx));
+  return 2;
+}
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_method_commit)          LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  SBufExt *sbx = buffer_tobuf(L);
+  MSize len = (MSize)lj_lib_checkintrange(L, 2, 0, LJ_MAX_BUF);
+  if (len > sbufleft(sbx)) lj_err_arg(L, 2, LJ_ERR_NUMRNG);
+  sbx->w += len;
+  L->top = L->base+1;  /* Chain buffer object. */
+  return 1;
+}
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_method_ref)             LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  SBufExt *sbx = buffer_tobuf(L);
+  GCcdata *cd;
+  ctype_loadffi(L);
+  cd = lj_cdata_new_(L, CTID_P_UINT8, CTSIZE_PTR);
+  *(void **)cdataptr(cd) = sbx->r;
+  setcdataV(L, L->top++, cd);
+  setintV(L->top++, sbufxlen(sbx));
+  return 2;
+}
+#endif
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_method_encode)          LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  SBufExt *sbx = buffer_tobufw(L);
+  cTValue *o = lj_lib_checkany(L, 2);
+  lj_serialize_put(sbx, o);
+  lj_gc_check(L);
+  L->top = L->base+1;  /* Chain buffer object. */
+  return 1;
+}
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_method_decode)          LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  SBufExt *sbx = buffer_tobufw(L);
+  setnilV(L->top++);
+  sbx->r = lj_serialize_get(sbx, L->top-1);
+  lj_gc_check(L);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_method___gc)
+{
+  SBufExt *sbx = buffer_tobuf(L);
+  lj_bufx_free(L, sbx);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_method___tostring)      LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  SBufExt *sbx = buffer_tobuf(L);
+  setstrV(L, L->top-1, lj_str_new(L, sbx->r, sbufxlen(sbx)));
+  lj_gc_check(L);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_method___len)           LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  SBufExt *sbx = buffer_tobuf(L);
+  setintV(L->top-1, (int32_t)sbufxlen(sbx));
+  return 1;
+}
+
+LJLIB_PUSH("buffer") LJLIB_SET(__metatable)
+LJLIB_PUSH(top-1) LJLIB_SET(__index)
+
+/* -- Buffer library functions -------------------------------------------- */
+
+#define LJLIB_MODULE_buffer
+
+LJLIB_PUSH(top-2) LJLIB_SET(!)  /* Set environment. */
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_new)
+{
+  MSize sz = 0;
+  int targ = 1;
+  GCtab *env, *dict_str = NULL, *dict_mt = NULL;
+  GCudata *ud;
+  SBufExt *sbx;
+  if (L->base < L->top && !tvistab(L->base)) {
+    targ = 2;
+    if (!tvisnil(L->base))
+      sz = (MSize)lj_lib_checkintrange(L, 1, 0, LJ_MAX_BUF);
+  }
+  if (L->base+targ-1 < L->top) {
+    GCtab *options = lj_lib_checktab(L, targ);
+    cTValue *opt_dict, *opt_mt;
+    opt_dict = lj_tab_getstr(options, lj_str_newlit(L, "dict"));
+    if (opt_dict && tvistab(opt_dict)) {
+      dict_str = tabV(opt_dict);
+      lj_serialize_dict_prep_str(L, dict_str);
+    }
+    opt_mt = lj_tab_getstr(options, lj_str_newlit(L, "metatable"));
+    if (opt_mt && tvistab(opt_mt)) {
+      dict_mt = tabV(opt_mt);
+      lj_serialize_dict_prep_mt(L, dict_mt);
+    }
+  }
+  env = tabref(curr_func(L)->c.env);
+  ud = lj_udata_new(L, sizeof(SBufExt), env);
+  ud->udtype = UDTYPE_BUFFER;
+  /* NOBARRIER: The GCudata is new (marked white). */
+  setgcref(ud->metatable, obj2gco(env));
+  setudataV(L, L->top++, ud);
+  sbx = (SBufExt *)uddata(ud);
+  lj_bufx_init(L, sbx);
+  setgcref(sbx->dict_str, obj2gco(dict_str));
+  setgcref(sbx->dict_mt, obj2gco(dict_mt));
+  if (sz > 0) lj_buf_need2((SBuf *)sbx, sz);
+  lj_gc_check(L);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_encode)                 LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  cTValue *o = lj_lib_checkany(L, 1);
+  setstrV(L, L->top++, lj_serialize_encode(L, o));
+  lj_gc_check(L);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+LJLIB_CF(buffer_decode)                 LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  GCstr *str = lj_lib_checkstrx(L, 1);
+  setnilV(L->top++);
+  lj_serialize_decode(L, L->top-1, str);
+  lj_gc_check(L);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+#include "lj_libdef.h"
+
+int luaopen_string_buffer(lua_State *L)
+{
+  LJ_LIB_REG(L, NULL, buffer_method);
+  lua_getfield(L, -1, "__tostring");
+  lua_setfield(L, -2, "tostring");
+  LJ_LIB_REG(L, NULL, buffer);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/lib_debug.c b/src/lib_debug.c
index c5f3040f..2ad51a74 100644
--- a/src/lib_debug.c
+++ b/src/lib_debug.c
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ LJLIB_CF(debug_getregistry)
   return 1;
 }
 
-LJLIB_CF(debug_getmetatable)
+LJLIB_CF(debug_getmetatable)    LJLIB_REC(.)
 {
   lj_lib_checkany(L, 1);
   if (!lua_getmetatable(L, 1)) {
@@ -231,8 +231,8 @@ LJLIB_CF(debug_upvalueid)
   int32_t n = lj_lib_checkint(L, 2) - 1;
   if ((uint32_t)n >= fn->l.nupvalues)
     lj_err_arg(L, 2, LJ_ERR_IDXRNG);
-  setlightudV(L->top-1, isluafunc(fn) ? (void *)gcref(fn->l.uvptr[n]) :
-                                        (void *)&fn->c.upvalue[n]);
+  lua_pushlightuserdata(L, isluafunc(fn) ? (void *)gcref(fn->l.uvptr[n]) :
+                                           (void *)&fn->c.upvalue[n]);
   return 1;
 }
 
@@ -283,13 +283,13 @@ LJLIB_CF(debug_setuservalue)
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
-static const char KEY_HOOK = 'h';
+#define KEY_HOOK        (U64x(80000000,00000000)|'h')
 
 static void hookf(lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar)
 {
   static const char *const hooknames[] =
     {"call", "return", "line", "count", "tail return"};
-  lua_pushlightuserdata(L, (void *)&KEY_HOOK);
+  (L->top++)->u64 = KEY_HOOK;
   lua_rawget(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
   if (lua_isfunction(L, -1)) {
     lua_pushstring(L, hooknames[(int)ar->event]);
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ LJLIB_CF(debug_sethook)
     count = luaL_optint(L, arg+3, 0);
     func = hookf; mask = makemask(smask, count);
   }
-  lua_pushlightuserdata(L, (void *)&KEY_HOOK);
+  (L->top++)->u64 = KEY_HOOK;
   lua_pushvalue(L, arg+1);
   lua_rawset(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
   lua_sethook(L, func, mask, count);
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ LJLIB_CF(debug_gethook)
   if (hook != NULL && hook != hookf) {  /* external hook? */
     lua_pushliteral(L, "external hook");
   } else {
-    lua_pushlightuserdata(L, (void *)&KEY_HOOK);
+    (L->top++)->u64 = KEY_HOOK;
     lua_rawget(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);   /* get hook */
   }
   lua_pushstring(L, unmakemask(mask, buff));
diff --git a/src/lib_ffi.c b/src/lib_ffi.c
index cf9cf9f5..6dee2e74 100644
--- a/src/lib_ffi.c
+++ b/src/lib_ffi.c
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include "lj_ccall.h"
 #include "lj_ccallback.h"
 #include "lj_clib.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 #include "lj_ff.h"
 #include "lj_lib.h"
 
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ static int ffi_index_meta(lua_State *L, CTState *cts, CType *ct, MMS mm)
       }
     }
     copyTV(L, base, L->top);
-    tv = L->top-1;
+    tv = L->top-1-LJ_FR2;
   }
   return lj_meta_tailcall(L, tv);
 }
@@ -318,7 +319,7 @@ LJLIB_CF(ffi_meta___tostring)
       }
     }
   }
-  lj_str_pushf(L, msg, strdata(lj_ctype_repr(L, id, NULL)), p);
+  lj_strfmt_pushf(L, msg, strdata(lj_ctype_repr(L, id, NULL)), p);
 checkgc:
   lj_gc_check(L);
   return 1;
@@ -504,10 +505,7 @@ LJLIB_CF(ffi_new)	LJLIB_REC(.)
   }
   if (sz == CTSIZE_INVALID)
     lj_err_arg(L, 1, LJ_ERR_FFI_INVSIZE);
-  if (!(info & CTF_VLA) && ctype_align(info) <= CT_MEMALIGN)
-    cd = lj_cdata_new(cts, id, sz);
-  else
-    cd = lj_cdata_newv(cts, id, sz, ctype_align(info));
+  cd = lj_cdata_newx(cts, id, sz, info);
   setcdataV(L, o-1, cd);  /* Anchor the uninitialized cdata. */
   lj_cconv_ct_init(cts, ct, sz, cdataptr(cd),
                    o, (MSize)(L->top - o));  /* Initialize cdata. */
@@ -558,6 +556,32 @@ LJLIB_CF(ffi_typeof)	LJLIB_REC(.)
   return 1;
 }
 
+/* Internal and unsupported API. */
+LJLIB_CF(ffi_typeinfo)
+{
+  CTState *cts = ctype_cts(L);
+  CTypeID id = (CTypeID)ffi_checkint(L, 1);
+  if (id > 0 && id < cts->top) {
+    CType *ct = ctype_get(cts, id);
+    GCtab *t;
+    lua_createtable(L, 0, 4);  /* Increment hash size if fields are added. */
+    t = tabV(L->top-1);
+    setintV(lj_tab_setstr(L, t, lj_str_newlit(L, "info")), (int32_t)ct->info);
+    if (ct->size != CTSIZE_INVALID)
+      setintV(lj_tab_setstr(L, t, lj_str_newlit(L, "size")), (int32_t)ct->size);
+    if (ct->sib)
+      setintV(lj_tab_setstr(L, t, lj_str_newlit(L, "sib")), (int32_t)ct->sib);
+    if (gcref(ct->name)) {
+      GCstr *s = gco2str(gcref(ct->name));
+      if (isdead(G(L), obj2gco(s))) flipwhite(obj2gco(s));
+      setstrV(L, lj_tab_setstr(L, t, lj_str_newlit(L, "name")), s);
+    }
+    lj_gc_check(L);
+    return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
 LJLIB_CF(ffi_istype)    LJLIB_REC(.)
 {
   CTState *cts = ctype_cts(L);
@@ -697,44 +721,50 @@ LJLIB_CF(ffi_fill)	LJLIB_REC(.)
   return 0;
 }
 
-#define H_(le, be)      LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(0x##le, 0x##be)
-
 /* Test ABI string. */
 LJLIB_CF(ffi_abi)       LJLIB_REC(.)
 {
   GCstr *s = lj_lib_checkstr(L, 1);
-  int b = 0;
-  switch (s->hash) {
+  int b = lj_cparse_case(s,
 #if LJ_64
-  case H_(849858eb,ad35fd06): b = 1; break;  /* 64bit */
+    "\00564bit"
 #else
-  case H_(662d3c79,d0e22477): b = 1; break;  /* 32bit */
+    "\00532bit"
 #endif
 #if LJ_ARCH_HASFPU
-  case H_(e33ee463,e33ee463): b = 1; break;  /* fpu */
+    "\003fpu"
 #endif
 #if LJ_ABI_SOFTFP
-  case H_(61211a23,c2e8c81c): b = 1; break;  /* softfp */
+    "\006softfp"
 #else
-  case H_(539417a8,8ce0812f): b = 1; break;  /* hardfp */
+    "\006hardfp"
 #endif
 #if LJ_ABI_EABI
-  case H_(2182df8f,f2ed1152): b = 1; break;  /* eabi */
+    "\004eabi"
 #endif
 #if LJ_ABI_WIN
-  case H_(4ab624a8,4ab624a8): b = 1; break;  /* win */
+    "\003win"
 #endif
-  case H_(3af93066,1f001464): b = 1; break;  /* le/be */
-  default:
-    break;
-  }
+#if LJ_ABI_PAUTH
+    "\007pauth"
+#endif
+#if LJ_TARGET_UWP
+    "\003uwp"
+#endif
+#if LJ_LE
+    "\002le"
+#else
+    "\002be"
+#endif
+#if LJ_GC64
+    "\004gc64"
+#endif
+  ) >= 0;
   setboolV(L->top-1, b);
   setboolV(&G(L)->tmptv2, b);  /* Remember for trace recorder. */
   return 1;
 }
 
-#undef H_
-
 LJLIB_PUSH(top-8) LJLIB_SET(!)  /* Store reference to miscmap table. */
 
 LJLIB_CF(ffi_metatype)
@@ -768,19 +798,11 @@ LJLIB_CF(ffi_gc)	LJLIB_REC(.)
   GCcdata *cd = ffi_checkcdata(L, 1);
   TValue *fin = lj_lib_checkany(L, 2);
   CTState *cts = ctype_cts(L);
-  GCtab *t = cts->finalizer;
   CType *ct = ctype_raw(cts, cd->ctypeid);
   if (!(ctype_isptr(ct->info) || ctype_isstruct(ct->info) ||
         ctype_isrefarray(ct->info)))
     lj_err_arg(L, 1, LJ_ERR_FFI_INVTYPE);
-  if (gcref(t->metatable)) {  /* Update finalizer table, if still enabled. */
-    copyTV(L, lj_tab_set(L, t, L->base), fin);
-    lj_gc_anybarriert(L, t);
-    if (!tvisnil(fin))
-      cd->marked |= LJ_GC_CDATA_FIN;
-    else
-      cd->marked &= ~LJ_GC_CDATA_FIN;
-  }
+  lj_cdata_setfin(L, cd, gcval(fin), itype(fin));
   L->top = L->base+1;  /* Pass through the cdata object. */
   return 1;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib_io.c b/src/lib_io.c
index f7db083e..a13d4315 100644
--- a/src/lib_io.c
+++ b/src/lib_io.c
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 #include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_state.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 #include "lj_ff.h"
 #include "lj_lib.h"
 
@@ -84,7 +86,7 @@ static IOFileUD *io_file_open(lua_State *L, const char *mode)
   IOFileUD *iof = io_file_new(L);
   iof->fp = fopen(fname, mode);
   if (iof->fp == NULL)
-    luaL_argerror(L, 1, lj_str_pushf(L, "%s: %s", fname, strerror(errno)));
+    luaL_argerror(L, 1, lj_strfmt_pushf(L, "%s: %s", fname, strerror(errno)));
   return iof;
 }
 
@@ -97,11 +99,8 @@ static int io_file_close(lua_State *L, IOFileUD *iof)
     int stat = -1;
 #if LJ_TARGET_POSIX
     stat = pclose(iof->fp);
-#elif LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS
+#elif LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS && !LJ_TARGET_XBOXONE && !LJ_TARGET_UWP
     stat = _pclose(iof->fp);
-#else
-    lua_assert(0);
-    return 0;
 #endif
 #if LJ_52
     iof->fp = NULL;
@@ -110,7 +109,8 @@ static int io_file_close(lua_State *L, IOFileUD *iof)
     ok = (stat != -1);
 #endif
   } else {
-    lua_assert((iof->type & IOFILE_TYPE_MASK) == IOFILE_TYPE_STDF);
+    lj_assertL((iof->type & IOFILE_TYPE_MASK) == IOFILE_TYPE_STDF,
+               "close of unknown FILE* type");
     setnilV(L->top++);
     lua_pushliteral(L, "cannot close standard file");
     return 2;
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ static int io_file_readline(lua_State *L, FILE *fp, MSize chop)
   MSize m = LUAL_BUFFERSIZE, n = 0, ok = 0;
   char *buf;
   for (;;) {
-    buf = lj_str_needbuf(L, &G(L)->tmpbuf, m);
+    buf = lj_buf_tmp(L, m);
     if (fgets(buf+n, m-n, fp) == NULL) break;
     n += (MSize)strlen(buf+n);
     ok |= n;
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ static void io_file_readall(lua_State *L, FILE *fp)
 {
   MSize m, n;
   for (m = LUAL_BUFFERSIZE, n = 0; ; m += m) {
-    char *buf = lj_str_needbuf(L, &G(L)->tmpbuf, m);
+    char *buf = lj_buf_tmp(L, m);
     n += (MSize)fread(buf+n, 1, m-n, fp);
     if (n != m) {
       setstrV(L, L->top++, lj_str_new(L, buf, (size_t)n));
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ static void io_file_readall(lua_State *L, FILE *fp)
 static int io_file_readlen(lua_State *L, FILE *fp, MSize m)
 {
   if (m) {
-    char *buf = lj_str_needbuf(L, &G(L)->tmpbuf, m);
+    char *buf = lj_buf_tmp(L, m);
     MSize n = (MSize)fread(buf, 1, m, fp);
     setstrV(L, L->top++, lj_str_new(L, buf, (size_t)n));
     lj_gc_check(L);
@@ -202,13 +202,12 @@ static int io_file_read(lua_State *L, IOFileUD *iof, int start)
     for (n = start; nargs-- && ok; n++) {
       if (tvisstr(L->base+n)) {
         const char *p = strVdata(L->base+n);
-        if (p[0] != '*')
-          lj_err_arg(L, n+1, LJ_ERR_INVOPT);
-        if (p[1] == 'n')
+        if (p[0] == '*') p++;
+        if (p[0] == 'n')
           ok = io_file_readnum(L, fp);
-        else if ((p[1] & ~0x20) == 'L')
-          ok = io_file_readline(L, fp, (p[1] == 'l'));
-        else if (p[1] == 'a')
+        else if ((p[0] & ~0x20) == 'L')
+          ok = io_file_readline(L, fp, (p[0] == 'l'));
+        else if (p[0] == 'a')
           io_file_readall(L, fp);
         else
           lj_err_arg(L, n+1, LJ_ERR_INVFMT);
@@ -232,19 +231,11 @@ static int io_file_write(lua_State *L, IOFileUD *iof, int start)
   cTValue *tv;
   int status = 1;
   for (tv = L->base+start; tv < L->top; tv++) {
-    if (tvisstr(tv)) {
-      MSize len = strV(tv)->len;
-      status = status && (fwrite(strVdata(tv), 1, len, fp) == len);
-    } else if (tvisint(tv)) {
-      char buf[LJ_STR_INTBUF];
-      char *p = lj_str_bufint(buf, intV(tv));
-      size_t len = (size_t)(buf+LJ_STR_INTBUF-p);
-      status = status && (fwrite(p, 1, len, fp) == len);
-    } else if (tvisnum(tv)) {
-      status = status && (fprintf(fp, LUA_NUMBER_FMT, numV(tv)) > 0);
-    } else {
+    MSize len;
+    const char *p = lj_strfmt_wstrnum(L, tv, &len);
+    if (!p)
       lj_err_argt(L, (int)(tv - L->base) + 1, LUA_TSTRING);
-    }
+    status = status && (fwrite(p, 1, len, fp) == len);
   }
   if (LJ_52 && status) {
     L->top = L->base+1;
@@ -319,6 +310,14 @@ LJLIB_CF(io_method_flush)		LJLIB_REC(io_flush 0)
   return luaL_fileresult(L, fflush(io_tofile(L)->fp) == 0, NULL);
 }
 
+#if LJ_32 && defined(__ANDROID__) && __ANDROID_API__ < 24
+/* The Android NDK is such an unmatched marvel of engineering. */
+extern int fseeko32(FILE *, long int, int) __asm__("fseeko");
+extern long int ftello32(FILE *) __asm__("ftello");
+#define fseeko(fp, pos, whence) (fseeko32((fp), (pos), (whence)))
+#define ftello(fp)              (ftello32((fp)))
+#endif
+
 LJLIB_CF(io_method_seek)
 {
   FILE *fp = io_tofile(L)->fp;
@@ -419,7 +418,7 @@ LJLIB_CF(io_open)
 
 LJLIB_CF(io_popen)
 {
-#if LJ_TARGET_POSIX || LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS
+#if LJ_TARGET_POSIX || (LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS && !LJ_TARGET_XBOXONE && !LJ_TARGET_UWP)
   const char *fname = strdata(lj_lib_checkstr(L, 1));
   GCstr *s = lj_lib_optstr(L, 2);
   const char *mode = s ? strdata(s) : "r";
@@ -440,7 +439,7 @@ LJLIB_CF(io_popen)
 LJLIB_CF(io_tmpfile)
 {
   IOFileUD *iof = io_file_new(L);
-#if LJ_TARGET_PS3 || LJ_TARGET_PS4 || LJ_TARGET_PSVITA
+#if LJ_TARGET_PS3 || LJ_TARGET_PS4 || LJ_TARGET_PS5 || LJ_TARGET_PSVITA || LJ_TARGET_NX
   iof->fp = NULL; errno = ENOSYS;
 #else
   iof->fp = tmpfile();
diff --git a/src/lib_jit.c b/src/lib_jit.c
index 04a564c7..c0294927 100644
--- a/src/lib_jit.c
+++ b/src/lib_jit.c
@@ -10,13 +10,17 @@
 #include "lauxlib.h"
 #include "lualib.h"
 
-#include "lj_arch.h"
 #include "lj_obj.h"
+#include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
 #include "lj_debug.h"
 #include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
+#include "lj_state.h"
 #include "lj_bc.h"
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+#include "lj_ctype.h"
+#endif
 #if LJ_HASJIT
 #include "lj_ir.h"
 #include "lj_jit.h"
@@ -24,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "lj_iropt.h"
 #include "lj_target.h"
 #endif
+#include "lj_trace.h"
 #include "lj_dispatch.h"
 #include "lj_vm.h"
 #include "lj_vmevent.h"
@@ -99,8 +104,8 @@ LJLIB_CF(jit_status)
   jit_State *J = L2J(L);
   L->top = L->base;
   setboolV(L->top++, (J->flags & JIT_F_ON) ? 1 : 0);
-  flagbits_to_strings(L, J->flags, JIT_F_CPU_FIRST, JIT_F_CPUSTRING);
-  flagbits_to_strings(L, J->flags, JIT_F_OPT_FIRST, JIT_F_OPTSTRING);
+  flagbits_to_strings(L, J->flags, JIT_F_CPU, JIT_F_CPUSTRING);
+  flagbits_to_strings(L, J->flags, JIT_F_OPT, JIT_F_OPTSTRING);
   return (int)(L->top - L->base);
 #else
   setboolV(L->top++, 0);
@@ -108,6 +113,13 @@ LJLIB_CF(jit_status)
 #endif
 }
 
+LJLIB_CF(jit_security)
+{
+  int idx = lj_lib_checkopt(L, 1, -1, LJ_SECURITY_MODESTRING);
+  setintV(L->top++, ((LJ_SECURITY_MODE >> (2*idx)) & 3));
+  return 1;
+}
+
 LJLIB_CF(jit_attach)
 {
 #ifdef LUAJIT_DISABLE_VMEVENT
@@ -222,7 +234,7 @@ LJLIB_CF(jit_util_funcbc)
   if (pc < pt->sizebc) {
     BCIns ins = proto_bc(pt)[pc];
     BCOp op = bc_op(ins);
-    lua_assert(op < BC__MAX);
+    lj_assertL(op < BC__MAX, "bad bytecode op %d", op);
     setintV(L->top, ins);
     setintV(L->top+1, lj_bc_mode[op]);
     L->top += 2;
@@ -280,7 +292,7 @@ static GCtrace *jit_checktrace(lua_State *L)
 /* Names of link types. ORDER LJ_TRLINK */
 static const char *const jit_trlinkname[] = {
   "none", "root", "loop", "tail-recursion", "up-recursion", "down-recursion",
-  "interpreter", "return"
+  "interpreter", "return", "stitch"
 };
 
 /* local info = jit.util.traceinfo(tr) */
@@ -333,6 +345,9 @@ LJLIB_CF(jit_util_tracek)
       slot = ir->op2;
       ir = &T->ir[ir->op1];
     }
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+    if (ir->o == IR_KINT64) ctype_loadffi(L);
+#endif
     lj_ir_kvalue(L, L->top-2, ir);
     setintV(L->top-1, (int32_t)irt_type(ir->t));
     if (slot == -1)
@@ -407,7 +422,8 @@ LJLIB_CF(jit_util_ircalladdr)
 {
   uint32_t idx = (uint32_t)lj_lib_checkint(L, 1);
   if (idx < IRCALL__MAX) {
-    setintptrV(L->top-1, (intptr_t)(void *)lj_ir_callinfo[idx].func);
+    ASMFunction func = lj_ir_callinfo[idx].func;
+    setintptrV(L->top-1, (intptr_t)(void *)lj_ptr_strip(func));
     return 1;
   }
   return 0;
@@ -417,6 +433,12 @@ LJLIB_CF(jit_util_ircalladdr)
 
 #include "lj_libdef.h"
 
+static int luaopen_jit_util(lua_State *L)
+{
+  LJ_LIB_REG(L, NULL, jit_util);
+  return 1;
+}
+
 /* -- jit.opt module ------------------------------------------------------ */
 
 #if LJ_HASJIT
@@ -453,7 +475,7 @@ static int jitopt_flag(jit_State *J, const char *str)
     str += str[2] == '-' ? 3 : 2;
     set = 0;
   }
-  for (opt = JIT_F_OPT_FIRST; ; opt <<= 1) {
+  for (opt = JIT_F_OPT; ; opt <<= 1) {
     size_t len = *(const uint8_t *)lst;
     if (len == 0)
       break;
@@ -473,7 +495,7 @@ static int jitopt_param(jit_State *J, const char *str)
   int i;
   for (i = 0; i < JIT_P__MAX; i++) {
     size_t len = *(const uint8_t *)lst;
-    lua_assert(len != 0);
+    lj_assertJ(len != 0, "bad JIT_P_STRING");
     if (strncmp(str, lst+1, len) == 0 && str[len] == '=') {
       int32_t n = 0;
       const char *p = &str[len+1];
@@ -514,6 +536,104 @@ LJLIB_CF(jit_opt_start)
 
 #endif
 
+/* -- jit.profile module -------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+
+#define LJLIB_MODULE_jit_profile
+
+/* Not loaded by default, use: local profile = require("jit.profile") */
+
+#define KEY_PROFILE_THREAD      (U64x(80000000,00000000)|'t')
+#define KEY_PROFILE_FUNC        (U64x(80000000,00000000)|'f')
+
+static void jit_profile_callback(lua_State *L2, lua_State *L, int samples,
+                                 int vmstate)
+{
+  TValue key;
+  cTValue *tv;
+  key.u64 = KEY_PROFILE_FUNC;
+  tv = lj_tab_get(L, tabV(registry(L)), &key);
+  if (tvisfunc(tv)) {
+    char vmst = (char)vmstate;
+    int status;
+    setfuncV(L2, L2->top++, funcV(tv));
+    setthreadV(L2, L2->top++, L);
+    setintV(L2->top++, samples);
+    setstrV(L2, L2->top++, lj_str_new(L2, &vmst, 1));
+    status = lua_pcall(L2, 3, 0, 0);  /* callback(thread, samples, vmstate) */
+    if (status) {
+      if (G(L2)->panic) G(L2)->panic(L2);
+      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+    lj_trace_abort(G(L2));
+  }
+}
+
+/* profile.start(mode, cb) */
+LJLIB_CF(jit_profile_start)
+{
+  GCtab *registry = tabV(registry(L));
+  GCstr *mode = lj_lib_optstr(L, 1);
+  GCfunc *func = lj_lib_checkfunc(L, 2);
+  lua_State *L2 = lua_newthread(L);  /* Thread that runs profiler callback. */
+  TValue key;
+  /* Anchor thread and function in registry. */
+  key.u64 = KEY_PROFILE_THREAD;
+  setthreadV(L, lj_tab_set(L, registry, &key), L2);
+  key.u64 = KEY_PROFILE_FUNC;
+  setfuncV(L, lj_tab_set(L, registry, &key), func);
+  lj_gc_anybarriert(L, registry);
+  luaJIT_profile_start(L, mode ? strdata(mode) : "",
+                       (luaJIT_profile_callback)jit_profile_callback, L2);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* profile.stop() */
+LJLIB_CF(jit_profile_stop)
+{
+  GCtab *registry;
+  TValue key;
+  luaJIT_profile_stop(L);
+  registry = tabV(registry(L));
+  key.u64 = KEY_PROFILE_THREAD;
+  setnilV(lj_tab_set(L, registry, &key));
+  key.u64 = KEY_PROFILE_FUNC;
+  setnilV(lj_tab_set(L, registry, &key));
+  lj_gc_anybarriert(L, registry);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* dump = profile.dumpstack([thread,] fmt, depth) */
+LJLIB_CF(jit_profile_dumpstack)
+{
+  lua_State *L2 = L;
+  int arg = 0;
+  size_t len;
+  int depth;
+  GCstr *fmt;
+  const char *p;
+  if (L->top > L->base && tvisthread(L->base)) {
+    L2 = threadV(L->base);
+    arg = 1;
+  }
+  fmt = lj_lib_checkstr(L, arg+1);
+  depth = lj_lib_checkint(L, arg+2);
+  p = luaJIT_profile_dumpstack(L2, strdata(fmt), depth, &len);
+  lua_pushlstring(L, p, len);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+#include "lj_libdef.h"
+
+static int luaopen_jit_profile(lua_State *L)
+{
+  LJ_LIB_REG(L, NULL, jit_profile);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+#endif
+
 /* -- JIT compiler initialization ----------------------------------------- */
 
 #if LJ_HASJIT
@@ -524,66 +644,41 @@ JIT_PARAMDEF(JIT_PARAMINIT)
 #undef JIT_PARAMINIT
   0
 };
-#endif
 
 #if LJ_TARGET_ARM && LJ_TARGET_LINUX
 #include <sys/utsname.h>
 #endif
 
-/* Arch-dependent CPU detection. */
-static uint32_t jit_cpudetect(lua_State *L)
+/* Arch-dependent CPU feature detection. */
+static uint32_t jit_cpudetect(void)
 {
   uint32_t flags = 0;
 #if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
+
   uint32_t vendor[4];
   uint32_t features[4];
   if (lj_vm_cpuid(0, vendor) && lj_vm_cpuid(1, features)) {
-#if !LJ_HASJIT
-#define JIT_F_CMOV      1
-#define JIT_F_SSE2      2
-#endif
-    flags |= ((features[3] >> 15)&1) * JIT_F_CMOV;
-    flags |= ((features[3] >> 26)&1) * JIT_F_SSE2;
-#if LJ_HASJIT
     flags |= ((features[2] >> 0)&1) * JIT_F_SSE3;
     flags |= ((features[2] >> 19)&1) * JIT_F_SSE4_1;
-    if (vendor[2] == 0x6c65746e) {  /* Intel. */
-      if ((features[0] & 0x0ff00f00) == 0x00000f00)  /* P4. */
-        flags |= JIT_F_P4;  /* Currently unused. */
-      else if ((features[0] & 0x0fff0ff0) == 0x000106c0)  /* Atom. */
-        flags |= JIT_F_LEA_AGU;
-    } else if (vendor[2] == 0x444d4163) {  /* AMD. */
-      uint32_t fam = (features[0] & 0x0ff00f00);
-      if (fam == 0x00000f00)  /* K8. */
-        flags |= JIT_F_SPLIT_XMM;
-      if (fam >= 0x00000f00)  /* K8, K10. */
-        flags |= JIT_F_PREFER_IMUL;
+    if (vendor[0] >= 7) {
+      uint32_t xfeatures[4];
+      lj_vm_cpuid(7, xfeatures);
+      flags |= ((xfeatures[1] >> 8)&1) * JIT_F_BMI2;
     }
-#endif
   }
-  /* Check for required instruction set support on x86 (unnecessary on x64). */
-#if LJ_TARGET_X86
-#if !defined(LUAJIT_CPU_NOCMOV)
-  if (!(flags & JIT_F_CMOV))
-    luaL_error(L, "CPU not supported");
-#endif
-#if defined(LUAJIT_CPU_SSE2)
-  if (!(flags & JIT_F_SSE2))
-    luaL_error(L, "CPU does not support SSE2 (recompile without -DLUAJIT_CPU_SSE2)");
-#endif
-#endif
+  /* Don't bother checking for SSE2 -- the VM will crash before getting here. */
+
 #elif LJ_TARGET_ARM
-#if LJ_HASJIT
+
   int ver = LJ_ARCH_VERSION;  /* Compile-time ARM CPU detection. */
 #if LJ_TARGET_LINUX
   if (ver < 70) {  /* Runtime ARM CPU detection. */
     struct utsname ut;
     uname(&ut);
     if (strncmp(ut.machine, "armv", 4) == 0) {
-      if (ut.machine[4] >= '7')
-        ver = 70;
-      else if (ut.machine[4] == '6')
-        ver = 60;
+      if (ut.machine[4] >= '8') ver = 80;
+      else if (ut.machine[4] == '7') ver = 70;
+      else if (ut.machine[4] == '6') ver = 60;
     }
   }
 #endif
@@ -591,74 +686,77 @@ static uint32_t jit_cpudetect(lua_State *L)
            ver >= 61 ? JIT_F_ARMV6T2_ :
            ver >= 60 ? JIT_F_ARMV6_ : 0;
   flags |= LJ_ARCH_HASFPU == 0 ? 0 : ver >= 70 ? JIT_F_VFPV3 : JIT_F_VFPV2;
-#endif
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+
+  /* No optional CPU features to detect (for now). */
+
 #elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
-#if LJ_HASJIT
+
 #if LJ_ARCH_SQRT
   flags |= JIT_F_SQRT;
 #endif
 #if LJ_ARCH_ROUND
   flags |= JIT_F_ROUND;
 #endif
-#endif
-#elif LJ_TARGET_PPCSPE
-  /* Nothing to do. */
+
 #elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS
-#if LJ_HASJIT
+
   /* Compile-time MIPS CPU detection. */
 #if LJ_ARCH_VERSION >= 20
-  flags |= JIT_F_MIPS32R2;
+  flags |= JIT_F_MIPSXXR2;
 #endif
   /* Runtime MIPS CPU detection. */
 #if defined(__GNUC__)
-  if (!(flags & JIT_F_MIPS32R2)) {
+  if (!(flags & JIT_F_MIPSXXR2)) {
     int x;
+#ifdef __mips16
+    x = 0;  /* Runtime detection is difficult. Ensure optimal -march flags. */
+#else
     /* On MIPS32R1 rotr is treated as srl. rotr r2,r2,1 -> srl r2,r2,1. */
     __asm__("li $2, 1\n\t.long 0x00221042\n\tmove %0, $2" : "=r"(x) : : "$2");
-    if (x) flags |= JIT_F_MIPS32R2;  /* Either 0x80000000 (R2) or 0 (R1). */
-  }
 #endif
+    if (x) flags |= JIT_F_MIPSXXR2;  /* Either 0x80000000 (R2) or 0 (R1). */
+  }
 #endif
+
 #else
 #error "Missing CPU detection for this architecture"
 #endif
-  UNUSED(L);
   return flags;
 }
 
 /* Initialize JIT compiler. */
 static void jit_init(lua_State *L)
 {
-  uint32_t flags = jit_cpudetect(L);
-#if LJ_HASJIT
   jit_State *J = L2J(L);
-#if LJ_TARGET_X86
-  /* Silently turn off the JIT compiler on CPUs without SSE2. */
-  if ((flags & JIT_F_SSE2))
-#endif
-    J->flags = flags | JIT_F_ON | JIT_F_OPT_DEFAULT;
+  J->flags = jit_cpudetect() | JIT_F_ON | JIT_F_OPT_DEFAULT;
   memcpy(J->param, jit_param_default, sizeof(J->param));
   lj_dispatch_update(G(L));
-#else
-  UNUSED(flags);
-#endif
 }
+#endif
 
 LUALIB_API int luaopen_jit(lua_State *L)
 {
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+  jit_init(L);
+#endif
   lua_pushliteral(L, LJ_OS_NAME);
   lua_pushliteral(L, LJ_ARCH_NAME);
   lua_pushinteger(L, LUAJIT_VERSION_NUM);  /* Deprecated. */
   lua_pushliteral(L, LUAJIT_VERSION);
   LJ_LIB_REG(L, LUA_JITLIBNAME, jit);
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+  lj_lib_prereg(L, LUA_JITLIBNAME ".profile", luaopen_jit_profile,
+                tabref(L->env));
+#endif
 #ifndef LUAJIT_DISABLE_JITUTIL
-  LJ_LIB_REG(L, "jit.util", jit_util);
+  lj_lib_prereg(L, LUA_JITLIBNAME ".util", luaopen_jit_util, tabref(L->env));
 #endif
 #if LJ_HASJIT
   LJ_LIB_REG(L, "jit.opt", jit_opt);
 #endif
   L->top -= 2;
-  jit_init(L);
   return 1;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib_math.c b/src/lib_math.c
index 56644746..4539f804 100644
--- a/src/lib_math.c
+++ b/src/lib_math.c
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 #include "lj_lib.h"
 #include "lj_vm.h"
+#include "lj_prng.h"
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
@@ -33,25 +34,19 @@ LJLIB_ASM(math_sqrt)		LJLIB_REC(math_unary IRFPM_SQRT)
   lj_lib_checknum(L, 1);
   return FFH_RETRY;
 }
-LJLIB_ASM_(math_log10)          LJLIB_REC(math_unary IRFPM_LOG10)
-LJLIB_ASM_(math_exp)            LJLIB_REC(math_unary IRFPM_EXP)
-LJLIB_ASM_(math_sin)            LJLIB_REC(math_unary IRFPM_SIN)
-LJLIB_ASM_(math_cos)            LJLIB_REC(math_unary IRFPM_COS)
-LJLIB_ASM_(math_tan)            LJLIB_REC(math_unary IRFPM_TAN)
-LJLIB_ASM_(math_asin)           LJLIB_REC(math_atrig FF_math_asin)
-LJLIB_ASM_(math_acos)           LJLIB_REC(math_atrig FF_math_acos)
-LJLIB_ASM_(math_atan)           LJLIB_REC(math_atrig FF_math_atan)
-LJLIB_ASM_(math_sinh)           LJLIB_REC(math_htrig IRCALL_sinh)
-LJLIB_ASM_(math_cosh)           LJLIB_REC(math_htrig IRCALL_cosh)
-LJLIB_ASM_(math_tanh)           LJLIB_REC(math_htrig IRCALL_tanh)
+LJLIB_ASM_(math_log10)          LJLIB_REC(math_call IRCALL_log10)
+LJLIB_ASM_(math_exp)            LJLIB_REC(math_call IRCALL_exp)
+LJLIB_ASM_(math_sin)            LJLIB_REC(math_call IRCALL_sin)
+LJLIB_ASM_(math_cos)            LJLIB_REC(math_call IRCALL_cos)
+LJLIB_ASM_(math_tan)            LJLIB_REC(math_call IRCALL_tan)
+LJLIB_ASM_(math_asin)           LJLIB_REC(math_call IRCALL_asin)
+LJLIB_ASM_(math_acos)           LJLIB_REC(math_call IRCALL_acos)
+LJLIB_ASM_(math_atan)           LJLIB_REC(math_call IRCALL_atan)
+LJLIB_ASM_(math_sinh)           LJLIB_REC(math_call IRCALL_sinh)
+LJLIB_ASM_(math_cosh)           LJLIB_REC(math_call IRCALL_cosh)
+LJLIB_ASM_(math_tanh)           LJLIB_REC(math_call IRCALL_tanh)
 LJLIB_ASM_(math_frexp)
-LJLIB_ASM_(math_modf)           LJLIB_REC(.)
-
-LJLIB_PUSH(57.29577951308232)
-LJLIB_ASM_(math_deg)            LJLIB_REC(math_degrad)
-
-LJLIB_PUSH(0.017453292519943295)
-LJLIB_ASM_(math_rad)            LJLIB_REC(math_degrad)
+LJLIB_ASM_(math_modf)
 
 LJLIB_ASM(math_log)             LJLIB_REC(math_log)
 {
@@ -63,12 +58,15 @@ LJLIB_ASM(math_log)		LJLIB_REC(math_log)
 #else
     x = lj_vm_log2(x); y = 1.0 / lj_vm_log2(y);
 #endif
-    setnumV(L->base-1, x*y);  /* Do NOT join the expression to x / y. */
+    setnumV(L->base-1-LJ_FR2, x*y);  /* Do NOT join the expression to x / y. */
     return FFH_RES(1);
   }
   return FFH_RETRY;
 }
 
+LJLIB_LUA(math_deg) /* function(x) return x * 57.29577951308232 end */
+LJLIB_LUA(math_rad) /* function(x) return x * 0.017453292519943295 end */
+
 LJLIB_ASM(math_atan2)           LJLIB_REC(.)
 {
   lj_lib_checknum(L, 1);
@@ -108,34 +106,11 @@ LJLIB_PUSH(1e310) LJLIB_SET(huge)
 ** Full-period ME-CF generator with L=64, J=4, k=223, N1=49.
 */
 
-/* PRNG state. */
-struct RandomState {
-  uint64_t gen[4];      /* State of the 4 LFSR generators. */
-  int valid;            /* State is valid. */
-};
-
 /* Union needed for bit-pattern conversion between uint64_t and double. */
 typedef union { uint64_t u64; double d; } U64double;
 
-/* Update generator i and compute a running xor of all states. */
-#define TW223_GEN(i, k, q, s) \
-  z = rs->gen[i]; \
-  z = (((z<<q)^z) >> (k-s)) ^ ((z&((uint64_t)(int64_t)-1 << (64-k)))<<s); \
-  r ^= z; rs->gen[i] = z;
-
-/* PRNG step function. Returns a double in the range 1.0 <= d < 2.0. */
-LJ_NOINLINE uint64_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_math_random_step(RandomState *rs)
-{
-  uint64_t z, r = 0;
-  TW223_GEN(0, 63, 31, 18)
-  TW223_GEN(1, 58, 19, 28)
-  TW223_GEN(2, 55, 24,  7)
-  TW223_GEN(3, 47, 21,  8)
-  return (r & U64x(000fffff,ffffffff)) | U64x(3ff00000,00000000);
-}
-
-/* PRNG initialization function. */
-static void random_init(RandomState *rs, double d)
+/* PRNG seeding function. */
+static void random_seed(PRNGState *rs, double d)
 {
   uint32_t r = 0x11090601;  /* 64-k[i] as four 8 bit constants. */
   int i;
@@ -144,24 +119,22 @@ static void random_init(RandomState *rs, double d)
     uint32_t m = 1u << (r&255);
     r >>= 8;
     u.d = d = d * 3.14159265358979323846 + 2.7182818284590452354;
-    if (u.u64 < m) u.u64 += m;  /* Ensure k[i] MSB of gen[i] are non-zero. */
-    rs->gen[i] = u.u64;
+    if (u.u64 < m) u.u64 += m;  /* Ensure k[i] MSB of u[i] are non-zero. */
+    rs->u[i] = u.u64;
   }
-  rs->valid = 1;
   for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
-    lj_math_random_step(rs);
+    (void)lj_prng_u64(rs);
 }
 
 /* PRNG extract function. */
-LJLIB_PUSH(top-2)  /* Upvalue holds userdata with RandomState. */
+LJLIB_PUSH(top-2)  /* Upvalue holds userdata with PRNGState. */
 LJLIB_CF(math_random)           LJLIB_REC(.)
 {
   int n = (int)(L->top - L->base);
-  RandomState *rs = (RandomState *)(uddata(udataV(lj_lib_upvalue(L, 1))));
+  PRNGState *rs = (PRNGState *)(uddata(udataV(lj_lib_upvalue(L, 1))));
   U64double u;
   double d;
-  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!rs->valid)) random_init(rs, 0.0);
-  u.u64 = lj_math_random_step(rs);
+  u.u64 = lj_prng_u64d(rs);
   d = u.d - 1.0;
   if (n > 0) {
 #if LJ_DUALNUM
@@ -206,11 +179,11 @@ LJLIB_CF(math_random)		LJLIB_REC(.)
 }
 
 /* PRNG seed function. */
-LJLIB_PUSH(top-2)  /* Upvalue holds userdata with RandomState. */
+LJLIB_PUSH(top-2)  /* Upvalue holds userdata with PRNGState. */
 LJLIB_CF(math_randomseed)
 {
-  RandomState *rs = (RandomState *)(uddata(udataV(lj_lib_upvalue(L, 1))));
-  random_init(rs, lj_lib_checknum(L, 1));
+  PRNGState *rs = (PRNGState *)(uddata(udataV(lj_lib_upvalue(L, 1))));
+  random_seed(rs, lj_lib_checknum(L, 1));
   return 0;
 }
 
@@ -220,14 +193,9 @@ LJLIB_CF(math_randomseed)
 
 LUALIB_API int luaopen_math(lua_State *L)
 {
-  RandomState *rs;
-  rs = (RandomState *)lua_newuserdata(L, sizeof(RandomState));
-  rs->valid = 0;  /* Use lazy initialization to save some time on startup. */
+  PRNGState *rs = (PRNGState *)lua_newuserdata(L, sizeof(PRNGState));
+  lj_prng_seed_fixed(rs);
   LJ_LIB_REG(L, LUA_MATHLIBNAME, math);
-#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_MOD) && !LJ_52
-  lua_getfield(L, -1, "fmod");
-  lua_setfield(L, -2, "mod");
-#endif
   return 1;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib_os.c b/src/lib_os.c
index 029cb75d..cf0df281 100644
--- a/src/lib_os.c
+++ b/src/lib_os.c
@@ -17,7 +17,10 @@
 #include "lualib.h"
 
 #include "lj_obj.h"
+#include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
+#include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_lib.h"
 
 #if LJ_TARGET_POSIX
@@ -73,7 +76,7 @@ LJLIB_CF(os_rename)
 
 LJLIB_CF(os_tmpname)
 {
-#if LJ_TARGET_PS3 || LJ_TARGET_PS4 || LJ_TARGET_PSVITA
+#if LJ_TARGET_PS3 || LJ_TARGET_PS4 || LJ_TARGET_PS5 || LJ_TARGET_PSVITA || LJ_TARGET_NX
   lj_err_caller(L, LJ_ERR_OSUNIQF);
   return 0;
 #else
@@ -188,7 +191,7 @@ LJLIB_CF(os_date)
 #endif
   }
   if (stm == NULL) {  /* Invalid date? */
-    setnilV(L->top-1);
+    setnilV(L->top++);
   } else if (strcmp(s, "*t") == 0) {
     lua_createtable(L, 0, 9);  /* 9 = number of fields */
     setfield(L, "sec", stm->tm_sec);
@@ -200,23 +203,25 @@ LJLIB_CF(os_date)
     setfield(L, "wday", stm->tm_wday+1);
     setfield(L, "yday", stm->tm_yday+1);
     setboolfield(L, "isdst", stm->tm_isdst);
-  } else {
-    char cc[3];
-    luaL_Buffer b;
-    cc[0] = '%'; cc[2] = '\0';
-    luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
-    for (; *s; s++) {
-      if (*s != '%' || *(s + 1) == '\0') {  /* No conversion specifier? */
-        luaL_addchar(&b, *s);
-      } else {
-        size_t reslen;
-        char buff[200];  /* Should be big enough for any conversion result. */
-        cc[1] = *(++s);
-        reslen = strftime(buff, sizeof(buff), cc, stm);
-        luaL_addlstring(&b, buff, reslen);
+  } else if (*s) {
+    SBuf *sb = &G(L)->tmpbuf;
+    MSize sz = 0, retry = 4;
+    const char *q;
+    for (q = s; *q; q++)
+      sz += (*q == '%') ? 30 : 1;  /* Overflow doesn't matter. */
+    setsbufL(sb, L);
+    while (retry--) {  /* Limit growth for invalid format or empty result. */
+      char *buf = lj_buf_need(sb, sz);
+      size_t len = strftime(buf, sbufsz(sb), s, stm);
+      if (len) {
+        setstrV(L, L->top++, lj_str_new(L, buf, len));
+        lj_gc_check(L);
+        break;
       }
+      sz += (sz|1);
     }
-    luaL_pushresult(&b);
+  } else {
+    setstrV(L, L->top++, &G(L)->strempty);
   }
   return 1;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib_package.c b/src/lib_package.c
index 6ec763a5..7e24afa5 100644
--- a/src/lib_package.c
+++ b/src/lib_package.c
@@ -76,6 +76,20 @@ static const char *ll_bcsym(void *lib, const char *sym)
 BOOL WINAPI GetModuleHandleExA(DWORD, LPCSTR, HMODULE*);
 #endif
 
+#if LJ_TARGET_UWP
+void *LJ_WIN_LOADLIBA(const char *path)
+{
+  DWORD err = GetLastError();
+  wchar_t wpath[256];
+  HANDLE lib = NULL;
+  if (MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, path, -1, wpath, 256) > 0) {
+    lib = LoadPackagedLibrary(wpath, 0);
+  }
+  SetLastError(err);
+  return lib;
+}
+#endif
+
 #undef setprogdir
 
 static void setprogdir(lua_State *L)
@@ -96,9 +110,17 @@ static void setprogdir(lua_State *L)
 static void pusherror(lua_State *L)
 {
   DWORD error = GetLastError();
+#if LJ_TARGET_XBOXONE
+  wchar_t wbuffer[128];
+  char buffer[128*2];
+  if (FormatMessageW(FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM,
+      NULL, error, 0, wbuffer, sizeof(wbuffer)/sizeof(wchar_t), NULL) &&
+      WideCharToMultiByte(CP_ACP, 0, wbuffer, 128, buffer, 128*2, NULL, NULL))
+#else
   char buffer[128];
   if (FormatMessageA(FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM,
       NULL, error, 0, buffer, sizeof(buffer), NULL))
+#endif
     lua_pushstring(L, buffer);
   else
     lua_pushfstring(L, "system error %d\n", error);
@@ -111,7 +133,7 @@ static void ll_unloadlib(void *lib)
 
 static void *ll_load(lua_State *L, const char *path, int gl)
 {
-  HINSTANCE lib = LoadLibraryA(path);
+  HINSTANCE lib = LJ_WIN_LOADLIBA(path);
   if (lib == NULL) pusherror(L);
   UNUSED(gl);
   return lib;
@@ -124,17 +146,25 @@ static lua_CFunction ll_sym(lua_State *L, void *lib, const char *sym)
   return f;
 }
 
+#if LJ_TARGET_UWP
+EXTERN_C IMAGE_DOS_HEADER __ImageBase;
+#endif
+
 static const char *ll_bcsym(void *lib, const char *sym)
 {
   if (lib) {
     return (const char *)GetProcAddress((HINSTANCE)lib, sym);
   } else {
+#if LJ_TARGET_UWP
+    return (const char *)GetProcAddress((HINSTANCE)&__ImageBase, sym);
+#else
     HINSTANCE h = GetModuleHandleA(NULL);
     const char *p = (const char *)GetProcAddress(h, sym);
     if (p == NULL && GetModuleHandleExA(GET_MODULE_HANDLE_EX_FLAG_FROM_ADDRESS|GET_MODULE_HANDLE_EX_FLAG_UNCHANGED_REFCOUNT,
                                         (const char *)ll_bcsym, &h))
       p = (const char *)GetProcAddress(h, sym);
     return p;
+#endif
   }
 }
 
@@ -185,8 +215,7 @@ static void **ll_register(lua_State *L, const char *path)
     lua_pop(L, 1);
     plib = (void **)lua_newuserdata(L, sizeof(void *));
     *plib = NULL;
-    luaL_getmetatable(L, "_LOADLIB");
-    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
+    luaL_setmetatable(L, "_LOADLIB");
     lua_pushfstring(L, "LOADLIB: %s", path);
     lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
     lua_settable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
@@ -396,8 +425,7 @@ static int lj_cf_package_loader_preload(lua_State *L)
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
-static const int sentinel_ = 0;
-#define sentinel        ((void *)&sentinel_)
+#define KEY_SENTINEL    (U64x(80000000,00000000)|'s')
 
 static int lj_cf_package_require(lua_State *L)
 {
@@ -407,7 +435,7 @@ static int lj_cf_package_require(lua_State *L)
   lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "_LOADED");
   lua_getfield(L, 2, name);
   if (lua_toboolean(L, -1)) {  /* is it there? */
-    if (lua_touserdata(L, -1) == sentinel)  /* check loops */
+    if ((L->top-1)->u64 == KEY_SENTINEL)  /* check loops */
       luaL_error(L, "loop or previous error loading module " LUA_QS, name);
     return 1;  /* package is already loaded */
   }
@@ -430,14 +458,14 @@ static int lj_cf_package_require(lua_State *L)
     else
       lua_pop(L, 1);
   }
-  lua_pushlightuserdata(L, sentinel);
+  (L->top++)->u64 = KEY_SENTINEL;
   lua_setfield(L, 2, name);  /* _LOADED[name] = sentinel */
   lua_pushstring(L, name);  /* pass name as argument to module */
   lua_call(L, 1, 1);  /* run loaded module */
   if (!lua_isnil(L, -1))  /* non-nil return? */
     lua_setfield(L, 2, name);  /* _LOADED[name] = returned value */
   lua_getfield(L, 2, name);
-  if (lua_touserdata(L, -1) == sentinel) {   /* module did not set a value? */
+  if ((L->top-1)->u64 == KEY_SENTINEL) {   /* module did not set a value? */
     lua_pushboolean(L, 1);  /* use true as result */
     lua_pushvalue(L, -1);  /* extra copy to be returned */
     lua_setfield(L, 2, name);  /* _LOADED[name] = true */
@@ -487,29 +515,19 @@ static void modinit(lua_State *L, const char *modname)
 static int lj_cf_package_module(lua_State *L)
 {
   const char *modname = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
-  int loaded = lua_gettop(L) + 1;  /* index of _LOADED table */
-  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "_LOADED");
-  lua_getfield(L, loaded, modname);  /* get _LOADED[modname] */
-  if (!lua_istable(L, -1)) {  /* not found? */
-    lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove previous result */
-    /* try global variable (and create one if it does not exist) */
-    if (luaL_findtable(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, modname, 1) != NULL)
-      lj_err_callerv(L, LJ_ERR_BADMODN, modname);
-    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
-    lua_setfield(L, loaded, modname);  /* _LOADED[modname] = new table */
-  }
-  /* check whether table already has a _NAME field */
+  int lastarg = (int)(L->top - L->base);
+  luaL_pushmodule(L, modname, 1);
   lua_getfield(L, -1, "_NAME");
-  if (!lua_isnil(L, -1)) {  /* is table an initialized module? */
+  if (!lua_isnil(L, -1)) {  /* Module already initialized? */
     lua_pop(L, 1);
-  } else {  /* no; initialize it */
+  } else {
     lua_pop(L, 1);
     modinit(L, modname);
   }
   lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
   setfenv(L);
-  dooptions(L, loaded - 1);
-  return 0;
+  dooptions(L, lastarg);
+  return LJ_52;
 }
 
 static int lj_cf_package_seeall(lua_State *L)
@@ -580,13 +598,16 @@ LUALIB_API int luaopen_package(lua_State *L)
   lj_lib_pushcf(L, lj_cf_package_unloadlib, 1);
   lua_setfield(L, -2, "__gc");
   luaL_register(L, LUA_LOADLIBNAME, package_lib);
-  lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
-  lua_replace(L, LUA_ENVIRONINDEX);
+  lua_copy(L, -1, LUA_ENVIRONINDEX);
   lua_createtable(L, sizeof(package_loaders)/sizeof(package_loaders[0])-1, 0);
   for (i = 0; package_loaders[i] != NULL; i++) {
     lj_lib_pushcf(L, package_loaders[i], 1);
     lua_rawseti(L, -2, i+1);
   }
+#if LJ_52
+  lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+  lua_setfield(L, -3, "searchers");
+#endif
   lua_setfield(L, -2, "loaders");
   lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "LUA_NOENV");
   noenv = lua_toboolean(L, -1);
diff --git a/src/lib_string.c b/src/lib_string.c
index 3e3653b6..29bcb8fe 100644
--- a/src/lib_string.c
+++ b/src/lib_string.c
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@
 ** Copyright (C) 1994-2008 Lua.org, PUC-Rio. See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-
 #define lib_string_c
 #define LUA_LIB
 
@@ -18,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 #include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
 #include "lj_meta.h"
@@ -25,17 +24,19 @@
 #include "lj_ff.h"
 #include "lj_bcdump.h"
 #include "lj_char.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 #include "lj_lib.h"
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
 #define LJLIB_MODULE_string
 
-LJLIB_ASM(string_len)           LJLIB_REC(.)
-{
-  lj_lib_checkstr(L, 1);
-  return FFH_RETRY;
-}
+LJLIB_LUA(string_len) /*
+  function(s)
+    CHECK_str(s)
+    return #s
+  end
+*/
 
 LJLIB_ASM(string_byte)          LJLIB_REC(string_range 0)
 {
@@ -57,21 +58,21 @@ LJLIB_ASM(string_byte)		LJLIB_REC(string_range 0)
   lj_state_checkstack(L, (MSize)n);
   p = (const unsigned char *)strdata(s) + start;
   for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
-    setintV(L->base + i-1, p[i]);
+    setintV(L->base + i-1-LJ_FR2, p[i]);
   return FFH_RES(n);
 }
 
-LJLIB_ASM(string_char)
+LJLIB_ASM(string_char)          LJLIB_REC(.)
 {
   int i, nargs = (int)(L->top - L->base);
-  char *buf = lj_str_needbuf(L, &G(L)->tmpbuf, (MSize)nargs);
+  char *buf = lj_buf_tmp(L, (MSize)nargs);
   for (i = 1; i <= nargs; i++) {
     int32_t k = lj_lib_checkint(L, i);
     if (!checku8(k))
       lj_err_arg(L, i, LJ_ERR_BADVAL);
     buf[i-1] = (char)k;
   }
-  setstrV(L, L->base-1, lj_str_new(L, buf, (size_t)nargs));
+  setstrV(L, L->base-1-LJ_FR2, lj_str_new(L, buf, (size_t)nargs));
   return FFH_RES(1);
 }
 
@@ -83,68 +84,38 @@ LJLIB_ASM(string_sub)		LJLIB_REC(string_range 1)
   return FFH_RETRY;
 }
 
-LJLIB_ASM(string_rep)
+LJLIB_CF(string_rep)            LJLIB_REC(.)
 {
   GCstr *s = lj_lib_checkstr(L, 1);
-  int32_t k = lj_lib_checkint(L, 2);
+  int32_t rep = lj_lib_checkint(L, 2);
   GCstr *sep = lj_lib_optstr(L, 3);
-  int32_t len = (int32_t)s->len;
-  global_State *g = G(L);
-  int64_t tlen;
-  const char *src;
-  char *buf;
-  if (k <= 0) {
-  empty:
-    setstrV(L, L->base-1, &g->strempty);
-    return FFH_RES(1);
-  }
-  if (sep) {
-    tlen = (int64_t)len + sep->len;
-    if (tlen > LJ_MAX_STR)
-      lj_err_caller(L, LJ_ERR_STROV);
-    tlen *= k;
-    if (tlen > LJ_MAX_STR)
-      lj_err_caller(L, LJ_ERR_STROV);
-  } else {
-    tlen = (int64_t)k * len;
-    if (tlen > LJ_MAX_STR)
-      lj_err_caller(L, LJ_ERR_STROV);
-  }
-  if (tlen == 0) goto empty;
-  buf = lj_str_needbuf(L, &g->tmpbuf, (MSize)tlen);
-  src = strdata(s);
-  if (sep) {
-    tlen -= sep->len;  /* Ignore trailing separator. */
-    if (k > 1) {  /* Paste one string and one separator. */
-      int32_t i;
-      i = 0; while (i < len) *buf++ = src[i++];
-      src = strdata(sep); len = sep->len;
-      i = 0; while (i < len) *buf++ = src[i++];
-      src = g->tmpbuf.buf; len += s->len; k--;  /* Now copy that k-1 times. */
-    }
+  SBuf *sb = lj_buf_tmp_(L);
+  if (sep && rep > 1) {
+    GCstr *s2 = lj_buf_cat2str(L, sep, s);
+    lj_buf_reset(sb);
+    lj_buf_putstr(sb, s);
+    s = s2;
+    rep--;
   }
-  do {
-    int32_t i = 0;
-    do { *buf++ = src[i++]; } while (i < len);
-  } while (--k > 0);
-  setstrV(L, L->base-1, lj_str_new(L, g->tmpbuf.buf, (size_t)tlen));
-  return FFH_RES(1);
+  sb = lj_buf_putstr_rep(sb, s, rep);
+  setstrV(L, L->top-1, lj_buf_str(L, sb));
+  lj_gc_check(L);
+  return 1;
 }
 
-LJLIB_ASM(string_reverse)
+LJLIB_ASM(string_reverse)  LJLIB_REC(string_op IRCALL_lj_buf_putstr_reverse)
 {
-  GCstr *s = lj_lib_checkstr(L, 1);
-  lj_str_needbuf(L, &G(L)->tmpbuf, s->len);
+  lj_lib_checkstr(L, 1);
   return FFH_RETRY;
 }
-LJLIB_ASM_(string_lower)
-LJLIB_ASM_(string_upper)
+LJLIB_ASM_(string_lower)  LJLIB_REC(string_op IRCALL_lj_buf_putstr_lower)
+LJLIB_ASM_(string_upper)  LJLIB_REC(string_op IRCALL_lj_buf_putstr_upper)
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
-static int writer_buf(lua_State *L, const void *p, size_t size, void *b)
+static int writer_buf(lua_State *L, const void *p, size_t size, void *sb)
 {
-  luaL_addlstring((luaL_Buffer *)b, (const char *)p, size);
+  lj_buf_putmem((SBuf *)sb, p, (MSize)size);
   UNUSED(L);
   return 0;
 }
@@ -153,19 +124,19 @@ LJLIB_CF(string_dump)
 {
   GCfunc *fn = lj_lib_checkfunc(L, 1);
   int strip = L->base+1 < L->top && tvistruecond(L->base+1);
-  luaL_Buffer b;
+  SBuf *sb = lj_buf_tmp_(L);  /* Assumes lj_bcwrite() doesn't use tmpbuf. */
   L->top = L->base+1;
-  luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
-  if (!isluafunc(fn) || lj_bcwrite(L, funcproto(fn), writer_buf, &b, strip))
+  if (!isluafunc(fn) || lj_bcwrite(L, funcproto(fn), writer_buf, sb, strip))
     lj_err_caller(L, LJ_ERR_STRDUMP);
-  luaL_pushresult(&b);
+  setstrV(L, L->top-1, lj_buf_str(L, sb));
+  lj_gc_check(L);
   return 1;
 }
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
 /* macro to `unsign' a character */
-#define uchar(c)        ((unsigned char)(c))
+#define uchar(c)        ((unsigned char)(c))
 
 #define CAP_UNFINISHED  (-1)
 #define CAP_POSITION    (-2)
@@ -183,7 +154,6 @@ typedef struct MatchState {
 } MatchState;
 
 #define L_ESC           '%'
-#define SPECIALS        "^$*+?.([%-"
 
 static int check_capture(MatchState *ms, int l)
 {
@@ -450,30 +420,6 @@ static const char *match(MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p)
   return s;
 }
 
-static const char *lmemfind(const char *s1, size_t l1,
-                            const char *s2, size_t l2)
-{
-  if (l2 == 0) {
-    return s1;  /* empty strings are everywhere */
-  } else if (l2 > l1) {
-    return NULL;  /* avoids a negative `l1' */
-  } else {
-    const char *init;  /* to search for a `*s2' inside `s1' */
-    l2--;  /* 1st char will be checked by `memchr' */
-    l1 = l1-l2;  /* `s2' cannot be found after that */
-    while (l1 > 0 && (init = (const char *)memchr(s1, *s2, l1)) != NULL) {
-      init++;   /* 1st char is already checked */
-      if (memcmp(init, s2+1, l2) == 0) {
-        return init-1;
-      } else {  /* correct `l1' and `s1' to try again */
-        l1 -= (size_t)(init-s1);
-        s1 = init;
-      }
-    }
-    return NULL;  /* not found */
-  }
-}
-
 static void push_onecapture(MatchState *ms, int i, const char *s, const char *e)
 {
   if (i >= ms->level) {
@@ -501,64 +447,60 @@ static int push_captures(MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *e)
   return nlevels;  /* number of strings pushed */
 }
 
-static ptrdiff_t posrelat(ptrdiff_t pos, size_t len)
-{
-  /* relative string position: negative means back from end */
-  if (pos < 0) pos += (ptrdiff_t)len + 1;
-  return (pos >= 0) ? pos : 0;
-}
-
 static int str_find_aux(lua_State *L, int find)
 {
-  size_t l1, l2;
-  const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l1);
-  const char *p = luaL_checklstring(L, 2, &l2);
-  ptrdiff_t init = posrelat(luaL_optinteger(L, 3, 1), l1) - 1;
-  if (init < 0) {
-    init = 0;
-  } else if ((size_t)(init) > l1) {
+  GCstr *s = lj_lib_checkstr(L, 1);
+  GCstr *p = lj_lib_checkstr(L, 2);
+  int32_t start = lj_lib_optint(L, 3, 1);
+  MSize st;
+  if (start < 0) start += (int32_t)s->len; else start--;
+  if (start < 0) start = 0;
+  st = (MSize)start;
+  if (st > s->len) {
 #if LJ_52
     setnilV(L->top-1);
     return 1;
 #else
-    init = (ptrdiff_t)l1;
+    st = s->len;
 #endif
   }
-  if (find && (lua_toboolean(L, 4) ||  /* explicit request? */
-      strpbrk(p, SPECIALS) == NULL)) {  /* or no special characters? */
-    /* do a plain search */
-    const char *s2 = lmemfind(s+init, l1-(size_t)init, p, l2);
-    if (s2) {
-      lua_pushinteger(L, s2-s+1);
-      lua_pushinteger(L, s2-s+(ptrdiff_t)l2);
+  if (find && ((L->base+3 < L->top && tvistruecond(L->base+3)) ||
+               !lj_str_haspattern(p))) {  /* Search for fixed string. */
+    const char *q = lj_str_find(strdata(s)+st, strdata(p), s->len-st, p->len);
+    if (q) {
+      setintV(L->top-2, (int32_t)(q-strdata(s)) + 1);
+      setintV(L->top-1, (int32_t)(q-strdata(s)) + (int32_t)p->len);
       return 2;
     }
-  } else {
+  } else {  /* Search for pattern. */
     MatchState ms;
-    int anchor = (*p == '^') ? (p++, 1) : 0;
-    const char *s1=s+init;
+    const char *pstr = strdata(p);
+    const char *sstr = strdata(s) + st;
+    int anchor = 0;
+    if (*pstr == '^') { pstr++; anchor = 1; }
     ms.L = L;
-    ms.src_init = s;
-    ms.src_end = s+l1;
-    do {
-      const char *res;
+    ms.src_init = strdata(s);
+    ms.src_end = strdata(s) + s->len;
+    do {  /* Loop through string and try to match the pattern. */
+      const char *q;
       ms.level = ms.depth = 0;
-      if ((res=match(&ms, s1, p)) != NULL) {
+      q = match(&ms, sstr, pstr);
+      if (q) {
         if (find) {
-          lua_pushinteger(L, s1-s+1);  /* start */
-          lua_pushinteger(L, res-s);   /* end */
-          return push_captures(&ms, NULL, 0) + 2;
+          setintV(L->top++, (int32_t)(sstr-(strdata(s)-1)));
+          setintV(L->top++, (int32_t)(q-strdata(s)));
+          return push_captures(&ms, NULL, NULL) + 2;
         } else {
-          return push_captures(&ms, s1, res);
+          return push_captures(&ms, sstr, q);
         }
       }
-    } while (s1++ < ms.src_end && !anchor);
+    } while (sstr++ < ms.src_end && !anchor);
   }
-  lua_pushnil(L);  /* not found */
+  setnilV(L->top-1);  /* Not found. */
   return 1;
 }
 
-LJLIB_CF(string_find)
+LJLIB_CF(string_find)           LJLIB_REC(.)
 {
   return str_find_aux(L, 1);
 }
@@ -698,222 +640,16 @@ LJLIB_CF(string_gsub)
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
-/* maximum size of each formatted item (> len(format('%99.99f', -1e308))) */
-#define MAX_FMTITEM     512
-/* valid flags in a format specification */
-#define FMT_FLAGS       "-+ #0"
-/*
-** maximum size of each format specification (such as '%-099.99d')
-** (+10 accounts for %99.99x plus margin of error)
-*/
-#define MAX_FMTSPEC     (sizeof(FMT_FLAGS) + sizeof(LUA_INTFRMLEN) + 10)
-
-static void addquoted(lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *b, int arg)
-{
-  GCstr *str = lj_lib_checkstr(L, arg);
-  int32_t len = (int32_t)str->len;
-  const char *s = strdata(str);
-  luaL_addchar(b, '"');
-  while (len--) {
-    uint32_t c = uchar(*s);
-    if (c == '"' || c == '\\' || c == '\n') {
-      luaL_addchar(b, '\\');
-    } else if (lj_char_iscntrl(c)) {  /* This can only be 0-31 or 127. */
-      uint32_t d;
-      luaL_addchar(b, '\\');
-      if (c >= 100 || lj_char_isdigit(uchar(s[1]))) {
-        luaL_addchar(b, '0'+(c >= 100)); if (c >= 100) c -= 100;
-        goto tens;
-      } else if (c >= 10) {
-      tens:
-        d = (c * 205) >> 11; c -= d * 10; luaL_addchar(b, '0'+d);
-      }
-      c += '0';
-    }
-    luaL_addchar(b, c);
-    s++;
-  }
-  luaL_addchar(b, '"');
-}
-
-static const char *scanformat(lua_State *L, const char *strfrmt, char *form)
-{
-  const char *p = strfrmt;
-  while (*p != '\0' && strchr(FMT_FLAGS, *p) != NULL) p++;  /* skip flags */
-  if ((size_t)(p - strfrmt) >= sizeof(FMT_FLAGS))
-    lj_err_caller(L, LJ_ERR_STRFMTR);
-  if (lj_char_isdigit(uchar(*p))) p++;  /* skip width */
-  if (lj_char_isdigit(uchar(*p))) p++;  /* (2 digits at most) */
-  if (*p == '.') {
-    p++;
-    if (lj_char_isdigit(uchar(*p))) p++;  /* skip precision */
-    if (lj_char_isdigit(uchar(*p))) p++;  /* (2 digits at most) */
-  }
-  if (lj_char_isdigit(uchar(*p)))
-    lj_err_caller(L, LJ_ERR_STRFMTW);
-  *(form++) = '%';
-  strncpy(form, strfrmt, (size_t)(p - strfrmt + 1));
-  form += p - strfrmt + 1;
-  *form = '\0';
-  return p;
-}
-
-static void addintlen(char *form)
-{
-  size_t l = strlen(form);
-  char spec = form[l - 1];
-  strcpy(form + l - 1, LUA_INTFRMLEN);
-  form[l + sizeof(LUA_INTFRMLEN) - 2] = spec;
-  form[l + sizeof(LUA_INTFRMLEN) - 1] = '\0';
-}
-
-static unsigned LUA_INTFRM_T num2intfrm(lua_State *L, int arg)
-{
-  if (sizeof(LUA_INTFRM_T) == 4) {
-    return (LUA_INTFRM_T)lj_lib_checkbit(L, arg);
-  } else {
-    cTValue *o;
-    lj_lib_checknumber(L, arg);
-    o = L->base+arg-1;
-    if (tvisint(o))
-      return (LUA_INTFRM_T)intV(o);
-    else
-      return (LUA_INTFRM_T)numV(o);
-  }
-}
-
-static unsigned LUA_INTFRM_T num2uintfrm(lua_State *L, int arg)
+LJLIB_CF(string_format)         LJLIB_REC(.)
 {
-  if (sizeof(LUA_INTFRM_T) == 4) {
-    return (unsigned LUA_INTFRM_T)lj_lib_checkbit(L, arg);
-  } else {
-    cTValue *o;
-    lj_lib_checknumber(L, arg);
-    o = L->base+arg-1;
-    if (tvisint(o))
-      return (unsigned LUA_INTFRM_T)intV(o);
-    else if ((int32_t)o->u32.hi < 0)
-      return (unsigned LUA_INTFRM_T)(LUA_INTFRM_T)numV(o);
-    else
-      return (unsigned LUA_INTFRM_T)numV(o);
-  }
-}
-
-static GCstr *meta_tostring(lua_State *L, int arg)
-{
-  TValue *o = L->base+arg-1;
-  cTValue *mo;
-  lua_assert(o < L->top);  /* Caller already checks for existence. */
-  if (LJ_LIKELY(tvisstr(o)))
-    return strV(o);
-  if (!tvisnil(mo = lj_meta_lookup(L, o, MM_tostring))) {
-    copyTV(L, L->top++, mo);
-    copyTV(L, L->top++, o);
-    lua_call(L, 1, 1);
-    L->top--;
-    if (tvisstr(L->top))
-      return strV(L->top);
-    o = L->base+arg-1;
-    copyTV(L, o, L->top);
-  }
-  if (tvisnumber(o)) {
-    return lj_str_fromnumber(L, o);
-  } else if (tvisnil(o)) {
-    return lj_str_newlit(L, "nil");
-  } else if (tvisfalse(o)) {
-    return lj_str_newlit(L, "false");
-  } else if (tvistrue(o)) {
-    return lj_str_newlit(L, "true");
-  } else {
-    if (tvisfunc(o) && isffunc(funcV(o)))
-      lj_str_pushf(L, "function: builtin#%d", funcV(o)->c.ffid);
-    else
-      lj_str_pushf(L, "%s: %p", lj_typename(o), lua_topointer(L, arg));
-    L->top--;
-    return strV(L->top);
-  }
-}
-
-LJLIB_CF(string_format)
-{
-  int arg = 1, top = (int)(L->top - L->base);
-  GCstr *fmt = lj_lib_checkstr(L, arg);
-  const char *strfrmt = strdata(fmt);
-  const char *strfrmt_end = strfrmt + fmt->len;
-  luaL_Buffer b;
-  luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
-  while (strfrmt < strfrmt_end) {
-    if (*strfrmt != L_ESC) {
-      luaL_addchar(&b, *strfrmt++);
-    } else if (*++strfrmt == L_ESC) {
-      luaL_addchar(&b, *strfrmt++);  /* %% */
-    } else { /* format item */
-      char form[MAX_FMTSPEC];  /* to store the format (`%...') */
-      char buff[MAX_FMTITEM];  /* to store the formatted item */
-      int n = 0;
-      if (++arg > top)
-        luaL_argerror(L, arg, lj_obj_typename[0]);
-      strfrmt = scanformat(L, strfrmt, form);
-      switch (*strfrmt++) {
-      case 'c':
-        n = sprintf(buff, form, lj_lib_checkint(L, arg));
-        break;
-      case 'd':  case 'i':
-        addintlen(form);
-        n = sprintf(buff, form, num2intfrm(L, arg));
-        break;
-      case 'o':  case 'u':  case 'x':  case 'X':
-        addintlen(form);
-        n = sprintf(buff, form, num2uintfrm(L, arg));
-        break;
-      case 'e':  case 'E': case 'f': case 'g': case 'G': case 'a': case 'A': {
-        TValue tv;
-        tv.n = lj_lib_checknum(L, arg);
-        if (LJ_UNLIKELY((tv.u32.hi << 1) >= 0xffe00000)) {
-          /* Canonicalize output of non-finite values. */
-          char *p, nbuf[LJ_STR_NUMBUF];
-          size_t len = lj_str_bufnum(nbuf, &tv);
-          if (strfrmt[-1] < 'a') {
-            nbuf[len-3] = nbuf[len-3] - 0x20;
-            nbuf[len-2] = nbuf[len-2] - 0x20;
-            nbuf[len-1] = nbuf[len-1] - 0x20;
-          }
-          nbuf[len] = '\0';
-          for (p = form; *p < 'A' && *p != '.'; p++) ;
-          *p++ = 's'; *p = '\0';
-          n = sprintf(buff, form, nbuf);
-          break;
-        }
-        n = sprintf(buff, form, (double)tv.n);
-        break;
-        }
-      case 'q':
-        addquoted(L, &b, arg);
-        continue;
-      case 'p':
-        lj_str_pushf(L, "%p", lua_topointer(L, arg));
-        luaL_addvalue(&b);
-        continue;
-      case 's': {
-        GCstr *str = meta_tostring(L, arg);
-        if (!strchr(form, '.') && str->len >= 100) {
-          /* no precision and string is too long to be formatted;
-             keep original string */
-          setstrV(L, L->top++, str);
-          luaL_addvalue(&b);
-          continue;
-        }
-        n = sprintf(buff, form, strdata(str));
-        break;
-        }
-      default:
-        lj_err_callerv(L, LJ_ERR_STRFMTO, *(strfrmt -1));
-        break;
-      }
-      luaL_addlstring(&b, buff, n);
-    }
-  }
-  luaL_pushresult(&b);
+  int retry = 0;
+  SBuf *sb;
+  do {
+    sb = lj_buf_tmp_(L);
+    retry = lj_strfmt_putarg(L, sb, 1, -retry);
+  } while (retry > 0);
+  setstrV(L, L->top-1, lj_buf_str(L, sb));
+  lj_gc_check(L);
   return 1;
 }
 
@@ -926,16 +662,15 @@ LUALIB_API int luaopen_string(lua_State *L)
   GCtab *mt;
   global_State *g;
   LJ_LIB_REG(L, LUA_STRLIBNAME, string);
-#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_GFIND) && !LJ_52
-  lua_getfield(L, -1, "gmatch");
-  lua_setfield(L, -2, "gfind");
-#endif
   mt = lj_tab_new(L, 0, 1);
   /* NOBARRIER: basemt is a GC root. */
   g = G(L);
   setgcref(basemt_it(g, LJ_TSTR), obj2gco(mt));
   settabV(L, lj_tab_setstr(L, mt, mmname_str(g, MM_index)), tabV(L->top-1));
   mt->nomm = (uint8_t)(~(1u<<MM_index));
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+  lj_lib_prereg(L, LUA_STRLIBNAME ".buffer", luaopen_string_buffer, tabV(L->top-1));
+#endif
   return 1;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib_table.c b/src/lib_table.c
index c2a1f18f..97ba2847 100644
--- a/src/lib_table.c
+++ b/src/lib_table.c
@@ -16,57 +16,43 @@
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 #include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
+#include "lj_ff.h"
 #include "lj_lib.h"
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
 #define LJLIB_MODULE_table
 
-LJLIB_CF(table_foreachi)
-{
-  GCtab *t = lj_lib_checktab(L, 1);
-  GCfunc *func = lj_lib_checkfunc(L, 2);
-  MSize i, n = lj_tab_len(t);
-  for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
-    cTValue *val;
-    setfuncV(L, L->top, func);
-    setintV(L->top+1, i);
-    val = lj_tab_getint(t, (int32_t)i);
-    if (val) { copyTV(L, L->top+2, val); } else { setnilV(L->top+2); }
-    L->top += 3;
-    lua_call(L, 2, 1);
-    if (!tvisnil(L->top-1))
-      return 1;
-    L->top--;
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
+LJLIB_LUA(table_foreachi) /*
+  function(t, f)
+    CHECK_tab(t)
+    CHECK_func(f)
+    for i=1,#t do
+      local r = f(i, t[i])
+      if r ~= nil then return r end
+    end
+  end
+*/
 
-LJLIB_CF(table_foreach)
-{
-  GCtab *t = lj_lib_checktab(L, 1);
-  GCfunc *func = lj_lib_checkfunc(L, 2);
-  L->top = L->base+3;
-  setnilV(L->top-1);
-  while (lj_tab_next(L, t, L->top-1)) {
-    copyTV(L, L->top+2, L->top);
-    copyTV(L, L->top+1, L->top-1);
-    setfuncV(L, L->top, func);
-    L->top += 3;
-    lua_call(L, 2, 1);
-    if (!tvisnil(L->top-1))
-      return 1;
-    L->top--;
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
+LJLIB_LUA(table_foreach) /*
+  function(t, f)
+    CHECK_tab(t)
+    CHECK_func(f)
+    for k, v in PAIRS(t) do
+      local r = f(k, v)
+      if r ~= nil then return r end
+    end
+  end
+*/
 
-LJLIB_ASM(table_getn)           LJLIB_REC(.)
-{
-  lj_lib_checktab(L, 1);
-  return FFH_UNREACHABLE;
-}
+LJLIB_LUA(table_getn) /*
+  function(t)
+    CHECK_tab(t)
+    return #t
+  end
+*/
 
 LJLIB_CF(table_maxn)
 {
@@ -119,52 +105,67 @@ LJLIB_CF(table_insert)		LJLIB_REC(.)
   return 0;
 }
 
-LJLIB_CF(table_remove)          LJLIB_REC(.)
-{
-  GCtab *t = lj_lib_checktab(L, 1);
-  int32_t e = (int32_t)lj_tab_len(t);
-  int32_t pos = lj_lib_optint(L, 2, e);
-  if (!(1 <= pos && pos <= e))  /* Nothing to remove? */
-    return 0;
-  lua_rawgeti(L, 1, pos);  /* Get previous value. */
-  /* NOBARRIER: This just moves existing elements around. */
-  for (; pos < e; pos++) {
-    cTValue *src = lj_tab_getint(t, pos+1);
-    TValue *dst = lj_tab_setint(L, t, pos);
-    if (src) {
-      copyTV(L, dst, src);
-    } else {
-      setnilV(dst);
-    }
-  }
-  setnilV(lj_tab_setint(L, t, e));  /* Remove (last) value. */
-  return 1;  /* Return previous value. */
-}
+LJLIB_LUA(table_remove) /*
+  function(t, pos)
+    CHECK_tab(t)
+    local len = #t
+    if pos == nil then
+      if len ~= 0 then
+        local old = t[len]
+        t[len] = nil
+        return old
+      end
+    else
+      CHECK_int(pos)
+      if pos >= 1 and pos <= len then
+        local old = t[pos]
+        for i=pos+1,len do
+          t[i-1] = t[i]
+        end
+        t[len] = nil
+        return old
+      end
+    end
+  end
+*/
+
+LJLIB_LUA(table_move) /*
+  function(a1, f, e, t, a2)
+    CHECK_tab(a1)
+    CHECK_int(f)
+    CHECK_int(e)
+    CHECK_int(t)
+    if a2 == nil then a2 = a1 end
+    CHECK_tab(a2)
+    if e >= f then
+      local d = t - f
+      if t > e or t <= f or a2 ~= a1 then
+        for i=f,e do a2[i+d] = a1[i] end
+      else
+        for i=e,f,-1 do a2[i+d] = a1[i] end
+      end
+    end
+    return a2
+  end
+*/
 
-LJLIB_CF(table_concat)
+LJLIB_CF(table_concat)          LJLIB_REC(.)
 {
-  luaL_Buffer b;
   GCtab *t = lj_lib_checktab(L, 1);
   GCstr *sep = lj_lib_optstr(L, 2);
-  MSize seplen = sep ? sep->len : 0;
   int32_t i = lj_lib_optint(L, 3, 1);
   int32_t e = (L->base+3 < L->top && !tvisnil(L->base+3)) ?
               lj_lib_checkint(L, 4) : (int32_t)lj_tab_len(t);
-  luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
-  if (i <= e) {
-    for (;;) {
-      cTValue *o;
-      lua_rawgeti(L, 1, i);
-      o = L->top-1;
-      if (!(tvisstr(o) || tvisnumber(o)))
-        lj_err_callerv(L, LJ_ERR_TABCAT, lj_typename(o), i);
-      luaL_addvalue(&b);
-      if (i++ == e) break;
-      if (seplen)
-        luaL_addlstring(&b, strdata(sep), seplen);
-    }
+  SBuf *sb = lj_buf_tmp_(L);
+  SBuf *sbx = lj_buf_puttab(sb, t, sep, i, e);
+  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!sbx)) {  /* Error: bad element type. */
+    int32_t idx = (int32_t)(intptr_t)sb->w;
+    cTValue *o = lj_tab_getint(t, idx);
+    lj_err_callerv(L, LJ_ERR_TABCAT,
+                   lj_obj_itypename[o ? itypemap(o) : ~LJ_TNIL], idx);
   }
-  luaL_pushresult(&b);
+  setstrV(L, L->top-1, lj_buf_str(L, sbx));
+  lj_gc_check(L);
   return 1;
 }
 
@@ -284,6 +285,30 @@ LJLIB_CF(table_pack)
 }
 #endif
 
+LJLIB_NOREG LJLIB_CF(table_new)         LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  int32_t a = lj_lib_checkint(L, 1);
+  int32_t h = lj_lib_checkint(L, 2);
+  lua_createtable(L, a, h);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+LJLIB_NOREG LJLIB_CF(table_clear)       LJLIB_REC(.)
+{
+  lj_tab_clear(lj_lib_checktab(L, 1));
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int luaopen_table_new(lua_State *L)
+{
+  return lj_lib_postreg(L, lj_cf_table_new, FF_table_new, "new");
+}
+
+static int luaopen_table_clear(lua_State *L)
+{
+  return lj_lib_postreg(L, lj_cf_table_clear, FF_table_clear, "clear");
+}
+
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
 #include "lj_libdef.h"
@@ -295,6 +320,8 @@ LUALIB_API int luaopen_table(lua_State *L)
   lua_getglobal(L, "unpack");
   lua_setfield(L, -2, "unpack");
 #endif
+  lj_lib_prereg(L, LUA_TABLIBNAME ".new", luaopen_table_new, tabV(L->top-1));
+  lj_lib_prereg(L, LUA_TABLIBNAME ".clear", luaopen_table_clear, tabV(L->top-1));
   return 1;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lj.supp b/src/lj.supp
deleted file mode 100644
index 217f7c89..00000000
--- a/src/lj.supp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-# Valgrind suppression file for LuaJIT 2.0.
-{
-   Optimized string compare
-   Memcheck:Addr4
-   fun:lj_str_cmp
-}
-{
-   Optimized string compare
-   Memcheck:Addr1
-   fun:lj_str_cmp
-}
-{
-   Optimized string compare
-   Memcheck:Addr4
-   fun:lj_str_new
-}
-{
-   Optimized string compare
-   Memcheck:Addr1
-   fun:lj_str_new
-}
-{
-   Optimized string compare
-   Memcheck:Cond
-   fun:lj_str_new
-}
-{
-   Optimized string compare
-   Memcheck:Addr4
-   fun:str_fastcmp
-}
-{
-   Optimized string compare
-   Memcheck:Addr1
-   fun:str_fastcmp
-}
-{
-   Optimized string compare
-   Memcheck:Cond
-   fun:str_fastcmp
-}
diff --git a/src/lj_alloc.c b/src/lj_alloc.c
index 9adaa0e5..20e60493 100644
--- a/src/lj_alloc.c
+++ b/src/lj_alloc.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include "lj_def.h"
 #include "lj_arch.h"
 #include "lj_alloc.h"
+#include "lj_prng.h"
 
 #ifndef LUAJIT_USE_SYSMALLOC
 
@@ -72,15 +73,58 @@
 
 #define IS_DIRECT_BIT           (SIZE_T_ONE)
 
+
+/* Determine system-specific block allocation method. */
 #if LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS
 
 #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
 #include <windows.h>
 
+#define LJ_ALLOC_VIRTUALALLOC   1
+
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
+#define LJ_ALLOC_NTAVM          1
+#endif
+
+#else
+
+#include <errno.h>
+/* If this include fails, then rebuild with: -DLUAJIT_USE_SYSMALLOC */
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+
+#define LJ_ALLOC_MMAP           1
+
 #if LJ_64
 
+#define LJ_ALLOC_MMAP_PROBE     1
+
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define LJ_ALLOC_MBITS          47      /* 128 TB in LJ_GC64 mode. */
+#elif LJ_TARGET_X64 && LJ_HASJIT
+/* Due to limitations in the x64 compiler backend. */
+#define LJ_ALLOC_MBITS          31      /* 2 GB on x64 with !LJ_GC64. */
+#else
+#define LJ_ALLOC_MBITS          32      /* 4 GB on other archs with !LJ_GC64. */
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64 && defined(MAP_32BIT)
+#define LJ_ALLOC_MMAP32         1
+#endif
+
+#if LJ_TARGET_LINUX
+#define LJ_ALLOC_MREMAP         1
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+
+#if LJ_ALLOC_VIRTUALALLOC
+
+#if LJ_ALLOC_NTAVM
 /* Undocumented, but hey, that's what we all love so much about Windows. */
-typedef long (*PNTAVM)(HANDLE handle, void **addr, ULONG zbits,
+typedef long (*PNTAVM)(HANDLE handle, void **addr, ULONG_PTR zbits,
                        size_t *size, ULONG alloctype, ULONG prot);
 static PNTAVM ntavm;
 
@@ -89,14 +133,15 @@ static PNTAVM ntavm;
 */
 #define NTAVM_ZEROBITS          1
 
-static void INIT_MMAP(void)
+static void init_mmap(void)
 {
   ntavm = (PNTAVM)GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandleA("ntdll.dll"),
                                  "NtAllocateVirtualMemory");
 }
+#define INIT_MMAP()     init_mmap()
 
 /* Win64 32 bit MMAP via NtAllocateVirtualMemory. */
-static LJ_AINLINE void *CALL_MMAP(size_t size)
+static void *mmap_plain(size_t size)
 {
   DWORD olderr = GetLastError();
   void *ptr = NULL;
@@ -107,7 +152,7 @@ static LJ_AINLINE void *CALL_MMAP(size_t size)
 }
 
 /* For direct MMAP, use MEM_TOP_DOWN to minimize interference */
-static LJ_AINLINE void *DIRECT_MMAP(size_t size)
+static void *direct_mmap(size_t size)
 {
   DWORD olderr = GetLastError();
   void *ptr = NULL;
@@ -119,31 +164,32 @@ static LJ_AINLINE void *DIRECT_MMAP(size_t size)
 
 #else
 
-#define INIT_MMAP()             ((void)0)
-
 /* Win32 MMAP via VirtualAlloc */
-static LJ_AINLINE void *CALL_MMAP(size_t size)
+static void *mmap_plain(size_t size)
 {
   DWORD olderr = GetLastError();
-  void *ptr = VirtualAlloc(0, size, MEM_RESERVE|MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
+  void *ptr = LJ_WIN_VALLOC(0, size, MEM_RESERVE|MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
   SetLastError(olderr);
   return ptr ? ptr : MFAIL;
 }
 
 /* For direct MMAP, use MEM_TOP_DOWN to minimize interference */
-static LJ_AINLINE void *DIRECT_MMAP(size_t size)
+static void *direct_mmap(size_t size)
 {
   DWORD olderr = GetLastError();
-  void *ptr = VirtualAlloc(0, size, MEM_RESERVE|MEM_COMMIT|MEM_TOP_DOWN,
-                           PAGE_READWRITE);
+  void *ptr = LJ_WIN_VALLOC(0, size, MEM_RESERVE|MEM_COMMIT|MEM_TOP_DOWN,
+                            PAGE_READWRITE);
   SetLastError(olderr);
   return ptr ? ptr : MFAIL;
 }
 
 #endif
 
+#define CALL_MMAP(prng, size)   mmap_plain(size)
+#define DIRECT_MMAP(prng, size) direct_mmap(size)
+
 /* This function supports releasing coalesed segments */
-static LJ_AINLINE int CALL_MUNMAP(void *ptr, size_t size)
+static int CALL_MUNMAP(void *ptr, size_t size)
 {
   DWORD olderr = GetLastError();
   MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION minfo;
@@ -163,10 +209,7 @@ static LJ_AINLINE int CALL_MUNMAP(void *ptr, size_t size)
   return 0;
 }
 
-#else
-
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <sys/mman.h>
+#elif LJ_ALLOC_MMAP
 
 #define MMAP_PROT               (PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE)
 #if !defined(MAP_ANONYMOUS) && defined(MAP_ANON)
@@ -174,105 +217,134 @@ static LJ_AINLINE int CALL_MUNMAP(void *ptr, size_t size)
 #endif
 #define MMAP_FLAGS              (MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS)
 
-#if LJ_64
-/* 64 bit mode needs special support for allocating memory in the lower 2GB. */
+#if LJ_ALLOC_MMAP_PROBE
 
-#if defined(MAP_32BIT)
-
-#if defined(__sun__)
-#define MMAP_REGION_START       ((uintptr_t)0x1000)
+#ifdef MAP_TRYFIXED
+#define MMAP_FLAGS_PROBE        (MMAP_FLAGS|MAP_TRYFIXED)
 #else
-/* Actually this only gives us max. 1GB in current Linux kernels. */
-#define MMAP_REGION_START       ((uintptr_t)0)
+#define MMAP_FLAGS_PROBE        MMAP_FLAGS
 #endif
 
-static LJ_AINLINE void *CALL_MMAP(size_t size)
+#define LJ_ALLOC_MMAP_PROBE_MAX         30
+#define LJ_ALLOC_MMAP_PROBE_LINEAR      5
+
+#define LJ_ALLOC_MMAP_PROBE_LOWER       ((uintptr_t)0x4000)
+
+static void *mmap_probe(PRNGState *rs, size_t size)
 {
+  /* Hint for next allocation. Doesn't need to be thread-safe. */
+  static uintptr_t hint_addr = 0;
   int olderr = errno;
-  void *ptr = mmap((void *)MMAP_REGION_START, size, MMAP_PROT, MAP_32BIT|MMAP_FLAGS, -1, 0);
+  int retry;
+  for (retry = 0; retry < LJ_ALLOC_MMAP_PROBE_MAX; retry++) {
+    void *p = mmap((void *)hint_addr, size, MMAP_PROT, MMAP_FLAGS_PROBE, -1, 0);
+    uintptr_t addr = (uintptr_t)p;
+    if ((addr >> LJ_ALLOC_MBITS) == 0 && addr >= LJ_ALLOC_MMAP_PROBE_LOWER &&
+        ((addr + size) >> LJ_ALLOC_MBITS) == 0) {
+      /* We got a suitable address. Bump the hint address. */
+      hint_addr = addr + size;
+      errno = olderr;
+      return p;
+    }
+    if (p != MFAIL) {
+      munmap(p, size);
+    } else if (errno == ENOMEM) {
+      return MFAIL;
+    }
+    if (hint_addr) {
+      /* First, try linear probing. */
+      if (retry < LJ_ALLOC_MMAP_PROBE_LINEAR) {
+        hint_addr += 0x1000000;
+        if (((hint_addr + size) >> LJ_ALLOC_MBITS) != 0)
+          hint_addr = 0;
+        continue;
+      } else if (retry == LJ_ALLOC_MMAP_PROBE_LINEAR) {
+        /* Next, try a no-hint probe to get back an ASLR address. */
+        hint_addr = 0;
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+    /* Finally, try pseudo-random probing. */
+    do {
+      hint_addr = lj_prng_u64(rs) & (((uintptr_t)1<<LJ_ALLOC_MBITS)-LJ_PAGESIZE);
+    } while (hint_addr < LJ_ALLOC_MMAP_PROBE_LOWER);
+  }
   errno = olderr;
-  return ptr;
+  return MFAIL;
 }
 
-#elif LJ_TARGET_OSX || LJ_TARGET_PS4 || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__) || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__) || defined(__sun__) || LJ_TARGET_CYGWIN
+#endif
+
+#if LJ_ALLOC_MMAP32
 
-/* OSX and FreeBSD mmap() use a naive first-fit linear search.
-** That's perfect for us. Except that -pagezero_size must be set for OSX,
-** otherwise the lower 4GB are blocked. And the 32GB RLIMIT_DATA needs
-** to be reduced to 250MB on FreeBSD.
-*/
-#if LJ_TARGET_OSX || defined(__DragonFly__)
-#define MMAP_REGION_START       ((uintptr_t)0x10000)
-#elif LJ_TARGET_PS4
-#define MMAP_REGION_START       ((uintptr_t)0x4000)
+#if LJ_TARGET_SOLARIS
+#define LJ_ALLOC_MMAP32_START   ((uintptr_t)0x1000)
 #else
-#define MMAP_REGION_START       ((uintptr_t)0x10000000)
+#define LJ_ALLOC_MMAP32_START   ((uintptr_t)0)
 #endif
-#define MMAP_REGION_END         ((uintptr_t)0x80000000)
 
-#if (defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)) && !LJ_TARGET_PS4
-#include <sys/resource.h>
+#if LJ_ALLOC_MMAP_PROBE
+static void *mmap_map32(PRNGState *rs, size_t size)
+#else
+static void *mmap_map32(size_t size)
 #endif
-
-static LJ_AINLINE void *CALL_MMAP(size_t size)
 {
-  int olderr = errno;
-  /* Hint for next allocation. Doesn't need to be thread-safe. */
-  static uintptr_t alloc_hint = MMAP_REGION_START;
-  int retry = 0;
-#if (defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)) && !LJ_TARGET_PS4
-  static int rlimit_modified = 0;
-  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(rlimit_modified == 0)) {
-    struct rlimit rlim;
-    rlim.rlim_cur = rlim.rlim_max = MMAP_REGION_START;
-    setrlimit(RLIMIT_DATA, &rlim);  /* Ignore result. May fail below. */
-    rlimit_modified = 1;
-  }
+#if LJ_ALLOC_MMAP_PROBE
+  static int fallback = 0;
+  if (fallback)
+    return mmap_probe(rs, size);
 #endif
-  for (;;) {
-    void *p = mmap((void *)alloc_hint, size, MMAP_PROT, MMAP_FLAGS, -1, 0);
-    if ((uintptr_t)p >= MMAP_REGION_START &&
-        (uintptr_t)p + size < MMAP_REGION_END) {
-      alloc_hint = (uintptr_t)p + size;
-      errno = olderr;
-      return p;
+  {
+    int olderr = errno;
+    void *ptr = mmap((void *)LJ_ALLOC_MMAP32_START, size, MMAP_PROT, MAP_32BIT|MMAP_FLAGS, -1, 0);
+    errno = olderr;
+    /* This only allows 1GB on Linux. So fallback to probing to get 2GB. */
+#if LJ_ALLOC_MMAP_PROBE
+    if (ptr == MFAIL) {
+      fallback = 1;
+      return mmap_probe(rs, size);
     }
-    if (p != CMFAIL) munmap(p, size);
-#if defined(__sun__) || defined(__DragonFly__)
-    alloc_hint += 0x1000000;  /* Need near-exhaustive linear scan. */
-    if (alloc_hint + size < MMAP_REGION_END) continue;
 #endif
-    if (retry) break;
-    retry = 1;
-    alloc_hint = MMAP_REGION_START;
+    return ptr;
   }
-  errno = olderr;
-  return CMFAIL;
 }
 
-#else
-
-#error "NYI: need an equivalent of MAP_32BIT for this 64 bit OS"
-
 #endif
 
+#if LJ_ALLOC_MMAP32
+#if LJ_ALLOC_MMAP_PROBE
+#define CALL_MMAP(prng, size)   mmap_map32(prng, size)
 #else
-
-/* 32 bit mode is easy. */
-static LJ_AINLINE void *CALL_MMAP(size_t size)
+#define CALL_MMAP(prng, size)   mmap_map32(size)
+#endif
+#elif LJ_ALLOC_MMAP_PROBE
+#define CALL_MMAP(prng, size)   mmap_probe(prng, size)
+#else
+static void *mmap_plain(size_t size)
 {
   int olderr = errno;
   void *ptr = mmap(NULL, size, MMAP_PROT, MMAP_FLAGS, -1, 0);
   errno = olderr;
   return ptr;
 }
-
+#define CALL_MMAP(prng, size)   mmap_plain(size)
 #endif
 
-#define INIT_MMAP()             ((void)0)
-#define DIRECT_MMAP(s)          CALL_MMAP(s)
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64 && ((defined(__FreeBSD__) && __FreeBSD__ < 10) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)) && !LJ_TARGET_PS4 && !LJ_TARGET_PS5
+
+#include <sys/resource.h>
 
-static LJ_AINLINE int CALL_MUNMAP(void *ptr, size_t size)
+static void init_mmap(void)
+{
+  struct rlimit rlim;
+  rlim.rlim_cur = rlim.rlim_max = 0x10000;
+  setrlimit(RLIMIT_DATA, &rlim);  /* Ignore result. May fail later. */
+}
+#define INIT_MMAP()     init_mmap()
+
+#endif
+
+static int CALL_MUNMAP(void *ptr, size_t size)
 {
   int olderr = errno;
   int ret = munmap(ptr, size);
@@ -280,10 +352,9 @@ static LJ_AINLINE int CALL_MUNMAP(void *ptr, size_t size)
   return ret;
 }
 
-#if LJ_TARGET_LINUX
+#if LJ_ALLOC_MREMAP
 /* Need to define _GNU_SOURCE to get the mremap prototype. */
-static LJ_AINLINE void *CALL_MREMAP_(void *ptr, size_t osz, size_t nsz,
-                                     int flags)
+static void *CALL_MREMAP_(void *ptr, size_t osz, size_t nsz, int flags)
 {
   int olderr = errno;
   ptr = mremap(ptr, osz, nsz, flags);
@@ -294,7 +365,7 @@ static LJ_AINLINE void *CALL_MREMAP_(void *ptr, size_t osz, size_t nsz,
 #define CALL_MREMAP(addr, osz, nsz, mv) CALL_MREMAP_((addr), (osz), (nsz), (mv))
 #define CALL_MREMAP_NOMOVE      0
 #define CALL_MREMAP_MAYMOVE     1
-#if LJ_64
+#if LJ_64 && (!LJ_GC64 || LJ_TARGET_ARM64)
 #define CALL_MREMAP_MV          CALL_MREMAP_NOMOVE
 #else
 #define CALL_MREMAP_MV          CALL_MREMAP_MAYMOVE
@@ -303,6 +374,15 @@ static LJ_AINLINE void *CALL_MREMAP_(void *ptr, size_t osz, size_t nsz,
 
 #endif
 
+
+#ifndef INIT_MMAP
+#define INIT_MMAP()             ((void)0)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef DIRECT_MMAP
+#define DIRECT_MMAP(prng, s)    CALL_MMAP(prng, s)
+#endif
+
 #ifndef CALL_MREMAP
 #define CALL_MREMAP(addr, osz, nsz, mv) ((void)osz, MFAIL)
 #endif
@@ -459,6 +539,7 @@ struct malloc_state {
   mchunkptr  smallbins[(NSMALLBINS+1)*2];
   tbinptr    treebins[NTREEBINS];
   msegment   seg;
+  PRNGState  *prng;
 };
 
 typedef struct malloc_state *mstate;
@@ -516,7 +597,7 @@ static int has_segment_link(mstate m, msegmentptr ss)
   noncontiguous segments are added.
 */
 #define TOP_FOOT_SIZE\
-  (align_offset(chunk2mem(0))+pad_request(sizeof(struct malloc_segment))+MIN_CHUNK_SIZE)
+  (align_offset(TWO_SIZE_T_SIZES)+pad_request(sizeof(struct malloc_segment))+MIN_CHUNK_SIZE)
 
 /* ---------------------------- Indexing Bins ---------------------------- */
 
@@ -741,11 +822,11 @@ static int has_segment_link(mstate m, msegmentptr ss)
 
 /* -----------------------  Direct-mmapping chunks ----------------------- */
 
-static void *direct_alloc(size_t nb)
+static void *direct_alloc(mstate m, size_t nb)
 {
   size_t mmsize = mmap_align(nb + SIX_SIZE_T_SIZES + CHUNK_ALIGN_MASK);
   if (LJ_LIKELY(mmsize > nb)) {     /* Check for wrap around 0 */
-    char *mm = (char *)(DIRECT_MMAP(mmsize));
+    char *mm = (char *)(DIRECT_MMAP(m->prng, mmsize));
     if (mm != CMFAIL) {
       size_t offset = align_offset(chunk2mem(mm));
       size_t psize = mmsize - offset - DIRECT_FOOT_PAD;
@@ -757,6 +838,7 @@ static void *direct_alloc(size_t nb)
       return chunk2mem(p);
     }
   }
+  UNUSED(m);
   return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -905,7 +987,7 @@ static void *alloc_sys(mstate m, size_t nb)
 
   /* Directly map large chunks */
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY(nb >= DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD)) {
-    void *mem = direct_alloc(nb);
+    void *mem = direct_alloc(m, nb);
     if (mem != 0)
       return mem;
   }
@@ -914,7 +996,7 @@ static void *alloc_sys(mstate m, size_t nb)
     size_t req = nb + TOP_FOOT_SIZE + SIZE_T_ONE;
     size_t rsize = granularity_align(req);
     if (LJ_LIKELY(rsize > nb)) { /* Fail if wraps around zero */
-      char *mp = (char *)(CALL_MMAP(rsize));
+      char *mp = (char *)(CALL_MMAP(m->prng, rsize));
       if (mp != CMFAIL) {
         tbase = mp;
         tsize = rsize;
@@ -1141,12 +1223,13 @@ static void *tmalloc_small(mstate m, size_t nb)
 
 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-void *lj_alloc_create(void)
+void *lj_alloc_create(PRNGState *rs)
 {
   size_t tsize = DEFAULT_GRANULARITY;
   char *tbase;
   INIT_MMAP();
-  tbase = (char *)(CALL_MMAP(tsize));
+  UNUSED(rs);
+  tbase = (char *)(CALL_MMAP(rs, tsize));
   if (tbase != CMFAIL) {
     size_t msize = pad_request(sizeof(struct malloc_state));
     mchunkptr mn;
@@ -1165,6 +1248,12 @@ void *lj_alloc_create(void)
   return NULL;
 }
 
+void lj_alloc_setprng(void *msp, PRNGState *rs)
+{
+  mstate ms = (mstate)msp;
+  ms->prng = rs;
+}
+
 void lj_alloc_destroy(void *msp)
 {
   mstate ms = (mstate)msp;
diff --git a/src/lj_alloc.h b/src/lj_alloc.h
index f87a7cf3..669f50b7 100644
--- a/src/lj_alloc.h
+++ b/src/lj_alloc.h
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@
 #include "lj_def.h"
 
 #ifndef LUAJIT_USE_SYSMALLOC
-LJ_FUNC void *lj_alloc_create(void);
+LJ_FUNC void *lj_alloc_create(PRNGState *rs);
+LJ_FUNC void lj_alloc_setprng(void *msp, PRNGState *rs);
 LJ_FUNC void lj_alloc_destroy(void *msp);
 LJ_FUNC void *lj_alloc_f(void *msp, void *ptr, size_t osize, size_t nsize);
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_api.c b/src/lj_api.c
index 2018cb8f..386bcada 100644
--- a/src/lj_api.c
+++ b/src/lj_api.c
@@ -24,11 +24,12 @@
 #include "lj_trace.h"
 #include "lj_vm.h"
 #include "lj_strscan.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 
 /* -- Common helper functions --------------------------------------------- */
 
-#define api_checknelems(L, n)           api_check(L, (n) <= (L->top - L->base))
-#define api_checkvalidindex(L, i)       api_check(L, (i) != niltv(L))
+#define lj_checkapi_slot(idx) \
+  lj_checkapi((idx) <= (L->top - L->base), "stack slot %d out of range", (idx))
 
 static TValue *index2adr(lua_State *L, int idx)
 {
@@ -36,7 +37,8 @@ static TValue *index2adr(lua_State *L, int idx)
     TValue *o = L->base + (idx - 1);
     return o < L->top ? o : niltv(L);
   } else if (idx > LUA_REGISTRYINDEX) {
-    api_check(L, idx != 0 && -idx <= L->top - L->base);
+    lj_checkapi(idx != 0 && -idx <= L->top - L->base,
+                "bad stack slot %d", idx);
     return L->top + idx;
   } else if (idx == LUA_GLOBALSINDEX) {
     TValue *o = &G(L)->tmptv;
@@ -46,7 +48,8 @@ static TValue *index2adr(lua_State *L, int idx)
     return registry(L);
   } else {
     GCfunc *fn = curr_func(L);
-    api_check(L, fn->c.gct == ~LJ_TFUNC && !isluafunc(fn));
+    lj_checkapi(fn->c.gct == ~LJ_TFUNC && !isluafunc(fn),
+                "calling frame is not a C function");
     if (idx == LUA_ENVIRONINDEX) {
       TValue *o = &G(L)->tmptv;
       settabV(L, o, tabref(fn->c.env));
@@ -58,13 +61,27 @@ static TValue *index2adr(lua_State *L, int idx)
   }
 }
 
-static TValue *stkindex2adr(lua_State *L, int idx)
+static LJ_AINLINE TValue *index2adr_check(lua_State *L, int idx)
+{
+  TValue *o = index2adr(L, idx);
+  lj_checkapi(o != niltv(L), "invalid stack slot %d", idx);
+  return o;
+}
+
+static TValue *index2adr_stack(lua_State *L, int idx)
 {
   if (idx > 0) {
     TValue *o = L->base + (idx - 1);
+    if (o < L->top) {
+      return o;
+    } else {
+      lj_checkapi(0, "invalid stack slot %d", idx);
+      return niltv(L);
+    }
     return o < L->top ? o : niltv(L);
   } else {
-    api_check(L, idx != 0 && -idx <= L->top - L->base);
+    lj_checkapi(idx != 0 && -idx <= L->top - L->base,
+                "invalid stack slot %d", idx);
     return L->top + idx;
   }
 }
@@ -98,17 +115,24 @@ LUALIB_API void luaL_checkstack(lua_State *L, int size, const char *msg)
     lj_err_callerv(L, LJ_ERR_STKOVM, msg);
 }
 
-LUA_API void lua_xmove(lua_State *from, lua_State *to, int n)
+LUA_API void lua_xmove(lua_State *L, lua_State *to, int n)
 {
   TValue *f, *t;
-  if (from == to) return;
-  api_checknelems(from, n);
-  api_check(from, G(from) == G(to));
+  if (L == to) return;
+  lj_checkapi_slot(n);
+  lj_checkapi(G(L) == G(to), "move across global states");
   lj_state_checkstack(to, (MSize)n);
-  f = from->top;
+  f = L->top;
   t = to->top = to->top + n;
   while (--n >= 0) copyTV(to, --t, --f);
-  from->top = f;
+  L->top = f;
+}
+
+LUA_API const lua_Number *lua_version(lua_State *L)
+{
+  static const lua_Number version = LUA_VERSION_NUM;
+  UNUSED(L);
+  return &version;
 }
 
 /* -- Stack manipulation -------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -121,7 +145,7 @@ LUA_API int lua_gettop(lua_State *L)
 LUA_API void lua_settop(lua_State *L, int idx)
 {
   if (idx >= 0) {
-    api_check(L, idx <= tvref(L->maxstack) - L->base);
+    lj_checkapi(idx <= tvref(L->maxstack) - L->base, "bad stack slot %d", idx);
     if (L->base + idx > L->top) {
       if (L->base + idx >= tvref(L->maxstack))
         lj_state_growstack(L, (MSize)idx - (MSize)(L->top - L->base));
@@ -130,51 +154,58 @@ LUA_API void lua_settop(lua_State *L, int idx)
       L->top = L->base + idx;
     }
   } else {
-    api_check(L, -(idx+1) <= (L->top - L->base));
+    lj_checkapi(-(idx+1) <= (L->top - L->base), "bad stack slot %d", idx);
     L->top += idx+1;  /* Shrinks top (idx < 0). */
   }
 }
 
 LUA_API void lua_remove(lua_State *L, int idx)
 {
-  TValue *p = stkindex2adr(L, idx);
-  api_checkvalidindex(L, p);
+  TValue *p = index2adr_stack(L, idx);
   while (++p < L->top) copyTV(L, p-1, p);
   L->top--;
 }
 
 LUA_API void lua_insert(lua_State *L, int idx)
 {
-  TValue *q, *p = stkindex2adr(L, idx);
-  api_checkvalidindex(L, p);
+  TValue *q, *p = index2adr_stack(L, idx);
   for (q = L->top; q > p; q--) copyTV(L, q, q-1);
   copyTV(L, p, L->top);
 }
 
-LUA_API void lua_replace(lua_State *L, int idx)
+static void copy_slot(lua_State *L, TValue *f, int idx)
 {
-  api_checknelems(L, 1);
   if (idx == LUA_GLOBALSINDEX) {
-    api_check(L, tvistab(L->top-1));
+    lj_checkapi(tvistab(f), "stack slot %d is not a table", idx);
     /* NOBARRIER: A thread (i.e. L) is never black. */
-    setgcref(L->env, obj2gco(tabV(L->top-1)));
+    setgcref(L->env, obj2gco(tabV(f)));
   } else if (idx == LUA_ENVIRONINDEX) {
     GCfunc *fn = curr_func(L);
     if (fn->c.gct != ~LJ_TFUNC)
       lj_err_msg(L, LJ_ERR_NOENV);
-    api_check(L, tvistab(L->top-1));
-    setgcref(fn->c.env, obj2gco(tabV(L->top-1)));
-    lj_gc_barrier(L, fn, L->top-1);
+    lj_checkapi(tvistab(f), "stack slot %d is not a table", idx);
+    setgcref(fn->c.env, obj2gco(tabV(f)));
+    lj_gc_barrier(L, fn, f);
   } else {
-    TValue *o = index2adr(L, idx);
-    api_checkvalidindex(L, o);
-    copyTV(L, o, L->top-1);
+    TValue *o = index2adr_check(L, idx);
+    copyTV(L, o, f);
     if (idx < LUA_GLOBALSINDEX)  /* Need a barrier for upvalues. */
-      lj_gc_barrier(L, curr_func(L), L->top-1);
+      lj_gc_barrier(L, curr_func(L), f);
   }
+}
+
+LUA_API void lua_replace(lua_State *L, int idx)
+{
+  lj_checkapi_slot(1);
+  copy_slot(L, L->top - 1, idx);
   L->top--;
 }
 
+LUA_API void lua_copy(lua_State *L, int fromidx, int toidx)
+{
+  copy_slot(L, index2adr(L, fromidx), toidx);
+}
+
 LUA_API void lua_pushvalue(lua_State *L, int idx)
 {
   copyTV(L, L->top, index2adr(L, idx));
@@ -188,7 +219,7 @@ LUA_API int lua_type(lua_State *L, int idx)
   cTValue *o = index2adr(L, idx);
   if (tvisnumber(o)) {
     return LUA_TNUMBER;
-#if LJ_64
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
   } else if (tvislightud(o)) {
     return LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA;
 #endif
@@ -201,7 +232,7 @@ LUA_API int lua_type(lua_State *L, int idx)
 #else
     int tt = (int)(((t < 8 ? 0x98042110u : 0x75a06u) >> 4*(t&7)) & 15u);
 #endif
-    lua_assert(tt != LUA_TNIL || tvisnil(o));
+    lj_assertL(tt != LUA_TNIL || tvisnil(o), "bad tag conversion");
     return tt;
   }
 }
@@ -268,7 +299,7 @@ LUA_API int lua_equal(lua_State *L, int idx1, int idx2)
     return 0;
   } else if (tvispri(o1)) {
     return o1 != niltv(L) && o2 != niltv(L);
-#if LJ_64
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
   } else if (tvislightud(o1)) {
     return o1->u64 == o2->u64;
 #endif
@@ -283,8 +314,8 @@ LUA_API int lua_equal(lua_State *L, int idx1, int idx2)
     } else {
       L->top = base+2;
       lj_vm_call(L, base, 1+1);
-      L->top -= 2;
-      return tvistruecond(L->top+1);
+      L->top -= 2+LJ_FR2;
+      return tvistruecond(L->top+1+LJ_FR2);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -306,8 +337,8 @@ LUA_API int lua_lessthan(lua_State *L, int idx1, int idx2)
     } else {
       L->top = base+2;
       lj_vm_call(L, base, 1+1);
-      L->top -= 2;
-      return tvistruecond(L->top+1);
+      L->top -= 2+LJ_FR2;
+      return tvistruecond(L->top+1+LJ_FR2);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -324,6 +355,22 @@ LUA_API lua_Number lua_tonumber(lua_State *L, int idx)
     return 0;
 }
 
+LUA_API lua_Number lua_tonumberx(lua_State *L, int idx, int *ok)
+{
+  cTValue *o = index2adr(L, idx);
+  TValue tmp;
+  if (LJ_LIKELY(tvisnumber(o))) {
+    if (ok) *ok = 1;
+    return numberVnum(o);
+  } else if (tvisstr(o) && lj_strscan_num(strV(o), &tmp)) {
+    if (ok) *ok = 1;
+    return numV(&tmp);
+  } else {
+    if (ok) *ok = 0;
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
 LUALIB_API lua_Number luaL_checknumber(lua_State *L, int idx)
 {
   cTValue *o = index2adr(L, idx);
@@ -361,9 +408,38 @@ LUA_API lua_Integer lua_tointeger(lua_State *L, int idx)
     if (!(tvisstr(o) && lj_strscan_number(strV(o), &tmp)))
       return 0;
     if (tvisint(&tmp))
-      return (lua_Integer)intV(&tmp);
+      return intV(&tmp);
+    n = numV(&tmp);
+  }
+#if LJ_64
+  return (lua_Integer)n;
+#else
+  return lj_num2int(n);
+#endif
+}
+
+LUA_API lua_Integer lua_tointegerx(lua_State *L, int idx, int *ok)
+{
+  cTValue *o = index2adr(L, idx);
+  TValue tmp;
+  lua_Number n;
+  if (LJ_LIKELY(tvisint(o))) {
+    if (ok) *ok = 1;
+    return intV(o);
+  } else if (LJ_LIKELY(tvisnum(o))) {
+    n = numV(o);
+  } else {
+    if (!(tvisstr(o) && lj_strscan_number(strV(o), &tmp))) {
+      if (ok) *ok = 0;
+      return 0;
+    }
+    if (tvisint(&tmp)) {
+      if (ok) *ok = 1;
+      return intV(&tmp);
+    }
     n = numV(&tmp);
   }
+  if (ok) *ok = 1;
 #if LJ_64
   return (lua_Integer)n;
 #else
@@ -434,7 +510,7 @@ LUA_API const char *lua_tolstring(lua_State *L, int idx, size_t *len)
   } else if (tvisnumber(o)) {
     lj_gc_check(L);
     o = index2adr(L, idx);  /* GC may move the stack. */
-    s = lj_str_fromnumber(L, o);
+    s = lj_strfmt_number(L, o);
     setstrV(L, o, s);
   } else {
     if (len != NULL) *len = 0;
@@ -453,7 +529,7 @@ LUALIB_API const char *luaL_checklstring(lua_State *L, int idx, size_t *len)
   } else if (tvisnumber(o)) {
     lj_gc_check(L);
     o = index2adr(L, idx);  /* GC may move the stack. */
-    s = lj_str_fromnumber(L, o);
+    s = lj_strfmt_number(L, o);
     setstrV(L, o, s);
   } else {
     lj_err_argt(L, idx, LUA_TSTRING);
@@ -475,7 +551,7 @@ LUALIB_API const char *luaL_optlstring(lua_State *L, int idx,
   } else if (tvisnumber(o)) {
     lj_gc_check(L);
     o = index2adr(L, idx);  /* GC may move the stack. */
-    s = lj_str_fromnumber(L, o);
+    s = lj_strfmt_number(L, o);
     setstrV(L, o, s);
   } else {
     lj_err_argt(L, idx, LUA_TSTRING);
@@ -507,7 +583,7 @@ LUA_API size_t lua_objlen(lua_State *L, int idx)
   } else if (tvisudata(o)) {
     return udataV(o)->len;
   } else if (tvisnumber(o)) {
-    GCstr *s = lj_str_fromnumber(L, o);
+    GCstr *s = lj_strfmt_number(L, o);
     setstrV(L, o, s);
     return s->len;
   } else {
@@ -532,7 +608,7 @@ LUA_API void *lua_touserdata(lua_State *L, int idx)
   if (tvisudata(o))
     return uddata(udataV(o));
   else if (tvislightud(o))
-    return lightudV(o);
+    return lightudV(G(L), o);
   else
     return NULL;
 }
@@ -545,17 +621,7 @@ LUA_API lua_State *lua_tothread(lua_State *L, int idx)
 
 LUA_API const void *lua_topointer(lua_State *L, int idx)
 {
-  cTValue *o = index2adr(L, idx);
-  if (tvisudata(o))
-    return uddata(udataV(o));
-  else if (tvislightud(o))
-    return lightudV(o);
-  else if (tviscdata(o))
-    return cdataptr(cdataV(o));
-  else if (tvisgcv(o))
-    return gcV(o);
-  else
-    return NULL;
+  return lj_obj_ptr(G(L), index2adr(L, idx));
 }
 
 /* -- Stack setters (object creation) ------------------------------------- */
@@ -606,7 +672,7 @@ LUA_API const char *lua_pushvfstring(lua_State *L, const char *fmt,
                                      va_list argp)
 {
   lj_gc_check(L);
-  return lj_str_pushvf(L, fmt, argp);
+  return lj_strfmt_pushvf(L, fmt, argp);
 }
 
 LUA_API const char *lua_pushfstring(lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...)
@@ -615,7 +681,7 @@ LUA_API const char *lua_pushfstring(lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...)
   va_list argp;
   lj_gc_check(L);
   va_start(argp, fmt);
-  ret = lj_str_pushvf(L, fmt, argp);
+  ret = lj_strfmt_pushvf(L, fmt, argp);
   va_end(argp);
   return ret;
 }
@@ -624,14 +690,14 @@ LUA_API void lua_pushcclosure(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f, int n)
 {
   GCfunc *fn;
   lj_gc_check(L);
-  api_checknelems(L, n);
+  lj_checkapi_slot(n);
   fn = lj_func_newC(L, (MSize)n, getcurrenv(L));
   fn->c.f = f;
   L->top -= n;
   while (n--)
     copyTV(L, &fn->c.upvalue[n], L->top+n);
   setfuncV(L, L->top, fn);
-  lua_assert(iswhite(obj2gco(fn)));
+  lj_assertL(iswhite(obj2gco(fn)), "new GC object is not white");
   incr_top(L);
 }
 
@@ -643,16 +709,17 @@ LUA_API void lua_pushboolean(lua_State *L, int b)
 
 LUA_API void lua_pushlightuserdata(lua_State *L, void *p)
 {
-  setlightudV(L->top, checklightudptr(L, p));
+#if LJ_64
+  p = lj_lightud_intern(L, p);
+#endif
+  setrawlightudV(L->top, p);
   incr_top(L);
 }
 
 LUA_API void lua_createtable(lua_State *L, int narray, int nrec)
 {
-  GCtab *t;
   lj_gc_check(L);
-  t = lj_tab_new(L, (uint32_t)(narray > 0 ? narray+1 : 0), hsize2hbits(nrec));
-  settabV(L, L->top, t);
+  settabV(L, L->top, lj_tab_new_ah(L, narray, nrec));
   incr_top(L);
 }
 
@@ -703,7 +770,7 @@ LUA_API void *lua_newuserdata(lua_State *L, size_t size)
 
 LUA_API void lua_concat(lua_State *L, int n)
 {
-  api_checknelems(L, n);
+  lj_checkapi_slot(n);
   if (n >= 2) {
     n--;
     do {
@@ -712,11 +779,11 @@ LUA_API void lua_concat(lua_State *L, int n)
         L->top -= n;
         break;
       }
-      n -= (int)(L->top - top);
+      n -= (int)(L->top - (top - 2*LJ_FR2));
       L->top = top+2;
       lj_vm_call(L, top, 1+1);
-      L->top--;
-      copyTV(L, L->top-1, L->top);
+      L->top -= 1+LJ_FR2;
+      copyTV(L, L->top-1, L->top+LJ_FR2);
     } while (--n > 0);
   } else if (n == 0) {  /* Push empty string. */
     setstrV(L, L->top, &G(L)->strempty);
@@ -729,30 +796,28 @@ LUA_API void lua_concat(lua_State *L, int n)
 
 LUA_API void lua_gettable(lua_State *L, int idx)
 {
-  cTValue *v, *t = index2adr(L, idx);
-  api_checkvalidindex(L, t);
-  v = lj_meta_tget(L, t, L->top-1);
+  cTValue *t = index2adr_check(L, idx);
+  cTValue *v = lj_meta_tget(L, t, L->top-1);
   if (v == NULL) {
     L->top += 2;
     lj_vm_call(L, L->top-2, 1+1);
-    L->top -= 2;
-    v = L->top+1;
+    L->top -= 2+LJ_FR2;
+    v = L->top+1+LJ_FR2;
   }
   copyTV(L, L->top-1, v);
 }
 
 LUA_API void lua_getfield(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *k)
 {
-  cTValue *v, *t = index2adr(L, idx);
+  cTValue *v, *t = index2adr_check(L, idx);
   TValue key;
-  api_checkvalidindex(L, t);
   setstrV(L, &key, lj_str_newz(L, k));
   v = lj_meta_tget(L, t, &key);
   if (v == NULL) {
     L->top += 2;
     lj_vm_call(L, L->top-2, 1+1);
-    L->top -= 2;
-    v = L->top+1;
+    L->top -= 2+LJ_FR2;
+    v = L->top+1+LJ_FR2;
   }
   copyTV(L, L->top, v);
   incr_top(L);
@@ -761,14 +826,14 @@ LUA_API void lua_getfield(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *k)
 LUA_API void lua_rawget(lua_State *L, int idx)
 {
   cTValue *t = index2adr(L, idx);
-  api_check(L, tvistab(t));
+  lj_checkapi(tvistab(t), "stack slot %d is not a table", idx);
   copyTV(L, L->top-1, lj_tab_get(L, tabV(t), L->top-1));
 }
 
 LUA_API void lua_rawgeti(lua_State *L, int idx, int n)
 {
   cTValue *v, *t = index2adr(L, idx);
-  api_check(L, tvistab(t));
+  lj_checkapi(tvistab(t), "stack slot %d is not a table", idx);
   v = lj_tab_getint(tabV(t), n);
   if (v) {
     copyTV(L, L->top, v);
@@ -810,8 +875,7 @@ LUALIB_API int luaL_getmetafield(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *field)
 
 LUA_API void lua_getfenv(lua_State *L, int idx)
 {
-  cTValue *o = index2adr(L, idx);
-  api_checkvalidindex(L, o);
+  cTValue *o = index2adr_check(L, idx);
   if (tvisfunc(o)) {
     settabV(L, L->top, tabref(funcV(o)->c.env));
   } else if (tvisudata(o)) {
@@ -828,12 +892,14 @@ LUA_API int lua_next(lua_State *L, int idx)
 {
   cTValue *t = index2adr(L, idx);
   int more;
-  api_check(L, tvistab(t));
-  more = lj_tab_next(L, tabV(t), L->top-1);
-  if (more) {
+  lj_checkapi(tvistab(t), "stack slot %d is not a table", idx);
+  more = lj_tab_next(tabV(t), L->top-1, L->top-1);
+  if (more > 0) {
     incr_top(L);  /* Return new key and value slot. */
-  } else {  /* End of traversal. */
+  } else if (!more) {  /* End of traversal. */
     L->top--;  /* Remove key slot. */
+  } else {
+    lj_err_msg(L, LJ_ERR_NEXTIDX);
   }
   return more;
 }
@@ -854,7 +920,7 @@ LUA_API void *lua_upvalueid(lua_State *L, int idx, int n)
 {
   GCfunc *fn = funcV(index2adr(L, idx));
   n--;
-  api_check(L, (uint32_t)n < fn->l.nupvalues);
+  lj_checkapi((uint32_t)n < fn->l.nupvalues, "bad upvalue %d", n);
   return isluafunc(fn) ? (void *)gcref(fn->l.uvptr[n]) :
                          (void *)&fn->c.upvalue[n];
 }
@@ -864,13 +930,15 @@ LUA_API void lua_upvaluejoin(lua_State *L, int idx1, int n1, int idx2, int n2)
   GCfunc *fn1 = funcV(index2adr(L, idx1));
   GCfunc *fn2 = funcV(index2adr(L, idx2));
   n1--; n2--;
-  api_check(L, isluafunc(fn1) && (uint32_t)n1 < fn1->l.nupvalues);
-  api_check(L, isluafunc(fn2) && (uint32_t)n2 < fn2->l.nupvalues);
+  lj_checkapi(isluafunc(fn1), "stack slot %d is not a Lua function", idx1);
+  lj_checkapi(isluafunc(fn2), "stack slot %d is not a Lua function", idx2);
+  lj_checkapi((uint32_t)n1 < fn1->l.nupvalues, "bad upvalue %d", n1+1);
+  lj_checkapi((uint32_t)n2 < fn2->l.nupvalues, "bad upvalue %d", n2+1);
   setgcrefr(fn1->l.uvptr[n1], fn2->l.uvptr[n2]);
   lj_gc_objbarrier(L, fn1, gcref(fn1->l.uvptr[n1]));
 }
 
-LUALIB_API void *luaL_checkudata(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *tname)
+LUALIB_API void *luaL_testudata(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *tname)
 {
   cTValue *o = index2adr(L, idx);
   if (tvisudata(o)) {
@@ -879,8 +947,14 @@ LUALIB_API void *luaL_checkudata(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *tname)
     if (tv && tvistab(tv) && tabV(tv) == tabref(ud->metatable))
       return uddata(ud);
   }
-  lj_err_argtype(L, idx, tname);
-  return NULL;  /* unreachable */
+  return NULL;  /* value is not a userdata with a metatable */
+}
+
+LUALIB_API void *luaL_checkudata(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *tname)
+{
+  void *p = luaL_testudata(L, idx, tname);
+  if (!p) lj_err_argtype(L, idx, tname);
+  return p;
 }
 
 /* -- Object setters ------------------------------------------------------ */
@@ -888,19 +962,19 @@ LUALIB_API void *luaL_checkudata(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *tname)
 LUA_API void lua_settable(lua_State *L, int idx)
 {
   TValue *o;
-  cTValue *t = index2adr(L, idx);
-  api_checknelems(L, 2);
-  api_checkvalidindex(L, t);
+  cTValue *t = index2adr_check(L, idx);
+  lj_checkapi_slot(2);
   o = lj_meta_tset(L, t, L->top-2);
   if (o) {
     /* NOBARRIER: lj_meta_tset ensures the table is not black. */
-    copyTV(L, o, L->top-1);
     L->top -= 2;
+    copyTV(L, o, L->top+1);
   } else {
-    L->top += 3;
-    copyTV(L, L->top-1, L->top-6);
-    lj_vm_call(L, L->top-3, 0+1);
-    L->top -= 3;
+    TValue *base = L->top;
+    copyTV(L, base+2, base-3-2*LJ_FR2);
+    L->top = base+3;
+    lj_vm_call(L, base, 0+1);
+    L->top -= 3+LJ_FR2;
   }
 }
 
@@ -908,20 +982,19 @@ LUA_API void lua_setfield(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *k)
 {
   TValue *o;
   TValue key;
-  cTValue *t = index2adr(L, idx);
-  api_checknelems(L, 1);
-  api_checkvalidindex(L, t);
+  cTValue *t = index2adr_check(L, idx);
+  lj_checkapi_slot(1);
   setstrV(L, &key, lj_str_newz(L, k));
   o = lj_meta_tset(L, t, &key);
   if (o) {
-    L->top--;
     /* NOBARRIER: lj_meta_tset ensures the table is not black. */
-    copyTV(L, o, L->top);
+    copyTV(L, o, --L->top);
   } else {
-    L->top += 3;
-    copyTV(L, L->top-1, L->top-6);
-    lj_vm_call(L, L->top-3, 0+1);
-    L->top -= 2;
+    TValue *base = L->top;
+    copyTV(L, base+2, base-3-2*LJ_FR2);
+    L->top = base+3;
+    lj_vm_call(L, base, 0+1);
+    L->top -= 2+LJ_FR2;
   }
 }
 
@@ -929,7 +1002,7 @@ LUA_API void lua_rawset(lua_State *L, int idx)
 {
   GCtab *t = tabV(index2adr(L, idx));
   TValue *dst, *key;
-  api_checknelems(L, 2);
+  lj_checkapi_slot(2);
   key = L->top-2;
   dst = lj_tab_set(L, t, key);
   copyTV(L, dst, key+1);
@@ -941,7 +1014,7 @@ LUA_API void lua_rawseti(lua_State *L, int idx, int n)
 {
   GCtab *t = tabV(index2adr(L, idx));
   TValue *dst, *src;
-  api_checknelems(L, 1);
+  lj_checkapi_slot(1);
   dst = lj_tab_setint(L, t, n);
   src = L->top-1;
   copyTV(L, dst, src);
@@ -953,13 +1026,12 @@ LUA_API int lua_setmetatable(lua_State *L, int idx)
 {
   global_State *g;
   GCtab *mt;
-  cTValue *o = index2adr(L, idx);
-  api_checknelems(L, 1);
-  api_checkvalidindex(L, o);
+  cTValue *o = index2adr_check(L, idx);
+  lj_checkapi_slot(1);
   if (tvisnil(L->top-1)) {
     mt = NULL;
   } else {
-    api_check(L, tvistab(L->top-1));
+    lj_checkapi(tvistab(L->top-1), "top stack slot is not a table");
     mt = tabV(L->top-1);
   }
   g = G(L);
@@ -988,13 +1060,18 @@ LUA_API int lua_setmetatable(lua_State *L, int idx)
   return 1;
 }
 
+LUALIB_API void luaL_setmetatable(lua_State *L, const char *tname)
+{
+  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, tname);
+  lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
+}
+
 LUA_API int lua_setfenv(lua_State *L, int idx)
 {
-  cTValue *o = index2adr(L, idx);
+  cTValue *o = index2adr_check(L, idx);
   GCtab *t;
-  api_checknelems(L, 1);
-  api_checkvalidindex(L, o);
-  api_check(L, tvistab(L->top-1));
+  lj_checkapi_slot(1);
+  lj_checkapi(tvistab(L->top-1), "top stack slot is not a table");
   t = tabV(L->top-1);
   if (tvisfunc(o)) {
     setgcref(funcV(o)->c.env, obj2gco(t));
@@ -1017,7 +1094,7 @@ LUA_API const char *lua_setupvalue(lua_State *L, int idx, int n)
   TValue *val;
   GCobj *o;
   const char *name;
-  api_checknelems(L, 1);
+  lj_checkapi_slot(1);
   name = lj_debug_uvnamev(f, (uint32_t)(n-1), &val, &o);
   if (name) {
     L->top--;
@@ -1029,11 +1106,25 @@ LUA_API const char *lua_setupvalue(lua_State *L, int idx, int n)
 
 /* -- Calls --------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
+#if LJ_FR2
+static TValue *api_call_base(lua_State *L, int nargs)
+{
+  TValue *o = L->top, *base = o - nargs;
+  L->top = o+1;
+  for (; o > base; o--) copyTV(L, o, o-1);
+  setnilV(o);
+  return o+1;
+}
+#else
+#define api_call_base(L, nargs) (L->top - (nargs))
+#endif
+
 LUA_API void lua_call(lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults)
 {
-  api_check(L, L->status == 0 || L->status == LUA_ERRERR);
-  api_checknelems(L, nargs+1);
-  lj_vm_call(L, L->top - nargs, nresults+1);
+  lj_checkapi(L->status == LUA_OK || L->status == LUA_ERRERR,
+              "thread called in wrong state %d", L->status);
+  lj_checkapi_slot(nargs+1);
+  lj_vm_call(L, api_call_base(L, nargs), nresults+1);
 }
 
 LUA_API int lua_pcall(lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults, int errfunc)
@@ -1042,16 +1133,16 @@ LUA_API int lua_pcall(lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults, int errfunc)
   uint8_t oldh = hook_save(g);
   ptrdiff_t ef;
   int status;
-  api_check(L, L->status == 0 || L->status == LUA_ERRERR);
-  api_checknelems(L, nargs+1);
+  lj_checkapi(L->status == LUA_OK || L->status == LUA_ERRERR,
+              "thread called in wrong state %d", L->status);
+  lj_checkapi_slot(nargs+1);
   if (errfunc == 0) {
     ef = 0;
   } else {
-    cTValue *o = stkindex2adr(L, errfunc);
-    api_checkvalidindex(L, o);
+    cTValue *o = index2adr_stack(L, errfunc);
     ef = savestack(L, o);
   }
-  status = lj_vm_pcall(L, L->top - nargs, nresults+1, ef);
+  status = lj_vm_pcall(L, api_call_base(L, nargs), nresults+1, ef);
   if (status) hook_restore(g, oldh);
   return status;
 }
@@ -1059,12 +1150,17 @@ LUA_API int lua_pcall(lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults, int errfunc)
 static TValue *cpcall(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud)
 {
   GCfunc *fn = lj_func_newC(L, 0, getcurrenv(L));
+  TValue *top = L->top;
   fn->c.f = func;
-  setfuncV(L, L->top, fn);
-  setlightudV(L->top+1, checklightudptr(L, ud));
+  setfuncV(L, top++, fn);
+  if (LJ_FR2) setnilV(top++);
+#if LJ_64
+  ud = lj_lightud_intern(L, ud);
+#endif
+  setrawlightudV(top++, ud);
   cframe_nres(L->cframe) = 1+0;  /* Zero results. */
-  L->top += 2;
-  return L->top-1;  /* Now call the newly allocated C function. */
+  L->top = top;
+  return top-1;  /* Now call the newly allocated C function. */
 }
 
 LUA_API int lua_cpcall(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud)
@@ -1072,7 +1168,8 @@ LUA_API int lua_cpcall(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud)
   global_State *g = G(L);
   uint8_t oldh = hook_save(g);
   int status;
-  api_check(L, L->status == 0 || L->status == LUA_ERRERR);
+  lj_checkapi(L->status == LUA_OK || L->status == LUA_ERRERR,
+              "thread called in wrong state %d", L->status);
   status = lj_vm_cpcall(L, func, ud, cpcall);
   if (status) hook_restore(g, oldh);
   return status;
@@ -1081,10 +1178,11 @@ LUA_API int lua_cpcall(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud)
 LUALIB_API int luaL_callmeta(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *field)
 {
   if (luaL_getmetafield(L, idx, field)) {
-    TValue *base = L->top--;
-    copyTV(L, base, index2adr(L, idx));
-    L->top = base+1;
-    lj_vm_call(L, base, 1+1);
+    TValue *top = L->top--;
+    if (LJ_FR2) setnilV(top++);
+    copyTV(L, top++, index2adr(L, idx));
+    L->top = top;
+    lj_vm_call(L, top-1, 1+1);
     return 1;
   }
   return 0;
@@ -1092,6 +1190,11 @@ LUALIB_API int luaL_callmeta(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *field)
 
 /* -- Coroutine yield and resume ------------------------------------------ */
 
+LUA_API int lua_isyieldable(lua_State *L)
+{
+  return cframe_canyield(L->cframe);
+}
+
 LUA_API int lua_yield(lua_State *L, int nresults)
 {
   void *cf = L->cframe;
@@ -1111,13 +1214,16 @@ LUA_API int lua_yield(lua_State *L, int nresults)
     } else {  /* Yield from hook: add a pseudo-frame. */
       TValue *top = L->top;
       hook_leave(g);
-      top->u64 = cframe_multres(cf);
-      setcont(top+1, lj_cont_hook);
-      setframe_pc(top+1, cframe_pc(cf)-1);
-      setframe_gc(top+2, obj2gco(L));
-      setframe_ftsz(top+2, (int)((char *)(top+3)-(char *)L->base)+FRAME_CONT);
-      L->top = L->base = top+3;
-#if LJ_TARGET_X64
+      (top++)->u64 = cframe_multres(cf);
+      setcont(top, lj_cont_hook);
+      if (LJ_FR2) top++;
+      setframe_pc(top, cframe_pc(cf)-1);
+      top++;
+      setframe_gc(top, obj2gco(L), LJ_TTHREAD);
+      if (LJ_FR2) top++;
+      setframe_ftsz(top, ((char *)(top+1)-(char *)L->base)+FRAME_CONT);
+      L->top = L->base = top+1;
+#if ((defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)) && (LJ_TARGET_X64 || defined(LUAJIT_UNWIND_EXTERNAL)) && !LJ_NO_UNWIND) || LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS
       lj_err_throw(L, LUA_YIELD);
 #else
       L->cframe = NULL;
@@ -1133,7 +1239,9 @@ LUA_API int lua_yield(lua_State *L, int nresults)
 LUA_API int lua_resume(lua_State *L, int nargs)
 {
   if (L->cframe == NULL && L->status <= LUA_YIELD)
-    return lj_vm_resume(L, L->top - nargs, 0, 0);
+    return lj_vm_resume(L,
+      L->status == LUA_OK ? api_call_base(L, nargs) : L->top - nargs,
+      0, 0);
   L->top = L->base;
   setstrV(L, L->top, lj_err_str(L, LJ_ERR_COSUSP));
   incr_top(L);
@@ -1163,7 +1271,7 @@ LUA_API int lua_gc(lua_State *L, int what, int data)
     res = (int)(g->gc.total & 0x3ff);
     break;
   case LUA_GCSTEP: {
-    MSize a = (MSize)data << 10;
+    GCSize a = (GCSize)data << 10;
     g->gc.threshold = (a <= g->gc.total) ? (g->gc.total - a) : 0;
     while (g->gc.total >= g->gc.threshold)
       if (lj_gc_step(L) > 0) {
@@ -1180,6 +1288,9 @@ LUA_API int lua_gc(lua_State *L, int what, int data)
     res = (int)(g->gc.stepmul);
     g->gc.stepmul = (MSize)data;
     break;
+  case LUA_GCISRUNNING:
+    res = (g->gc.threshold != LJ_MAX_MEM);
+    break;
   default:
     res = -1;  /* Invalid option. */
   }
diff --git a/src/lj_arch.h b/src/lj_arch.h
index da53b162..6e22b1b2 100644
--- a/src/lj_arch.h
+++ b/src/lj_arch.h
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 
 #include "lua.h"
 
+/* -- Target definitions -------------------------------------------------- */
+
 /* Target endianess. */
 #define LUAJIT_LE       0
 #define LUAJIT_BE       1
@@ -19,12 +21,16 @@
 #define LUAJIT_ARCH_x64         2
 #define LUAJIT_ARCH_ARM         3
 #define LUAJIT_ARCH_arm         3
-#define LUAJIT_ARCH_PPC         4
-#define LUAJIT_ARCH_ppc         4
-#define LUAJIT_ARCH_PPCSPE      5
-#define LUAJIT_ARCH_ppcspe      5
+#define LUAJIT_ARCH_ARM64       4
+#define LUAJIT_ARCH_arm64       4
+#define LUAJIT_ARCH_PPC         5
+#define LUAJIT_ARCH_ppc         5
 #define LUAJIT_ARCH_MIPS        6
 #define LUAJIT_ARCH_mips        6
+#define LUAJIT_ARCH_MIPS32      6
+#define LUAJIT_ARCH_mips32      6
+#define LUAJIT_ARCH_MIPS64      7
+#define LUAJIT_ARCH_mips64      7
 
 /* Target OS. */
 #define LUAJIT_OS_OTHER         0
@@ -34,6 +40,14 @@
 #define LUAJIT_OS_BSD           4
 #define LUAJIT_OS_POSIX         5
 
+/* Number mode. */
+#define LJ_NUMMODE_SINGLE       0       /* Single-number mode only. */
+#define LJ_NUMMODE_SINGLE_DUAL  1       /* Default to single-number mode. */
+#define LJ_NUMMODE_DUAL         2       /* Dual-number mode only. */
+#define LJ_NUMMODE_DUAL_SINGLE  3       /* Default to dual-number mode. */
+
+/* -- Target detection ---------------------------------------------------- */
+
 /* Select native target if no target defined. */
 #ifndef LUAJIT_TARGET
 
@@ -43,14 +57,14 @@
 #define LUAJIT_TARGET   LUAJIT_ARCH_X64
 #elif defined(__arm__) || defined(__arm) || defined(__ARM__) || defined(__ARM)
 #define LUAJIT_TARGET   LUAJIT_ARCH_ARM
+#elif defined(__aarch64__)
+#define LUAJIT_TARGET   LUAJIT_ARCH_ARM64
 #elif defined(__ppc__) || defined(__ppc) || defined(__PPC__) || defined(__PPC) || defined(__powerpc__) || defined(__powerpc) || defined(__POWERPC__) || defined(__POWERPC) || defined(_M_PPC)
-#ifdef __NO_FPRS__
-#define LUAJIT_TARGET   LUAJIT_ARCH_PPCSPE
-#else
 #define LUAJIT_TARGET   LUAJIT_ARCH_PPC
-#endif
+#elif defined(__mips64__) || defined(__mips64) || defined(__MIPS64__) || defined(__MIPS64)
+#define LUAJIT_TARGET   LUAJIT_ARCH_MIPS64
 #elif defined(__mips__) || defined(__mips) || defined(__MIPS__) || defined(__MIPS)
-#define LUAJIT_TARGET   LUAJIT_ARCH_MIPS
+#define LUAJIT_TARGET   LUAJIT_ARCH_MIPS32
 #else
 #error "No support for this architecture (yet)"
 #endif
@@ -65,16 +79,23 @@
 #elif defined(__linux__)
 #define LUAJIT_OS       LUAJIT_OS_LINUX
 #elif defined(__MACH__) && defined(__APPLE__)
+#include "TargetConditionals.h"
 #define LUAJIT_OS       LUAJIT_OS_OSX
 #elif (defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__) || \
        defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || \
-       defined(__DragonFly__)) && !defined(__ORBIS__)
+       defined(__DragonFly__)) && !defined(__ORBIS__) && !defined(__PROSPERO__)
 #define LUAJIT_OS       LUAJIT_OS_BSD
 #elif (defined(__sun__) && defined(__svr4__))
+#define LJ_TARGET_SOLARIS       1
+#define LUAJIT_OS       LUAJIT_OS_POSIX
+#elif defined(__HAIKU__)
 #define LUAJIT_OS       LUAJIT_OS_POSIX
 #elif defined(__CYGWIN__)
 #define LJ_TARGET_CYGWIN        1
 #define LUAJIT_OS       LUAJIT_OS_POSIX
+#elif defined(__QNX__)
+#define LJ_TARGET_QNX           1
+#define LUAJIT_OS       LUAJIT_OS_POSIX
 #else
 #define LUAJIT_OS       LUAJIT_OS_OTHER
 #endif
@@ -99,10 +120,16 @@
 #define LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS       (LUAJIT_OS == LUAJIT_OS_WINDOWS)
 #define LJ_TARGET_LINUX         (LUAJIT_OS == LUAJIT_OS_LINUX)
 #define LJ_TARGET_OSX           (LUAJIT_OS == LUAJIT_OS_OSX)
-#define LJ_TARGET_IOS           (LJ_TARGET_OSX && LUAJIT_TARGET == LUAJIT_ARCH_ARM)
+#define LJ_TARGET_BSD           (LUAJIT_OS == LUAJIT_OS_BSD)
 #define LJ_TARGET_POSIX         (LUAJIT_OS > LUAJIT_OS_WINDOWS)
 #define LJ_TARGET_DLOPEN        LJ_TARGET_POSIX
 
+#if TARGET_OS_IPHONE
+#define LJ_TARGET_IOS           1
+#else
+#define LJ_TARGET_IOS           0
+#endif
+
 #ifdef __CELLOS_LV2__
 #define LJ_TARGET_PS3           1
 #define LJ_TARGET_CONSOLE       1
@@ -115,6 +142,13 @@
 #define NULL ((void*)0)
 #endif
 
+#ifdef __PROSPERO__
+#define LJ_TARGET_PS5           1
+#define LJ_TARGET_CONSOLE       1
+#undef NULL
+#define NULL ((void*)0)
+#endif
+
 #ifdef __psp2__
 #define LJ_TARGET_PSVITA        1
 #define LJ_TARGET_CONSOLE       1
@@ -125,10 +159,27 @@
 #define LJ_TARGET_CONSOLE       1
 #endif
 
-#define LJ_NUMMODE_SINGLE       0       /* Single-number mode only. */
-#define LJ_NUMMODE_SINGLE_DUAL  1       /* Default to single-number mode. */
-#define LJ_NUMMODE_DUAL         2       /* Dual-number mode only. */
-#define LJ_NUMMODE_DUAL_SINGLE  3       /* Default to dual-number mode. */
+#ifdef _DURANGO
+#define LJ_TARGET_XBOXONE       1
+#define LJ_TARGET_CONSOLE       1
+#define LJ_TARGET_GC64          1
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __NX__
+#define LJ_TARGET_NX            1
+#define LJ_TARGET_CONSOLE       1
+#undef NULL
+#define NULL ((void*)0)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _UWP
+#define LJ_TARGET_UWP           1
+#if LUAJIT_TARGET == LUAJIT_ARCH_X64
+#define LJ_TARGET_GC64          1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* -- Arch-specific settings ---------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Set target architecture properties. */
 #if LUAJIT_TARGET == LUAJIT_ARCH_X86
@@ -136,14 +187,10 @@
 #define LJ_ARCH_NAME            "x86"
 #define LJ_ARCH_BITS            32
 #define LJ_ARCH_ENDIAN          LUAJIT_LE
-#if LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS || LJ_TARGET_CYGWIN
-#define LJ_ABI_WIN              1
-#else
-#define LJ_ABI_WIN              0
-#endif
 #define LJ_TARGET_X86           1
 #define LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64      1
 #define LJ_TARGET_EHRETREG      0
+#define LJ_TARGET_EHRAREG       8
 #define LJ_TARGET_MASKSHIFT     1
 #define LJ_TARGET_MASKROT       1
 #define LJ_TARGET_UNALIGNED     1
@@ -154,19 +201,20 @@
 #define LJ_ARCH_NAME            "x64"
 #define LJ_ARCH_BITS            64
 #define LJ_ARCH_ENDIAN          LUAJIT_LE
-#if LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS || LJ_TARGET_CYGWIN
-#define LJ_ABI_WIN              1
-#else
-#define LJ_ABI_WIN              0
-#endif
 #define LJ_TARGET_X64           1
 #define LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64      1
 #define LJ_TARGET_EHRETREG      0
+#define LJ_TARGET_EHRAREG       16
 #define LJ_TARGET_JUMPRANGE     31      /* +-2^31 = +-2GB */
 #define LJ_TARGET_MASKSHIFT     1
 #define LJ_TARGET_MASKROT       1
 #define LJ_TARGET_UNALIGNED     1
 #define LJ_ARCH_NUMMODE         LJ_NUMMODE_SINGLE_DUAL
+#ifndef LUAJIT_DISABLE_GC64
+#define LJ_TARGET_GC64          1
+#elif LJ_TARGET_OSX
+#error "macOS requires GC64 -- don't disable it"
+#endif
 
 #elif LUAJIT_TARGET == LUAJIT_ARCH_ARM
 
@@ -182,40 +230,108 @@
 #define LJ_ABI_EABI             1
 #define LJ_TARGET_ARM           1
 #define LJ_TARGET_EHRETREG      0
+#define LJ_TARGET_EHRAREG       14
 #define LJ_TARGET_JUMPRANGE     25      /* +-2^25 = +-32MB */
 #define LJ_TARGET_MASKSHIFT     0
 #define LJ_TARGET_MASKROT       1
 #define LJ_TARGET_UNIFYROT      2       /* Want only IR_BROR. */
 #define LJ_ARCH_NUMMODE         LJ_NUMMODE_DUAL
 
-#if __ARM_ARCH____ARM_ARCH_8__ || __ARM_ARCH_8A__
+#if __ARM_ARCH == 8 || __ARM_ARCH_8__ || __ARM_ARCH_8A__
 #define LJ_ARCH_VERSION         80
-#elif __ARM_ARCH_7__ || __ARM_ARCH_7A__ || __ARM_ARCH_7R__ || __ARM_ARCH_7S__ || __ARM_ARCH_7VE__
+#elif __ARM_ARCH == 7 || __ARM_ARCH_7__ || __ARM_ARCH_7A__ || __ARM_ARCH_7R__ || __ARM_ARCH_7S__ || __ARM_ARCH_7VE__
 #define LJ_ARCH_VERSION         70
 #elif __ARM_ARCH_6T2__
 #define LJ_ARCH_VERSION         61
-#elif __ARM_ARCH_6__ || __ARM_ARCH_6J__ || __ARM_ARCH_6K__ || __ARM_ARCH_6Z__ || __ARM_ARCH_6ZK__
+#elif __ARM_ARCH == 6 || __ARM_ARCH_6__ || __ARM_ARCH_6J__ || __ARM_ARCH_6K__ || __ARM_ARCH_6Z__ || __ARM_ARCH_6ZK__
 #define LJ_ARCH_VERSION         60
 #else
 #define LJ_ARCH_VERSION         50
 #endif
 
+#elif LUAJIT_TARGET == LUAJIT_ARCH_ARM64
+
+#define LJ_ARCH_BITS            64
+#if defined(__AARCH64EB__)
+#define LJ_ARCH_NAME            "arm64be"
+#define LJ_ARCH_ENDIAN          LUAJIT_BE
+#else
+#define LJ_ARCH_NAME            "arm64"
+#define LJ_ARCH_ENDIAN          LUAJIT_LE
+#endif
+#if !defined(LJ_ABI_PAUTH) && defined(__arm64e__)
+#define LJ_ABI_PAUTH            1
+#endif
+#define LJ_TARGET_ARM64         1
+#define LJ_TARGET_EHRETREG      0
+#define LJ_TARGET_EHRAREG       30
+#define LJ_TARGET_JUMPRANGE     27      /* +-2^27 = +-128MB */
+#define LJ_TARGET_MASKSHIFT     1
+#define LJ_TARGET_MASKROT       1
+#define LJ_TARGET_UNIFYROT      2       /* Want only IR_BROR. */
+#define LJ_TARGET_GC64          1
+#define LJ_ARCH_NUMMODE         LJ_NUMMODE_DUAL
+
+#define LJ_ARCH_VERSION         80
+
 #elif LUAJIT_TARGET == LUAJIT_ARCH_PPC
 
-#define LJ_ARCH_NAME            "ppc"
+#ifndef LJ_ARCH_ENDIAN
+#if __BYTE_ORDER__ != __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__
+#define LJ_ARCH_ENDIAN          LUAJIT_LE
+#else
+#define LJ_ARCH_ENDIAN          LUAJIT_BE
+#endif
+#endif
+
 #if _LP64
 #define LJ_ARCH_BITS            64
+#if LJ_ARCH_ENDIAN == LUAJIT_LE
+#define LJ_ARCH_NAME            "ppc64le"
+#else
+#define LJ_ARCH_NAME            "ppc64"
+#endif
 #else
 #define LJ_ARCH_BITS            32
+#define LJ_ARCH_NAME            "ppc"
+
+#if !defined(LJ_ARCH_HASFPU)
+#if defined(_SOFT_FLOAT) || defined(_SOFT_DOUBLE)
+#define LJ_ARCH_HASFPU          0
+#else
+#define LJ_ARCH_HASFPU          1
 #endif
-#define LJ_ARCH_ENDIAN          LUAJIT_BE
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(LJ_ABI_SOFTFP)
+#if defined(_SOFT_FLOAT) || defined(_SOFT_DOUBLE)
+#define LJ_ABI_SOFTFP           1
+#else
+#define LJ_ABI_SOFTFP           0
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if LJ_ABI_SOFTFP
+#define LJ_ARCH_NUMMODE         LJ_NUMMODE_DUAL
+#else
+#define LJ_ARCH_NUMMODE         LJ_NUMMODE_DUAL_SINGLE
+#endif
+
 #define LJ_TARGET_PPC           1
 #define LJ_TARGET_EHRETREG      3
+#define LJ_TARGET_EHRAREG       65
 #define LJ_TARGET_JUMPRANGE     25      /* +-2^25 = +-32MB */
 #define LJ_TARGET_MASKSHIFT     0
 #define LJ_TARGET_MASKROT       1
 #define LJ_TARGET_UNIFYROT      1       /* Want only IR_BROL. */
-#define LJ_ARCH_NUMMODE         LJ_NUMMODE_DUAL_SINGLE
+
+#if LJ_TARGET_CONSOLE
+#define LJ_ARCH_PPC32ON64       1
+#define LJ_ARCH_NOFFI           1
+#elif LJ_ARCH_BITS == 64
+#error "No support for PPC64"
+#endif
 
 #if _ARCH_PWR7
 #define LJ_ARCH_VERSION         70
@@ -230,10 +346,6 @@
 #else
 #define LJ_ARCH_VERSION         0
 #endif
-#if __PPC64__ || __powerpc64__ || LJ_TARGET_CONSOLE
-#define LJ_ARCH_PPC64           1
-#define LJ_ARCH_NOFFI           1
-#endif
 #if _ARCH_PPCSQ
 #define LJ_ARCH_SQRT            1
 #endif
@@ -247,44 +359,80 @@
 #define LJ_ARCH_XENON           1
 #endif
 
-#elif LUAJIT_TARGET == LUAJIT_ARCH_PPCSPE
-
-#define LJ_ARCH_NAME            "ppcspe"
-#define LJ_ARCH_BITS            32
-#define LJ_ARCH_ENDIAN          LUAJIT_BE
-#ifndef LJ_ABI_SOFTFP
-#define LJ_ABI_SOFTFP           1
-#endif
-#define LJ_ABI_EABI             1
-#define LJ_TARGET_PPCSPE        1
-#define LJ_TARGET_EHRETREG      3
-#define LJ_TARGET_JUMPRANGE     25      /* +-2^25 = +-32MB */
-#define LJ_TARGET_MASKSHIFT     0
-#define LJ_TARGET_MASKROT       1
-#define LJ_TARGET_UNIFYROT      1       /* Want only IR_BROL. */
-#define LJ_ARCH_NUMMODE         LJ_NUMMODE_SINGLE
-#define LJ_ARCH_NOFFI           1       /* NYI: comparisons, calls. */
-#define LJ_ARCH_NOJIT           1
-
-#elif LUAJIT_TARGET == LUAJIT_ARCH_MIPS
+#elif LUAJIT_TARGET == LUAJIT_ARCH_MIPS32 || LUAJIT_TARGET == LUAJIT_ARCH_MIPS64
 
 #if defined(__MIPSEL__) || defined(__MIPSEL) || defined(_MIPSEL)
+#if __mips_isa_rev >= 6
+#define LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6        1
+#define LJ_TARGET_UNALIGNED     1
+#endif
+#if LUAJIT_TARGET == LUAJIT_ARCH_MIPS32
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+#define LJ_ARCH_NAME            "mips32r6el"
+#else
 #define LJ_ARCH_NAME            "mipsel"
+#endif
+#else
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+#define LJ_ARCH_NAME            "mips64r6el"
+#else
+#define LJ_ARCH_NAME            "mips64el"
+#endif
+#endif
 #define LJ_ARCH_ENDIAN          LUAJIT_LE
 #else
+#if LUAJIT_TARGET == LUAJIT_ARCH_MIPS32
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+#define LJ_ARCH_NAME            "mips32r6"
+#else
 #define LJ_ARCH_NAME            "mips"
+#endif
+#else
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+#define LJ_ARCH_NAME            "mips64r6"
+#else
+#define LJ_ARCH_NAME            "mips64"
+#endif
+#endif
 #define LJ_ARCH_ENDIAN          LUAJIT_BE
 #endif
+
+#if !defined(LJ_ARCH_HASFPU)
+#ifdef __mips_soft_float
+#define LJ_ARCH_HASFPU          0
+#else
+#define LJ_ARCH_HASFPU          1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(LJ_ABI_SOFTFP)
+#ifdef __mips_soft_float
+#define LJ_ABI_SOFTFP           1
+#else
+#define LJ_ABI_SOFTFP           0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if LUAJIT_TARGET == LUAJIT_ARCH_MIPS32
 #define LJ_ARCH_BITS            32
+#define LJ_TARGET_MIPS32        1
+#else
+#define LJ_ARCH_BITS            64
+#define LJ_TARGET_MIPS64        1
+#define LJ_TARGET_GC64          1
+#endif
 #define LJ_TARGET_MIPS          1
 #define LJ_TARGET_EHRETREG      4
+#define LJ_TARGET_EHRAREG       31
 #define LJ_TARGET_JUMPRANGE     27      /* 2*2^27 = 256MB-aligned region */
 #define LJ_TARGET_MASKSHIFT     1
 #define LJ_TARGET_MASKROT       1
 #define LJ_TARGET_UNIFYROT      2       /* Want only IR_BROR. */
-#define LJ_ARCH_NUMMODE         LJ_NUMMODE_SINGLE
+#define LJ_ARCH_NUMMODE         LJ_NUMMODE_DUAL
 
-#if _MIPS_ARCH_MIPS32R2
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+#define LJ_ARCH_VERSION         60
+#elif _MIPS_ARCH_MIPS32R2 || _MIPS_ARCH_MIPS64R2
 #define LJ_ARCH_VERSION         20
 #else
 #define LJ_ARCH_VERSION         10
@@ -294,9 +442,7 @@
 #error "No target architecture defined"
 #endif
 
-#ifndef LJ_PAGESIZE
-#define LJ_PAGESIZE             4096
-#endif
+/* -- Checks for requirements --------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Check for minimum required compiler versions. */
 #if defined(__GNUC__)
@@ -312,12 +458,28 @@
 #if (__GNUC__ < 4) || ((__GNUC__ == 4) && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 2)
 #error "Need at least GCC 4.2 or newer"
 #endif
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+#if __clang__
+#if ((__clang_major__ < 3) || ((__clang_major__ == 3) && __clang_minor__ < 5)) && !defined(__NX_TOOLCHAIN_MAJOR__)
+#error "Need at least Clang 3.5 or newer"
+#endif
+#else
+#if (__GNUC__ < 4) || ((__GNUC__ == 4) && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 8)
+#error "Need at least GCC 4.8 or newer"
+#endif
+#endif
 #elif !LJ_TARGET_PS3
+#if __clang__
+#if ((__clang_major__ < 3) || ((__clang_major__ == 3) && __clang_minor__ < 5))
+#error "Need at least Clang 3.5 or newer"
+#endif
+#else
 #if (__GNUC__ < 4) || ((__GNUC__ == 4) && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 3)
 #error "Need at least GCC 4.3 or newer"
 #endif
 #endif
 #endif
+#endif
 
 /* Check target-specific constraints. */
 #ifndef _BUILDVM_H
@@ -335,25 +497,34 @@
 #if !(__ARM_EABI__ || LJ_TARGET_IOS)
 #error "Only ARM EABI or iOS 3.0+ ABI is supported"
 #endif
-#elif LJ_TARGET_PPC || LJ_TARGET_PPCSPE
-#if defined(_SOFT_FLOAT) || defined(_SOFT_DOUBLE)
-#error "No support for PowerPC CPUs without double-precision FPU"
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+#if defined(_ILP32)
+#error "No support for ILP32 model on ARM64"
 #endif
+#elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
 #if defined(_LITTLE_ENDIAN) && (!defined(_BYTE_ORDER) || (_BYTE_ORDER == _LITTLE_ENDIAN))
-#error "No support for little-endian PowerPC"
+#error "No support for little-endian PPC32"
 #endif
-#if defined(_LP64)
-#error "No support for PowerPC 64 bit mode"
+#if defined(__NO_FPRS__) && !defined(_SOFT_FLOAT)
+#error "No support for PPC/e500 anymore (use LuaJIT 2.0)"
 #endif
-#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS
-#if defined(__mips_soft_float)
-#error "No support for MIPS CPUs without FPU"
+#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS32
+#if !((defined(_MIPS_SIM_ABI32) && _MIPS_SIM == _MIPS_SIM_ABI32) || (defined(_ABIO32) && _MIPS_SIM == _ABIO32))
+#error "Only o32 ABI supported for MIPS32"
 #endif
-#if defined(_LP64)
-#error "No support for MIPS64"
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+/* Not that useful, since most available r6 CPUs are 64 bit. */
+#error "No support for MIPS32R6"
 #endif
+#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS64
+#if !((defined(_MIPS_SIM_ABI64) && _MIPS_SIM == _MIPS_SIM_ABI64) || (defined(_ABI64) && _MIPS_SIM == _ABI64))
+/* MIPS32ON64 aka n32 ABI support might be desirable, but difficult. */
+#error "Only n64 ABI supported for MIPS64"
 #endif
 #endif
+#endif
+
+/* -- Derived defines ----------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Enable or disable the dual-number mode for the VM. */
 #if (LJ_ARCH_NUMMODE == LJ_NUMMODE_SINGLE && LUAJIT_NUMMODE == 2) || \
@@ -376,6 +547,20 @@
 #endif
 #endif
 
+/* 64 bit GC references. */
+#if LJ_TARGET_GC64
+#define LJ_GC64                 1
+#else
+#define LJ_GC64                 0
+#endif
+
+/* 2-slot frame info. */
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define LJ_FR2                  1
+#else
+#define LJ_FR2                  0
+#endif
+
 /* Disable or enable the JIT compiler. */
 #if defined(LUAJIT_DISABLE_JIT) || defined(LJ_ARCH_NOJIT) || defined(LJ_OS_NOJIT)
 #define LJ_HASJIT               0
@@ -390,6 +575,28 @@
 #define LJ_HASFFI               1
 #endif
 
+/* Disable or enable the string buffer extension. */
+#if defined(LUAJIT_DISABLE_BUFFER)
+#define LJ_HASBUFFER            0
+#else
+#define LJ_HASBUFFER            1
+#endif
+
+#if defined(LUAJIT_DISABLE_PROFILE)
+#define LJ_HASPROFILE           0
+#elif LJ_TARGET_POSIX
+#define LJ_HASPROFILE           1
+#define LJ_PROFILE_SIGPROF      1
+#elif LJ_TARGET_PS3
+#define LJ_HASPROFILE           1
+#define LJ_PROFILE_PTHREAD      1
+#elif LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS || LJ_TARGET_XBOX360
+#define LJ_HASPROFILE           1
+#define LJ_PROFILE_WTHREAD      1
+#else
+#define LJ_HASPROFILE           0
+#endif
+
 #ifndef LJ_ARCH_HASFPU
 #define LJ_ARCH_HASFPU          1
 #endif
@@ -397,6 +604,11 @@
 #define LJ_ABI_SOFTFP           0
 #endif
 #define LJ_SOFTFP               (!LJ_ARCH_HASFPU)
+#define LJ_SOFTFP32             (LJ_SOFTFP && LJ_32)
+
+#ifndef LJ_ABI_PAUTH
+#define LJ_ABI_PAUTH            0
+#endif
 
 #if LJ_ARCH_ENDIAN == LUAJIT_BE
 #define LJ_LE                   0
@@ -422,26 +634,52 @@
 #define LJ_TARGET_UNALIGNED     0
 #endif
 
-/* Various workarounds for embedded operating systems. */
-#if (defined(__ANDROID__) && !defined(LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64)) || defined(__symbian__) || LJ_TARGET_XBOX360
-#define LUAJIT_NO_LOG2
+#ifndef LJ_PAGESIZE
+#define LJ_PAGESIZE             4096
 #endif
-#if defined(__symbian__)
-#define LUAJIT_NO_EXP2
+
+/* Various workarounds for embedded operating systems or weak C runtimes. */
+#if defined(__ANDROID__) || defined(__symbian__) || LJ_TARGET_XBOX360 || LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS
+#define LUAJIT_NO_LOG2
 #endif
 #if LJ_TARGET_CONSOLE || (LJ_TARGET_IOS && __IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= __IPHONE_8_0)
 #define LJ_NO_SYSTEM            1
 #endif
 
-#if !defined(LUAJIT_NO_UNWIND) && __GNU_COMPACT_EH__
-/* NYI: no support for compact unwind specification, yet. */
-#define LUAJIT_NO_UNWIND        1
+#if LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS || LJ_TARGET_CYGWIN
+#define LJ_ABI_WIN              1
+#else
+#define LJ_ABI_WIN              0
+#endif
+
+#if LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS
+#if LJ_TARGET_UWP
+#define LJ_WIN_VALLOC   VirtualAllocFromApp
+#define LJ_WIN_VPROTECT VirtualProtectFromApp
+extern void *LJ_WIN_LOADLIBA(const char *path);
+#else
+#define LJ_WIN_VALLOC   VirtualAlloc
+#define LJ_WIN_VPROTECT VirtualProtect
+#define LJ_WIN_LOADLIBA(path)   LoadLibraryExA((path), NULL, 0)
+#endif
 #endif
 
-#if defined(LUAJIT_NO_UNWIND) || defined(__symbian__) || LJ_TARGET_IOS || LJ_TARGET_PS3 || LJ_TARGET_PS4
+#if defined(LUAJIT_NO_UNWIND) || __GNU_COMPACT_EH__ || defined(__symbian__) || LJ_TARGET_IOS || LJ_TARGET_PS3 || LJ_TARGET_PS4 || LJ_TARGET_PS5
 #define LJ_NO_UNWIND            1
 #endif
 
+#if !LJ_NO_UNWIND && !defined(LUAJIT_UNWIND_INTERNAL) && (LJ_ABI_WIN || (defined(LUAJIT_UNWIND_EXTERNAL) && (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__))))
+#define LJ_UNWIND_EXT           1
+#else
+#define LJ_UNWIND_EXT           0
+#endif
+
+#if LJ_UNWIND_EXT && LJ_HASJIT && !LJ_TARGET_ARM && !(LJ_ABI_WIN && LJ_TARGET_X86)
+#define LJ_UNWIND_JIT           1
+#else
+#define LJ_UNWIND_JIT           0
+#endif
+
 /* Compatibility with Lua 5.1 vs. 5.2. */
 #ifdef LUAJIT_ENABLE_LUA52COMPAT
 #define LJ_52                   1
@@ -449,4 +687,46 @@
 #define LJ_52                   0
 #endif
 
+/* -- VM security --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Don't make any changes here. Instead build with:
+**   make "XCFLAGS=-DLUAJIT_SECURITY_flag=value"
+**
+** Important note to distro maintainers: DO NOT change the defaults for a
+** regular distro build -- neither upwards, nor downwards!
+** These build-time configurable security flags are intended for embedders
+** who may have specific needs wrt. security vs. performance.
+*/
+
+/* Security defaults. */
+#ifndef LUAJIT_SECURITY_PRNG
+/* PRNG init: 0 = fixed/insecure, 1 = secure from OS. */
+#define LUAJIT_SECURITY_PRNG    1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef LUAJIT_SECURITY_STRHASH
+/* String hash: 0 = sparse only, 1 = sparse + dense. */
+#define LUAJIT_SECURITY_STRHASH 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef LUAJIT_SECURITY_STRID
+/* String IDs: 0 = linear, 1 = reseed < 255, 2 = reseed < 15, 3 = random. */
+#define LUAJIT_SECURITY_STRID   1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef LUAJIT_SECURITY_MCODE
+/* Machine code page protection: 0 = insecure RWX, 1 = secure RW^X. */
+#define LUAJIT_SECURITY_MCODE   1
+#endif
+
+#define LJ_SECURITY_MODE \
+  ( 0u \
+  | ((LUAJIT_SECURITY_PRNG & 3) << 0) \
+  | ((LUAJIT_SECURITY_STRHASH & 3) << 2) \
+  | ((LUAJIT_SECURITY_STRID & 3) << 4) \
+  | ((LUAJIT_SECURITY_MCODE & 3) << 6) \
+  )
+#define LJ_SECURITY_MODESTRING \
+  "\004prng\007strhash\005strid\005mcode"
+
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_asm.c b/src/lj_asm.c
index 7c4d8f52..71079b30 100644
--- a/src/lj_asm.c
+++ b/src/lj_asm.c
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #if LJ_HASJIT
 
 #include "lj_gc.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
 #include "lj_frame.h"
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ typedef struct ASMState {
   IRRef snaprename;     /* Rename highwater mark for snapshot check. */
   SnapNo snapno;        /* Current snapshot number. */
   SnapNo loopsnapno;    /* Loop snapshot number. */
+  int snapalloc;        /* Current snapshot needs allocation. */
   BloomFilter snapfilt1, snapfilt2;     /* Filled with snapshot refs. */
 
   IRRef fuseref;        /* Fusion limit (loopref, 0 or FUSE_DISABLED). */
@@ -85,18 +87,25 @@ typedef struct ASMState {
 
   MCode *mcbot;         /* Bottom of reserved MCode. */
   MCode *mctop;         /* Top of generated MCode. */
+  MCode *mctoporig;     /* Original top of generated MCode. */
   MCode *mcloop;        /* Pointer to loop MCode (or NULL). */
   MCode *invmcp;        /* Points to invertible loop branch (or NULL). */
   MCode *flagmcp;       /* Pending opportunity to merge flag setting ins. */
   MCode *realign;       /* Realign loop if not NULL. */
 
 #ifdef RID_NUM_KREF
-  int32_t krefk[RID_NUM_KREF];
+  intptr_t krefk[RID_NUM_KREF];
 #endif
   IRRef1 phireg[RID_MAX];  /* PHI register references. */
   uint16_t parentmap[LJ_MAX_JSLOTS];  /* Parent instruction to RegSP map. */
 } ASMState;
 
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+#define lj_assertA(c, ...)      lj_assertG_(J2G(as->J), (c), __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define lj_assertA(c, ...)      ((void)as)
+#endif
+
 #define IR(ref)                 (&as->ir[(ref)])
 
 #define ASMREF_TMP1             REF_TRUE        /* Temp. register. */
@@ -128,9 +137,8 @@ static LJ_AINLINE void checkmclim(ASMState *as)
 #ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
   if (as->mcp + MCLIM_REDZONE < as->mcp_prev) {
     IRIns *ir = IR(as->curins+1);
-    fprintf(stderr, "RED ZONE OVERFLOW: %p IR %04d  %02d %04d %04d\n", as->mcp,
-            as->curins+1-REF_BIAS, ir->o, ir->op1-REF_BIAS, ir->op2-REF_BIAS);
-    lua_assert(0);
+    lj_assertA(0, "red zone overflow: %p IR %04d  %02d %04d %04d\n", as->mcp,
+      as->curins+1-REF_BIAS, ir->o, ir->op1-REF_BIAS, ir->op2-REF_BIAS);
   }
 #endif
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY(as->mcp < as->mclim)) asm_mclimit(as);
@@ -144,7 +152,7 @@ static LJ_AINLINE void checkmclim(ASMState *as)
 #define ra_krefreg(ref)         ((Reg)(RID_MIN_KREF + (Reg)(ref)))
 #define ra_krefk(as, ref)       (as->krefk[(ref)])
 
-static LJ_AINLINE void ra_setkref(ASMState *as, Reg r, int32_t k)
+static LJ_AINLINE void ra_setkref(ASMState *as, Reg r, intptr_t k)
 {
   IRRef ref = (IRRef)(r - RID_MIN_KREF);
   as->krefk[ref] = k;
@@ -171,6 +179,8 @@ IRFLDEF(FLOFS)
 #include "lj_emit_x86.h"
 #elif LJ_TARGET_ARM
 #include "lj_emit_arm.h"
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+#include "lj_emit_arm64.h"
 #elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
 #include "lj_emit_ppc.h"
 #elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS
@@ -179,6 +189,12 @@ IRFLDEF(FLOFS)
 #error "Missing instruction emitter for target CPU"
 #endif
 
+/* Generic load/store of register from/to stack slot. */
+#define emit_spload(as, ir, r, ofs) \
+  emit_loadofs(as, ir, (r), RID_SP, (ofs))
+#define emit_spstore(as, ir, r, ofs) \
+  emit_storeofs(as, ir, (r), RID_SP, (ofs))
+
 /* -- Register allocator debugging ---------------------------------------- */
 
 /* #define LUAJIT_DEBUG_RA */
@@ -236,7 +252,7 @@ static void ra_dprintf(ASMState *as, const char *fmt, ...)
           *p++ = *q >= 'A' && *q <= 'Z' ? *q + 0x20 : *q;
       } else {
         *p++ = '?';
-        lua_assert(0);
+        lj_assertA(0, "bad register %d for debug format \"%s\"", r, fmt);
       }
     } else if (e[1] == 'f' || e[1] == 'i') {
       IRRef ref;
@@ -254,7 +270,7 @@ static void ra_dprintf(ASMState *as, const char *fmt, ...)
     } else if (e[1] == 'x') {
       p += sprintf(p, "%08x", va_arg(argp, int32_t));
     } else {
-      lua_assert(0);
+      lj_assertA(0, "bad debug format code");
     }
     fmt = e+2;
   }
@@ -313,37 +329,51 @@ static Reg ra_rematk(ASMState *as, IRRef ref)
   Reg r;
   if (ra_iskref(ref)) {
     r = ra_krefreg(ref);
-    lua_assert(!rset_test(as->freeset, r));
+    lj_assertA(!rset_test(as->freeset, r), "rematk of free reg %d", r);
     ra_free(as, r);
     ra_modified(as, r);
+#if LJ_64
+    emit_loadu64(as, r, ra_krefk(as, ref));
+#else
     emit_loadi(as, r, ra_krefk(as, ref));
+#endif
     return r;
   }
   ir = IR(ref);
   r = ir->r;
-  lua_assert(ra_hasreg(r) && !ra_hasspill(ir->s));
+  lj_assertA(ra_hasreg(r), "rematk of K%03d has no reg", REF_BIAS - ref);
+  lj_assertA(!ra_hasspill(ir->s),
+             "rematk of K%03d has spill slot [%x]", REF_BIAS - ref, ir->s);
   ra_free(as, r);
   ra_modified(as, r);
   ir->r = RID_INIT;  /* Do not keep any hint. */
   RA_DBGX((as, "remat     $i $r", ir, r));
-#if !LJ_SOFTFP
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP32
   if (ir->o == IR_KNUM) {
-    emit_loadn(as, r, ir_knum(ir));
+    emit_loadk64(as, r, ir);
   } else
 #endif
   if (emit_canremat(REF_BASE) && ir->o == IR_BASE) {
     ra_sethint(ir->r, RID_BASE);  /* Restore BASE register hint. */
     emit_getgl(as, r, jit_base);
   } else if (emit_canremat(ASMREF_L) && ir->o == IR_KPRI) {
-    lua_assert(irt_isnil(ir->t));  /* REF_NIL stores ASMREF_L register. */
-    emit_getgl(as, r, jit_L);
+    /* REF_NIL stores ASMREF_L register. */
+    lj_assertA(irt_isnil(ir->t), "rematk of bad ASMREF_L");
+    emit_getgl(as, r, cur_L);
 #if LJ_64
   } else if (ir->o == IR_KINT64) {
     emit_loadu64(as, r, ir_kint64(ir)->u64);
+#if LJ_GC64
+  } else if (ir->o == IR_KGC) {
+    emit_loadu64(as, r, (uintptr_t)ir_kgc(ir));
+  } else if (ir->o == IR_KPTR || ir->o == IR_KKPTR) {
+    emit_loadu64(as, r, (uintptr_t)ir_kptr(ir));
+#endif
 #endif
   } else {
-    lua_assert(ir->o == IR_KINT || ir->o == IR_KGC ||
-               ir->o == IR_KPTR || ir->o == IR_KKPTR || ir->o == IR_KNULL);
+    lj_assertA(ir->o == IR_KINT || ir->o == IR_KGC ||
+               ir->o == IR_KPTR || ir->o == IR_KKPTR || ir->o == IR_KNULL,
+               "rematk of bad IR op %d", ir->o);
     emit_loadi(as, r, ir->i);
   }
   return r;
@@ -353,7 +383,8 @@ static Reg ra_rematk(ASMState *as, IRRef ref)
 static int32_t ra_spill(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   int32_t slot = ir->s;
-  lua_assert(ir >= as->ir + REF_TRUE);
+  lj_assertA(ir >= as->ir + REF_TRUE,
+             "spill of K%03d", REF_BIAS - (int)(ir - as->ir));
   if (!ra_hasspill(slot)) {
     if (irt_is64(ir->t)) {
       slot = as->evenspill;
@@ -378,7 +409,9 @@ static Reg ra_releasetmp(ASMState *as, IRRef ref)
 {
   IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
   Reg r = ir->r;
-  lua_assert(ra_hasreg(r) && !ra_hasspill(ir->s));
+  lj_assertA(ra_hasreg(r), "release of TMP%d has no reg", ref-ASMREF_TMP1+1);
+  lj_assertA(!ra_hasspill(ir->s),
+             "release of TMP%d has spill slot [%x]", ref-ASMREF_TMP1+1, ir->s);
   ra_free(as, r);
   ra_modified(as, r);
   ir->r = RID_INIT;
@@ -394,7 +427,7 @@ static Reg ra_restore(ASMState *as, IRRef ref)
     IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
     int32_t ofs = ra_spill(as, ir);  /* Force a spill slot. */
     Reg r = ir->r;
-    lua_assert(ra_hasreg(r));
+    lj_assertA(ra_hasreg(r), "restore of IR %04d has no reg", ref - REF_BIAS);
     ra_sethint(ir->r, r);  /* Keep hint. */
     ra_free(as, r);
     if (!rset_test(as->weakset, r)) {  /* Only restore non-weak references. */
@@ -423,14 +456,15 @@ static Reg ra_evict(ASMState *as, RegSet allow)
 {
   IRRef ref;
   RegCost cost = ~(RegCost)0;
-  lua_assert(allow != RSET_EMPTY);
+  lj_assertA(allow != RSET_EMPTY, "evict from empty set");
   if (RID_NUM_FPR == 0 || allow < RID2RSET(RID_MAX_GPR)) {
     GPRDEF(MINCOST)
   } else {
     FPRDEF(MINCOST)
   }
   ref = regcost_ref(cost);
-  lua_assert(ra_iskref(ref) || (ref >= as->T->nk && ref < as->T->nins));
+  lj_assertA(ra_iskref(ref) || (ref >= as->T->nk && ref < as->T->nins),
+             "evict of out-of-range IR %04d", ref - REF_BIAS);
   /* Preferably pick any weak ref instead of a non-weak, non-const ref. */
   if (!irref_isk(ref) && (as->weakset & allow)) {
     IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
@@ -512,7 +546,7 @@ static void ra_evictk(ASMState *as)
 
 #ifdef RID_NUM_KREF
 /* Allocate a register for a constant. */
-static Reg ra_allock(ASMState *as, int32_t k, RegSet allow)
+static Reg ra_allock(ASMState *as, intptr_t k, RegSet allow)
 {
   /* First try to find a register which already holds the same constant. */
   RegSet pick, work = ~as->freeset & RSET_GPR;
@@ -521,9 +555,31 @@ static Reg ra_allock(ASMState *as, int32_t k, RegSet allow)
     IRRef ref;
     r = rset_pickbot(work);
     ref = regcost_ref(as->cost[r]);
+#if LJ_64
+    if (ref < ASMREF_L) {
+      if (ra_iskref(ref)) {
+        if (k == ra_krefk(as, ref))
+          return r;
+      } else {
+        IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+        if ((ir->o == IR_KINT64 && k == (int64_t)ir_kint64(ir)->u64) ||
+#if LJ_GC64
+            (ir->o == IR_KINT && k == ir->i) ||
+            (ir->o == IR_KGC && k == (intptr_t)ir_kgc(ir)) ||
+            ((ir->o == IR_KPTR || ir->o == IR_KKPTR) &&
+             k == (intptr_t)ir_kptr(ir))
+#else
+            (ir->o != IR_KINT64 && k == ir->i)
+#endif
+           )
+          return r;
+      }
+    }
+#else
     if (ref < ASMREF_L &&
         k == (ra_iskref(ref) ? ra_krefk(as, ref) : IR(ref)->i))
       return r;
+#endif
     rset_clear(work, r);
   }
   pick = as->freeset & allow;
@@ -543,7 +599,7 @@ static Reg ra_allock(ASMState *as, int32_t k, RegSet allow)
 }
 
 /* Allocate a specific register for a constant. */
-static void ra_allockreg(ASMState *as, int32_t k, Reg r)
+static void ra_allockreg(ASMState *as, intptr_t k, Reg r)
 {
   Reg kr = ra_allock(as, k, RID2RSET(r));
   if (kr != r) {
@@ -566,7 +622,8 @@ static Reg ra_allocref(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, RegSet allow)
   IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
   RegSet pick = as->freeset & allow;
   Reg r;
-  lua_assert(ra_noreg(ir->r));
+  lj_assertA(ra_noreg(ir->r),
+             "IR %04d already has reg %d", ref - REF_BIAS, ir->r);
   if (pick) {
     /* First check register hint from propagation or PHI. */
     if (ra_hashint(ir->r)) {
@@ -613,15 +670,27 @@ static Reg ra_alloc1(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, RegSet allow)
   return r;
 }
 
+/* Add a register rename to the IR. */
+static void ra_addrename(ASMState *as, Reg down, IRRef ref, SnapNo snapno)
+{
+  IRRef ren;
+  lj_ir_set(as->J, IRT(IR_RENAME, IRT_NIL), ref, snapno);
+  ren = tref_ref(lj_ir_emit(as->J));
+  as->J->cur.ir[ren].r = (uint8_t)down;
+  as->J->cur.ir[ren].s = SPS_NONE;
+}
+
 /* Rename register allocation and emit move. */
 static void ra_rename(ASMState *as, Reg down, Reg up)
 {
-  IRRef ren, ref = regcost_ref(as->cost[up] = as->cost[down]);
+  IRRef ref = regcost_ref(as->cost[up] = as->cost[down]);
   IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
   ir->r = (uint8_t)up;
   as->cost[down] = 0;
-  lua_assert((down < RID_MAX_GPR) == (up < RID_MAX_GPR));
-  lua_assert(!rset_test(as->freeset, down) && rset_test(as->freeset, up));
+  lj_assertA((down < RID_MAX_GPR) == (up < RID_MAX_GPR),
+             "rename between GPR/FPR %d and %d", down, up);
+  lj_assertA(!rset_test(as->freeset, down), "rename from free reg %d", down);
+  lj_assertA(rset_test(as->freeset, up), "rename to non-free reg %d", up);
   ra_free(as, down);  /* 'down' is free ... */
   ra_modified(as, down);
   rset_clear(as->freeset, up);  /* ... and 'up' is now allocated. */
@@ -629,11 +698,14 @@ static void ra_rename(ASMState *as, Reg down, Reg up)
   RA_DBGX((as, "rename    $f $r $r", regcost_ref(as->cost[up]), down, up));
   emit_movrr(as, ir, down, up);  /* Backwards codegen needs inverse move. */
   if (!ra_hasspill(IR(ref)->s)) {  /* Add the rename to the IR. */
-    lj_ir_set(as->J, IRT(IR_RENAME, IRT_NIL), ref, as->snapno);
-    ren = tref_ref(lj_ir_emit(as->J));
-    as->ir = as->T->ir;  /* The IR may have been reallocated. */
-    IR(ren)->r = (uint8_t)down;
-    IR(ren)->s = SPS_NONE;
+    /*
+    ** The rename is effective at the subsequent (already emitted) exit
+    ** branch. This is for the current snapshot (as->snapno). Except if we
+    ** haven't yet allocated any refs for the snapshot (as->snapalloc == 1),
+    ** then it belongs to the next snapshot.
+    ** See also the discussion at asm_snap_checkrename().
+    */
+    ra_addrename(as, down, ref, as->snapno + as->snapalloc);
   }
 }
 
@@ -666,7 +738,7 @@ static void ra_destreg(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RID2RSET(r));
   if (dest != r) {
-    lua_assert(rset_test(as->freeset, r));
+    lj_assertA(rset_test(as->freeset, r), "dest reg %d is not free", r);
     ra_modified(as, r);
     emit_movrr(as, ir, dest, r);
   }
@@ -683,20 +755,25 @@ static void ra_left(ASMState *as, Reg dest, IRRef lref)
   if (ra_noreg(left)) {
     if (irref_isk(lref)) {
       if (ir->o == IR_KNUM) {
-        cTValue *tv = ir_knum(ir);
         /* FP remat needs a load except for +0. Still better than eviction. */
-        if (tvispzero(tv) || !(as->freeset & RSET_FPR)) {
-          emit_loadn(as, dest, tv);
+        if (tvispzero(ir_knum(ir)) || !(as->freeset & RSET_FPR)) {
+          emit_loadk64(as, dest, ir);
           return;
         }
 #if LJ_64
       } else if (ir->o == IR_KINT64) {
-        emit_loadu64(as, dest, ir_kint64(ir)->u64);
+        emit_loadk64(as, dest, ir);
+        return;
+#if LJ_GC64
+      } else if (ir->o == IR_KGC || ir->o == IR_KPTR || ir->o == IR_KKPTR) {
+        emit_loadk64(as, dest, ir);
         return;
 #endif
-      } else {
-        lua_assert(ir->o == IR_KINT || ir->o == IR_KGC ||
-                   ir->o == IR_KPTR || ir->o == IR_KKPTR || ir->o == IR_KNULL);
+#endif
+      } else if (ir->o != IR_KPRI) {
+        lj_assertA(ir->o == IR_KINT || ir->o == IR_KGC ||
+                   ir->o == IR_KPTR || ir->o == IR_KKPTR || ir->o == IR_KNULL,
+                   "K%03d has bad IR op %d", REF_BIAS - lref, ir->o);
         emit_loadi(as, dest, ir->i);
         return;
       }
@@ -741,11 +818,11 @@ static void ra_leftov(ASMState *as, Reg dest, IRRef lref)
 }
 #endif
 
-#if !LJ_64
 /* Force a RID_RETLO/RID_RETHI destination register pair (marked as free). */
 static void ra_destpair(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg destlo = ir->r, desthi = (ir+1)->r;
+  IRIns *irx = (LJ_64 && !irt_is64(ir->t)) ? ir+1 : ir;
   /* First spill unrelated refs blocking the destination registers. */
   if (!rset_test(as->freeset, RID_RETLO) &&
       destlo != RID_RETLO && desthi != RID_RETLO)
@@ -769,29 +846,29 @@ static void ra_destpair(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   /* Check for conflicts and shuffle the registers as needed. */
   if (destlo == RID_RETHI) {
     if (desthi == RID_RETLO) {
-#if LJ_TARGET_X86
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
       *--as->mcp = XI_XCHGa + RID_RETHI;
+      if (LJ_64 && irt_is64(irx->t)) *--as->mcp = 0x48;
 #else
-      emit_movrr(as, ir, RID_RETHI, RID_TMP);
-      emit_movrr(as, ir, RID_RETLO, RID_RETHI);
-      emit_movrr(as, ir, RID_TMP, RID_RETLO);
+      emit_movrr(as, irx, RID_RETHI, RID_TMP);
+      emit_movrr(as, irx, RID_RETLO, RID_RETHI);
+      emit_movrr(as, irx, RID_TMP, RID_RETLO);
 #endif
     } else {
-      emit_movrr(as, ir, RID_RETHI, RID_RETLO);
-      if (desthi != RID_RETHI) emit_movrr(as, ir, desthi, RID_RETHI);
+      emit_movrr(as, irx, RID_RETHI, RID_RETLO);
+      if (desthi != RID_RETHI) emit_movrr(as, irx, desthi, RID_RETHI);
     }
   } else if (desthi == RID_RETLO) {
-    emit_movrr(as, ir, RID_RETLO, RID_RETHI);
-    if (destlo != RID_RETLO) emit_movrr(as, ir, destlo, RID_RETLO);
+    emit_movrr(as, irx, RID_RETLO, RID_RETHI);
+    if (destlo != RID_RETLO) emit_movrr(as, irx, destlo, RID_RETLO);
   } else {
-    if (desthi != RID_RETHI) emit_movrr(as, ir, desthi, RID_RETHI);
-    if (destlo != RID_RETLO) emit_movrr(as, ir, destlo, RID_RETLO);
+    if (desthi != RID_RETHI) emit_movrr(as, irx, desthi, RID_RETHI);
+    if (destlo != RID_RETLO) emit_movrr(as, irx, destlo, RID_RETLO);
   }
   /* Restore spill slots (if any). */
   if (ra_hasspill((ir+1)->s)) ra_save(as, ir+1, RID_RETHI);
   if (ra_hasspill(ir->s)) ra_save(as, ir, RID_RETLO);
 }
-#endif
 
 /* -- Snapshot handling --------- ----------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -841,11 +918,14 @@ static void asm_snap_alloc1(ASMState *as, IRRef ref)
 #endif
       {  /* Allocate stored values for TNEW, TDUP and CNEW. */
         IRIns *irs;
-        lua_assert(ir->o == IR_TNEW || ir->o == IR_TDUP || ir->o == IR_CNEW);
+        lj_assertA(ir->o == IR_TNEW || ir->o == IR_TDUP || ir->o == IR_CNEW,
+                   "sink of IR %04d has bad op %d", ref - REF_BIAS, ir->o);
         for (irs = IR(as->snapref-1); irs > ir; irs--)
           if (irs->r == RID_SINK && asm_sunk_store(as, ir, irs)) {
-            lua_assert(irs->o == IR_ASTORE || irs->o == IR_HSTORE ||
-                       irs->o == IR_FSTORE || irs->o == IR_XSTORE);
+            lj_assertA(irs->o == IR_ASTORE || irs->o == IR_HSTORE ||
+                       irs->o == IR_FSTORE || irs->o == IR_XSTORE,
+                       "sunk store IR %04d has bad op %d",
+                       (int)(irs - as->ir) - REF_BIAS, irs->o);
             asm_snap_alloc1(as, irs->op2);
             if (LJ_32 && (irs+1)->o == IR_HIOP)
               asm_snap_alloc1(as, (irs+1)->op2);
@@ -881,9 +961,9 @@ static void asm_snap_alloc1(ASMState *as, IRRef ref)
 }
 
 /* Allocate refs escaping to a snapshot. */
-static void asm_snap_alloc(ASMState *as)
+static void asm_snap_alloc(ASMState *as, int snapno)
 {
-  SnapShot *snap = &as->T->snap[as->snapno];
+  SnapShot *snap = &as->T->snap[snapno];
   SnapEntry *map = &as->T->snapmap[snap->mapofs];
   MSize n, nent = snap->nent;
   as->snapfilt1 = as->snapfilt2 = 0;
@@ -893,7 +973,9 @@ static void asm_snap_alloc(ASMState *as)
     if (!irref_isk(ref)) {
       asm_snap_alloc1(as, ref);
       if (LJ_SOFTFP && (sn & SNAP_SOFTFPNUM)) {
-        lua_assert(irt_type(IR(ref+1)->t) == IRT_SOFTFP);
+        lj_assertA(irt_type(IR(ref+1)->t) == IRT_SOFTFP,
+                   "snap %d[%d] points to bad SOFTFP IR %04d",
+                   snapno, n, ref - REF_BIAS);
         asm_snap_alloc1(as, ref+1);
       }
     }
@@ -919,67 +1001,55 @@ static int asm_snap_checkrename(ASMState *as, IRRef ren)
   return 0;  /* Not found. */
 }
 
-/* Prepare snapshot for next guard instruction. */
+/* Prepare snapshot for next guard or throwing instruction. */
 static void asm_snap_prep(ASMState *as)
 {
-  if (as->curins < as->snapref) {
-    do {
-      if (as->snapno == 0) return;  /* Called by sunk stores before snap #0. */
-      as->snapno--;
-      as->snapref = as->T->snap[as->snapno].ref;
-    } while (as->curins < as->snapref);
-    asm_snap_alloc(as);
+  if (as->snapalloc) {
+    /* Alloc on first invocation for each snapshot. */
+    as->snapalloc = 0;
+    asm_snap_alloc(as, as->snapno);
     as->snaprename = as->T->nins;
   } else {
-    /* Process any renames above the highwater mark. */
+    /* Check any renames above the highwater mark. */
     for (; as->snaprename < as->T->nins; as->snaprename++) {
-      IRIns *ir = IR(as->snaprename);
+      IRIns *ir = &as->T->ir[as->snaprename];
       if (asm_snap_checkrename(as, ir->op1))
         ir->op2 = REF_BIAS-1;  /* Kill rename. */
     }
   }
 }
 
-/* -- Miscellaneous helpers ----------------------------------------------- */
-
-/* Collect arguments from CALL* and CARG instructions. */
-static void asm_collectargs(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir,
-                            const CCallInfo *ci, IRRef *args)
+/* Move to previous snapshot when we cross the current snapshot ref. */
+static void asm_snap_prev(ASMState *as)
 {
-  uint32_t n = CCI_NARGS(ci);
-  lua_assert(n <= CCI_NARGS_MAX*2);  /* Account for split args. */
-  if ((ci->flags & CCI_L)) { *args++ = ASMREF_L; n--; }
-  while (n-- > 1) {
-    ir = IR(ir->op1);
-    lua_assert(ir->o == IR_CARG);
-    args[n] = ir->op2 == REF_NIL ? 0 : ir->op2;
+  if (as->curins < as->snapref) {
+    uintptr_t ofs = (uintptr_t)(as->mctoporig - as->mcp);
+    if (ofs >= 0x10000) lj_trace_err(as->J, LJ_TRERR_MCODEOV);
+    do {
+      if (as->snapno == 0) return;
+      as->snapno--;
+      as->snapref = as->T->snap[as->snapno].ref;
+      as->T->snap[as->snapno].mcofs = (uint16_t)ofs;  /* Remember mcode ofs. */
+    } while (as->curins < as->snapref);  /* May have no ins inbetween. */
+    as->snapalloc = 1;
   }
-  args[0] = ir->op1 == REF_NIL ? 0 : ir->op1;
-  lua_assert(IR(ir->op1)->o != IR_CARG);
 }
 
-/* Reconstruct CCallInfo flags for CALLX*. */
-static uint32_t asm_callx_flags(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+/* Fixup snapshot mcode offsetst. */
+static void asm_snap_fixup_mcofs(ASMState *as)
 {
-  uint32_t nargs = 0;
-  if (ir->op1 != REF_NIL) {  /* Count number of arguments first. */
-    IRIns *ira = IR(ir->op1);
-    nargs++;
-    while (ira->o == IR_CARG) { nargs++; ira = IR(ira->op1); }
+  uint32_t sz = (uint32_t)(as->mctoporig - as->mcp);
+  SnapShot *snap = as->T->snap;
+  SnapNo i;
+  for (i = as->T->nsnap-1; i > 0; i--) {
+    /* Compute offset from mcode start and store in correct snapshot. */
+    snap[i].mcofs = (uint16_t)(sz - snap[i-1].mcofs);
   }
-#if LJ_HASFFI
-  if (IR(ir->op2)->o == IR_CARG) {  /* Copy calling convention info. */
-    CTypeID id = (CTypeID)IR(IR(ir->op2)->op2)->i;
-    CType *ct = ctype_get(ctype_ctsG(J2G(as->J)), id);
-    nargs |= ((ct->info & CTF_VARARG) ? CCI_VARARG : 0);
-#if LJ_TARGET_X86
-    nargs |= (ctype_cconv(ct->info) << CCI_CC_SHIFT);
-#endif
-  }
-#endif
-  return (nargs | (ir->t.irt << CCI_OTSHIFT));
+  snap[0].mcofs = 0;
 }
 
+/* -- Miscellaneous helpers ----------------------------------------------- */
+
 /* Calculate stack adjustment. */
 static int32_t asm_stack_adjust(ASMState *as)
 {
@@ -989,21 +1059,26 @@ static int32_t asm_stack_adjust(ASMState *as)
 }
 
 /* Must match with hash*() in lj_tab.c. */
-static uint32_t ir_khash(IRIns *ir)
+static uint32_t ir_khash(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   uint32_t lo, hi;
+  UNUSED(as);
   if (irt_isstr(ir->t)) {
-    return ir_kstr(ir)->hash;
+    return ir_kstr(ir)->sid;
   } else if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
     lo = ir_knum(ir)->u32.lo;
     hi = ir_knum(ir)->u32.hi << 1;
   } else if (irt_ispri(ir->t)) {
-    lua_assert(!irt_isnil(ir->t));
+    lj_assertA(!irt_isnil(ir->t), "hash of nil key");
     return irt_type(ir->t)-IRT_FALSE;
   } else {
-    lua_assert(irt_isgcv(ir->t));
+    lj_assertA(irt_isgcv(ir->t), "hash of bad IR type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
     lo = u32ptr(ir_kgc(ir));
+#if LJ_GC64
+    hi = (uint32_t)(u64ptr(ir_kgc(ir)) >> 32) | (irt_toitype(ir->t) << 15);
+#else
     hi = lo + HASH_BIAS;
+#endif
   }
   return hashrot(lo, hi);
 }
@@ -1017,6 +1092,7 @@ static void asm_snew(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_str_new];
   IRRef args[3];
+  asm_snap_prep(as);
   args[0] = ASMREF_L;  /* lua_State *L    */
   args[1] = ir->op1;   /* const char *str */
   args[2] = ir->op2;   /* size_t len      */
@@ -1029,6 +1105,7 @@ static void asm_tnew(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_tab_new1];
   IRRef args[2];
+  asm_snap_prep(as);
   args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L    */
   args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* uint32_t ahsize */
   as->gcsteps++;
@@ -1041,6 +1118,7 @@ static void asm_tdup(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_tab_dup];
   IRRef args[2];
+  asm_snap_prep(as);
   args[0] = ASMREF_L;  /* lua_State *L    */
   args[1] = ir->op1;   /* const GCtab *kt */
   as->gcsteps++;
@@ -1064,6 +1142,260 @@ static void asm_gcstep(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   as->gcsteps = 0x80000000;  /* Prevent implicit GC check further up. */
 }
 
+/* -- Buffer operations --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void asm_tvptr(ASMState *as, Reg dest, IRRef ref, MSize mode);
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+static void asm_bufhdr_write(ASMState *as, Reg sb);
+#endif
+
+static void asm_bufhdr(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  Reg sb = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  switch (ir->op2) {
+  case IRBUFHDR_RESET: {
+    Reg tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, sb));
+    IRIns irbp;
+    irbp.ot = IRT(0, IRT_PTR);  /* Buffer data pointer type. */
+    emit_storeofs(as, &irbp, tmp, sb, offsetof(SBuf, w));
+    emit_loadofs(as, &irbp, tmp, sb, offsetof(SBuf, b));
+    break;
+    }
+  case IRBUFHDR_APPEND: {
+    /* Rematerialize const buffer pointer instead of likely spill. */
+    IRIns *irp = IR(ir->op1);
+    if (!(ra_hasreg(irp->r) || irp == ir-1 ||
+          (irp == ir-2 && !ra_used(ir-1)))) {
+      while (!(irp->o == IR_BUFHDR && irp->op2 == IRBUFHDR_RESET))
+        irp = IR(irp->op1);
+      if (irref_isk(irp->op1)) {
+        ra_weak(as, ra_allocref(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR));
+        ir = irp;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+    }
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+  case IRBUFHDR_WRITE:
+    asm_bufhdr_write(as, sb);
+    break;
+#endif
+  default: lj_assertA(0, "bad BUFHDR op2 %d", ir->op2); break;
+  }
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
+  ra_left(as, sb, ir->op1);
+#else
+  ra_leftov(as, sb, ir->op1);
+#endif
+}
+
+static void asm_bufput(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_buf_putstr];
+  IRRef args[3];
+  IRIns *irs;
+  int kchar = -129;
+  args[0] = ir->op1;  /* SBuf * */
+  args[1] = ir->op2;  /* GCstr * */
+  irs = IR(ir->op2);
+  lj_assertA(irt_isstr(irs->t),
+             "BUFPUT of non-string IR %04d", ir->op2 - REF_BIAS);
+  if (irs->o == IR_KGC) {
+    GCstr *s = ir_kstr(irs);
+    if (s->len == 1) {  /* Optimize put of single-char string constant. */
+      kchar = (int8_t)strdata(s)[0];  /* Signed! */
+      args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* int, truncated to char */
+      ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_buf_putchar];
+    }
+  } else if (mayfuse(as, ir->op2) && ra_noreg(irs->r)) {
+    if (irs->o == IR_TOSTR) {  /* Fuse number to string conversions. */
+      if (irs->op2 == IRTOSTR_NUM) {
+        args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* TValue * */
+        ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putnum];
+      } else {
+        lj_assertA(irt_isinteger(IR(irs->op1)->t),
+                   "TOSTR of non-numeric IR %04d", irs->op1);
+        args[1] = irs->op1;  /* int */
+        if (irs->op2 == IRTOSTR_INT)
+          ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putint];
+        else
+          ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_buf_putchar];
+      }
+    } else if (irs->o == IR_SNEW) {  /* Fuse string allocation. */
+      args[1] = irs->op1;  /* const void * */
+      args[2] = irs->op2;  /* MSize */
+      ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_buf_putmem];
+    }
+  }
+  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* SBuf * */
+  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+  if (args[1] == ASMREF_TMP1) {
+    Reg tmp = ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1);
+    if (kchar == -129)
+      asm_tvptr(as, tmp, irs->op1, IRTMPREF_IN1);
+    else
+      ra_allockreg(as, kchar, tmp);
+  }
+}
+
+static void asm_bufstr(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_buf_tostr];
+  IRRef args[1];
+  args[0] = ir->op1;  /* SBuf *sb */
+  as->gcsteps++;
+  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* GCstr * */
+  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+}
+
+/* -- Type conversions ---------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void asm_tostr(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  const CCallInfo *ci;
+  IRRef args[2];
+  asm_snap_prep(as);
+  args[0] = ASMREF_L;
+  as->gcsteps++;
+  if (ir->op2 == IRTOSTR_NUM) {
+    args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* cTValue * */
+    ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_strfmt_num];
+  } else {
+    args[1] = ir->op1;  /* int32_t k */
+    if (ir->op2 == IRTOSTR_INT)
+      ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_strfmt_int];
+    else
+      ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_strfmt_char];
+  }
+  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* GCstr * */
+  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+  if (ir->op2 == IRTOSTR_NUM)
+    asm_tvptr(as, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), ir->op1, IRTMPREF_IN1);
+}
+
+#if LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI && !LJ_SOFTFP && !LJ_TARGET_X86
+static void asm_conv64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  IRType st = (IRType)((ir-1)->op2 & IRCONV_SRCMASK);
+  IRType dt = (((ir-1)->op2 & IRCONV_DSTMASK) >> IRCONV_DSH);
+  IRCallID id;
+  IRRef args[2];
+  lj_assertA((ir-1)->o == IR_CONV && ir->o == IR_HIOP,
+             "not a CONV/HIOP pair at IR %04d", (int)(ir - as->ir) - REF_BIAS);
+  args[LJ_BE] = (ir-1)->op1;
+  args[LJ_LE] = ir->op1;
+  if (st == IRT_NUM || st == IRT_FLOAT) {
+    id = IRCALL_fp64_d2l + ((st == IRT_FLOAT) ? 2 : 0) + (dt - IRT_I64);
+    ir--;
+  } else {
+    id = IRCALL_fp64_l2d + ((dt == IRT_FLOAT) ? 2 : 0) + (st - IRT_I64);
+  }
+  {
+#if LJ_TARGET_ARM && !LJ_ABI_SOFTFP
+    CCallInfo cim = lj_ir_callinfo[id], *ci = &cim;
+    cim.flags |= CCI_VARARG;  /* These calls don't use the hard-float ABI! */
+#else
+    const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[id];
+#endif
+    asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
+    asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/* -- Memory references --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void asm_newref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_tab_newkey];
+  IRRef args[3];
+  if (ir->r == RID_SINK)
+    return;
+  asm_snap_prep(as);
+  args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
+  args[1] = ir->op1;      /* GCtab *t     */
+  args[2] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* cTValue *key */
+  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* TValue * */
+  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+  asm_tvptr(as, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), ir->op2, IRTMPREF_IN1);
+}
+
+static void asm_tmpref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  Reg r = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  asm_tvptr(as, r, ir->op1, ir->op2);
+}
+
+static void asm_lref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  Reg r = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
+  ra_left(as, r, ASMREF_L);
+#else
+  ra_leftov(as, r, ASMREF_L);
+#endif
+}
+
+/* -- Calls --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Collect arguments from CALL* and CARG instructions. */
+static void asm_collectargs(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir,
+                            const CCallInfo *ci, IRRef *args)
+{
+  uint32_t n = CCI_XNARGS(ci);
+  /* Account for split args. */
+  lj_assertA(n <= CCI_NARGS_MAX*2, "too many args %d to collect", n);
+  if ((ci->flags & CCI_L)) { *args++ = ASMREF_L; n--; }
+  while (n-- > 1) {
+    ir = IR(ir->op1);
+    lj_assertA(ir->o == IR_CARG, "malformed CALL arg tree");
+    args[n] = ir->op2 == REF_NIL ? 0 : ir->op2;
+  }
+  args[0] = ir->op1 == REF_NIL ? 0 : ir->op1;
+  lj_assertA(IR(ir->op1)->o != IR_CARG, "malformed CALL arg tree");
+}
+
+/* Reconstruct CCallInfo flags for CALLX*. */
+static uint32_t asm_callx_flags(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  uint32_t nargs = 0;
+  if (ir->op1 != REF_NIL) {  /* Count number of arguments first. */
+    IRIns *ira = IR(ir->op1);
+    nargs++;
+    while (ira->o == IR_CARG) { nargs++; ira = IR(ira->op1); }
+  }
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  if (IR(ir->op2)->o == IR_CARG) {  /* Copy calling convention info. */
+    CTypeID id = (CTypeID)IR(IR(ir->op2)->op2)->i;
+    CType *ct = ctype_get(ctype_ctsG(J2G(as->J)), id);
+    nargs |= ((ct->info & CTF_VARARG) ? CCI_VARARG : 0);
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86
+    nargs |= (ctype_cconv(ct->info) << CCI_CC_SHIFT);
+#endif
+  }
+#endif
+  return (nargs | (ir->t.irt << CCI_OTSHIFT));
+}
+
+static void asm_callid(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, IRCallID id)
+{
+  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[id];
+  IRRef args[2];
+  args[0] = ir->op1;
+  args[1] = ir->op2;
+  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
+  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+}
+
+static void asm_call(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  IRRef args[CCI_NARGS_MAX];
+  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[ir->op2];
+  asm_collectargs(as, ir, ci, args);
+  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
+  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+}
+
 /* -- PHI and loop handling ----------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Break a PHI cycle by renaming to a free register (evict if needed). */
@@ -1249,12 +1581,7 @@ static void asm_phi_fixup(ASMState *as)
       irt_clearmark(ir->t);
       /* Left PHI gained a spill slot before the loop? */
       if (ra_hasspill(ir->s)) {
-        IRRef ren;
-        lj_ir_set(as->J, IRT(IR_RENAME, IRT_NIL), lref, as->loopsnapno);
-        ren = tref_ref(lj_ir_emit(as->J));
-        as->ir = as->T->ir;  /* The IR may have been reallocated. */
-        IR(ren)->r = (uint8_t)r;
-        IR(ren)->s = SPS_NONE;
+        ra_addrename(as, r, lref, as->loopsnapno);
       }
     }
     rset_clear(work, r);
@@ -1329,6 +1656,8 @@ static void asm_loop(ASMState *as)
 #include "lj_asm_x86.h"
 #elif LJ_TARGET_ARM
 #include "lj_asm_arm.h"
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+#include "lj_asm_arm64.h"
 #elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
 #include "lj_asm_ppc.h"
 #elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS
@@ -1337,6 +1666,200 @@ static void asm_loop(ASMState *as)
 #error "Missing assembler for target CPU"
 #endif
 
+/* -- Common instruction helpers ------------------------------------------ */
+
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP32
+#if !LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
+#define asm_ldexp(as, ir)       asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_ldexp)
+#endif
+
+static void asm_pow(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+#if LJ_64 && LJ_HASFFI
+  if (!irt_isnum(ir->t))
+    asm_callid(as, ir, irt_isi64(ir->t) ? IRCALL_lj_carith_powi64 :
+                                          IRCALL_lj_carith_powu64);
+  else
+#endif
+  asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_pow);
+}
+
+static void asm_div(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+#if LJ_64 && LJ_HASFFI
+  if (!irt_isnum(ir->t))
+    asm_callid(as, ir, irt_isi64(ir->t) ? IRCALL_lj_carith_divi64 :
+                                          IRCALL_lj_carith_divu64);
+  else
+#endif
+    asm_fpdiv(as, ir);
+}
+#endif
+
+static void asm_mod(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+#if LJ_64 && LJ_HASFFI
+  if (!irt_isint(ir->t))
+    asm_callid(as, ir, irt_isi64(ir->t) ? IRCALL_lj_carith_modi64 :
+                                          IRCALL_lj_carith_modu64);
+  else
+#endif
+    asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_modi);
+}
+
+static void asm_fuseequal(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  /* Fuse HREF + EQ/NE. */
+  if ((ir-1)->o == IR_HREF && ir->op1 == as->curins-1) {
+    as->curins--;
+    asm_href(as, ir-1, (IROp)ir->o);
+  } else {
+    asm_equal(as, ir);
+  }
+}
+
+static void asm_alen(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  asm_callid(as, ir, ir->op2 == REF_NIL ? IRCALL_lj_tab_len :
+                                          IRCALL_lj_tab_len_hint);
+}
+
+/* -- Instruction dispatch ------------------------------------------------ */
+
+/* Assemble a single instruction. */
+static void asm_ir(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  switch ((IROp)ir->o) {
+  /* Miscellaneous ops. */
+  case IR_LOOP: asm_loop(as); break;
+  case IR_NOP: case IR_XBAR:
+    lj_assertA(!ra_used(ir),
+               "IR %04d not unused", (int)(ir - as->ir) - REF_BIAS);
+    break;
+  case IR_USE:
+    ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, irt_isfp(ir->t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR); break;
+  case IR_PHI: asm_phi(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_HIOP: asm_hiop(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_GCSTEP: asm_gcstep(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_PROF: asm_prof(as, ir); break;
+
+  /* Guarded assertions. */
+  case IR_LT: case IR_GE: case IR_LE: case IR_GT:
+  case IR_ULT: case IR_UGE: case IR_ULE: case IR_UGT:
+  case IR_ABC:
+    asm_comp(as, ir);
+    break;
+  case IR_EQ: case IR_NE: asm_fuseequal(as, ir); break;
+
+  case IR_RETF: asm_retf(as, ir); break;
+
+  /* Bit ops. */
+  case IR_BNOT: asm_bnot(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_BSWAP: asm_bswap(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_BAND: asm_band(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_BOR: asm_bor(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_BXOR: asm_bxor(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_BSHL: asm_bshl(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_BSHR: asm_bshr(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_BSAR: asm_bsar(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_BROL: asm_brol(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_BROR: asm_bror(as, ir); break;
+
+  /* Arithmetic ops. */
+  case IR_ADD: asm_add(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_SUB: asm_sub(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_MUL: asm_mul(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_MOD: asm_mod(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_NEG: asm_neg(as, ir); break;
+#if LJ_SOFTFP32
+  case IR_DIV: case IR_POW: case IR_ABS:
+  case IR_LDEXP: case IR_FPMATH: case IR_TOBIT:
+    /* Unused for LJ_SOFTFP32. */
+    lj_assertA(0, "IR %04d with unused op %d",
+                  (int)(ir - as->ir) - REF_BIAS, ir->o);
+    break;
+#else
+  case IR_DIV: asm_div(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_POW: asm_pow(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_ABS: asm_abs(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_LDEXP: asm_ldexp(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_FPMATH: asm_fpmath(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_TOBIT: asm_tobit(as, ir); break;
+#endif
+  case IR_MIN: asm_min(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_MAX: asm_max(as, ir); break;
+
+  /* Overflow-checking arithmetic ops. */
+  case IR_ADDOV: asm_addov(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_SUBOV: asm_subov(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_MULOV: asm_mulov(as, ir); break;
+
+  /* Memory references. */
+  case IR_AREF: asm_aref(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_HREF: asm_href(as, ir, 0); break;
+  case IR_HREFK: asm_hrefk(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_NEWREF: asm_newref(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_UREFO: case IR_UREFC: asm_uref(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_FREF: asm_fref(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_TMPREF: asm_tmpref(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_STRREF: asm_strref(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_LREF: asm_lref(as, ir); break;
+
+  /* Loads and stores. */
+  case IR_ALOAD: case IR_HLOAD: case IR_ULOAD: case IR_VLOAD:
+    asm_ahuvload(as, ir);
+    break;
+  case IR_FLOAD: asm_fload(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_XLOAD: asm_xload(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_SLOAD: asm_sload(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_ALEN: asm_alen(as, ir); break;
+
+  case IR_ASTORE: case IR_HSTORE: case IR_USTORE: asm_ahustore(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_FSTORE: asm_fstore(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_XSTORE: asm_xstore(as, ir); break;
+
+  /* Allocations. */
+  case IR_SNEW: case IR_XSNEW: asm_snew(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_TNEW: asm_tnew(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_TDUP: asm_tdup(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_CNEW: case IR_CNEWI:
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+    asm_cnew(as, ir);
+#else
+    lj_assertA(0, "IR %04d with unused op %d",
+                  (int)(ir - as->ir) - REF_BIAS, ir->o);
+#endif
+    break;
+
+  /* Buffer operations. */
+  case IR_BUFHDR: asm_bufhdr(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_BUFPUT: asm_bufput(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_BUFSTR: asm_bufstr(as, ir); break;
+
+  /* Write barriers. */
+  case IR_TBAR: asm_tbar(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_OBAR: asm_obar(as, ir); break;
+
+  /* Type conversions. */
+  case IR_CONV: asm_conv(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_TOSTR: asm_tostr(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_STRTO: asm_strto(as, ir); break;
+
+  /* Calls. */
+  case IR_CALLA:
+    as->gcsteps++;
+    /* fallthrough */
+  case IR_CALLN: case IR_CALLL: case IR_CALLS: asm_call(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_CALLXS: asm_callx(as, ir); break;
+  case IR_CARG: break;
+
+  default:
+    setintV(&as->J->errinfo, ir->o);
+    lj_trace_err_info(as->J, LJ_TRERR_NYIIR);
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
 /* -- Head of trace ------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Head of a root trace. */
@@ -1375,8 +1898,7 @@ static void asm_head_side(ASMState *as)
 
   if (as->snapno && as->topslot > as->parent->topslot) {
     /* Force snap #0 alloc to prevent register overwrite in stack check. */
-    as->snapno = 0;
-    asm_snap_alloc(as);
+    asm_snap_alloc(as, 0);
   }
   pbase = asm_head_side_base(as, irp);
   if (pbase != RID_NONE) {
@@ -1388,8 +1910,10 @@ static void asm_head_side(ASMState *as)
   for (i = as->stopins; i > REF_BASE; i--) {
     IRIns *ir = IR(i);
     RegSP rs;
-    lua_assert((ir->o == IR_SLOAD && (ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_PARENT)) ||
-               (LJ_SOFTFP && ir->o == IR_HIOP) || ir->o == IR_PVAL);
+    lj_assertA((ir->o == IR_SLOAD && (ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_PARENT)) ||
+               (LJ_SOFTFP && ir->o == IR_HIOP) || ir->o == IR_PVAL,
+               "IR %04d has bad parent op %d",
+               (int)(ir - as->ir) - REF_BIAS, ir->o);
     rs = as->parentmap[i - REF_FIRST];
     if (ra_hasreg(ir->r)) {
       rset_clear(allow, ir->r);
@@ -1542,7 +2066,7 @@ static BCReg asm_baseslot(ASMState *as, SnapShot *snap, int *gotframe)
     SnapEntry sn = map[n-1];
     if ((sn & SNAP_FRAME)) {
       *gotframe = 1;
-      return snap_slot(sn);
+      return snap_slot(sn) - LJ_FR2;
     }
   }
   return 0;
@@ -1562,19 +2086,23 @@ static void asm_tail_link(ASMState *as)
 
   if (as->T->link == 0) {
     /* Setup fixed registers for exit to interpreter. */
-    const BCIns *pc = snap_pc(as->T->snapmap[snap->mapofs + snap->nent]);
+    const BCIns *pc = snap_pc(&as->T->snapmap[snap->mapofs + snap->nent]);
     int32_t mres;
     if (bc_op(*pc) == BC_JLOOP) {  /* NYI: find a better way to do this. */
       BCIns *retpc = &traceref(as->J, bc_d(*pc))->startins;
       if (bc_isret(bc_op(*retpc)))
         pc = retpc;
     }
+#if LJ_GC64
+    emit_loadu64(as, RID_LPC, u64ptr(pc));
+#else
     ra_allockreg(as, i32ptr(J2GG(as->J)->dispatch), RID_DISPATCH);
     ra_allockreg(as, i32ptr(pc), RID_LPC);
-    mres = (int32_t)(snap->nslots - baseslot);
+#endif
+    mres = (int32_t)(snap->nslots - baseslot - LJ_FR2);
     switch (bc_op(*pc)) {
     case BC_CALLM: case BC_CALLMT:
-      mres -= (int32_t)(1 + bc_a(*pc) + bc_c(*pc)); break;
+      mres -= (int32_t)(1 + LJ_FR2 + bc_a(*pc) + bc_c(*pc)); break;
     case BC_RETM: mres -= (int32_t)(bc_a(*pc) + bc_d(*pc)); break;
     case BC_TSETM: mres -= (int32_t)bc_a(*pc); break;
     default: if (bc_op(*pc) < BC_FUNCF) mres = 0; break;
@@ -1586,6 +2114,11 @@ static void asm_tail_link(ASMState *as)
   }
   emit_addptr(as, RID_BASE, 8*(int32_t)baseslot);
 
+  if (as->J->ktrace) {  /* Patch ktrace slot with the final GCtrace pointer. */
+    setgcref(IR(as->J->ktrace)[LJ_GC64].gcr, obj2gco(as->J->curfinal));
+    IR(as->J->ktrace)->o = IR_KGC;
+  }
+
   /* Sync the interpreter state with the on-trace state. */
   asm_stack_restore(as, snap);
 
@@ -1609,22 +2142,32 @@ static void asm_setup_regsp(ASMState *as)
 #endif
 
   ra_setup(as);
+#if LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+  ra_setkref(as, RID_GL, (intptr_t)J2G(as->J));
+#endif
 
   /* Clear reg/sp for constants. */
-  for (ir = IR(T->nk), lastir = IR(REF_BASE); ir < lastir; ir++)
+  for (ir = IR(T->nk), lastir = IR(REF_BASE); ir < lastir; ir++) {
     ir->prev = REGSP_INIT;
+    if (irt_is64(ir->t) && ir->o != IR_KNULL) {
+#if LJ_GC64
+      /* The false-positive of irt_is64() for ASMREF_L (REF_NIL) is OK here. */
+      ir->i = 0;  /* Will become non-zero only for RIP-relative addresses. */
+#else
+      /* Make life easier for backends by putting address of constant in i. */
+      ir->i = (int32_t)(intptr_t)(ir+1);
+#endif
+      ir++;
+    }
+  }
 
   /* REF_BASE is used for implicit references to the BASE register. */
   lastir->prev = REGSP_HINT(RID_BASE);
 
-  ir = IR(nins-1);
-  if (ir->o == IR_RENAME) {
-    do { ir--; nins--; } while (ir->o == IR_RENAME);
-    T->nins = nins;  /* Remove any renames left over from ASM restart. */
-  }
   as->snaprename = nins;
   as->snapref = nins;
   as->snapno = T->nsnap;
+  as->snapalloc = 0;
 
   as->stopins = REF_BASE;
   as->orignins = nins;
@@ -1634,7 +2177,7 @@ static void asm_setup_regsp(ASMState *as)
   ir = IR(REF_FIRST);
   if (as->parent) {
     uint16_t *p;
-    lastir = lj_snap_regspmap(as->parent, as->J->exitno, ir);
+    lastir = lj_snap_regspmap(as->J, as->parent, as->J->exitno, ir);
     if (lastir - ir > LJ_MAX_JSLOTS)
       lj_trace_err(as->J, LJ_TRERR_NYICOAL);
     as->stopins = (IRRef)((lastir-1) - as->ir);
@@ -1673,6 +2216,10 @@ static void asm_setup_regsp(ASMState *as)
       ir->prev = (uint16_t)REGSP_HINT((rload & 15));
       rload = lj_ror(rload, 4);
       continue;
+    case IR_TMPREF:
+      if ((ir->op2 & IRTMPREF_OUT2) && as->evenspill < 4)
+        as->evenspill = 4;  /* TMPREF OUT2 needs two TValues on the stack. */
+      break;
 #endif
     case IR_CALLXS: {
       CCallInfo ci;
@@ -1682,7 +2229,17 @@ static void asm_setup_regsp(ASMState *as)
         as->modset |= RSET_SCRATCH;
       continue;
       }
-    case IR_CALLN: case IR_CALLL: case IR_CALLS: {
+    case IR_CALLL:
+      /* lj_vm_next needs two TValues on the stack. */
+#if LJ_TARGET_X64 && LJ_ABI_WIN
+      if (ir->op2 == IRCALL_lj_vm_next && as->evenspill < SPS_FIRST + 4)
+        as->evenspill = SPS_FIRST + 4;
+#else
+      if (SPS_FIRST < 4 && ir->op2 == IRCALL_lj_vm_next && as->evenspill < 4)
+        as->evenspill = 4;
+#endif
+      /* fallthrough */
+    case IR_CALLN: case IR_CALLA: case IR_CALLS: {
       const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[ir->op2];
       ir->prev = asm_setup_call_slots(as, ir, ci);
       if (inloop)
@@ -1690,7 +2247,6 @@ static void asm_setup_regsp(ASMState *as)
                       (RSET_SCRATCH & ~RSET_FPR) : RSET_SCRATCH;
       continue;
       }
-#if LJ_SOFTFP || (LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI)
     case IR_HIOP:
       switch ((ir-1)->o) {
 #if LJ_SOFTFP && LJ_TARGET_ARM
@@ -1701,15 +2257,15 @@ static void asm_setup_regsp(ASMState *as)
         }
         break;
 #endif
-#if !LJ_SOFTFP && LJ_NEED_FP64
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP && LJ_NEED_FP64 && LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI
       case IR_CONV:
         if (irt_isfp((ir-1)->t)) {
           ir->prev = REGSP_HINT(RID_FPRET);
           continue;
         }
-        /* fallthrough */
 #endif
-      case IR_CALLN: case IR_CALLXS:
+      /* fallthrough */
+      case IR_CALLN: case IR_CALLL: case IR_CALLS: case IR_CALLXS:
 #if LJ_SOFTFP
       case IR_MIN: case IR_MAX:
 #endif
@@ -1720,18 +2276,29 @@ static void asm_setup_regsp(ASMState *as)
         break;
       }
       break;
-#endif
 #if LJ_SOFTFP
     case IR_MIN: case IR_MAX:
       if ((ir+1)->o != IR_HIOP) break;
 #endif
     /* fallthrough */
     /* C calls evict all scratch regs and return results in RID_RET. */
-    case IR_SNEW: case IR_XSNEW: case IR_NEWREF:
+    case IR_SNEW: case IR_XSNEW: case IR_NEWREF: case IR_BUFPUT:
       if (REGARG_NUMGPR < 3 && as->evenspill < 3)
         as->evenspill = 3;  /* lj_str_new and lj_tab_newkey need 3 args. */
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86 && LJ_HASFFI
+      if (0) {
+    case IR_CNEW:
+        if (ir->op2 != REF_NIL && as->evenspill < 4)
+          as->evenspill = 4;  /* lj_cdata_newv needs 4 args. */
+      }
       /* fallthrough */
-    case IR_TNEW: case IR_TDUP: case IR_CNEW: case IR_CNEWI: case IR_TOSTR:
+#else
+      /* fallthrough */
+    case IR_CNEW:
+#endif
+      /* fallthrough */
+    case IR_TNEW: case IR_TDUP: case IR_CNEWI: case IR_TOSTR:
+    case IR_BUFSTR:
       ir->prev = REGSP_HINT(RID_RET);
       if (inloop)
         as->modset = RSET_SCRATCH;
@@ -1740,58 +2307,73 @@ static void asm_setup_regsp(ASMState *as)
       if (inloop)
         as->modset = RSET_SCRATCH;
       break;
-#if !LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64 && !LJ_SOFTFP
-    case IR_ATAN2: case IR_LDEXP:
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
+#if !LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
+    case IR_LDEXP:
 #endif
+#endif
+      /* fallthrough */
     case IR_POW:
       if (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
-#if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
-        ir->prev = REGSP_HINT(RID_XMM0);
         if (inloop)
-          as->modset |= RSET_RANGE(RID_XMM0, RID_XMM1+1)|RID2RSET(RID_EAX);
+          as->modset |= RSET_SCRATCH;
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86
+        if (irt_isnum(IR(ir->op2)->t)) {
+          if (as->evenspill < 4)  /* Leave room to call pow(). */
+            as->evenspill = 4;
+        }
+        break;
 #else
         ir->prev = REGSP_HINT(RID_FPRET);
-        if (inloop)
-          as->modset |= RSET_SCRATCH;
-#endif
         continue;
+#endif
       }
       /* fallthrough */ /* for integer POW */
     case IR_DIV: case IR_MOD:
-      if (!irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+      if ((LJ_64 && LJ_SOFTFP) || !irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
         ir->prev = REGSP_HINT(RID_RET);
         if (inloop)
           as->modset |= (RSET_SCRATCH & RSET_GPR);
         continue;
       }
       break;
-    case IR_FPMATH:
-#if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
-      if (ir->op2 == IRFPM_EXP2) {  /* May be joined to lj_vm_pow_sse. */
-        ir->prev = REGSP_HINT(RID_XMM0);
-#if !LJ_64
-        if (as->evenspill < 4)  /* Leave room for 16 byte scratch area. */
-          as->evenspill = 4;
-#endif
-        if (inloop)
-          as->modset |= RSET_RANGE(RID_XMM0, RID_XMM2+1)|RID2RSET(RID_EAX);
-        continue;
-      } else if (ir->op2 <= IRFPM_TRUNC && !(as->flags & JIT_F_SSE4_1)) {
-        ir->prev = REGSP_HINT(RID_XMM0);
+#if LJ_64 && LJ_SOFTFP
+    case IR_ADD: case IR_SUB: case IR_MUL:
+      if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+        ir->prev = REGSP_HINT(RID_RET);
         if (inloop)
-          as->modset |= RSET_RANGE(RID_XMM0, RID_XMM3+1)|RID2RSET(RID_EAX);
+          as->modset |= (RSET_SCRATCH & RSET_GPR);
         continue;
       }
       break;
-#else
-      ir->prev = REGSP_HINT(RID_FPRET);
+#endif
+    case IR_FPMATH:
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
+      if (ir->op2 <= IRFPM_TRUNC) {
+        if (!(as->flags & JIT_F_SSE4_1)) {
+          ir->prev = REGSP_HINT(RID_XMM0);
+          if (inloop)
+            as->modset |= RSET_RANGE(RID_XMM0, RID_XMM3+1)|RID2RSET(RID_EAX);
+          continue;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+#endif
       if (inloop)
         as->modset |= RSET_SCRATCH;
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86
+      break;
+#else
+      ir->prev = REGSP_HINT(RID_FPRET);
       continue;
 #endif
 #if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
     /* Non-constant shift counts need to be in RID_ECX on x86/x64. */
-    case IR_BSHL: case IR_BSHR: case IR_BSAR: case IR_BROL: case IR_BROR:
+    case IR_BSHL: case IR_BSHR: case IR_BSAR:
+      if ((as->flags & JIT_F_BMI2))  /* Except if BMI2 is available. */
+        break;
+      /* fallthrough */
+    case IR_BROL: case IR_BROR:
       if (!irref_isk(ir->op2) && !ra_hashint(IR(ir->op2)->r)) {
         IR(ir->op2)->r = REGSP_HINT(RID_ECX);
         if (inloop)
@@ -1835,16 +2417,26 @@ void lj_asm_trace(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T)
 {
   ASMState as_;
   ASMState *as = &as_;
-  MCode *origtop;
+
+  /* Remove nops/renames left over from ASM restart due to LJ_TRERR_MCODELM. */
+  {
+    IRRef nins = T->nins;
+    IRIns *ir = &T->ir[nins-1];
+    if (ir->o == IR_NOP || ir->o == IR_RENAME) {
+      do { ir--; nins--; } while (ir->o == IR_NOP || ir->o == IR_RENAME);
+      T->nins = nins;
+    }
+  }
 
   /* Ensure an initialized instruction beyond the last one for HIOP checks. */
-  J->cur.nins = lj_ir_nextins(J);
-  lj_ir_nop(&J->cur.ir[J->cur.nins]);
+  /* This also allows one RENAME to be added without reallocating curfinal. */
+  as->orignins = lj_ir_nextins(J);
+  lj_ir_nop(&J->cur.ir[as->orignins]);
 
   /* Setup initial state. Copy some fields to reduce indirections. */
   as->J = J;
   as->T = T;
-  as->ir = T->ir;
+  J->curfinal = lj_trace_alloc(J->L, T);  /* This copies the IR, too. */
   as->flags = J->flags;
   as->loopref = J->loopref;
   as->realign = NULL;
@@ -1852,17 +2444,46 @@ void lj_asm_trace(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T)
   as->parent = J->parent ? traceref(J, J->parent) : NULL;
 
   /* Reserve MCode memory. */
-  as->mctop = origtop = lj_mcode_reserve(J, &as->mcbot);
+  as->mctop = as->mctoporig = lj_mcode_reserve(J, &as->mcbot);
   as->mcp = as->mctop;
   as->mclim = as->mcbot + MCLIM_REDZONE;
   asm_setup_target(as);
 
-  do {
+  /*
+  ** This is a loop, because the MCode may have to be (re-)assembled
+  ** multiple times:
+  **
+  ** 1. as->realign is set (and the assembly aborted), if the arch-specific
+  **    backend wants the MCode to be aligned differently.
+  **
+  **    This is currently only the case on x86/x64, where small loops get
+  **    an aligned loop body plus a short branch. Not much effort is wasted,
+  **    because the abort happens very quickly and only once.
+  **
+  ** 2. The IR is immovable, since the MCode embeds pointers to various
+  **    constants inside the IR. But RENAMEs may need to be added to the IR
+  **    during assembly, which might grow and reallocate the IR. We check
+  **    at the end if the IR (in J->cur.ir) has actually grown, resize the
+  **    copy (in J->curfinal.ir) and try again.
+  **
+  **    95% of all traces have zero RENAMEs, 3% have one RENAME, 1.5% have
+  **    2 RENAMEs and only 0.5% have more than that. That's why we opt to
+  **    always have one spare slot in the IR (see above), which means we
+  **    have to redo the assembly for only ~2% of all traces.
+  **
+  **    Very, very rarely, this needs to be done repeatedly, since the
+  **    location of constants inside the IR (actually, reachability from
+  **    a global pointer) may affect register allocation and thus the
+  **    number of RENAMEs.
+  */
+  for (;;) {
     as->mcp = as->mctop;
 #ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
     as->mcp_prev = as->mcp;
 #endif
-    as->curins = T->nins;
+    as->ir = J->curfinal->ir;  /* Use the copied IR. */
+    as->curins = J->cur.nins = as->orignins;
+
     RA_DBG_START();
     RA_DBGX((as, "===== STOP ====="));
 
@@ -1881,7 +2502,11 @@ void lj_asm_trace(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T)
     /* Assemble a trace in linear backwards order. */
     for (as->curins--; as->curins > as->stopins; as->curins--) {
       IRIns *ir = IR(as->curins);
-      lua_assert(!(LJ_32 && irt_isint64(ir->t)));  /* Handled by SPLIT. */
+      /* 64 bit types handled by SPLIT for 32 bit archs. */
+      lj_assertA(!(LJ_32 && irt_isint64(ir->t)),
+                 "IR %04d has unsplit 64 bit type",
+                 (int)(ir - as->ir) - REF_BIAS);
+      asm_snap_prev(as);
       if (!ra_used(ir) && !ir_sideeff(ir) && (as->flags & JIT_F_OPT_DCE))
         continue;  /* Dead-code elimination can be soooo easy. */
       if (irt_isguard(ir->t))
@@ -1890,22 +2515,43 @@ void lj_asm_trace(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T)
       checkmclim(as);
       asm_ir(as, ir);
     }
-  } while (as->realign);  /* Retry in case the MCode needs to be realigned. */
 
-  /* Emit head of trace. */
-  RA_DBG_REF();
-  checkmclim(as);
-  if (as->gcsteps > 0) {
-    as->curins = as->T->snap[0].ref;
-    asm_snap_prep(as);  /* The GC check is a guard. */
-    asm_gc_check(as);
+    if (as->realign && J->curfinal->nins >= T->nins)
+      continue;  /* Retry in case only the MCode needs to be realigned. */
+
+    /* Emit head of trace. */
+    RA_DBG_REF();
+    checkmclim(as);
+    if (as->gcsteps > 0) {
+      as->curins = as->T->snap[0].ref;
+      asm_snap_prep(as);  /* The GC check is a guard. */
+      asm_gc_check(as);
+      as->curins = as->stopins;
+    }
+    ra_evictk(as);
+    if (as->parent)
+      asm_head_side(as);
+    else
+      asm_head_root(as);
+    asm_phi_fixup(as);
+
+    if (J->curfinal->nins >= T->nins) {  /* IR didn't grow? */
+      lj_assertA(J->curfinal->nk == T->nk, "unexpected IR constant growth");
+      memcpy(J->curfinal->ir + as->orignins, T->ir + as->orignins,
+             (T->nins - as->orignins) * sizeof(IRIns));  /* Copy RENAMEs. */
+      T->nins = J->curfinal->nins;
+      /* Fill mcofs of any unprocessed snapshots. */
+      as->curins = REF_FIRST;
+      asm_snap_prev(as);
+      break;  /* Done. */
+    }
+
+    /* Otherwise try again with a bigger IR. */
+    lj_trace_free(J2G(J), J->curfinal);
+    J->curfinal = NULL;  /* In case lj_trace_alloc() OOMs. */
+    J->curfinal = lj_trace_alloc(J->L, T);
+    as->realign = NULL;
   }
-  ra_evictk(as);
-  if (as->parent)
-    asm_head_side(as);
-  else
-    asm_head_root(as);
-  asm_phi_fixup(as);
 
   RA_DBGX((as, "===== START ===="));
   RA_DBG_FLUSH();
@@ -1915,10 +2561,16 @@ void lj_asm_trace(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T)
   /* Set trace entry point before fixing up tail to allow link to self. */
   T->mcode = as->mcp;
   T->mcloop = as->mcloop ? (MSize)((char *)as->mcloop - (char *)as->mcp) : 0;
-  if (!as->loopref)
+  if (as->loopref)
+    asm_loop_tail_fixup(as);
+  else
     asm_tail_fixup(as, T->link);  /* Note: this may change as->mctop! */
   T->szmcode = (MSize)((char *)as->mctop - (char *)as->mcp);
-  lj_mcode_sync(T->mcode, origtop);
+  asm_snap_fixup_mcofs(as);
+#if LJ_TARGET_MCODE_FIXUP
+  asm_mcode_fixup(T->mcode, T->szmcode);
+#endif
+  lj_mcode_sync(T->mcode, as->mctoporig);
 }
 
 #undef IR
diff --git a/src/lj_asm_arm.h b/src/lj_asm_arm.h
index 20e57393..b3b1f096 100644
--- a/src/lj_asm_arm.h
+++ b/src/lj_asm_arm.h
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ static Reg ra_scratchpair(ASMState *as, RegSet allow)
       }
     }
   }
-  lua_assert(rset_test(RSET_GPREVEN, r));
+  lj_assertA(rset_test(RSET_GPREVEN, r), "odd reg %d", r);
   ra_modified(as, r);
   ra_modified(as, r+1);
   RA_DBGX((as, "scratchpair    $r $r", r, r+1));
@@ -185,6 +185,9 @@ static Reg asm_fuseahuref(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, int32_t *ofsp, RegSet allow,
         *ofsp = (ofs & 255);  /* Mask out less bits to allow LDRD. */
         return ra_allock(as, (ofs & ~255), allow);
       }
+    } else if (ir->o == IR_TMPREF) {
+      *ofsp = 0;
+      return RID_SP;
     }
   }
   *ofsp = 0;
@@ -269,7 +272,7 @@ static void asm_fusexref(ASMState *as, ARMIns ai, Reg rd, IRRef ref,
         return;
       }
     } else if (ir->o == IR_STRREF && !(!LJ_SOFTFP && (ai & 0x08000000))) {
-      lua_assert(ofs == 0);
+      lj_assertA(ofs == 0, "bad usage");
       ofs = (int32_t)sizeof(GCstr);
       if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {
         ofs += IR(ir->op2)->i;
@@ -310,7 +313,11 @@ static void asm_fusexref(ASMState *as, ARMIns ai, Reg rd, IRRef ref,
 }
 
 #if !LJ_SOFTFP
-/* Fuse to multiply-add/sub instruction. */
+/*
+** Fuse to multiply-add/sub instruction.
+** VMLA rounds twice (UMA, not FMA) -- no need to check for JIT_F_OPT_FMA.
+** VFMA needs VFPv4, which is uncommon on the remaining ARM32 targets.
+*/
 static int asm_fusemadd(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, ARMIns ai, ARMIns air)
 {
   IRRef lref = ir->op1, rref = ir->op2;
@@ -338,7 +345,7 @@ static int asm_fusemadd(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, ARMIns ai, ARMIns air)
 /* Generate a call to a C function. */
 static void asm_gencall(ASMState *as, const CCallInfo *ci, IRRef *args)
 {
-  uint32_t n, nargs = CCI_NARGS(ci);
+  uint32_t n, nargs = CCI_XNARGS(ci);
   int32_t ofs = 0;
 #if LJ_SOFTFP
   Reg gpr = REGARG_FIRSTGPR;
@@ -389,9 +396,11 @@ static void asm_gencall(ASMState *as, const CCallInfo *ci, IRRef *args)
       as->freeset |= (of & RSET_RANGE(REGARG_FIRSTGPR, REGARG_LASTGPR+1));
       if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) gpr = (gpr+1) & ~1u;
       if (gpr <= REGARG_LASTGPR) {
-        lua_assert(rset_test(as->freeset, gpr));  /* Must have been evicted. */
+        lj_assertA(rset_test(as->freeset, gpr),
+                   "reg %d not free", gpr);  /* Must have been evicted. */
         if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
-          lua_assert(rset_test(as->freeset, gpr+1));  /* Ditto. */
+          lj_assertA(rset_test(as->freeset, gpr+1),
+                     "reg %d not free", gpr+1);  /* Ditto. */
           emit_dnm(as, ARMI_VMOV_RR_D, gpr, gpr+1, (src & 15));
           gpr += 2;
         } else {
@@ -408,7 +417,8 @@ static void asm_gencall(ASMState *as, const CCallInfo *ci, IRRef *args)
 #endif
     {
       if (gpr <= REGARG_LASTGPR) {
-        lua_assert(rset_test(as->freeset, gpr));  /* Must have been evicted. */
+        lj_assertA(rset_test(as->freeset, gpr),
+                   "reg %d not free", gpr);  /* Must have been evicted. */
         if (ref) ra_leftov(as, gpr, ref);
         gpr++;
       } else {
@@ -433,7 +443,7 @@ static void asm_setupresult(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, const CCallInfo *ci)
     rset_clear(drop, (ir+1)->r);  /* Dest reg handled below. */
   ra_evictset(as, drop);  /* Evictions must be performed first. */
   if (ra_used(ir)) {
-    lua_assert(!irt_ispri(ir->t));
+    lj_assertA(!irt_ispri(ir->t), "PRI dest");
     if (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isfp(ir->t)) {
       if (LJ_ABI_SOFTFP || (ci->flags & (CCI_CASTU64|CCI_VARARG))) {
         Reg dest = (ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR) & 15);
@@ -453,15 +463,6 @@ static void asm_setupresult(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, const CCallInfo *ci)
   UNUSED(ci);
 }
 
-static void asm_call(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  IRRef args[CCI_NARGS_MAX];
-  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[ir->op2];
-  asm_collectargs(as, ir, ci, args);
-  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
-  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-}
-
 static void asm_callx(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   IRRef args[CCI_NARGS_MAX*2];
@@ -490,7 +491,7 @@ static void asm_retf(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg base = ra_alloc1(as, REF_BASE, RSET_GPR);
   void *pc = ir_kptr(IR(ir->op2));
-  int32_t delta = 1+bc_a(*((const BCIns *)pc - 1));
+  int32_t delta = 1+LJ_FR2+bc_a(*((const BCIns *)pc - 1));
   as->topslot -= (BCReg)delta;
   if ((int32_t)as->topslot < 0) as->topslot = 0;
   irt_setmark(IR(REF_BASE)->t);  /* Children must not coalesce with BASE reg. */
@@ -504,6 +505,30 @@ static void asm_retf(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   emit_lso(as, ARMI_LDR, RID_TMP, base, -4);
 }
 
+/* -- Buffer operations --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+static void asm_bufhdr_write(ASMState *as, Reg sb)
+{
+  Reg tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, sb));
+  IRIns irgc;
+  int32_t addr = i32ptr((void *)&J2G(as->J)->cur_L);
+  irgc.ot = IRT(0, IRT_PGC);  /* GC type. */
+  emit_storeofs(as, &irgc, RID_TMP, sb, offsetof(SBuf, L));
+  if ((as->flags & JIT_F_ARMV6T2)) {
+    emit_dnm(as, ARMI_BFI, RID_TMP, lj_fls(SBUF_MASK_FLAG), tmp);
+  } else {
+    emit_dnm(as, ARMI_ORR, RID_TMP, RID_TMP, tmp);
+    emit_dn(as, ARMI_AND|ARMI_K12|SBUF_MASK_FLAG, tmp, tmp);
+  }
+  emit_lso(as, ARMI_LDR, RID_TMP,
+           ra_allock(as, (addr & ~4095),
+                     rset_exclude(rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, sb), tmp)),
+           (addr & 4095));
+  emit_loadofs(as, &irgc, tmp, sb, offsetof(SBuf, L));
+}
+#endif
+
 /* -- Type conversions ---------------------------------------------------- */
 
 #if !LJ_SOFTFP
@@ -539,13 +564,17 @@ static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 #endif
   IRRef lref = ir->op1;
   /* 64 bit integer conversions are handled by SPLIT. */
-  lua_assert(!irt_isint64(ir->t) && !(st == IRT_I64 || st == IRT_U64));
+  lj_assertA(!irt_isint64(ir->t) && !(st == IRT_I64 || st == IRT_U64),
+             "IR %04d has unsplit 64 bit type",
+             (int)(ir - as->ir) - REF_BIAS);
 #if LJ_SOFTFP
   /* FP conversions are handled by SPLIT. */
-  lua_assert(!irt_isfp(ir->t) && !(st == IRT_NUM || st == IRT_FLOAT));
+  lj_assertA(!irt_isfp(ir->t) && !(st == IRT_NUM || st == IRT_FLOAT),
+             "IR %04d has FP type",
+             (int)(ir - as->ir) - REF_BIAS);
   /* Can't check for same types: SPLIT uses CONV int.int + BXOR for sfp NEG. */
 #else
-  lua_assert(irt_type(ir->t) != st);
+  lj_assertA(irt_type(ir->t) != st, "inconsistent types for CONV");
   if (irt_isfp(ir->t)) {
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
     if (stfp) {  /* FP to FP conversion. */
@@ -562,7 +591,8 @@ static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   } else if (stfp) {  /* FP to integer conversion. */
     if (irt_isguard(ir->t)) {
       /* Checked conversions are only supported from number to int. */
-      lua_assert(irt_isint(ir->t) && st == IRT_NUM);
+      lj_assertA(irt_isint(ir->t) && st == IRT_NUM,
+                 "bad type for checked CONV");
       asm_tointg(as, ir, ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_FPR));
     } else {
       Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_FPR);
@@ -581,7 +611,7 @@ static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     if (st >= IRT_I8 && st <= IRT_U16) {  /* Extend to 32 bit integer. */
       Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_GPR);
-      lua_assert(irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t));
+      lj_assertA(irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t), "bad type for CONV EXT");
       if ((as->flags & JIT_F_ARMV6)) {
         ARMIns ai = st == IRT_I8 ? ARMI_SXTB :
                     st == IRT_U8 ? ARMI_UXTB :
@@ -601,31 +631,6 @@ static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   }
 }
 
-#if !LJ_SOFTFP && LJ_HASFFI
-static void asm_conv64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  IRType st = (IRType)((ir-1)->op2 & IRCONV_SRCMASK);
-  IRType dt = (((ir-1)->op2 & IRCONV_DSTMASK) >> IRCONV_DSH);
-  IRCallID id;
-  CCallInfo ci;
-  IRRef args[2];
-  args[0] = (ir-1)->op1;
-  args[1] = ir->op1;
-  if (st == IRT_NUM || st == IRT_FLOAT) {
-    id = IRCALL_fp64_d2l + ((st == IRT_FLOAT) ? 2 : 0) + (dt - IRT_I64);
-    ir--;
-  } else {
-    id = IRCALL_fp64_l2d + ((dt == IRT_FLOAT) ? 2 : 0) + (st - IRT_I64);
-  }
-  ci = lj_ir_callinfo[id];
-#if !LJ_ABI_SOFTFP
-  ci.flags |= CCI_VARARG;  /* These calls don't use the hard-float ABI! */
-#endif
-  asm_setupresult(as, ir, &ci);
-  asm_gencall(as, &ci, args);
-}
-#endif
-
 static void asm_strto(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_strscan_num];
@@ -689,60 +694,61 @@ static void asm_strto(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     emit_opk(as, ARMI_ADD, tmp, RID_SP, ofs, RSET_GPR);
 }
 
+/* -- Memory references --------------------------------------------------- */
+
 /* Get pointer to TValue. */
-static void asm_tvptr(ASMState *as, Reg dest, IRRef ref)
+static void asm_tvptr(ASMState *as, Reg dest, IRRef ref, MSize mode)
 {
-  IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
-  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
-    if (irref_isk(ref)) {
-      /* Use the number constant itself as a TValue. */
-      ra_allockreg(as, i32ptr(ir_knum(ir)), dest);
-    } else {
+  if ((mode & IRTMPREF_IN1)) {
+    IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+    if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+      if ((mode & IRTMPREF_OUT1)) {
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+        lj_assertA(irref_isk(ref), "unsplit FP op");
+        emit_dm(as, ARMI_MOV, dest, RID_SP);
+        emit_lso(as, ARMI_STR,
+                 ra_allock(as, (int32_t)ir_knum(ir)->u32.lo, RSET_GPR),
+                 RID_SP, 0);
+        emit_lso(as, ARMI_STR,
+                 ra_allock(as, (int32_t)ir_knum(ir)->u32.hi, RSET_GPR),
+                 RID_SP, 4);
+#else
+        Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, RSET_FPR);
+        emit_dm(as, ARMI_MOV, dest, RID_SP);
+        emit_vlso(as, ARMI_VSTR_D, src, RID_SP, 0);
+#endif
+      } else if (irref_isk(ref)) {
+        /* Use the number constant itself as a TValue. */
+        ra_allockreg(as, i32ptr(ir_knum(ir)), dest);
+      } else {
 #if LJ_SOFTFP
-      lua_assert(0);
+        lj_assertA(0, "unsplit FP op");
 #else
-      /* Otherwise force a spill and use the spill slot. */
-      emit_opk(as, ARMI_ADD, dest, RID_SP, ra_spill(as, ir), RSET_GPR);
+        /* Otherwise force a spill and use the spill slot. */
+        emit_opk(as, ARMI_ADD, dest, RID_SP, ra_spill(as, ir), RSET_GPR);
 #endif
+      }
+    } else {
+      /* Otherwise use [sp] and [sp+4] to hold the TValue.
+      ** This assumes the following call has max. 4 args.
+      */
+      Reg type;
+      emit_dm(as, ARMI_MOV, dest, RID_SP);
+      if (!irt_ispri(ir->t)) {
+        Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, RSET_GPR);
+        emit_lso(as, ARMI_STR, src, RID_SP, 0);
+      }
+      if (LJ_SOFTFP && (ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP && !irt_isnil((ir+1)->t))
+        type = ra_alloc1(as, ref+1, RSET_GPR);
+      else
+        type = ra_allock(as, irt_toitype(ir->t), RSET_GPR);
+      emit_lso(as, ARMI_STR, type, RID_SP, 4);
     }
   } else {
-    /* Otherwise use [sp] and [sp+4] to hold the TValue. */
-    RegSet allow = rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, dest);
-    Reg type;
     emit_dm(as, ARMI_MOV, dest, RID_SP);
-    if (!irt_ispri(ir->t)) {
-      Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, allow);
-      emit_lso(as, ARMI_STR, src, RID_SP, 0);
-    }
-    if ((ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP)
-      type = ra_alloc1(as, ref+1, allow);
-    else
-      type = ra_allock(as, irt_toitype(ir->t), allow);
-    emit_lso(as, ARMI_STR, type, RID_SP, 4);
   }
 }
 
-static void asm_tostr(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  IRRef args[2];
-  args[0] = ASMREF_L;
-  as->gcsteps++;
-  if (irt_isnum(IR(ir->op1)->t) || (ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP) {
-    const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_str_fromnum];
-    args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* const lua_Number * */
-    asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* GCstr * */
-    asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-    asm_tvptr(as, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), ir->op1);
-  } else {
-    const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_str_fromint];
-    args[1] = ir->op1;  /* int32_t k */
-    asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* GCstr * */
-    asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-  }
-}
-
-/* -- Memory references --------------------------------------------------- */
-
 static void asm_aref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
@@ -864,16 +870,16 @@ static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, IROp merge)
   *l_loop = ARMF_CC(ARMI_B, CC_NE) | ((as->mcp-l_loop-2) & 0x00ffffffu);
 
   /* Load main position relative to tab->node into dest. */
-  khash = irref_isk(refkey) ? ir_khash(irkey) : 1;
+  khash = irref_isk(refkey) ? ir_khash(as, irkey) : 1;
   if (khash == 0) {
     emit_lso(as, ARMI_LDR, dest, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, node));
   } else {
     emit_dnm(as, ARMI_ADD|ARMF_SH(ARMSH_LSL, 3), dest, dest, tmp);
     emit_dnm(as, ARMI_ADD|ARMF_SH(ARMSH_LSL, 1), tmp, tmp, tmp);
-    if (irt_isstr(kt)) {  /* Fetch of str->hash is cheaper than ra_allock. */
+    if (irt_isstr(kt)) {  /* Fetch of str->sid is cheaper than ra_allock. */
       emit_dnm(as, ARMI_AND, tmp, tmp+1, RID_TMP);
       emit_lso(as, ARMI_LDR, dest, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, node));
-      emit_lso(as, ARMI_LDR, tmp+1, key, (int32_t)offsetof(GCstr, hash));
+      emit_lso(as, ARMI_LDR, tmp+1, key, (int32_t)offsetof(GCstr, sid));
       emit_lso(as, ARMI_LDR, RID_TMP, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, hmask));
     } else if (irref_isk(refkey)) {
       emit_opk(as, ARMI_AND, tmp, RID_TMP, (int32_t)khash,
@@ -920,7 +926,7 @@ static void asm_hrefk(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   Reg node = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
   Reg key = RID_NONE, type = RID_TMP, idx = node;
   RegSet allow = rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, node);
-  lua_assert(ofs % sizeof(Node) == 0);
+  lj_assertA(ofs % sizeof(Node) == 0, "unaligned HREFK slot");
   if (ofs > 4095) {
     idx = dest;
     rset_clear(allow, dest);
@@ -960,20 +966,6 @@ static void asm_hrefk(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     emit_opk(as, ARMI_ADD, dest, node, ofs, RSET_GPR);
 }
 
-static void asm_newref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_tab_newkey];
-  IRRef args[3];
-  if (ir->r == RID_SINK)
-    return;
-  args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
-  args[1] = ir->op1;      /* GCtab *t     */
-  args[2] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* cTValue *key */
-  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* TValue * */
-  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-  asm_tvptr(as, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), ir->op2);
-}
-
 static void asm_uref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
@@ -1001,7 +993,7 @@ static void asm_uref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 static void asm_fref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   UNUSED(as); UNUSED(ir);
-  lua_assert(!ra_used(ir));
+  lj_assertA(!ra_used(ir), "unfused FREF");
 }
 
 static void asm_strref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
@@ -1038,25 +1030,27 @@ static void asm_strref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 
 /* -- Loads and stores ---------------------------------------------------- */
 
-static ARMIns asm_fxloadins(IRIns *ir)
+static ARMIns asm_fxloadins(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
+  UNUSED(as);
   switch (irt_type(ir->t)) {
   case IRT_I8: return ARMI_LDRSB;
   case IRT_U8: return ARMI_LDRB;
   case IRT_I16: return ARMI_LDRSH;
   case IRT_U16: return ARMI_LDRH;
-  case IRT_NUM: lua_assert(!LJ_SOFTFP); return ARMI_VLDR_D;
+  case IRT_NUM: lj_assertA(!LJ_SOFTFP, "unsplit FP op"); return ARMI_VLDR_D;
   case IRT_FLOAT: if (!LJ_SOFTFP) return ARMI_VLDR_S;  /* fallthrough */
   default: return ARMI_LDR;
   }
 }
 
-static ARMIns asm_fxstoreins(IRIns *ir)
+static ARMIns asm_fxstoreins(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
+  UNUSED(as);
   switch (irt_type(ir->t)) {
   case IRT_I8: case IRT_U8: return ARMI_STRB;
   case IRT_I16: case IRT_U16: return ARMI_STRH;
-  case IRT_NUM: lua_assert(!LJ_SOFTFP); return ARMI_VSTR_D;
+  case IRT_NUM: lj_assertA(!LJ_SOFTFP, "unsplit FP op"); return ARMI_VSTR_D;
   case IRT_FLOAT: if (!LJ_SOFTFP) return ARMI_VSTR_S;  /* fallthrough */
   default: return ARMI_STR;
   }
@@ -1065,17 +1059,23 @@ static ARMIns asm_fxstoreins(IRIns *ir)
 static void asm_fload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
-  Reg idx = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
-  ARMIns ai = asm_fxloadins(ir);
+  ARMIns ai = asm_fxloadins(as, ir);
+  Reg idx;
   int32_t ofs;
-  if (ir->op2 == IRFL_TAB_ARRAY) {
-    ofs = asm_fuseabase(as, ir->op1);
-    if (ofs) {  /* Turn the t->array load into an add for colocated arrays. */
-      emit_dn(as, ARMI_ADD|ARMI_K12|ofs, dest, idx);
-      return;
+  if (ir->op1 == REF_NIL) {  /* FLOAD from GG_State with offset. */
+    idx = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)(ir->op2<<2) + (int32_t)J2GG(as->J), RSET_GPR);
+    ofs = 0;
+  } else {
+    idx = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+    if (ir->op2 == IRFL_TAB_ARRAY) {
+      ofs = asm_fuseabase(as, ir->op1);
+      if (ofs) {  /* Turn the t->array load into an add for colocated arrays. */
+        emit_dn(as, ARMI_ADD|ARMI_K12|ofs, dest, idx);
+        return;
+      }
     }
+    ofs = field_ofs[ir->op2];
   }
-  ofs = field_ofs[ir->op2];
   if ((ai & 0x04000000))
     emit_lso(as, ai, dest, idx, ofs);
   else
@@ -1089,7 +1089,7 @@ static void asm_fstore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     IRIns *irf = IR(ir->op1);
     Reg idx = ra_alloc1(as, irf->op1, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, src));
     int32_t ofs = field_ofs[irf->op2];
-    ARMIns ai = asm_fxstoreins(ir);
+    ARMIns ai = asm_fxstoreins(as, ir);
     if ((ai & 0x04000000))
       emit_lso(as, ai, src, idx, ofs);
     else
@@ -1101,20 +1101,22 @@ static void asm_xload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir,
                      (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isfp(ir->t)) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
-  lua_assert(!(ir->op2 & IRXLOAD_UNALIGNED));
-  asm_fusexref(as, asm_fxloadins(ir), dest, ir->op1, RSET_GPR, 0);
+  lj_assertA(!(ir->op2 & IRXLOAD_UNALIGNED), "unaligned XLOAD");
+  asm_fusexref(as, asm_fxloadins(as, ir), dest, ir->op1, RSET_GPR, 0);
 }
 
-static void asm_xstore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int32_t ofs)
+static void asm_xstore_(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int32_t ofs)
 {
   if (ir->r != RID_SINK) {
     Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2,
                         (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isfp(ir->t)) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
-    asm_fusexref(as, asm_fxstoreins(ir), src, ir->op1,
+    asm_fusexref(as, asm_fxstoreins(as, ir), src, ir->op1,
                  rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, src), ofs);
   }
 }
 
+#define asm_xstore(as, ir)      asm_xstore_(as, ir, 0)
+
 static void asm_ahuvload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   int hiop = (LJ_SOFTFP && (ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP);
@@ -1127,13 +1129,15 @@ static void asm_ahuvload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     rset_clear(allow, type);
   }
   if (ra_used(ir)) {
-    lua_assert((LJ_SOFTFP ? 0 : irt_isnum(ir->t)) ||
-               irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t));
+    lj_assertA((LJ_SOFTFP ? 0 : irt_isnum(ir->t)) ||
+               irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t),
+               "bad load type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
     dest = ra_dest(as, ir, (!LJ_SOFTFP && t == IRT_NUM) ? RSET_FPR : allow);
     rset_clear(allow, dest);
   }
   idx = asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, &ofs, allow,
                        (!LJ_SOFTFP && t == IRT_NUM) ? 1024 : 4096);
+  if (ir->o == IR_VLOAD) ofs += 8 * ir->op2;
   if (!hiop || type == RID_NONE) {
     rset_clear(allow, idx);
     if (ofs < 256 && ra_hasreg(dest) && (dest & 1) == 0 &&
@@ -1194,10 +1198,13 @@ static void asm_sload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   IRType t = hiop ? IRT_NUM : irt_type(ir->t);
   Reg dest = RID_NONE, type = RID_NONE, base;
   RegSet allow = RSET_GPR;
-  lua_assert(!(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_PARENT));  /* Handled by asm_head_side(). */
-  lua_assert(irt_isguard(ir->t) || !(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK));
+  lj_assertA(!(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_PARENT),
+             "bad parent SLOAD");  /* Handled by asm_head_side(). */
+  lj_assertA(irt_isguard(ir->t) || !(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK),
+             "inconsistent SLOAD variant");
 #if LJ_SOFTFP
-  lua_assert(!(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT));  /* Handled by LJ_SOFTFP SPLIT. */
+  lj_assertA(!(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT),
+             "unsplit SLOAD convert");  /* Handled by LJ_SOFTFP SPLIT. */
   if (hiop && ra_used(ir+1)) {
     type = ra_dest(as, ir+1, allow);
     rset_clear(allow, type);
@@ -1213,8 +1220,9 @@ static void asm_sload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     Reg tmp = RID_NONE;
     if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT))
       tmp = ra_scratch(as, t == IRT_INT ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
-    lua_assert((LJ_SOFTFP ? 0 : irt_isnum(ir->t)) ||
-               irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t));
+    lj_assertA((LJ_SOFTFP ? 0 : irt_isnum(ir->t)) ||
+               irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t),
+               "bad SLOAD type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
     dest = ra_dest(as, ir, (!LJ_SOFTFP && t == IRT_NUM) ? RSET_FPR : allow);
     rset_clear(allow, dest);
     base = ra_alloc1(as, REF_BASE, allow);
@@ -1246,7 +1254,12 @@ dotypecheck:
       }
     }
     asm_guardcc(as, t == IRT_NUM ? CC_HS : CC_NE);
-    emit_n(as, ARMI_CMN|ARMI_K12|-irt_toitype_(t), type);
+    if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_KEYINDEX)) {
+      emit_n(as, ARMI_CMN|ARMI_K12|1, type);
+      emit_dn(as, ARMI_EOR^emit_isk12(ARMI_EOR, ~LJ_KEYINDEX), type, type);
+    } else {
+      emit_n(as, ARMI_CMN|ARMI_K12|-irt_toitype_(t), type);
+    }
   }
   if (ra_hasreg(dest)) {
 #if !LJ_SOFTFP
@@ -1272,19 +1285,17 @@ dotypecheck:
 static void asm_cnew(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   CTState *cts = ctype_ctsG(J2G(as->J));
-  CTypeID ctypeid = (CTypeID)IR(ir->op1)->i;
-  CTSize sz = (ir->o == IR_CNEWI || ir->op2 == REF_NIL) ?
-              lj_ctype_size(cts, ctypeid) : (CTSize)IR(ir->op2)->i;
+  CTypeID id = (CTypeID)IR(ir->op1)->i;
+  CTSize sz;
+  CTInfo info = lj_ctype_info(cts, id, &sz);
   const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_mem_newgco];
-  IRRef args[2];
+  IRRef args[4];
   RegSet allow = (RSET_GPR & ~RSET_SCRATCH);
   RegSet drop = RSET_SCRATCH;
-  lua_assert(sz != CTSIZE_INVALID);
+  lj_assertA(sz != CTSIZE_INVALID || (ir->o == IR_CNEW && ir->op2 != REF_NIL),
+             "bad CNEW/CNEWI operands");
 
-  args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
-  args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* MSize size   */
   as->gcsteps++;
-
   if (ra_hasreg(ir->r))
     rset_clear(drop, ir->r);  /* Dest reg handled below. */
   ra_evictset(as, drop);
@@ -1294,10 +1305,10 @@ static void asm_cnew(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   /* Initialize immutable cdata object. */
   if (ir->o == IR_CNEWI) {
     int32_t ofs = sizeof(GCcdata);
-    lua_assert(sz == 4 || sz == 8);
+    lj_assertA(sz == 4 || sz == 8, "bad CNEWI size %d", sz);
     if (sz == 8) {
       ofs += 4; ir++;
-      lua_assert(ir->o == IR_HIOP);
+      lj_assertA(ir->o == IR_HIOP, "expected HIOP for CNEWI");
     }
     for (;;) {
       Reg r = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, allow);
@@ -1306,22 +1317,32 @@ static void asm_cnew(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
       if (ofs == sizeof(GCcdata)) break;
       ofs -= 4; ir--;
     }
+  } else if (ir->op2 != REF_NIL) {  /* Create VLA/VLS/aligned cdata. */
+    ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_cdata_newv];
+    args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
+    args[1] = ir->op1;      /* CTypeID id   */
+    args[2] = ir->op2;      /* CTSize sz    */
+    args[3] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* CTSize align */
+    asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+    emit_loadi(as, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), (int32_t)ctype_align(info));
+    return;
   }
+
   /* Initialize gct and ctypeid. lj_mem_newgco() already sets marked. */
   {
-    uint32_t k = emit_isk12(ARMI_MOV, ctypeid);
-    Reg r = k ? RID_R1 : ra_allock(as, ctypeid, allow);
+    uint32_t k = emit_isk12(ARMI_MOV, id);
+    Reg r = k ? RID_R1 : ra_allock(as, id, allow);
     emit_lso(as, ARMI_STRB, RID_TMP, RID_RET, offsetof(GCcdata, gct));
     emit_lsox(as, ARMI_STRH, r, RID_RET, offsetof(GCcdata, ctypeid));
     emit_d(as, ARMI_MOV|ARMI_K12|~LJ_TCDATA, RID_TMP);
     if (k) emit_d(as, ARMI_MOV^k, RID_R1);
   }
+  args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
+  args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* MSize size   */
   asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
   ra_allockreg(as, (int32_t)(sz+sizeof(GCcdata)),
                ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1));
 }
-#else
-#define asm_cnew(as, ir)        ((void)0)
 #endif
 
 /* -- Write barriers ------------------------------------------------------ */
@@ -1353,7 +1374,7 @@ static void asm_obar(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   MCLabel l_end;
   Reg obj, val, tmp;
   /* No need for other object barriers (yet). */
-  lua_assert(IR(ir->op1)->o == IR_UREFC);
+  lj_assertA(IR(ir->op1)->o == IR_UREFC, "bad OBAR type");
   ra_evictset(as, RSET_SCRATCH);
   l_end = emit_label(as);
   args[0] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* global_State *g */
@@ -1392,23 +1413,36 @@ static void asm_fpunary(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, ARMIns ai)
   emit_dm(as, ai, (dest & 15), (left & 15));
 }
 
-static int asm_fpjoin_pow(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  IRIns *irp = IR(ir->op1);
-  if (irp == ir-1 && irp->o == IR_MUL && !ra_used(irp)) {
-    IRIns *irpp = IR(irp->op1);
-    if (irpp == ir-2 && irpp->o == IR_FPMATH &&
-        irpp->op2 == IRFPM_LOG2 && !ra_used(irpp)) {
-      const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_pow];
-      IRRef args[2];
-      args[0] = irpp->op1;
-      args[1] = irp->op2;
-      asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
-      asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-      return 1;
-    }
-  }
-  return 0;
+static void asm_callround(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int id)
+{
+  /* The modified regs must match with the *.dasc implementation. */
+  RegSet drop = RID2RSET(RID_R0)|RID2RSET(RID_R1)|RID2RSET(RID_R2)|
+                RID2RSET(RID_R3)|RID2RSET(RID_R12);
+  RegSet of;
+  Reg dest, src;
+  ra_evictset(as, drop);
+  dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
+  emit_dnm(as, ARMI_VMOV_D_RR, RID_RETLO, RID_RETHI, (dest & 15));
+  emit_call(as, id == IRFPM_FLOOR ? (void *)lj_vm_floor_sf :
+                id == IRFPM_CEIL ? (void *)lj_vm_ceil_sf :
+                                   (void *)lj_vm_trunc_sf);
+  /* Workaround to protect argument GPRs from being used for remat. */
+  of = as->freeset;
+  as->freeset &= ~RSET_RANGE(RID_R0, RID_R1+1);
+  as->cost[RID_R0] = as->cost[RID_R1] = REGCOST(~0u, ASMREF_L);
+  src = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_FPR);  /* May alloc GPR to remat FPR. */
+  as->freeset |= (of & RSET_RANGE(RID_R0, RID_R1+1));
+  emit_dnm(as, ARMI_VMOV_RR_D, RID_R0, RID_R1, (src & 15));
+}
+
+static void asm_fpmath(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  if (ir->op2 <= IRFPM_TRUNC)
+    asm_callround(as, ir, ir->op2);
+  else if (ir->op2 == IRFPM_SQRT)
+    asm_fpunary(as, ir, ARMI_VSQRT_D);
+  else
+    asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_floor + ir->op2);
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -1474,19 +1508,6 @@ static void asm_intop_s(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, ARMIns ai)
   asm_intop(as, ir, asm_drop_cmp0(as, ai));
 }
 
-static void asm_bitop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, ARMIns ai)
-{
-  ai = asm_drop_cmp0(as, ai);
-  if (ir->op2 == 0) {
-    Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
-    uint32_t m = asm_fuseopm(as, ai, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
-    emit_d(as, ai^m, dest);
-  } else {
-    /* NYI: Turn BAND !k12 into uxtb, uxth or bfc or shl+shr. */
-    asm_intop(as, ir, ai);
-  }
-}
-
 static void asm_intneg(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, ARMIns ai)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
@@ -1552,6 +1573,15 @@ static void asm_mul(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   asm_intmul(as, ir);
 }
 
+#define asm_addov(as, ir)       asm_add(as, ir)
+#define asm_subov(as, ir)       asm_sub(as, ir)
+#define asm_mulov(as, ir)       asm_mul(as, ir)
+
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
+#define asm_fpdiv(as, ir)       asm_fparith(as, ir, ARMI_VDIV_D)
+#define asm_abs(as, ir)         asm_fpunary(as, ir, ARMI_VABS_D)
+#endif
+
 static void asm_neg(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
 #if !LJ_SOFTFP
@@ -1563,41 +1593,22 @@ static void asm_neg(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   asm_intneg(as, ir, ARMI_RSB);
 }
 
-static void asm_callid(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, IRCallID id)
+static void asm_bitop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, ARMIns ai)
 {
-  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[id];
-  IRRef args[2];
-  args[0] = ir->op1;
-  args[1] = ir->op2;
-  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
-  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+  ai = asm_drop_cmp0(as, ai);
+  if (ir->op2 == 0) {
+    Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+    uint32_t m = asm_fuseopm(as, ai, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+    emit_d(as, ai^m, dest);
+  } else {
+    /* NYI: Turn BAND !k12 into uxtb, uxth or bfc or shl+shr. */
+    asm_intop(as, ir, ai);
+  }
 }
 
-#if !LJ_SOFTFP
-static void asm_callround(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int id)
-{
-  /* The modified regs must match with the *.dasc implementation. */
-  RegSet drop = RID2RSET(RID_R0)|RID2RSET(RID_R1)|RID2RSET(RID_R2)|
-                RID2RSET(RID_R3)|RID2RSET(RID_R12);
-  RegSet of;
-  Reg dest, src;
-  ra_evictset(as, drop);
-  dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
-  emit_dnm(as, ARMI_VMOV_D_RR, RID_RETLO, RID_RETHI, (dest & 15));
-  emit_call(as, id == IRFPM_FLOOR ? (void *)lj_vm_floor_sf :
-                id == IRFPM_CEIL ? (void *)lj_vm_ceil_sf :
-                                   (void *)lj_vm_trunc_sf);
-  /* Workaround to protect argument GPRs from being used for remat. */
-  of = as->freeset;
-  as->freeset &= ~RSET_RANGE(RID_R0, RID_R1+1);
-  as->cost[RID_R0] = as->cost[RID_R1] = REGCOST(~0u, ASMREF_L);
-  src = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_FPR);  /* May alloc GPR to remat FPR. */
-  as->freeset |= (of & RSET_RANGE(RID_R0, RID_R1+1));
-  emit_dnm(as, ARMI_VMOV_RR_D, RID_R0, RID_R1, (src & 15));
-}
-#endif
+#define asm_bnot(as, ir)        asm_bitop(as, ir, ARMI_MVN)
 
-static void asm_bitswap(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+static void asm_bswap(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
   Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
@@ -1614,6 +1625,10 @@ static void asm_bitswap(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   }
 }
 
+#define asm_band(as, ir)        asm_bitop(as, ir, ARMI_AND)
+#define asm_bor(as, ir)         asm_bitop(as, ir, ARMI_ORR)
+#define asm_bxor(as, ir)        asm_bitop(as, ir, ARMI_EOR)
+
 static void asm_bitshift(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, ARMShift sh)
 {
   if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {  /* Constant shifts. */
@@ -1631,6 +1646,12 @@ static void asm_bitshift(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, ARMShift sh)
   }
 }
 
+#define asm_bshl(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, ARMSH_LSL)
+#define asm_bshr(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, ARMSH_LSR)
+#define asm_bsar(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, ARMSH_ASR)
+#define asm_bror(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, ARMSH_ROR)
+#define asm_brol(as, ir)        lj_assertA(0, "unexpected BROL")
+
 static void asm_intmin_max(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int cc)
 {
   uint32_t kcmp = 0, kmov = 0;
@@ -1704,6 +1725,9 @@ static void asm_min_max(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int cc, int fcc)
     asm_intmin_max(as, ir, cc);
 }
 
+#define asm_min(as, ir)         asm_min_max(as, ir, CC_GT, CC_PL)
+#define asm_max(as, ir)         asm_min_max(as, ir, CC_LT, CC_LE)
+
 /* -- Comparisons --------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Map of comparisons to flags. ORDER IR. */
@@ -1777,7 +1801,8 @@ static void asm_intcomp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   Reg left;
   uint32_t m;
   int cmpprev0 = 0;
-  lua_assert(irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t));
+  lj_assertA(irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t),
+             "bad comparison data type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
   if (asm_swapops(as, lref, rref)) {
     Reg tmp = lref; lref = rref; rref = tmp;
     if (cc >= CC_GE) cc ^= 7;  /* LT <-> GT, LE <-> GE */
@@ -1819,6 +1844,18 @@ notst:
     as->flagmcp = as->mcp;  /* Allow elimination of the compare. */
 }
 
+static void asm_comp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
+  if (irt_isnum(ir->t))
+    asm_fpcomp(as, ir);
+  else
+#endif
+    asm_intcomp(as, ir);
+}
+
+#define asm_equal(as, ir)       asm_comp(as, ir)
+
 #if LJ_HASFFI
 /* 64 bit integer comparisons. */
 static void asm_int64comp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
@@ -1857,15 +1894,15 @@ static void asm_int64comp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 }
 #endif
 
-/* -- Support for 64 bit ops in 32 bit mode ------------------------------- */
+/* -- Split register ops -------------------------------------------------- */
 
-/* Hiword op of a split 64 bit op. Previous op must be the loword op. */
+/* Hiword op of a split 32/32 bit op. Previous op is the loword op. */
 static void asm_hiop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
-#if LJ_HASFFI || LJ_SOFTFP
   /* HIOP is marked as a store because it needs its own DCE logic. */
   int uselo = ra_used(ir-1), usehi = ra_used(ir);  /* Loword/hiword used? */
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!(as->flags & JIT_F_OPT_DCE))) uselo = usehi = 1;
+#if LJ_HASFFI || LJ_SOFTFP
   if ((ir-1)->o <= IR_NE) {  /* 64 bit integer or FP comparisons. ORDER IR. */
     as->curins--;  /* Always skip the loword comparison. */
 #if LJ_SOFTFP
@@ -1882,7 +1919,7 @@ static void asm_hiop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   } else if ((ir-1)->o == IR_MIN || (ir-1)->o == IR_MAX) {
     as->curins--;  /* Always skip the loword min/max. */
     if (uselo || usehi)
-      asm_sfpmin_max(as, ir-1, (ir-1)->o == IR_MIN ? CC_HI : CC_LO);
+      asm_sfpmin_max(as, ir-1, (ir-1)->o == IR_MIN ? CC_PL : CC_LE);
     return;
 #elif LJ_HASFFI
   } else if ((ir-1)->o == IR_CONV) {
@@ -1893,9 +1930,10 @@ static void asm_hiop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 #endif
   } else if ((ir-1)->o == IR_XSTORE) {
     if ((ir-1)->r != RID_SINK)
-      asm_xstore(as, ir, 4);
+      asm_xstore_(as, ir, 4);
     return;
   }
+#endif
   if (!usehi) return;  /* Skip unused hiword op for all remaining ops. */
   switch ((ir-1)->o) {
 #if LJ_HASFFI
@@ -1914,6 +1952,9 @@ static void asm_hiop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     asm_intneg(as, ir, ARMI_RSC);
     asm_intneg(as, ir-1, ARMI_RSB|ARMI_S);
     break;
+  case IR_CNEWI:
+    /* Nothing to do here. Handled by lo op itself. */
+    break;
 #endif
 #if LJ_SOFTFP
   case IR_SLOAD: case IR_ALOAD: case IR_HLOAD: case IR_ULOAD: case IR_VLOAD:
@@ -1921,24 +1962,26 @@ static void asm_hiop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     if (!uselo)
       ra_allocref(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);  /* Mark lo op as used. */
     break;
+  case IR_ASTORE: case IR_HSTORE: case IR_USTORE: case IR_TOSTR: case IR_TMPREF:
+    /* Nothing to do here. Handled by lo op itself. */
+    break;
 #endif
-  case IR_CALLN:
-  case IR_CALLS:
-  case IR_CALLXS:
+  case IR_CALLN: case IR_CALLL: case IR_CALLS: case IR_CALLXS:
     if (!uselo)
       ra_allocref(as, ir->op1, RID2RSET(RID_RETLO));  /* Mark lo op as used. */
     break;
-#if LJ_SOFTFP
-  case IR_ASTORE: case IR_HSTORE: case IR_USTORE: case IR_TOSTR:
-#endif
-  case IR_CNEWI:
-    /* Nothing to do here. Handled by lo op itself. */
-    break;
-  default: lua_assert(0); break;
+  default: lj_assertA(0, "bad HIOP for op %d", (ir-1)->o); break;
   }
-#else
-  UNUSED(as); UNUSED(ir); lua_assert(0);
-#endif
+}
+
+/* -- Profiling ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void asm_prof(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  UNUSED(ir);
+  asm_guardcc(as, CC_NE);
+  emit_n(as, ARMI_TST|ARMI_K12|HOOK_PROFILE, RID_TMP);
+  emit_lsptr(as, ARMI_LDRB, RID_TMP, (void *)&J2G(as->J)->hookmask);
 }
 
 /* -- Stack handling ------------------------------------------------------ */
@@ -1952,7 +1995,7 @@ static void asm_stack_check(ASMState *as, BCReg topslot,
   if (irp) {
     if (!ra_hasspill(irp->s)) {
       pbase = irp->r;
-      lua_assert(ra_hasreg(pbase));
+      lj_assertA(ra_hasreg(pbase), "base reg lost");
     } else if (allow) {
       pbase = rset_pickbot(allow);
     } else {
@@ -1964,13 +2007,13 @@ static void asm_stack_check(ASMState *as, BCReg topslot,
   }
   emit_branch(as, ARMF_CC(ARMI_BL, CC_LS), exitstub_addr(as->J, exitno));
   k = emit_isk12(0, (int32_t)(8*topslot));
-  lua_assert(k);
+  lj_assertA(k, "slot offset %d does not fit in K12", 8*topslot);
   emit_n(as, ARMI_CMP^k, RID_TMP);
   emit_dnm(as, ARMI_SUB, RID_TMP, RID_TMP, pbase);
   emit_lso(as, ARMI_LDR, RID_TMP, RID_TMP,
            (int32_t)offsetof(lua_State, maxstack));
   if (irp) {  /* Must not spill arbitrary registers in head of side trace. */
-    int32_t i = i32ptr(&J2G(as->J)->jit_L);
+    int32_t i = i32ptr(&J2G(as->J)->cur_L);
     if (ra_hasspill(irp->s))
       emit_lso(as, ARMI_LDR, pbase, RID_SP, sps_scale(irp->s));
     emit_lso(as, ARMI_LDR, RID_TMP, RID_TMP, (i & 4095));
@@ -1978,7 +2021,7 @@ static void asm_stack_check(ASMState *as, BCReg topslot,
       emit_lso(as, ARMI_STR, RID_RET, RID_SP, 0);  /* Save temp. register. */
     emit_loadi(as, RID_TMP, (i & ~4095));
   } else {
-    emit_getgl(as, RID_TMP, jit_L);
+    emit_getgl(as, RID_TMP, cur_L);
   }
 }
 
@@ -2001,7 +2044,8 @@ static void asm_stack_restore(ASMState *as, SnapShot *snap)
 #if LJ_SOFTFP
       RegSet odd = rset_exclude(RSET_GPRODD, RID_BASE);
       Reg tmp;
-      lua_assert(irref_isk(ref));  /* LJ_SOFTFP: must be a number constant. */
+      /* LJ_SOFTFP: must be a number constant. */
+      lj_assertA(irref_isk(ref), "unsplit FP op");
       tmp = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)ir_knum(ir)->u32.lo,
                       rset_exclude(RSET_GPREVEN, RID_BASE));
       emit_lso(as, ARMI_STR, tmp, RID_BASE, ofs);
@@ -2015,7 +2059,8 @@ static void asm_stack_restore(ASMState *as, SnapShot *snap)
     } else {
       RegSet odd = rset_exclude(RSET_GPRODD, RID_BASE);
       Reg type;
-      lua_assert(irt_ispri(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t) || irt_isinteger(ir->t));
+      lj_assertA(irt_ispri(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t) || irt_isinteger(ir->t),
+                 "restore of IR type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
       if (!irt_ispri(ir->t)) {
         Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, rset_exclude(RSET_GPREVEN, RID_BASE));
         emit_lso(as, ARMI_STR, src, RID_BASE, ofs);
@@ -2028,6 +2073,8 @@ static void asm_stack_restore(ASMState *as, SnapShot *snap)
       } else if ((sn & SNAP_SOFTFPNUM)) {
         type = ra_alloc1(as, ref+1, rset_exclude(RSET_GPRODD, RID_BASE));
 #endif
+      } else if ((sn & SNAP_KEYINDEX)) {
+        type = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)LJ_KEYINDEX, odd);
       } else {
         type = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)irt_toitype(ir->t), odd);
       }
@@ -2035,7 +2082,7 @@ static void asm_stack_restore(ASMState *as, SnapShot *snap)
     }
     checkmclim(as);
   }
-  lua_assert(map + nent == flinks);
+  lj_assertA(map + nent == flinks, "inconsistent frames in snapshot");
 }
 
 /* -- GC handling --------------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -2089,15 +2136,21 @@ static void asm_loop_fixup(ASMState *as)
   }
 }
 
+/* Fixup the tail of the loop. */
+static void asm_loop_tail_fixup(ASMState *as)
+{
+  UNUSED(as);  /* Nothing to do. */
+}
+
 /* -- Head of trace ------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-/* Reload L register from g->jit_L. */
+/* Reload L register from g->cur_L. */
 static void asm_head_lreg(ASMState *as)
 {
   IRIns *ir = IR(ASMREF_L);
   if (ra_used(ir)) {
     Reg r = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
-    emit_getgl(as, r, jit_L);
+    emit_getgl(as, r, cur_L);
     ra_evictk(as);
   }
 }
@@ -2125,7 +2178,7 @@ static Reg asm_head_side_base(ASMState *as, IRIns *irp)
     return ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
   } else {
     Reg r = irp->r;
-    lua_assert(ra_hasreg(r));
+    lj_assertA(ra_hasreg(r), "base reg lost");
     if (r != ir->r && !rset_test(as->freeset, r))
       ra_restore(as, regcost_ref(as->cost[r]));
     ra_destreg(as, ir, r);
@@ -2146,7 +2199,7 @@ static void asm_tail_fixup(ASMState *as, TraceNo lnk)
   } else {
     /* Patch stack adjustment. */
     uint32_t k = emit_isk12(ARMI_ADD, spadj);
-    lua_assert(k);
+    lj_assertA(k, "stack adjustment %d does not fit in K12", spadj);
     p[-2] = (ARMI_ADD^k) | ARMF_D(RID_SP) | ARMF_N(RID_SP);
   }
   /* Patch exit branch. */
@@ -2167,143 +2220,13 @@ static void asm_tail_prep(ASMState *as)
   *p = 0;  /* Prevent load/store merging. */
 }
 
-/* -- Instruction dispatch ------------------------------------------------ */
-
-/* Assemble a single instruction. */
-static void asm_ir(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  switch ((IROp)ir->o) {
-  /* Miscellaneous ops. */
-  case IR_LOOP: asm_loop(as); break;
-  case IR_NOP: case IR_XBAR: lua_assert(!ra_used(ir)); break;
-  case IR_USE:
-    ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, irt_isfp(ir->t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR); break;
-  case IR_PHI: asm_phi(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_HIOP: asm_hiop(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_GCSTEP: asm_gcstep(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Guarded assertions. */
-  case IR_EQ: case IR_NE:
-    if ((ir-1)->o == IR_HREF && ir->op1 == as->curins-1) {
-      as->curins--;
-      asm_href(as, ir-1, (IROp)ir->o);
-      break;
-    }
-    /* fallthrough */
-  case IR_LT: case IR_GE: case IR_LE: case IR_GT:
-  case IR_ULT: case IR_UGE: case IR_ULE: case IR_UGT:
-  case IR_ABC:
-#if !LJ_SOFTFP
-    if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) { asm_fpcomp(as, ir); break; }
-#endif
-    asm_intcomp(as, ir);
-    break;
-
-  case IR_RETF: asm_retf(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Bit ops. */
-  case IR_BNOT: asm_bitop(as, ir, ARMI_MVN); break;
-  case IR_BSWAP: asm_bitswap(as, ir); break;
-
-  case IR_BAND: asm_bitop(as, ir, ARMI_AND); break;
-  case IR_BOR:  asm_bitop(as, ir, ARMI_ORR); break;
-  case IR_BXOR: asm_bitop(as, ir, ARMI_EOR); break;
-
-  case IR_BSHL: asm_bitshift(as, ir, ARMSH_LSL); break;
-  case IR_BSHR: asm_bitshift(as, ir, ARMSH_LSR); break;
-  case IR_BSAR: asm_bitshift(as, ir, ARMSH_ASR); break;
-  case IR_BROR: asm_bitshift(as, ir, ARMSH_ROR); break;
-  case IR_BROL: lua_assert(0); break;
-
-  /* Arithmetic ops. */
-  case IR_ADD: case IR_ADDOV: asm_add(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_SUB: case IR_SUBOV: asm_sub(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_MUL: case IR_MULOV: asm_mul(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_MOD: asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_modi); break;
-  case IR_NEG: asm_neg(as, ir); break;
-
-#if LJ_SOFTFP
-  case IR_DIV: case IR_POW: case IR_ABS:
-  case IR_ATAN2: case IR_LDEXP: case IR_FPMATH: case IR_TOBIT:
-    lua_assert(0);  /* Unused for LJ_SOFTFP. */
-    break;
-#else
-  case IR_DIV: asm_fparith(as, ir, ARMI_VDIV_D); break;
-  case IR_POW: asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_powi); break;
-  case IR_ABS: asm_fpunary(as, ir, ARMI_VABS_D); break;
-  case IR_ATAN2: asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_atan2); break;
-  case IR_LDEXP: asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_ldexp); break;
-  case IR_FPMATH:
-    if (ir->op2 == IRFPM_EXP2 && asm_fpjoin_pow(as, ir))
-      break;
-    if (ir->op2 <= IRFPM_TRUNC)
-      asm_callround(as, ir, ir->op2);
-    else if (ir->op2 == IRFPM_SQRT)
-      asm_fpunary(as, ir, ARMI_VSQRT_D);
-    else
-      asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_floor + ir->op2);
-    break;
-  case IR_TOBIT: asm_tobit(as, ir); break;
-#endif
-
-  case IR_MIN: asm_min_max(as, ir, CC_GT, CC_HI); break;
-  case IR_MAX: asm_min_max(as, ir, CC_LT, CC_LO); break;
-
-  /* Memory references. */
-  case IR_AREF: asm_aref(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_HREF: asm_href(as, ir, 0); break;
-  case IR_HREFK: asm_hrefk(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_NEWREF: asm_newref(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_UREFO: case IR_UREFC: asm_uref(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_FREF: asm_fref(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_STRREF: asm_strref(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Loads and stores. */
-  case IR_ALOAD: case IR_HLOAD: case IR_ULOAD: case IR_VLOAD:
-    asm_ahuvload(as, ir);
-    break;
-  case IR_FLOAD: asm_fload(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_XLOAD: asm_xload(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_SLOAD: asm_sload(as, ir); break;
-
-  case IR_ASTORE: case IR_HSTORE: case IR_USTORE: asm_ahustore(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_FSTORE: asm_fstore(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_XSTORE: asm_xstore(as, ir, 0); break;
-
-  /* Allocations. */
-  case IR_SNEW: case IR_XSNEW: asm_snew(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_TNEW: asm_tnew(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_TDUP: asm_tdup(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_CNEW: case IR_CNEWI: asm_cnew(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Write barriers. */
-  case IR_TBAR: asm_tbar(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_OBAR: asm_obar(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Type conversions. */
-  case IR_CONV: asm_conv(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_TOSTR: asm_tostr(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_STRTO: asm_strto(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Calls. */
-  case IR_CALLN: case IR_CALLL: case IR_CALLS: asm_call(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_CALLXS: asm_callx(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_CARG: break;
-
-  default:
-    setintV(&as->J->errinfo, ir->o);
-    lj_trace_err_info(as->J, LJ_TRERR_NYIIR);
-    break;
-  }
-}
-
 /* -- Trace setup --------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Ensure there are enough stack slots for call arguments. */
 static Reg asm_setup_call_slots(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, const CCallInfo *ci)
 {
   IRRef args[CCI_NARGS_MAX*2];
-  uint32_t i, nargs = (int)CCI_NARGS(ci);
+  uint32_t i, nargs = CCI_XNARGS(ci);
   int nslots = 0, ngpr = REGARG_NUMGPR, nfpr = REGARG_NUMFPR, fprodd = 0;
   asm_collectargs(as, ir, ci, args);
   for (i = 0; i < nargs; i++) {
@@ -2359,7 +2282,7 @@ void lj_asm_patchexit(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T, ExitNo exitno, MCode *target)
       if (!cstart) cstart = p;
     }
   }
-  lua_assert(cstart != NULL);
+  lj_assertJ(cstart != NULL, "exit stub %d not found", exitno);
   lj_mcode_sync(cstart, cend);
   lj_mcode_patch(J, mcarea, 1);
 }
diff --git a/src/lj_asm_arm64.h b/src/lj_asm_arm64.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34960d7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lj_asm_arm64.h
@@ -0,0 +1,2070 @@
+/*
+** ARM64 IR assembler (SSA IR -> machine code).
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+**
+** Contributed by Djordje Kovacevic and Stefan Pejic from RT-RK.com.
+** Sponsored by Cisco Systems, Inc.
+*/
+
+/* -- Register allocator extensions --------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Allocate a register with a hint. */
+static Reg ra_hintalloc(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, Reg hint, RegSet allow)
+{
+  Reg r = IR(ref)->r;
+  if (ra_noreg(r)) {
+    if (!ra_hashint(r) && !iscrossref(as, ref))
+      ra_sethint(IR(ref)->r, hint);  /* Propagate register hint. */
+    r = ra_allocref(as, ref, allow);
+  }
+  ra_noweak(as, r);
+  return r;
+}
+
+/* Allocate two source registers for three-operand instructions. */
+static Reg ra_alloc2(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, RegSet allow)
+{
+  IRIns *irl = IR(ir->op1), *irr = IR(ir->op2);
+  Reg left = irl->r, right = irr->r;
+  if (ra_hasreg(left)) {
+    ra_noweak(as, left);
+    if (ra_noreg(right))
+      right = ra_allocref(as, ir->op2, rset_exclude(allow, left));
+    else
+      ra_noweak(as, right);
+  } else if (ra_hasreg(right)) {
+    ra_noweak(as, right);
+    left = ra_allocref(as, ir->op1, rset_exclude(allow, right));
+  } else if (ra_hashint(right)) {
+    right = ra_allocref(as, ir->op2, allow);
+    left = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, rset_exclude(allow, right));
+  } else {
+    left = ra_allocref(as, ir->op1, allow);
+    right = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, rset_exclude(allow, left));
+  }
+  return left | (right << 8);
+}
+
+/* -- Guard handling ------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+/* Setup all needed exit stubs. */
+static void asm_exitstub_setup(ASMState *as, ExitNo nexits)
+{
+  ExitNo i;
+  MCode *mxp = as->mctop;
+  if (mxp - (nexits + 3 + MCLIM_REDZONE) < as->mclim)
+    asm_mclimit(as);
+  /* 1: str lr,[sp]; bl ->vm_exit_handler; movz w0,traceno; bl <1; bl <1; ... */
+  for (i = nexits-1; (int32_t)i >= 0; i--)
+    *--mxp = A64I_LE(A64I_BL | A64F_S26(-3-i));
+  *--mxp = A64I_LE(A64I_MOVZw | A64F_U16(as->T->traceno));
+  mxp--;
+  *mxp = A64I_LE(A64I_BL | A64F_S26(((MCode *)(void *)lj_vm_exit_handler-mxp)));
+  *--mxp = A64I_LE(A64I_STRx | A64F_D(RID_LR) | A64F_N(RID_SP));
+  as->mctop = mxp;
+}
+
+static MCode *asm_exitstub_addr(ASMState *as, ExitNo exitno)
+{
+  /* Keep this in-sync with exitstub_trace_addr(). */
+  return as->mctop + exitno + 3;
+}
+
+/* Emit conditional branch to exit for guard. */
+static void asm_guardcc(ASMState *as, A64CC cc)
+{
+  MCode *target = asm_exitstub_addr(as, as->snapno);
+  MCode *p = as->mcp;
+  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(p == as->invmcp)) {
+    as->loopinv = 1;
+    *p = A64I_B | A64F_S26(target-p);
+    emit_cond_branch(as, cc^1, p-1);
+    return;
+  }
+  emit_cond_branch(as, cc, target);
+}
+
+/* Emit test and branch instruction to exit for guard. */
+static void asm_guardtnb(ASMState *as, A64Ins ai, Reg r, uint32_t bit)
+{
+  MCode *target = asm_exitstub_addr(as, as->snapno);
+  MCode *p = as->mcp;
+  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(p == as->invmcp)) {
+    as->loopinv = 1;
+    *p = A64I_B | A64F_S26(target-p);
+    emit_tnb(as, ai^0x01000000u, r, bit, p-1);
+    return;
+  }
+  emit_tnb(as, ai, r, bit, target);
+}
+
+/* Emit compare and branch instruction to exit for guard. */
+static void asm_guardcnb(ASMState *as, A64Ins ai, Reg r)
+{
+  MCode *target = asm_exitstub_addr(as, as->snapno);
+  MCode *p = as->mcp;
+  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(p == as->invmcp)) {
+    as->loopinv = 1;
+    *p = A64I_B | A64F_S26(target-p);
+    emit_cnb(as, ai^0x01000000u, r, p-1);
+    return;
+  }
+  emit_cnb(as, ai, r, target);
+}
+
+/* -- Operand fusion ------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+/* Limit linear search to this distance. Avoids O(n^2) behavior. */
+#define CONFLICT_SEARCH_LIM     31
+
+static int asm_isk32(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, int32_t *k)
+{
+  if (irref_isk(ref)) {
+    IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+    if (ir->o == IR_KNULL || !irt_is64(ir->t)) {
+      *k = ir->i;
+      return 1;
+    } else if (checki32((int64_t)ir_k64(ir)->u64)) {
+      *k = (int32_t)ir_k64(ir)->u64;
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Check if there's no conflicting instruction between curins and ref. */
+static int noconflict(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, IROp conflict)
+{
+  IRIns *ir = as->ir;
+  IRRef i = as->curins;
+  if (i > ref + CONFLICT_SEARCH_LIM)
+    return 0;  /* Give up, ref is too far away. */
+  while (--i > ref)
+    if (ir[i].o == conflict)
+      return 0;  /* Conflict found. */
+  return 1;  /* Ok, no conflict. */
+}
+
+/* Fuse the array base of colocated arrays. */
+static int32_t asm_fuseabase(ASMState *as, IRRef ref)
+{
+  IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+  if (ir->o == IR_TNEW && ir->op1 <= LJ_MAX_COLOSIZE &&
+      !neverfuse(as) && noconflict(as, ref, IR_NEWREF))
+    return (int32_t)sizeof(GCtab);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#define FUSE_REG        0x40000000
+
+/* Fuse array/hash/upvalue reference into register+offset operand. */
+static Reg asm_fuseahuref(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, int32_t *ofsp, RegSet allow,
+                          A64Ins ins)
+{
+  IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+  if (ra_noreg(ir->r)) {
+    if (ir->o == IR_AREF) {
+      if (mayfuse(as, ref)) {
+        if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {
+          IRRef tab = IR(ir->op1)->op1;
+          int32_t ofs = asm_fuseabase(as, tab);
+          IRRef refa = ofs ? tab : ir->op1;
+          ofs += 8*IR(ir->op2)->i;
+          if (emit_checkofs(ins, ofs)) {
+            *ofsp = ofs;
+            return ra_alloc1(as, refa, allow);
+          }
+        } else {
+          Reg base = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, allow);
+          *ofsp = FUSE_REG|ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, rset_exclude(allow, base));
+          return base;
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (ir->o == IR_HREFK) {
+      if (mayfuse(as, ref)) {
+        int32_t ofs = (int32_t)(IR(ir->op2)->op2 * sizeof(Node));
+        if (emit_checkofs(ins, ofs)) {
+          *ofsp = ofs;
+          return ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, allow);
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (ir->o == IR_UREFC) {
+      if (irref_isk(ir->op1)) {
+        GCfunc *fn = ir_kfunc(IR(ir->op1));
+        GCupval *uv = &gcref(fn->l.uvptr[(ir->op2 >> 8)])->uv;
+        int64_t ofs = glofs(as, &uv->tv);
+        if (emit_checkofs(ins, ofs)) {
+          *ofsp = (int32_t)ofs;
+          return RID_GL;
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (ir->o == IR_TMPREF) {
+      *ofsp = (int32_t)glofs(as, &J2G(as->J)->tmptv);
+      return RID_GL;
+    }
+  }
+  *ofsp = 0;
+  return ra_alloc1(as, ref, allow);
+}
+
+/* Fuse m operand into arithmetic/logic instructions. */
+static uint32_t asm_fuseopm(ASMState *as, A64Ins ai, IRRef ref, RegSet allow)
+{
+  IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+  if (ra_hasreg(ir->r)) {
+    ra_noweak(as, ir->r);
+    return A64F_M(ir->r);
+  } else if (irref_isk(ref)) {
+    uint32_t m;
+    int64_t k = get_k64val(as, ref);
+    if ((ai & 0x1f000000) == 0x0a000000)
+      m = emit_isk13(k, irt_is64(ir->t));
+    else
+      m = emit_isk12(k);
+    if (m)
+      return m;
+  } else if (mayfuse(as, ref)) {
+    if ((ir->o >= IR_BSHL && ir->o <= IR_BSAR && irref_isk(ir->op2)) ||
+        (ir->o == IR_ADD && ir->op1 == ir->op2)) {
+      A64Shift sh = ir->o == IR_BSHR ? A64SH_LSR :
+                    ir->o == IR_BSAR ? A64SH_ASR : A64SH_LSL;
+      int shift = ir->o == IR_ADD ? 1 :
+                    (IR(ir->op2)->i & (irt_is64(ir->t) ? 63 : 31));
+      IRIns *irl = IR(ir->op1);
+      if (sh == A64SH_LSL &&
+          irl->o == IR_CONV &&
+          irl->op2 == ((IRT_I64<<IRCONV_DSH)|IRT_INT|IRCONV_SEXT) &&
+          shift <= 4 &&
+          canfuse(as, irl)) {
+        Reg m = ra_alloc1(as, irl->op1, allow);
+        return A64F_M(m) | A64F_EXSH(A64EX_SXTW, shift);
+      } else {
+        Reg m = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, allow);
+        return A64F_M(m) | A64F_SH(sh, shift);
+      }
+    } else if (ir->o == IR_CONV &&
+               ir->op2 == ((IRT_I64<<IRCONV_DSH)|IRT_INT|IRCONV_SEXT)) {
+      Reg m = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, allow);
+      return A64F_M(m) | A64F_EX(A64EX_SXTW);
+    }
+  }
+  return A64F_M(ra_allocref(as, ref, allow));
+}
+
+/* Fuse XLOAD/XSTORE reference into load/store operand. */
+static void asm_fusexref(ASMState *as, A64Ins ai, Reg rd, IRRef ref,
+                         RegSet allow)
+{
+  IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+  Reg base;
+  int32_t ofs = 0;
+  if (ra_noreg(ir->r) && canfuse(as, ir)) {
+    if (ir->o == IR_ADD) {
+      if (asm_isk32(as, ir->op2, &ofs) && emit_checkofs(ai, ofs)) {
+        ref = ir->op1;
+      } else {
+        Reg rn, rm;
+        IRRef lref = ir->op1, rref = ir->op2;
+        IRIns *irl = IR(lref);
+        if (mayfuse(as, irl->op1)) {
+          unsigned int shift = 4;
+          if (irl->o == IR_BSHL && irref_isk(irl->op2)) {
+            shift = (IR(irl->op2)->i & 63);
+          } else if (irl->o == IR_ADD && irl->op1 == irl->op2) {
+            shift = 1;
+          }
+          if ((ai >> 30) == shift) {
+            lref = irl->op1;
+            irl = IR(lref);
+            ai |= A64I_LS_SH;
+          }
+        }
+        if (irl->o == IR_CONV &&
+            irl->op2 == ((IRT_I64<<IRCONV_DSH)|IRT_INT|IRCONV_SEXT) &&
+            canfuse(as, irl)) {
+          lref = irl->op1;
+          ai |= A64I_LS_SXTWx;
+        } else {
+          ai |= A64I_LS_LSLx;
+        }
+        rm = ra_alloc1(as, lref, allow);
+        rn = ra_alloc1(as, rref, rset_exclude(allow, rm));
+        emit_dnm(as, (ai^A64I_LS_R), (rd & 31), rn, rm);
+        return;
+      }
+    } else if (ir->o == IR_STRREF) {
+      if (asm_isk32(as, ir->op2, &ofs)) {
+        ref = ir->op1;
+      } else if (asm_isk32(as, ir->op1, &ofs)) {
+        ref = ir->op2;
+      } else {
+        Reg refk = irref_isk(ir->op1) ? ir->op1 : ir->op2;
+        Reg refv = irref_isk(ir->op1) ? ir->op2 : ir->op1;
+        Reg rn = ra_alloc1(as, refv, allow);
+        IRIns *irr = IR(refk);
+        uint32_t m;
+        if (irr+1 == ir && !ra_used(irr) &&
+            irr->o == IR_ADD && irref_isk(irr->op2)) {
+          ofs = sizeof(GCstr) + IR(irr->op2)->i;
+          if (emit_checkofs(ai, ofs)) {
+            Reg rm = ra_alloc1(as, irr->op1, rset_exclude(allow, rn));
+            m = A64F_M(rm) | A64F_EX(A64EX_SXTW);
+            goto skipopm;
+          }
+        }
+        m = asm_fuseopm(as, 0, refk, rset_exclude(allow, rn));
+        ofs = sizeof(GCstr);
+      skipopm:
+        emit_lso(as, ai, rd, rd, ofs);
+        emit_dn(as, A64I_ADDx^m, rd, rn);
+        return;
+      }
+      ofs += sizeof(GCstr);
+      if (!emit_checkofs(ai, ofs)) {
+        Reg rn = ra_alloc1(as, ref, allow);
+        Reg rm = ra_allock(as, ofs, rset_exclude(allow, rn));
+        emit_dnm(as, (ai^A64I_LS_R)|A64I_LS_UXTWx, rd, rn, rm);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  base = ra_alloc1(as, ref, allow);
+  emit_lso(as, ai, (rd & 31), base, ofs);
+}
+
+/* Fuse FP multiply-add/sub. */
+static int asm_fusemadd(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, A64Ins ai, A64Ins air)
+{
+  IRRef lref = ir->op1, rref = ir->op2;
+  IRIns *irm;
+  if ((as->flags & JIT_F_OPT_FMA) &&
+      lref != rref &&
+      ((mayfuse(as, lref) && (irm = IR(lref), irm->o == IR_MUL) &&
+       ra_noreg(irm->r)) ||
+       (mayfuse(as, rref) && (irm = IR(rref), irm->o == IR_MUL) &&
+       (rref = lref, ai = air, ra_noreg(irm->r))))) {
+    Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
+    Reg add = ra_hintalloc(as, rref, dest, RSET_FPR);
+    Reg left = ra_alloc2(as, irm,
+                         rset_exclude(rset_exclude(RSET_FPR, dest), add));
+    Reg right = (left >> 8); left &= 255;
+    emit_dnma(as, ai, (dest & 31), (left & 31), (right & 31), (add & 31));
+    return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Fuse BAND + BSHL/BSHR into UBFM. */
+static int asm_fuseandshift(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  IRIns *irl = IR(ir->op1);
+  lj_assertA(ir->o == IR_BAND, "bad usage");
+  if (canfuse(as, irl) && irref_isk(ir->op2)) {
+    uint64_t mask = get_k64val(as, ir->op2);
+    if (irref_isk(irl->op2) && (irl->o == IR_BSHR || irl->o == IR_BSHL)) {
+      int32_t shmask = irt_is64(irl->t) ? 63 : 31;
+      int32_t shift = (IR(irl->op2)->i & shmask);
+      int32_t imms = shift;
+      if (irl->o == IR_BSHL) {
+        mask >>= shift;
+        shift = (shmask-shift+1) & shmask;
+        imms = 0;
+      }
+      if (mask && !((mask+1) & mask)) {  /* Contiguous 1-bits at the bottom. */
+        Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+        Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, irl->op1, RSET_GPR);
+        A64Ins ai = shmask == 63 ? A64I_UBFMx : A64I_UBFMw;
+        imms += 63 - emit_clz64(mask);
+        if (imms > shmask) imms = shmask;
+        emit_dn(as, ai | A64F_IMMS(imms) | A64F_IMMR(shift), dest, left);
+        return 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Fuse BOR(BSHL, BSHR) into EXTR/ROR. */
+static int asm_fuseorshift(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  IRIns *irl = IR(ir->op1), *irr = IR(ir->op2);
+  lj_assertA(ir->o == IR_BOR, "bad usage");
+  if (canfuse(as, irl) && canfuse(as, irr) &&
+      ((irl->o == IR_BSHR && irr->o == IR_BSHL) ||
+       (irl->o == IR_BSHL && irr->o == IR_BSHR))) {
+    if (irref_isk(irl->op2) && irref_isk(irr->op2)) {
+      IRRef lref = irl->op1, rref = irr->op1;
+      uint32_t lshift = IR(irl->op2)->i, rshift = IR(irr->op2)->i;
+      if (irl->o == IR_BSHR) {  /* BSHR needs to be the right operand. */
+        uint32_t tmp2;
+        IRRef tmp1 = lref; lref = rref; rref = tmp1;
+        tmp2 = lshift; lshift = rshift; rshift = tmp2;
+      }
+      if (rshift + lshift == (irt_is64(ir->t) ? 64 : 32)) {
+        A64Ins ai = irt_is64(ir->t) ? A64I_EXTRx : A64I_EXTRw;
+        Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+        Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_GPR);
+        Reg right = ra_alloc1(as, rref, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, left));
+        emit_dnm(as, ai | A64F_IMMS(rshift), dest, left, right);
+        return 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* -- Calls --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Generate a call to a C function. */
+static void asm_gencall(ASMState *as, const CCallInfo *ci, IRRef *args)
+{
+  uint32_t n, nargs = CCI_XNARGS(ci);
+  int32_t ofs = 0;
+  Reg gpr, fpr = REGARG_FIRSTFPR;
+  if (ci->func)
+    emit_call(as, ci->func);
+  for (gpr = REGARG_FIRSTGPR; gpr <= REGARG_LASTGPR; gpr++)
+    as->cost[gpr] = REGCOST(~0u, ASMREF_L);
+  gpr = REGARG_FIRSTGPR;
+  for (n = 0; n < nargs; n++) { /* Setup args. */
+    IRRef ref = args[n];
+    IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+    if (ref) {
+      if (irt_isfp(ir->t)) {
+        if (fpr <= REGARG_LASTFPR) {
+          lj_assertA(rset_test(as->freeset, fpr),
+                     "reg %d not free", fpr);  /* Must have been evicted. */
+          ra_leftov(as, fpr, ref);
+          fpr++;
+        } else {
+          Reg r = ra_alloc1(as, ref, RSET_FPR);
+          emit_spstore(as, ir, r, ofs + ((LJ_BE && !irt_isnum(ir->t)) ? 4 : 0));
+          ofs += 8;
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (gpr <= REGARG_LASTGPR) {
+          lj_assertA(rset_test(as->freeset, gpr),
+                     "reg %d not free", gpr);  /* Must have been evicted. */
+          ra_leftov(as, gpr, ref);
+          gpr++;
+        } else {
+          Reg r = ra_alloc1(as, ref, RSET_GPR);
+          emit_spstore(as, ir, r, ofs + ((LJ_BE && !irt_is64(ir->t)) ? 4 : 0));
+          ofs += 8;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/* Setup result reg/sp for call. Evict scratch regs. */
+static void asm_setupresult(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, const CCallInfo *ci)
+{
+  RegSet drop = RSET_SCRATCH;
+  int hiop = ((ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP && !irt_isnil((ir+1)->t));
+  if (ra_hasreg(ir->r))
+    rset_clear(drop, ir->r); /* Dest reg handled below. */
+  if (hiop && ra_hasreg((ir+1)->r))
+    rset_clear(drop, (ir+1)->r);  /* Dest reg handled below. */
+  ra_evictset(as, drop); /* Evictions must be performed first. */
+  if (ra_used(ir)) {
+    lj_assertA(!irt_ispri(ir->t), "PRI dest");
+    if (irt_isfp(ir->t)) {
+      if (ci->flags & CCI_CASTU64) {
+        Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR) & 31;
+        emit_dn(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? A64I_FMOV_D_R : A64I_FMOV_S_R,
+                dest, RID_RET);
+      } else {
+        ra_destreg(as, ir, RID_FPRET);
+      }
+    } else if (hiop) {
+      ra_destpair(as, ir);
+    } else {
+      ra_destreg(as, ir, RID_RET);
+    }
+  }
+  UNUSED(ci);
+}
+
+static void asm_callx(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  IRRef args[CCI_NARGS_MAX*2];
+  CCallInfo ci;
+  IRRef func;
+  IRIns *irf;
+  ci.flags = asm_callx_flags(as, ir);
+  asm_collectargs(as, ir, &ci, args);
+  asm_setupresult(as, ir, &ci);
+  func = ir->op2; irf = IR(func);
+  if (irf->o == IR_CARG) { func = irf->op1; irf = IR(func); }
+  if (irref_isk(func)) {  /* Call to constant address. */
+    ci.func = (ASMFunction)(ir_k64(irf)->u64);
+  } else {  /* Need a non-argument register for indirect calls. */
+    Reg freg = ra_alloc1(as, func, RSET_RANGE(RID_X8, RID_MAX_GPR)-RSET_FIXED);
+    emit_n(as, A64I_BLR_AUTH, freg);
+    ci.func = (ASMFunction)(void *)0;
+  }
+  asm_gencall(as, &ci, args);
+}
+
+/* -- Returns ------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Return to lower frame. Guard that it goes to the right spot. */
+static void asm_retf(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  Reg base = ra_alloc1(as, REF_BASE, RSET_GPR);
+  void *pc = ir_kptr(IR(ir->op2));
+  int32_t delta = 1+LJ_FR2+bc_a(*((const BCIns *)pc - 1));
+  as->topslot -= (BCReg)delta;
+  if ((int32_t)as->topslot < 0) as->topslot = 0;
+  irt_setmark(IR(REF_BASE)->t);  /* Children must not coalesce with BASE reg. */
+  /* Need to force a spill on REF_BASE now to update the stack slot. */
+  emit_lso(as, A64I_STRx, base, RID_SP, ra_spill(as, IR(REF_BASE)));
+  emit_setgl(as, base, jit_base);
+  emit_addptr(as, base, -8*delta);
+  asm_guardcc(as, CC_NE);
+  emit_nm(as, A64I_CMPx, RID_TMP,
+          ra_allock(as, i64ptr(pc), rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, base)));
+  emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, RID_TMP, base, -8);
+}
+
+/* -- Buffer operations --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+static void asm_bufhdr_write(ASMState *as, Reg sb)
+{
+  Reg tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, sb));
+  IRIns irgc;
+  irgc.ot = IRT(0, IRT_PGC);  /* GC type. */
+  emit_storeofs(as, &irgc, RID_TMP, sb, offsetof(SBuf, L));
+  emit_dn(as, A64I_BFMx | A64F_IMMS(lj_fls(SBUF_MASK_FLAG)) | A64F_IMMR(0), RID_TMP, tmp);
+  emit_getgl(as, RID_TMP, cur_L);
+  emit_loadofs(as, &irgc, tmp, sb, offsetof(SBuf, L));
+}
+#endif
+
+/* -- Type conversions ---------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void asm_tointg(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg left)
+{
+  Reg tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_FPR, left));
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  asm_guardcc(as, CC_NE);
+  emit_nm(as, A64I_FCMPd, (tmp & 31), (left & 31));
+  emit_dn(as, A64I_FCVT_F64_S32, (tmp & 31), dest);
+  emit_dn(as, A64I_FCVT_S32_F64, dest, (left & 31));
+}
+
+static void asm_tobit(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  RegSet allow = RSET_FPR;
+  Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, allow);
+  Reg right = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, rset_clear(allow, left));
+  Reg tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_clear(allow, right));
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  emit_dn(as, A64I_FMOV_R_S, dest, (tmp & 31));
+  emit_dnm(as, A64I_FADDd, (tmp & 31), (left & 31), (right & 31));
+}
+
+static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  IRType st = (IRType)(ir->op2 & IRCONV_SRCMASK);
+  int st64 = (st == IRT_I64 || st == IRT_U64 || st == IRT_P64);
+  int stfp = (st == IRT_NUM || st == IRT_FLOAT);
+  IRRef lref = ir->op1;
+  lj_assertA(irt_type(ir->t) != st, "inconsistent types for CONV");
+  if (irt_isfp(ir->t)) {
+    Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
+    if (stfp) {  /* FP to FP conversion. */
+      emit_dn(as, st == IRT_NUM ? A64I_FCVT_F32_F64 : A64I_FCVT_F64_F32,
+              (dest & 31), (ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_FPR) & 31));
+    } else {  /* Integer to FP conversion. */
+      Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_GPR);
+      A64Ins ai = irt_isfloat(ir->t) ?
+        (((IRT_IS64 >> st) & 1) ?
+         (st == IRT_I64 ? A64I_FCVT_F32_S64 : A64I_FCVT_F32_U64) :
+         (st == IRT_INT ? A64I_FCVT_F32_S32 : A64I_FCVT_F32_U32)) :
+        (((IRT_IS64 >> st) & 1) ?
+         (st == IRT_I64 ? A64I_FCVT_F64_S64 : A64I_FCVT_F64_U64) :
+         (st == IRT_INT ? A64I_FCVT_F64_S32 : A64I_FCVT_F64_U32));
+      emit_dn(as, ai, (dest & 31), left);
+    }
+  } else if (stfp) {  /* FP to integer conversion. */
+    if (irt_isguard(ir->t)) {
+      /* Checked conversions are only supported from number to int. */
+      lj_assertA(irt_isint(ir->t) && st == IRT_NUM,
+                 "bad type for checked CONV");
+      asm_tointg(as, ir, ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_FPR));
+    } else {
+      Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_FPR);
+      Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+      A64Ins ai = irt_is64(ir->t) ?
+        (st == IRT_NUM ?
+         (irt_isi64(ir->t) ? A64I_FCVT_S64_F64 : A64I_FCVT_U64_F64) :
+         (irt_isi64(ir->t) ? A64I_FCVT_S64_F32 : A64I_FCVT_U64_F32)) :
+        (st == IRT_NUM ?
+         (irt_isint(ir->t) ? A64I_FCVT_S32_F64 : A64I_FCVT_U32_F64) :
+         (irt_isint(ir->t) ? A64I_FCVT_S32_F32 : A64I_FCVT_U32_F32));
+      emit_dn(as, ai, dest, (left & 31));
+    }
+  } else if (st >= IRT_I8 && st <= IRT_U16) { /* Extend to 32 bit integer. */
+    Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+    Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_GPR);
+    A64Ins ai = st == IRT_I8 ? A64I_SXTBw :
+                st == IRT_U8 ? A64I_UXTBw :
+                st == IRT_I16 ? A64I_SXTHw : A64I_UXTHw;
+    lj_assertA(irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t), "bad type for CONV EXT");
+    emit_dn(as, ai, dest, left);
+  } else {
+    Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+    if (irt_is64(ir->t)) {
+      if (st64 || !(ir->op2 & IRCONV_SEXT)) {
+        /* 64/64 bit no-op (cast) or 32 to 64 bit zero extension. */
+        ra_leftov(as, dest, lref);  /* Do nothing, but may need to move regs. */
+      } else {  /* 32 to 64 bit sign extension. */
+        Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_GPR);
+        emit_dn(as, A64I_SXTW, dest, left);
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (st64 && !(ir->op2 & IRCONV_NONE)) {
+        /* This is either a 32 bit reg/reg mov which zeroes the hiword
+        ** or a load of the loword from a 64 bit address.
+        */
+        Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_GPR);
+        emit_dm(as, A64I_MOVw, dest, left);
+      } else {  /* 32/32 bit no-op (cast). */
+        ra_leftov(as, dest, lref);  /* Do nothing, but may need to move regs. */
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void asm_strto(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_strscan_num];
+  IRRef args[2];
+  Reg dest = 0, tmp;
+  int destused = ra_used(ir);
+  int32_t ofs = 0;
+  ra_evictset(as, RSET_SCRATCH);
+  if (destused) {
+    if (ra_hasspill(ir->s)) {
+      ofs = sps_scale(ir->s);
+      destused = 0;
+      if (ra_hasreg(ir->r)) {
+        ra_free(as, ir->r);
+        ra_modified(as, ir->r);
+        emit_spload(as, ir, ir->r, ofs);
+      }
+    } else {
+      dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
+    }
+  }
+  if (destused)
+    emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRd, (dest & 31), RID_SP, 0);
+  asm_guardcnb(as, A64I_CBZ, RID_RET);
+  args[0] = ir->op1; /* GCstr *str */
+  args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1; /* TValue *n  */
+  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+  tmp = ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1);
+  emit_opk(as, A64I_ADDx, tmp, RID_SP, ofs, RSET_GPR);
+}
+
+/* -- Memory references --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Store tagged value for ref at base+ofs. */
+static void asm_tvstore64(ASMState *as, Reg base, int32_t ofs, IRRef ref)
+{
+  RegSet allow = rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, base);
+  IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+  lj_assertA(irt_ispri(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t) || irt_isinteger(ir->t),
+             "store of IR type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
+  if (irref_isk(ref)) {
+    TValue k;
+    lj_ir_kvalue(as->J->L, &k, ir);
+    emit_lso(as, A64I_STRx, ra_allock(as, k.u64, allow), base, ofs);
+  } else {
+    Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, allow);
+    rset_clear(allow, src);
+    if (irt_isinteger(ir->t)) {
+      Reg type = ra_allock(as, (int64_t)irt_toitype(ir->t) << 47, allow);
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_STRx, RID_TMP, base, ofs);
+      emit_dnm(as, A64I_ADDx | A64F_EX(A64EX_UXTW), RID_TMP, type, src);
+    } else {
+      Reg type = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)irt_toitype(ir->t), allow);
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_STRx, RID_TMP, base, ofs);
+      emit_dnm(as, A64I_ADDx | A64F_SH(A64SH_LSL, 47), RID_TMP, src, type);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/* Get pointer to TValue. */
+static void asm_tvptr(ASMState *as, Reg dest, IRRef ref, MSize mode)
+{
+  if ((mode & IRTMPREF_IN1)) {
+    IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+    if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+      if (irref_isk(ref) && !(mode & IRTMPREF_OUT1)) {
+        /* Use the number constant itself as a TValue. */
+        ra_allockreg(as, i64ptr(ir_knum(ir)), dest);
+        return;
+      }
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_STRd, (ra_alloc1(as, ref, RSET_FPR) & 31), dest, 0);
+    } else {
+      asm_tvstore64(as, dest, 0, ref);
+    }
+  }
+  /* g->tmptv holds the TValue(s). */
+  emit_dn(as, A64I_ADDx^emit_isk12(glofs(as, &J2G(as->J)->tmptv)), dest, RID_GL);
+}
+
+static void asm_aref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  Reg idx, base;
+  if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {
+    IRRef tab = IR(ir->op1)->op1;
+    int32_t ofs = asm_fuseabase(as, tab);
+    IRRef refa = ofs ? tab : ir->op1;
+    uint32_t k = emit_isk12(ofs + 8*IR(ir->op2)->i);
+    if (k) {
+      base = ra_alloc1(as, refa, RSET_GPR);
+      emit_dn(as, A64I_ADDx^k, dest, base);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  base = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+  idx = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, base));
+  emit_dnm(as, A64I_ADDx | A64F_EXSH(A64EX_UXTW, 3), dest, base, idx);
+}
+
+/* Inlined hash lookup. Specialized for key type and for const keys.
+** The equivalent C code is:
+**   Node *n = hashkey(t, key);
+**   do {
+**     if (lj_obj_equal(&n->key, key)) return &n->val;
+**   } while ((n = nextnode(n)));
+**   return niltv(L);
+*/
+static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, IROp merge)
+{
+  RegSet allow = RSET_GPR;
+  int destused = ra_used(ir);
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, allow);
+  Reg tab = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, rset_clear(allow, dest));
+  Reg key = 0, tmp = RID_TMP;
+  Reg ftmp = RID_NONE, type = RID_NONE, scr = RID_NONE, tisnum = RID_NONE;
+  IRRef refkey = ir->op2;
+  IRIns *irkey = IR(refkey);
+  int isk = irref_isk(ir->op2);
+  IRType1 kt = irkey->t;
+  uint32_t k = 0;
+  uint32_t khash;
+  MCLabel l_end, l_loop, l_next;
+  rset_clear(allow, tab);
+
+  if (!isk) {
+    key = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, irt_isnum(kt) ? RSET_FPR : allow);
+    rset_clear(allow, key);
+    if (!irt_isstr(kt)) {
+      tmp = ra_scratch(as, allow);
+      rset_clear(allow, tmp);
+    }
+  } else if (irt_isnum(kt)) {
+    int64_t val = (int64_t)ir_knum(irkey)->u64;
+    if (!(k = emit_isk12(val))) {
+      key = ra_allock(as, val, allow);
+      rset_clear(allow, key);
+    }
+  } else if (!irt_ispri(kt)) {
+    if (!(k = emit_isk12(irkey->i))) {
+      key = ra_alloc1(as, refkey, allow);
+      rset_clear(allow, key);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Allocate constants early. */
+  if (irt_isnum(kt)) {
+    if (!isk) {
+      tisnum = ra_allock(as, LJ_TISNUM << 15, allow);
+      ftmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_FPR, key));
+      rset_clear(allow, tisnum);
+    }
+  } else if (irt_isaddr(kt)) {
+    if (isk) {
+      int64_t kk = ((int64_t)irt_toitype(kt) << 47) | irkey[1].tv.u64;
+      scr = ra_allock(as, kk, allow);
+    } else {
+      scr = ra_scratch(as, allow);
+    }
+    rset_clear(allow, scr);
+  } else {
+    lj_assertA(irt_ispri(kt) && !irt_isnil(kt), "bad HREF key type");
+    type = ra_allock(as, ~((int64_t)~irt_toitype(kt) << 47), allow);
+    scr = ra_scratch(as, rset_clear(allow, type));
+    rset_clear(allow, scr);
+  }
+
+  /* Key not found in chain: jump to exit (if merged) or load niltv. */
+  l_end = emit_label(as);
+  as->invmcp = NULL;
+  if (merge == IR_NE)
+    asm_guardcc(as, CC_AL);
+  else if (destused)
+    emit_loada(as, dest, niltvg(J2G(as->J)));
+
+  /* Follow hash chain until the end. */
+  l_loop = --as->mcp;
+  emit_n(as, A64I_CMPx^A64I_K12^0, dest);
+  emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, dest, dest, offsetof(Node, next));
+  l_next = emit_label(as);
+
+  /* Type and value comparison. */
+  if (merge == IR_EQ)
+    asm_guardcc(as, CC_EQ);
+  else
+    emit_cond_branch(as, CC_EQ, l_end);
+
+  if (irt_isnum(kt)) {
+    if (isk) {
+      /* Assumes -0.0 is already canonicalized to +0.0. */
+      if (k)
+        emit_n(as, A64I_CMPx^k, tmp);
+      else
+        emit_nm(as, A64I_CMPx, key, tmp);
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, tmp, dest, offsetof(Node, key.u64));
+    } else {
+      emit_nm(as, A64I_FCMPd, key, ftmp);
+      emit_dn(as, A64I_FMOV_D_R, (ftmp & 31), (tmp & 31));
+      emit_cond_branch(as, CC_LO, l_next);
+      emit_nm(as, A64I_CMPx | A64F_SH(A64SH_LSR, 32), tisnum, tmp);
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, tmp, dest, offsetof(Node, key.n));
+    }
+  } else if (irt_isaddr(kt)) {
+    if (isk) {
+      emit_nm(as, A64I_CMPx, scr, tmp);
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, tmp, dest, offsetof(Node, key.u64));
+    } else {
+      emit_nm(as, A64I_CMPx, tmp, scr);
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, scr, dest, offsetof(Node, key.u64));
+    }
+  } else {
+    emit_nm(as, A64I_CMPx, scr, type);
+    emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, scr, dest, offsetof(Node, key));
+  }
+
+  *l_loop = A64I_BCC | A64F_S19(as->mcp - l_loop) | CC_NE;
+  if (!isk && irt_isaddr(kt)) {
+    type = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)irt_toitype(kt), allow);
+    emit_dnm(as, A64I_ADDx | A64F_SH(A64SH_LSL, 47), tmp, key, type);
+    rset_clear(allow, type);
+  }
+  /* Load main position relative to tab->node into dest. */
+  khash = isk ? ir_khash(as, irkey) : 1;
+  if (khash == 0) {
+    emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, dest, tab, offsetof(GCtab, node));
+  } else {
+    emit_dnm(as, A64I_ADDx | A64F_SH(A64SH_LSL, 3), dest, tmp, dest);
+    emit_dnm(as, A64I_ADDx | A64F_SH(A64SH_LSL, 1), dest, dest, dest);
+    emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, tmp, tab, offsetof(GCtab, node));
+    if (isk) {
+      Reg tmphash = ra_allock(as, khash, allow);
+      emit_dnm(as, A64I_ANDw, dest, dest, tmphash);
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRw, dest, tab, offsetof(GCtab, hmask));
+    } else if (irt_isstr(kt)) {
+      /* Fetch of str->sid is cheaper than ra_allock. */
+      emit_dnm(as, A64I_ANDw, dest, dest, tmp);
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRw, tmp, key, offsetof(GCstr, sid));
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRw, dest, tab, offsetof(GCtab, hmask));
+    } else {  /* Must match with hash*() in lj_tab.c. */
+      emit_dnm(as, A64I_ANDw, dest, dest, tmp);
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRw, tmp, tab, offsetof(GCtab, hmask));
+      emit_dnm(as, A64I_SUBw, dest, dest, tmp);
+      emit_dnm(as, A64I_EXTRw | (A64F_IMMS(32-HASH_ROT3)), tmp, tmp, tmp);
+      emit_dnm(as, A64I_EORw, dest, dest, tmp);
+      emit_dnm(as, A64I_EXTRw | (A64F_IMMS(32-HASH_ROT2)), dest, dest, dest);
+      emit_dnm(as, A64I_SUBw, tmp, tmp, dest);
+      emit_dnm(as, A64I_EXTRw | (A64F_IMMS(32-HASH_ROT1)), dest, dest, dest);
+      emit_dnm(as, A64I_EORw, tmp, tmp, dest);
+      if (irt_isnum(kt)) {
+        emit_dnm(as, A64I_ADDw, dest, dest, dest);
+        emit_dn(as, A64I_LSRx | A64F_IMMR(32)|A64F_IMMS(32), dest, dest);
+        emit_dm(as, A64I_MOVw, tmp, dest);
+        emit_dn(as, A64I_FMOV_R_D, dest, (key & 31));
+      } else {
+        checkmclim(as);
+        emit_dm(as, A64I_MOVw, tmp, key);
+        emit_dnm(as, A64I_EORw, dest, dest,
+                 ra_allock(as, irt_toitype(kt) << 15, allow));
+        emit_dn(as, A64I_LSRx | A64F_IMMR(32)|A64F_IMMS(32), dest, dest);
+        emit_dm(as, A64I_MOVx, dest, key);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void asm_hrefk(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  IRIns *kslot = IR(ir->op2);
+  IRIns *irkey = IR(kslot->op1);
+  int32_t ofs = (int32_t)(kslot->op2 * sizeof(Node));
+  int32_t kofs = ofs + (int32_t)offsetof(Node, key);
+  int bigofs = !emit_checkofs(A64I_LDRx, kofs);
+  Reg dest = (ra_used(ir) || bigofs) ? ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR) : RID_NONE;
+  Reg node = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+  Reg key, idx = node;
+  RegSet allow = rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, node);
+  uint64_t k;
+  lj_assertA(ofs % sizeof(Node) == 0, "unaligned HREFK slot");
+  if (bigofs) {
+    idx = dest;
+    rset_clear(allow, dest);
+    kofs = (int32_t)offsetof(Node, key);
+  } else if (ra_hasreg(dest)) {
+    emit_opk(as, A64I_ADDx, dest, node, ofs, allow);
+  }
+  asm_guardcc(as, CC_NE);
+  if (irt_ispri(irkey->t)) {
+    k = ~((int64_t)~irt_toitype(irkey->t) << 47);
+  } else if (irt_isnum(irkey->t)) {
+    k = ir_knum(irkey)->u64;
+  } else {
+    k = ((uint64_t)irt_toitype(irkey->t) << 47) | (uint64_t)ir_kgc(irkey);
+  }
+  key = ra_scratch(as, allow);
+  emit_nm(as, A64I_CMPx, key, ra_allock(as, k, rset_exclude(allow, key)));
+  emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, key, idx, kofs);
+  if (bigofs)
+    emit_opk(as, A64I_ADDx, dest, node, ofs, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, node));
+}
+
+static void asm_uref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  if (irref_isk(ir->op1)) {
+    GCfunc *fn = ir_kfunc(IR(ir->op1));
+    MRef *v = &gcref(fn->l.uvptr[(ir->op2 >> 8)])->uv.v;
+    emit_lsptr(as, A64I_LDRx, dest, v);
+  } else {
+    Reg uv = ra_scratch(as, RSET_GPR);
+    Reg func = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+    if (ir->o == IR_UREFC) {
+      asm_guardcc(as, CC_NE);
+      emit_n(as, (A64I_CMPx^A64I_K12) | A64F_U12(1), RID_TMP);
+      emit_opk(as, A64I_ADDx, dest, uv,
+               (int32_t)offsetof(GCupval, tv), RSET_GPR);
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRB, RID_TMP, uv, (int32_t)offsetof(GCupval, closed));
+    } else {
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, dest, uv, (int32_t)offsetof(GCupval, v));
+    }
+    emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, uv, func,
+             (int32_t)offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr) + 8*(int32_t)(ir->op2 >> 8));
+  }
+}
+
+static void asm_fref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  UNUSED(as); UNUSED(ir);
+  lj_assertA(!ra_used(ir), "unfused FREF");
+}
+
+static void asm_strref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  RegSet allow = RSET_GPR;
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, allow);
+  Reg base = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, allow);
+  IRIns *irr = IR(ir->op2);
+  int32_t ofs = sizeof(GCstr);
+  uint32_t m;
+  rset_clear(allow, base);
+  if (irref_isk(ir->op2) && (m = emit_isk12(ofs + irr->i))) {
+    emit_dn(as, A64I_ADDx^m, dest, base);
+  } else {
+    emit_dn(as, (A64I_ADDx^A64I_K12) | A64F_U12(ofs), dest, dest);
+    emit_dnm(as, A64I_ADDx, dest, base, ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, allow));
+  }
+}
+
+/* -- Loads and stores ---------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static A64Ins asm_fxloadins(IRIns *ir)
+{
+  switch (irt_type(ir->t)) {
+  case IRT_I8: return A64I_LDRB ^ A64I_LS_S;
+  case IRT_U8: return A64I_LDRB;
+  case IRT_I16: return A64I_LDRH ^ A64I_LS_S;
+  case IRT_U16: return A64I_LDRH;
+  case IRT_NUM: return A64I_LDRd;
+  case IRT_FLOAT: return A64I_LDRs;
+  default: return irt_is64(ir->t) ? A64I_LDRx : A64I_LDRw;
+  }
+}
+
+static A64Ins asm_fxstoreins(IRIns *ir)
+{
+  switch (irt_type(ir->t)) {
+  case IRT_I8: case IRT_U8: return A64I_STRB;
+  case IRT_I16: case IRT_U16: return A64I_STRH;
+  case IRT_NUM: return A64I_STRd;
+  case IRT_FLOAT: return A64I_STRs;
+  default: return irt_is64(ir->t) ? A64I_STRx : A64I_STRw;
+  }
+}
+
+static void asm_fload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  Reg idx;
+  A64Ins ai = asm_fxloadins(ir);
+  int32_t ofs;
+  if (ir->op1 == REF_NIL) {  /* FLOAD from GG_State with offset. */
+    idx = RID_GL;
+    ofs = (ir->op2 << 2) - GG_OFS(g);
+  } else {
+    idx = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+    if (ir->op2 == IRFL_TAB_ARRAY) {
+      ofs = asm_fuseabase(as, ir->op1);
+      if (ofs) {  /* Turn the t->array load into an add for colocated arrays. */
+        emit_dn(as, (A64I_ADDx^A64I_K12) | A64F_U12(ofs), dest, idx);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    ofs = field_ofs[ir->op2];
+  }
+  emit_lso(as, ai, (dest & 31), idx, ofs);
+}
+
+static void asm_fstore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  if (ir->r != RID_SINK) {
+    Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, RSET_GPR);
+    IRIns *irf = IR(ir->op1);
+    Reg idx = ra_alloc1(as, irf->op1, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, src));
+    int32_t ofs = field_ofs[irf->op2];
+    emit_lso(as, asm_fxstoreins(ir), (src & 31), idx, ofs);
+  }
+}
+
+static void asm_xload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, irt_isfp(ir->t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
+  lj_assertA(!(ir->op2 & IRXLOAD_UNALIGNED), "unaligned XLOAD");
+  asm_fusexref(as, asm_fxloadins(ir), dest, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+}
+
+static void asm_xstore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  if (ir->r != RID_SINK) {
+    Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, irt_isfp(ir->t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
+    asm_fusexref(as, asm_fxstoreins(ir), src, ir->op1,
+                 rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, src));
+  }
+}
+
+static void asm_ahuvload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  Reg idx, tmp, type;
+  int32_t ofs = 0;
+  RegSet gpr = RSET_GPR, allow = irt_isnum(ir->t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR;
+  lj_assertA(irt_isnum(ir->t) || irt_ispri(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t) ||
+             irt_isint(ir->t),
+             "bad load type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
+  if (ra_used(ir)) {
+    Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, allow);
+    tmp = irt_isnum(ir->t) ? ra_scratch(as, rset_clear(gpr, dest)) : dest;
+    if (irt_isaddr(ir->t)) {
+      emit_dn(as, A64I_ANDx^emit_isk13(LJ_GCVMASK, 1), dest, dest);
+    } else if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+      emit_dn(as, A64I_FMOV_D_R, (dest & 31), tmp);
+    } else if (irt_isint(ir->t)) {
+      emit_dm(as, A64I_MOVw, dest, dest);
+    }
+  } else {
+    tmp = ra_scratch(as, gpr);
+  }
+  type = ra_scratch(as, rset_clear(gpr, tmp));
+  idx = asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, &ofs, rset_clear(gpr, type), A64I_LDRx);
+  if (ir->o == IR_VLOAD) ofs += 8 * ir->op2;
+  /* Always do the type check, even if the load result is unused. */
+  asm_guardcc(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? CC_LS : CC_NE);
+  if (irt_type(ir->t) >= IRT_NUM) {
+    lj_assertA(irt_isinteger(ir->t) || irt_isnum(ir->t),
+               "bad load type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
+    emit_nm(as, A64I_CMPx | A64F_SH(A64SH_LSR, 32),
+            ra_allock(as, LJ_TISNUM << 15, rset_exclude(gpr, idx)), tmp);
+  } else if (irt_isaddr(ir->t)) {
+    emit_n(as, (A64I_CMNx^A64I_K12) | A64F_U12(-irt_toitype(ir->t)), type);
+    emit_dn(as, A64I_ASRx | A64F_IMMR(47), type, tmp);
+  } else if (irt_isnil(ir->t)) {
+    emit_n(as, (A64I_CMNx^A64I_K12) | A64F_U12(1), tmp);
+  } else {
+    emit_nm(as, A64I_CMPx | A64F_SH(A64SH_LSR, 32),
+            ra_allock(as, (irt_toitype(ir->t) << 15) | 0x7fff, gpr), tmp);
+  }
+  if (ofs & FUSE_REG)
+    emit_dnm(as, (A64I_LDRx^A64I_LS_R)|A64I_LS_UXTWx|A64I_LS_SH, tmp, idx, (ofs & 31));
+  else
+    emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, tmp, idx, ofs);
+}
+
+static void asm_ahustore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  if (ir->r != RID_SINK) {
+    RegSet allow = RSET_GPR;
+    Reg idx, src = RID_NONE, tmp = RID_TMP, type = RID_NONE;
+    int32_t ofs = 0;
+    if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+      src = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, RSET_FPR);
+      idx = asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, &ofs, allow, A64I_STRd);
+      if (ofs & FUSE_REG)
+        emit_dnm(as, (A64I_STRd^A64I_LS_R)|A64I_LS_UXTWx|A64I_LS_SH, (src & 31), idx, (ofs &31));
+      else
+        emit_lso(as, A64I_STRd, (src & 31), idx, ofs);
+    } else {
+      if (!irt_ispri(ir->t)) {
+        src = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, allow);
+        rset_clear(allow, src);
+        if (irt_isinteger(ir->t))
+          type = ra_allock(as, (uint64_t)(int32_t)LJ_TISNUM << 47, allow);
+        else
+          type = ra_allock(as, irt_toitype(ir->t), allow);
+      } else {
+        tmp = type = ra_allock(as, ~((int64_t)~irt_toitype(ir->t)<<47), allow);
+      }
+      idx = asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, &ofs, rset_exclude(allow, type),
+                           A64I_STRx);
+      if (ofs & FUSE_REG)
+        emit_dnm(as, (A64I_STRx^A64I_LS_R)|A64I_LS_UXTWx|A64I_LS_SH, tmp, idx, (ofs & 31));
+      else
+        emit_lso(as, A64I_STRx, tmp, idx, ofs);
+      if (ra_hasreg(src)) {
+        if (irt_isinteger(ir->t)) {
+          emit_dnm(as, A64I_ADDx | A64F_EX(A64EX_UXTW), tmp, type, src);
+        } else {
+          emit_dnm(as, A64I_ADDx | A64F_SH(A64SH_LSL, 47), tmp, src, type);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void asm_sload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  int32_t ofs = 8*((int32_t)ir->op1-2);
+  IRType1 t = ir->t;
+  Reg dest = RID_NONE, base;
+  RegSet allow = RSET_GPR;
+  lj_assertA(!(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_PARENT),
+             "bad parent SLOAD");  /* Handled by asm_head_side(). */
+  lj_assertA(irt_isguard(t) || !(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK),
+             "inconsistent SLOAD variant");
+  if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT) && irt_isguard(t) && irt_isint(t)) {
+    dest = ra_scratch(as, RSET_FPR);
+    asm_tointg(as, ir, dest);
+    t.irt = IRT_NUM;  /* Continue with a regular number type check. */
+  } else if (ra_used(ir)) {
+    Reg tmp = RID_NONE;
+    if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT))
+      tmp = ra_scratch(as, irt_isint(t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
+    lj_assertA((irt_isnum(t)) || irt_isint(t) || irt_isaddr(t),
+               "bad SLOAD type %d", irt_type(t));
+    dest = ra_dest(as, ir, irt_isnum(t) ? RSET_FPR : allow);
+    base = ra_alloc1(as, REF_BASE, rset_clear(allow, dest));
+    if (irt_isaddr(t)) {
+      emit_dn(as, A64I_ANDx^emit_isk13(LJ_GCVMASK, 1), dest, dest);
+    } else if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT)) {
+      if (irt_isint(t)) {
+        emit_dn(as, A64I_FCVT_S32_F64, dest, (tmp & 31));
+        /* If value is already loaded for type check, move it to FPR. */
+        if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK))
+          emit_dn(as, A64I_FMOV_D_R, (tmp & 31), dest);
+        else
+          dest = tmp;
+        t.irt = IRT_NUM;  /* Check for original type. */
+      } else {
+        emit_dn(as, A64I_FCVT_F64_S32, (dest & 31), tmp);
+        dest = tmp;
+        t.irt = IRT_INT;  /* Check for original type. */
+      }
+    } else if (irt_isint(t) && (ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK)) {
+      emit_dm(as, A64I_MOVw, dest, dest);
+    }
+    goto dotypecheck;
+  }
+  base = ra_alloc1(as, REF_BASE, allow);
+dotypecheck:
+  rset_clear(allow, base);
+  if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK)) {
+    Reg tmp;
+    if (ra_hasreg(dest) && rset_test(RSET_GPR, dest)) {
+      tmp = dest;
+    } else {
+      tmp = ra_scratch(as, allow);
+      rset_clear(allow, tmp);
+    }
+    if (ra_hasreg(dest) && tmp != dest)
+      emit_dn(as, A64I_FMOV_D_R, (dest & 31), tmp);
+    /* Need type check, even if the load result is unused. */
+    asm_guardcc(as, irt_isnum(t) ? CC_LS : CC_NE);
+    if (irt_type(t) >= IRT_NUM) {
+      lj_assertA(irt_isinteger(t) || irt_isnum(t),
+                 "bad SLOAD type %d", irt_type(t));
+      emit_nm(as, A64I_CMPx | A64F_SH(A64SH_LSR, 32),
+              ra_allock(as, (ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_KEYINDEX) ? LJ_KEYINDEX : (LJ_TISNUM << 15), allow), tmp);
+    } else if (irt_isnil(t)) {
+      emit_n(as, (A64I_CMNx^A64I_K12) | A64F_U12(1), tmp);
+    } else if (irt_ispri(t)) {
+      emit_nm(as, A64I_CMPx,
+              ra_allock(as, ~((int64_t)~irt_toitype(t) << 47) , allow), tmp);
+    } else {
+      Reg type = ra_scratch(as, allow);
+      emit_n(as, (A64I_CMNx^A64I_K12) | A64F_U12(-irt_toitype(t)), type);
+      emit_dn(as, A64I_ASRx | A64F_IMMR(47), type, tmp);
+    }
+    emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, tmp, base, ofs);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (ra_hasreg(dest)) {
+    emit_lso(as, irt_isnum(t) ? A64I_LDRd :
+             (irt_isint(t) ? A64I_LDRw : A64I_LDRx), (dest & 31), base,
+             ofs ^ ((LJ_BE && irt_isint(t) ? 4 : 0)));
+  }
+}
+
+/* -- Allocations --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+static void asm_cnew(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  CTState *cts = ctype_ctsG(J2G(as->J));
+  CTypeID id = (CTypeID)IR(ir->op1)->i;
+  CTSize sz;
+  CTInfo info = lj_ctype_info(cts, id, &sz);
+  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_mem_newgco];
+  IRRef args[4];
+  RegSet allow = (RSET_GPR & ~RSET_SCRATCH);
+  lj_assertA(sz != CTSIZE_INVALID || (ir->o == IR_CNEW && ir->op2 != REF_NIL),
+             "bad CNEW/CNEWI operands");
+
+  as->gcsteps++;
+  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* GCcdata * */
+  /* Initialize immutable cdata object. */
+  if (ir->o == IR_CNEWI) {
+    int32_t ofs = sizeof(GCcdata);
+    Reg r = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, allow);
+    lj_assertA(sz == 4 || sz == 8, "bad CNEWI size %d", sz);
+    emit_lso(as, sz == 8 ? A64I_STRx : A64I_STRw, r, RID_RET, ofs);
+  } else if (ir->op2 != REF_NIL) {  /* Create VLA/VLS/aligned cdata. */
+    ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_cdata_newv];
+    args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
+    args[1] = ir->op1;      /* CTypeID id   */
+    args[2] = ir->op2;      /* CTSize sz    */
+    args[3] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* CTSize align */
+    asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+    emit_loadi(as, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), (int32_t)ctype_align(info));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* Initialize gct and ctypeid. lj_mem_newgco() already sets marked. */
+  {
+    Reg r = (id < 65536) ? RID_X1 : ra_allock(as, id, allow);
+    emit_lso(as, A64I_STRB, RID_TMP, RID_RET, offsetof(GCcdata, gct));
+    emit_lso(as, A64I_STRH, r, RID_RET, offsetof(GCcdata, ctypeid));
+    emit_d(as, A64I_MOVZw | A64F_U16(~LJ_TCDATA), RID_TMP);
+    if (id < 65536) emit_d(as, A64I_MOVZw | A64F_U16(id), RID_X1);
+  }
+  args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
+  args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* MSize size   */
+  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+  ra_allockreg(as, (int32_t)(sz+sizeof(GCcdata)),
+               ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1));
+}
+#endif
+
+/* -- Write barriers ------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+static void asm_tbar(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  Reg tab = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+  Reg link = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, tab));
+  Reg mark = RID_TMP;
+  MCLabel l_end = emit_label(as);
+  emit_lso(as, A64I_STRx, link, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, gclist));
+  emit_lso(as, A64I_STRB, mark, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, marked));
+  emit_setgl(as, tab, gc.grayagain);
+  emit_dn(as, A64I_ANDw^emit_isk13(~LJ_GC_BLACK, 0), mark, mark);
+  emit_getgl(as, link, gc.grayagain);
+  emit_cond_branch(as, CC_EQ, l_end);
+  emit_n(as, A64I_TSTw^emit_isk13(LJ_GC_BLACK, 0), mark);
+  emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRB, mark, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, marked));
+}
+
+static void asm_obar(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_gc_barrieruv];
+  IRRef args[2];
+  MCLabel l_end;
+  RegSet allow = RSET_GPR;
+  Reg obj, val, tmp;
+  /* No need for other object barriers (yet). */
+  lj_assertA(IR(ir->op1)->o == IR_UREFC, "bad OBAR type");
+  ra_evictset(as, RSET_SCRATCH);
+  l_end = emit_label(as);
+  args[0] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* global_State *g */
+  args[1] = ir->op1;      /* TValue *tv      */
+  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+  emit_dm(as, A64I_MOVx, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), RID_GL);
+  obj = IR(ir->op1)->r;
+  tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(allow, obj));
+  emit_cond_branch(as, CC_EQ, l_end);
+  emit_n(as, A64I_TSTw^emit_isk13(LJ_GC_BLACK, 0), tmp);
+  emit_cond_branch(as, CC_EQ, l_end);
+  emit_n(as, A64I_TSTw^emit_isk13(LJ_GC_WHITES, 0), RID_TMP);
+  val = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, obj));
+  emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRB, tmp, obj,
+     (int32_t)offsetof(GCupval, marked)-(int32_t)offsetof(GCupval, tv));
+  emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRB, RID_TMP, val, (int32_t)offsetof(GChead, marked));
+}
+
+/* -- Arithmetic and logic operations ------------------------------------- */
+
+static void asm_fparith(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, A64Ins ai)
+{
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
+  Reg right, left = ra_alloc2(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
+  right = (left >> 8); left &= 255;
+  emit_dnm(as, ai, (dest & 31), (left & 31), (right & 31));
+}
+
+static void asm_fpunary(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, A64Ins ai)
+{
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
+  Reg left = ra_hintalloc(as, ir->op1, dest, RSET_FPR);
+  emit_dn(as, ai, (dest & 31), (left & 31));
+}
+
+static void asm_fpmath(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  IRFPMathOp fpm = (IRFPMathOp)ir->op2;
+  if (fpm == IRFPM_SQRT) {
+    asm_fpunary(as, ir, A64I_FSQRTd);
+  } else if (fpm <= IRFPM_TRUNC) {
+    asm_fpunary(as, ir, fpm == IRFPM_FLOOR ? A64I_FRINTMd :
+                        fpm == IRFPM_CEIL ? A64I_FRINTPd : A64I_FRINTZd);
+  } else {
+    asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_floor + fpm);
+  }
+}
+
+static int asm_swapops(ASMState *as, IRRef lref, IRRef rref)
+{
+  IRIns *ir;
+  if (irref_isk(rref))
+    return 0;  /* Don't swap constants to the left. */
+  if (irref_isk(lref))
+    return 1;  /* But swap constants to the right. */
+  ir = IR(rref);
+  if ((ir->o >= IR_BSHL && ir->o <= IR_BSAR) ||
+      (ir->o == IR_ADD && ir->op1 == ir->op2) ||
+      (ir->o == IR_CONV && ir->op2 == ((IRT_I64<<IRCONV_DSH)|IRT_INT|IRCONV_SEXT)))
+    return 0;  /* Don't swap fusable operands to the left. */
+  ir = IR(lref);
+  if ((ir->o >= IR_BSHL && ir->o <= IR_BSAR) ||
+      (ir->o == IR_ADD && ir->op1 == ir->op2) ||
+      (ir->o == IR_CONV && ir->op2 == ((IRT_I64<<IRCONV_DSH)|IRT_INT|IRCONV_SEXT)))
+    return 1;  /* But swap fusable operands to the right. */
+  return 0;  /* Otherwise don't swap. */
+}
+
+static void asm_intop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, A64Ins ai)
+{
+  IRRef lref = ir->op1, rref = ir->op2;
+  Reg left, dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  uint32_t m;
+  if ((ai & ~A64I_S) != A64I_SUBw && asm_swapops(as, lref, rref)) {
+    IRRef tmp = lref; lref = rref; rref = tmp;
+  }
+  left = ra_hintalloc(as, lref, dest, RSET_GPR);
+  if (irt_is64(ir->t)) ai |= A64I_X;
+  m = asm_fuseopm(as, ai, rref, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, left));
+  if (irt_isguard(ir->t)) {  /* For IR_ADDOV etc. */
+    asm_guardcc(as, CC_VS);
+    ai |= A64I_S;
+  }
+  emit_dn(as, ai^m, dest, left);
+}
+
+static void asm_intop_s(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, A64Ins ai)
+{
+  if (as->flagmcp == as->mcp) {  /* Drop cmp r, #0. */
+    as->flagmcp = NULL;
+    as->mcp++;
+    ai |= A64I_S;
+  }
+  asm_intop(as, ir, ai);
+}
+
+static void asm_intneg(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  Reg left = ra_hintalloc(as, ir->op1, dest, RSET_GPR);
+  emit_dm(as, irt_is64(ir->t) ? A64I_NEGx : A64I_NEGw, dest, left);
+}
+
+/* NYI: use add/shift for MUL(OV) with constants. FOLD only does 2^k. */
+static void asm_intmul(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, dest));
+  Reg right = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, left));
+  if (irt_isguard(ir->t)) {  /* IR_MULOV */
+    asm_guardcc(as, CC_NE);
+    emit_dm(as, A64I_MOVw, dest, dest);  /* Zero-extend. */
+    emit_nm(as, A64I_CMPw | A64F_SH(A64SH_ASR, 31), RID_TMP, dest);
+    emit_dn(as, A64I_ASRx | A64F_IMMR(32), RID_TMP, dest);
+    emit_dnm(as, A64I_SMULL, dest, right, left);
+  } else {
+    emit_dnm(as, irt_is64(ir->t) ? A64I_MULx : A64I_MULw, dest, left, right);
+  }
+}
+
+static void asm_add(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+    if (!asm_fusemadd(as, ir, A64I_FMADDd, A64I_FMADDd))
+      asm_fparith(as, ir, A64I_FADDd);
+    return;
+  }
+  asm_intop_s(as, ir, A64I_ADDw);
+}
+
+static void asm_sub(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+    if (!asm_fusemadd(as, ir, A64I_FNMSUBd, A64I_FMSUBd))
+      asm_fparith(as, ir, A64I_FSUBd);
+    return;
+  }
+  asm_intop_s(as, ir, A64I_SUBw);
+}
+
+static void asm_mul(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+    asm_fparith(as, ir, A64I_FMULd);
+    return;
+  }
+  asm_intmul(as, ir);
+}
+
+#define asm_addov(as, ir)       asm_add(as, ir)
+#define asm_subov(as, ir)       asm_sub(as, ir)
+#define asm_mulov(as, ir)       asm_mul(as, ir)
+
+#define asm_fpdiv(as, ir)       asm_fparith(as, ir, A64I_FDIVd)
+#define asm_abs(as, ir)         asm_fpunary(as, ir, A64I_FABS)
+
+static void asm_neg(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+    asm_fpunary(as, ir, A64I_FNEGd);
+    return;
+  }
+  asm_intneg(as, ir);
+}
+
+static void asm_band(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  A64Ins ai = A64I_ANDw;
+  if (asm_fuseandshift(as, ir))
+    return;
+  if (as->flagmcp == as->mcp) {
+    /* Try to drop cmp r, #0. */
+    as->flagmcp = NULL;
+    as->mcp++;
+    ai = A64I_ANDSw;
+  }
+  asm_intop(as, ir, ai);
+}
+
+static void asm_borbxor(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, A64Ins ai)
+{
+  IRRef lref = ir->op1, rref = ir->op2;
+  IRIns *irl = IR(lref), *irr = IR(rref);
+  if ((canfuse(as, irl) && irl->o == IR_BNOT && !irref_isk(rref)) ||
+      (canfuse(as, irr) && irr->o == IR_BNOT && !irref_isk(lref))) {
+    Reg left, dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+    uint32_t m;
+    if (irl->o == IR_BNOT) {
+      IRRef tmp = lref; lref = rref; rref = tmp;
+    }
+    left = ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_GPR);
+    ai |= A64I_ON;
+    if (irt_is64(ir->t)) ai |= A64I_X;
+    m = asm_fuseopm(as, ai, IR(rref)->op1, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, left));
+    emit_dn(as, ai^m, dest, left);
+  } else {
+    asm_intop(as, ir, ai);
+  }
+}
+
+static void asm_bor(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  if (asm_fuseorshift(as, ir))
+    return;
+  asm_borbxor(as, ir, A64I_ORRw);
+}
+
+#define asm_bxor(as, ir)        asm_borbxor(as, ir, A64I_EORw)
+
+static void asm_bnot(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  A64Ins ai = A64I_MVNw;
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  uint32_t m = asm_fuseopm(as, ai, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+  if (irt_is64(ir->t)) ai |= A64I_X;
+  emit_d(as, ai^m, dest);
+}
+
+static void asm_bswap(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+  emit_dn(as, irt_is64(ir->t) ? A64I_REVx : A64I_REVw, dest, left);
+}
+
+static void asm_bitshift(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, A64Ins ai, A64Shift sh)
+{
+  int32_t shmask = irt_is64(ir->t) ? 63 : 31;
+  if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {  /* Constant shifts. */
+    Reg left, dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+    int32_t shift = (IR(ir->op2)->i & shmask);
+    IRIns *irl = IR(ir->op1);
+    if (shmask == 63) ai += A64I_UBFMx - A64I_UBFMw;
+
+    /* Fuse BSHL + BSHR/BSAR into UBFM/SBFM aka UBFX/SBFX/UBFIZ/SBFIZ. */
+    if ((sh == A64SH_LSR || sh == A64SH_ASR) && canfuse(as, irl)) {
+      if (irl->o == IR_BSHL && irref_isk(irl->op2)) {
+        int32_t shift2 = (IR(irl->op2)->i & shmask);
+        shift = ((shift - shift2) & shmask);
+        shmask -= shift2;
+        ir = irl;
+      }
+    }
+
+    left = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+    switch (sh) {
+    case A64SH_LSL:
+      emit_dn(as, ai | A64F_IMMS(shmask-shift) |
+                  A64F_IMMR((shmask-shift+1)&shmask), dest, left);
+      break;
+    case A64SH_LSR: case A64SH_ASR:
+      emit_dn(as, ai | A64F_IMMS(shmask) | A64F_IMMR(shift), dest, left);
+      break;
+    case A64SH_ROR:
+      emit_dnm(as, ai | A64F_IMMS(shift), dest, left, left);
+      break;
+    }
+  } else {  /* Variable-length shifts. */
+    Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+    Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+    Reg right = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, left));
+    emit_dnm(as, (shmask == 63 ? A64I_SHRx : A64I_SHRw) | A64F_BSH(sh), dest, left, right);
+  }
+}
+
+#define asm_bshl(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, A64I_UBFMw, A64SH_LSL)
+#define asm_bshr(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, A64I_UBFMw, A64SH_LSR)
+#define asm_bsar(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, A64I_SBFMw, A64SH_ASR)
+#define asm_bror(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, A64I_EXTRw, A64SH_ROR)
+#define asm_brol(as, ir)        lj_assertA(0, "unexpected BROL")
+
+static void asm_intmin_max(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, A64CC cc)
+{
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  Reg left = ra_hintalloc(as, ir->op1, dest, RSET_GPR);
+  Reg right = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, left));
+  emit_dnm(as, A64I_CSELw|A64F_CC(cc), dest, left, right);
+  emit_nm(as, A64I_CMPw, left, right);
+}
+
+static void asm_fpmin_max(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, A64CC fcc)
+{
+  Reg dest = (ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR) & 31);
+  Reg right, left = ra_alloc2(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
+  right = ((left >> 8) & 31); left &= 31;
+  emit_dnm(as, A64I_FCSELd | A64F_CC(fcc), dest, right, left);
+  emit_nm(as, A64I_FCMPd, left, right);
+}
+
+static void asm_min_max(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, A64CC cc, A64CC fcc)
+{
+  if (irt_isnum(ir->t))
+    asm_fpmin_max(as, ir, fcc);
+  else
+    asm_intmin_max(as, ir, cc);
+}
+
+#define asm_min(as, ir)         asm_min_max(as, ir, CC_LT, CC_PL)
+#define asm_max(as, ir)         asm_min_max(as, ir, CC_GT, CC_LE)
+
+/* -- Comparisons --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Map of comparisons to flags. ORDER IR. */
+static const uint8_t asm_compmap[IR_ABC+1] = {
+  /* op  FP swp  int cc   FP cc */
+  /* LT       */ CC_GE + (CC_HS << 4),
+  /* GE    x  */ CC_LT + (CC_HI << 4),
+  /* LE       */ CC_GT + (CC_HI << 4),
+  /* GT    x  */ CC_LE + (CC_HS << 4),
+  /* ULT   x  */ CC_HS + (CC_LS << 4),
+  /* UGE      */ CC_LO + (CC_LO << 4),
+  /* ULE   x  */ CC_HI + (CC_LO << 4),
+  /* UGT      */ CC_LS + (CC_LS << 4),
+  /* EQ       */ CC_NE + (CC_NE << 4),
+  /* NE       */ CC_EQ + (CC_EQ << 4),
+  /* ABC      */ CC_LS + (CC_LS << 4)  /* Same as UGT. */
+};
+
+/* FP comparisons. */
+static void asm_fpcomp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  Reg left, right;
+  A64Ins ai;
+  int swp = ((ir->o ^ (ir->o >> 2)) & ~(ir->o >> 3) & 1);
+  if (!swp && irref_isk(ir->op2) && ir_knum(IR(ir->op2))->u64 == 0) {
+    left = (ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_FPR) & 31);
+    right = 0;
+    ai = A64I_FCMPZd;
+  } else {
+    left = ra_alloc2(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
+    if (swp) {
+      right = (left & 31); left = ((left >> 8) & 31);
+    } else {
+      right = ((left >> 8) & 31); left &= 31;
+    }
+    ai = A64I_FCMPd;
+  }
+  asm_guardcc(as, (asm_compmap[ir->o] >> 4));
+  emit_nm(as, ai, left, right);
+}
+
+/* Integer comparisons. */
+static void asm_intcomp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  A64CC oldcc, cc = (asm_compmap[ir->o] & 15);
+  A64Ins ai = irt_is64(ir->t) ? A64I_CMPx : A64I_CMPw;
+  IRRef lref = ir->op1, rref = ir->op2;
+  Reg left;
+  uint32_t m;
+  int cmpprev0 = 0;
+  lj_assertA(irt_is64(ir->t) || irt_isint(ir->t) ||
+             irt_isu32(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t) || irt_isu8(ir->t),
+             "bad comparison data type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
+  if (asm_swapops(as, lref, rref)) {
+    IRRef tmp = lref; lref = rref; rref = tmp;
+    if (cc >= CC_GE) cc ^= 7;  /* LT <-> GT, LE <-> GE */
+    else if (cc > CC_NE) cc ^= 11;  /* LO <-> HI, LS <-> HS */
+  }
+  oldcc = cc;
+  if (irref_isk(rref) && get_k64val(as, rref) == 0) {
+    IRIns *irl = IR(lref);
+    if (cc == CC_GE) cc = CC_PL;
+    else if (cc == CC_LT) cc = CC_MI;
+    else if (cc > CC_NE) goto nocombine;  /* Other conds don't work with tst. */
+    cmpprev0 = (irl+1 == ir);
+    /* Combine and-cmp-bcc into tbz/tbnz or and-cmp into tst. */
+    if (cmpprev0 && irl->o == IR_BAND && !ra_used(irl)) {
+      IRRef blref = irl->op1, brref = irl->op2;
+      uint32_t m2 = 0;
+      Reg bleft;
+      if (asm_swapops(as, blref, brref)) {
+        Reg tmp = blref; blref = brref; brref = tmp;
+      }
+      if (irref_isk(brref)) {
+        uint64_t k = get_k64val(as, brref);
+        if (k && !(k & (k-1)) && (cc == CC_EQ || cc == CC_NE)) {
+          asm_guardtnb(as, cc == CC_EQ ? A64I_TBZ : A64I_TBNZ,
+                       ra_alloc1(as, blref, RSET_GPR), emit_ctz64(k));
+          return;
+        }
+        m2 = emit_isk13(k, irt_is64(irl->t));
+      }
+      bleft = ra_alloc1(as, blref, RSET_GPR);
+      ai = (irt_is64(irl->t) ? A64I_TSTx : A64I_TSTw);
+      if (!m2)
+        m2 = asm_fuseopm(as, ai, brref, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, bleft));
+      asm_guardcc(as, cc);
+      emit_n(as, ai^m2, bleft);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (cc == CC_EQ || cc == CC_NE) {
+      /* Combine cmp-bcc into cbz/cbnz. */
+      ai = cc == CC_EQ ? A64I_CBZ : A64I_CBNZ;
+      if (irt_is64(ir->t)) ai |= A64I_X;
+      asm_guardcnb(as, ai, ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_GPR));
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+nocombine:
+  left = ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_GPR);
+  m = asm_fuseopm(as, ai, rref, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, left));
+  asm_guardcc(as, cc);
+  emit_n(as, ai^m, left);
+  /* Signed comparison with zero and referencing previous ins? */
+  if (cmpprev0 && (oldcc <= CC_NE || oldcc >= CC_GE))
+    as->flagmcp = as->mcp;  /* Allow elimination of the compare. */
+}
+
+static void asm_comp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  if (irt_isnum(ir->t))
+    asm_fpcomp(as, ir);
+  else
+    asm_intcomp(as, ir);
+}
+
+#define asm_equal(as, ir)       asm_comp(as, ir)
+
+/* -- Split register ops -------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Hiword op of a split 64/64 bit op. Previous op is the loword op. */
+static void asm_hiop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  /* HIOP is marked as a store because it needs its own DCE logic. */
+  int uselo = ra_used(ir-1), usehi = ra_used(ir);  /* Loword/hiword used? */
+  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!(as->flags & JIT_F_OPT_DCE))) uselo = usehi = 1;
+  if (!usehi) return;  /* Skip unused hiword op for all remaining ops. */
+  switch ((ir-1)->o) {
+  case IR_CALLN:
+  case IR_CALLL:
+  case IR_CALLS:
+  case IR_CALLXS:
+    if (!uselo)
+      ra_allocref(as, ir->op1, RID2RSET(RID_RETLO));  /* Mark lo op as used. */
+    break;
+  default: lj_assertA(0, "bad HIOP for op %d", (ir-1)->o); break;
+  }
+}
+
+/* -- Profiling ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void asm_prof(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  uint32_t k = emit_isk13(HOOK_PROFILE, 0);
+  lj_assertA(k != 0, "HOOK_PROFILE does not fit in K13");
+  UNUSED(ir);
+  asm_guardcc(as, CC_NE);
+  emit_n(as, A64I_TSTw^k, RID_TMP);
+  emit_lsptr(as, A64I_LDRB, RID_TMP, (void *)&J2G(as->J)->hookmask);
+}
+
+/* -- Stack handling ------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+/* Check Lua stack size for overflow. Use exit handler as fallback. */
+static void asm_stack_check(ASMState *as, BCReg topslot,
+                            IRIns *irp, RegSet allow, ExitNo exitno)
+{
+  Reg pbase;
+  uint32_t k;
+  if (irp) {
+    if (!ra_hasspill(irp->s)) {
+      pbase = irp->r;
+      lj_assertA(ra_hasreg(pbase), "base reg lost");
+    } else if (allow) {
+      pbase = rset_pickbot(allow);
+    } else {
+      pbase = RID_RET;
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, RID_RET, RID_SP, 0);  /* Restore temp register. */
+    }
+  } else {
+    pbase = RID_BASE;
+  }
+  emit_cond_branch(as, CC_LS, asm_exitstub_addr(as, exitno));
+  k = emit_isk12((8*topslot));
+  lj_assertA(k, "slot offset %d does not fit in K12", 8*topslot);
+  emit_n(as, A64I_CMPx^k, RID_TMP);
+  emit_dnm(as, A64I_SUBx, RID_TMP, RID_TMP, pbase);
+  emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, RID_TMP, RID_TMP,
+           (int32_t)offsetof(lua_State, maxstack));
+  if (irp) {  /* Must not spill arbitrary registers in head of side trace. */
+    if (ra_hasspill(irp->s))
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, pbase, RID_SP, sps_scale(irp->s));
+    emit_lso(as, A64I_LDRx, RID_TMP, RID_GL, glofs(as, &J2G(as->J)->cur_L));
+    if (ra_hasspill(irp->s) && !allow)
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_STRx, RID_RET, RID_SP, 0);  /* Save temp register. */
+  } else {
+    emit_getgl(as, RID_TMP, cur_L);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Restore Lua stack from on-trace state. */
+static void asm_stack_restore(ASMState *as, SnapShot *snap)
+{
+  SnapEntry *map = &as->T->snapmap[snap->mapofs];
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+  SnapEntry *flinks = &as->T->snapmap[snap_nextofs(as->T, snap)-1-LJ_FR2];
+#endif
+  MSize n, nent = snap->nent;
+  /* Store the value of all modified slots to the Lua stack. */
+  for (n = 0; n < nent; n++) {
+    SnapEntry sn = map[n];
+    BCReg s = snap_slot(sn);
+    int32_t ofs = 8*((int32_t)s-1-LJ_FR2);
+    IRRef ref = snap_ref(sn);
+    IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+    if ((sn & SNAP_NORESTORE))
+      continue;
+    if ((sn & SNAP_KEYINDEX)) {
+      RegSet allow = rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, RID_BASE);
+      Reg r = irref_isk(ref) ? ra_allock(as, ir->i, allow) :
+                               ra_alloc1(as, ref, allow);
+      rset_clear(allow, r);
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_STRw, r, RID_BASE, ofs);
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_STRw, ra_allock(as, LJ_KEYINDEX, allow), RID_BASE, ofs+4);
+    } else if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+      Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, RSET_FPR);
+      emit_lso(as, A64I_STRd, (src & 31), RID_BASE, ofs);
+    } else {
+      asm_tvstore64(as, RID_BASE, ofs, ref);
+    }
+    checkmclim(as);
+  }
+  lj_assertA(map + nent == flinks, "inconsistent frames in snapshot");
+}
+
+/* -- GC handling --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Marker to prevent patching the GC check exit. */
+#define ARM64_NOPATCH_GC_CHECK \
+  (A64I_ORRx|A64F_D(RID_TMP)|A64F_M(RID_TMP)|A64F_N(RID_TMP))
+
+/* Check GC threshold and do one or more GC steps. */
+static void asm_gc_check(ASMState *as)
+{
+  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_gc_step_jit];
+  IRRef args[2];
+  MCLabel l_end;
+  Reg tmp2;
+  ra_evictset(as, RSET_SCRATCH);
+  l_end = emit_label(as);
+  /* Exit trace if in GCSatomic or GCSfinalize. Avoids syncing GC objects. */
+  asm_guardcnb(as, A64I_CBNZ, RID_RET); /* Assumes asm_snap_prep() is done. */
+  *--as->mcp = ARM64_NOPATCH_GC_CHECK;
+  args[0] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* global_State *g */
+  args[1] = ASMREF_TMP2;  /* MSize steps     */
+  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+  emit_dm(as, A64I_MOVx, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), RID_GL);
+  tmp2 = ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP2);
+  emit_loadi(as, tmp2, as->gcsteps);
+  /* Jump around GC step if GC total < GC threshold. */
+  emit_cond_branch(as, CC_LS, l_end);
+  emit_nm(as, A64I_CMPx, RID_TMP, tmp2);
+  emit_getgl(as, tmp2, gc.threshold);
+  emit_getgl(as, RID_TMP, gc.total);
+  as->gcsteps = 0;
+  checkmclim(as);
+}
+
+/* -- Loop handling ------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Fixup the loop branch. */
+static void asm_loop_fixup(ASMState *as)
+{
+  MCode *p = as->mctop;
+  MCode *target = as->mcp;
+  if (as->loopinv) {  /* Inverted loop branch? */
+    uint32_t mask = (p[-2] & 0x7e000000) == 0x36000000 ? 0x3fffu : 0x7ffffu;
+    ptrdiff_t delta = target - (p - 2);
+    /* asm_guard* already inverted the bcc/tnb/cnb and patched the final b. */
+    p[-2] |= ((uint32_t)delta & mask) << 5;
+  } else {
+    ptrdiff_t delta = target - (p - 1);
+    p[-1] = A64I_B | A64F_S26(delta);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Fixup the tail of the loop. */
+static void asm_loop_tail_fixup(ASMState *as)
+{
+  UNUSED(as);  /* Nothing to do. */
+}
+
+/* -- Head of trace ------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Reload L register from g->cur_L. */
+static void asm_head_lreg(ASMState *as)
+{
+  IRIns *ir = IR(ASMREF_L);
+  if (ra_used(ir)) {
+    Reg r = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+    emit_getgl(as, r, cur_L);
+    ra_evictk(as);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Coalesce BASE register for a root trace. */
+static void asm_head_root_base(ASMState *as)
+{
+  IRIns *ir;
+  asm_head_lreg(as);
+  ir = IR(REF_BASE);
+  if (ra_hasreg(ir->r) && (rset_test(as->modset, ir->r) || irt_ismarked(ir->t)))
+    ra_spill(as, ir);
+  ra_destreg(as, ir, RID_BASE);
+}
+
+/* Coalesce BASE register for a side trace. */
+static Reg asm_head_side_base(ASMState *as, IRIns *irp)
+{
+  IRIns *ir;
+  asm_head_lreg(as);
+  ir = IR(REF_BASE);
+  if (ra_hasreg(ir->r) && (rset_test(as->modset, ir->r) || irt_ismarked(ir->t)))
+    ra_spill(as, ir);
+  if (ra_hasspill(irp->s)) {
+    return ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  } else {
+    Reg r = irp->r;
+    lj_assertA(ra_hasreg(r), "base reg lost");
+    if (r != ir->r && !rset_test(as->freeset, r))
+      ra_restore(as, regcost_ref(as->cost[r]));
+    ra_destreg(as, ir, r);
+    return r;
+  }
+}
+
+/* -- Tail of trace ------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Fixup the tail code. */
+static void asm_tail_fixup(ASMState *as, TraceNo lnk)
+{
+  MCode *p = as->mctop;
+  MCode *target;
+  /* Undo the sp adjustment in BC_JLOOP when exiting to the interpreter. */
+  int32_t spadj = as->T->spadjust + (lnk ? 0 : sps_scale(SPS_FIXED));
+  if (spadj == 0) {
+    *--p = A64I_LE(A64I_NOP);
+    as->mctop = p;
+  } else {
+    /* Patch stack adjustment. */
+    uint32_t k = emit_isk12(spadj);
+    lj_assertA(k, "stack adjustment %d does not fit in K12", spadj);
+    p[-2] = (A64I_ADDx^k) | A64F_D(RID_SP) | A64F_N(RID_SP);
+  }
+  /* Patch exit branch. */
+  target = lnk ? traceref(as->J, lnk)->mcode : (MCode *)lj_vm_exit_interp;
+  p[-1] = A64I_B | A64F_S26((target-p)+1);
+}
+
+/* Prepare tail of code. */
+static void asm_tail_prep(ASMState *as)
+{
+  MCode *p = as->mctop - 1;  /* Leave room for exit branch. */
+  if (as->loopref) {
+    as->invmcp = as->mcp = p;
+  } else {
+    as->mcp = p-1;  /* Leave room for stack pointer adjustment. */
+    as->invmcp = NULL;
+  }
+  *p = 0;  /* Prevent load/store merging. */
+}
+
+/* -- Trace setup --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Ensure there are enough stack slots for call arguments. */
+static Reg asm_setup_call_slots(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, const CCallInfo *ci)
+{
+  IRRef args[CCI_NARGS_MAX*2];
+  uint32_t i, nargs = CCI_XNARGS(ci);
+  int nslots = 0, ngpr = REGARG_NUMGPR, nfpr = REGARG_NUMFPR;
+  asm_collectargs(as, ir, ci, args);
+  for (i = 0; i < nargs; i++) {
+    if (args[i] && irt_isfp(IR(args[i])->t)) {
+      if (nfpr > 0) nfpr--; else nslots += 2;
+    } else {
+      if (ngpr > 0) ngpr--; else nslots += 2;
+    }
+  }
+  if (nslots > as->evenspill)  /* Leave room for args in stack slots. */
+    as->evenspill = nslots;
+  return REGSP_HINT(RID_RET);
+}
+
+static void asm_setup_target(ASMState *as)
+{
+  /* May need extra exit for asm_stack_check on side traces. */
+  asm_exitstub_setup(as, as->T->nsnap + (as->parent ? 1 : 0));
+}
+
+#if LJ_BE
+/* ARM64 instructions are always little-endian. Swap for ARM64BE. */
+static void asm_mcode_fixup(MCode *mcode, MSize size)
+{
+  MCode *pe = (MCode *)((char *)mcode + size);
+  while (mcode < pe) {
+    MCode ins = *mcode;
+    *mcode++ = lj_bswap(ins);
+  }
+}
+#define LJ_TARGET_MCODE_FIXUP   1
+#endif
+
+/* -- Trace patching ------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+/* Patch exit jumps of existing machine code to a new target. */
+void lj_asm_patchexit(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T, ExitNo exitno, MCode *target)
+{
+  MCode *p = T->mcode;
+  MCode *pe = (MCode *)((char *)p + T->szmcode);
+  MCode *cstart = NULL;
+  MCode *mcarea = lj_mcode_patch(J, p, 0);
+  MCode *px = exitstub_trace_addr(T, exitno);
+  int patchlong = 1;
+  /* Note: this assumes a trace exit is only ever patched once. */
+  for (; p < pe; p++) {
+    /* Look for exitstub branch, replace with branch to target. */
+    ptrdiff_t delta = target - p;
+    MCode ins = A64I_LE(*p);
+    if ((ins & 0xff000000u) == 0x54000000u &&
+        ((ins ^ ((px-p)<<5)) & 0x00ffffe0u) == 0) {
+      /* Patch bcc, if within range. */
+      if (A64F_S_OK(delta, 19)) {
+        *p = A64I_LE((ins & 0xff00001fu) | A64F_S19(delta));
+        if (!cstart) cstart = p;
+      }
+    } else if ((ins & 0xfc000000u) == 0x14000000u &&
+               ((ins ^ (px-p)) & 0x03ffffffu) == 0) {
+      /* Patch b. */
+      lj_assertJ(A64F_S_OK(delta, 26), "branch target out of range");
+      *p = A64I_LE((ins & 0xfc000000u) | A64F_S26(delta));
+      if (!cstart) cstart = p;
+    } else if ((ins & 0x7e000000u) == 0x34000000u &&
+               ((ins ^ ((px-p)<<5)) & 0x00ffffe0u) == 0) {
+      /* Patch cbz/cbnz, if within range. */
+      if (p[-1] == ARM64_NOPATCH_GC_CHECK) {
+        patchlong = 0;
+      } else if (A64F_S_OK(delta, 19)) {
+        *p = A64I_LE((ins & 0xff00001fu) | A64F_S19(delta));
+        if (!cstart) cstart = p;
+      }
+    } else if ((ins & 0x7e000000u) == 0x36000000u &&
+               ((ins ^ ((px-p)<<5)) & 0x0007ffe0u) == 0) {
+      /* Patch tbz/tbnz, if within range. */
+      if (A64F_S_OK(delta, 14)) {
+        *p = A64I_LE((ins & 0xfff8001fu) | A64F_S14(delta));
+        if (!cstart) cstart = p;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  /* Always patch long-range branch in exit stub itself. Except, if we can't. */
+  if (patchlong) {
+    ptrdiff_t delta = target - px;
+    lj_assertJ(A64F_S_OK(delta, 26), "branch target out of range");
+    *px = A64I_B | A64F_S26(delta);
+    if (!cstart) cstart = px;
+  }
+  if (cstart) lj_mcode_sync(cstart, px+1);
+  lj_mcode_patch(J, mcarea, 1);
+}
+
diff --git a/src/lj_asm_mips.h b/src/lj_asm_mips.h
index 3c99a843..b02da663 100644
--- a/src/lj_asm_mips.h
+++ b/src/lj_asm_mips.h
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ static Reg ra_alloc1z(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, RegSet allow)
 {
   Reg r = IR(ref)->r;
   if (ra_noreg(r)) {
-    if (!(allow & RSET_FPR) && irref_isk(ref) && IR(ref)->i == 0)
+    if (!(allow & RSET_FPR) && irref_isk(ref) && get_kval(as, ref) == 0)
       return RID_ZERO;
     r = ra_allocref(as, ref, allow);
   } else {
@@ -64,17 +64,29 @@ static Reg ra_alloc2(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, RegSet allow)
 /* Setup spare long-range jump slots per mcarea. */
 static void asm_sparejump_setup(ASMState *as)
 {
-  MCode *mxp = as->mcbot;
-  if (((uintptr_t)mxp & (LJ_PAGESIZE-1)) == sizeof(MCLink)) {
-    lua_assert(MIPSI_NOP == 0);
+  MCode *mxp = as->mctop;
+  if ((char *)mxp == (char *)as->J->mcarea + as->J->szmcarea) {
+    mxp -= MIPS_SPAREJUMP*2;
+    lj_assertA(MIPSI_NOP == 0, "bad NOP");
     memset(mxp, 0, MIPS_SPAREJUMP*2*sizeof(MCode));
-    mxp += MIPS_SPAREJUMP*2;
-    lua_assert(mxp < as->mctop);
-    lj_mcode_sync(as->mcbot, mxp);
-    lj_mcode_commitbot(as->J, mxp);
-    as->mcbot = mxp;
-    as->mclim = as->mcbot + MCLIM_REDZONE;
+    as->mctop = mxp;
+  }
+}
+
+static MCode *asm_sparejump_use(MCode *mcarea, MCode tjump)
+{
+  MCode *mxp = (MCode *)((char *)mcarea + ((MCLink *)mcarea)->size);
+  int slot = MIPS_SPAREJUMP;
+  while (slot--) {
+    mxp -= 2;
+    if (*mxp == tjump) {
+      return mxp;
+    } else if (*mxp == MIPSI_NOP) {
+      *mxp = tjump;
+      return mxp;
+    }
   }
+  return NULL;
 }
 
 /* Setup exit stub after the end of each trace. */
@@ -84,7 +96,8 @@ static void asm_exitstub_setup(ASMState *as)
   /* sw TMP, 0(sp); j ->vm_exit_handler; li TMP, traceno */
   *--mxp = MIPSI_LI|MIPSF_T(RID_TMP)|as->T->traceno;
   *--mxp = MIPSI_J|((((uintptr_t)(void *)lj_vm_exit_handler)>>2)&0x03ffffffu);
-  lua_assert(((uintptr_t)mxp ^ (uintptr_t)(void *)lj_vm_exit_handler)>>28 == 0);
+  lj_assertA(((uintptr_t)mxp ^ (uintptr_t)(void *)lj_vm_exit_handler)>>28 == 0,
+             "branch target out of range");
   *--mxp = MIPSI_SW|MIPSF_T(RID_TMP)|MIPSF_S(RID_SP)|0;
   as->mctop = mxp;
 }
@@ -101,7 +114,12 @@ static void asm_guard(ASMState *as, MIPSIns mi, Reg rs, Reg rt)
     as->invmcp = NULL;
     as->loopinv = 1;
     as->mcp = p+1;
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
     mi = mi ^ ((mi>>28) == 1 ? 0x04000000u : 0x00010000u);  /* Invert cond. */
+#else
+    mi = mi ^ ((mi>>28) == 1 ? 0x04000000u :
+               (mi>>28) == 4 ? 0x00800000u : 0x00010000u);  /* Invert cond. */
+#endif
     target = p;  /* Patch target later in asm_loop_fixup. */
   }
   emit_ti(as, MIPSI_LI, RID_TMP, as->snapno);
@@ -165,9 +183,9 @@ static Reg asm_fuseahuref(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, int32_t *ofsp, RegSet allow)
     } else if (ir->o == IR_UREFC) {
       if (irref_isk(ir->op1)) {
         GCfunc *fn = ir_kfunc(IR(ir->op1));
-        int32_t ofs = i32ptr(&gcref(fn->l.uvptr[(ir->op2 >> 8)])->uv.tv);
-        int32_t jgl = (intptr_t)J2G(as->J);
-        if ((uint32_t)(ofs-jgl) < 65536) {
+        intptr_t ofs = (intptr_t)&gcref(fn->l.uvptr[(ir->op2 >> 8)])->uv.tv;
+        intptr_t jgl = (intptr_t)J2G(as->J);
+        if ((uintptr_t)(ofs-jgl) < 65536) {
           *ofsp = ofs-jgl-32768;
           return RID_JGL;
         } else {
@@ -175,6 +193,9 @@ static Reg asm_fuseahuref(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, int32_t *ofsp, RegSet allow)
           return ra_allock(as, ofs-(int16_t)ofs, allow);
         }
       }
+    } else if (ir->o == IR_TMPREF) {
+      *ofsp = (int32_t)(offsetof(global_State, tmptv)-32768);
+      return RID_JGL;
     }
   }
   *ofsp = 0;
@@ -189,20 +210,21 @@ static void asm_fusexref(ASMState *as, MIPSIns mi, Reg rt, IRRef ref,
   Reg base;
   if (ra_noreg(ir->r) && canfuse(as, ir)) {
     if (ir->o == IR_ADD) {
-      int32_t ofs2;
-      if (irref_isk(ir->op2) && (ofs2 = ofs + IR(ir->op2)->i, checki16(ofs2))) {
+      intptr_t ofs2;
+      if (irref_isk(ir->op2) && (ofs2 = ofs + get_kval(as, ir->op2),
+                                 checki16(ofs2))) {
         ref = ir->op1;
-        ofs = ofs2;
+        ofs = (int32_t)ofs2;
       }
     } else if (ir->o == IR_STRREF) {
-      int32_t ofs2 = 65536;
-      lua_assert(ofs == 0);
+      intptr_t ofs2 = 65536;
+      lj_assertA(ofs == 0, "bad usage");
       ofs = (int32_t)sizeof(GCstr);
       if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {
-        ofs2 = ofs + IR(ir->op2)->i;
+        ofs2 = ofs + get_kval(as, ir->op2);
         ref = ir->op1;
       } else if (irref_isk(ir->op1)) {
-        ofs2 = ofs + IR(ir->op1)->i;
+        ofs2 = ofs + get_kval(as, ir->op1);
         ref = ir->op2;
       }
       if (!checki16(ofs2)) {
@@ -210,7 +232,7 @@ static void asm_fusexref(ASMState *as, MIPSIns mi, Reg rt, IRRef ref,
         Reg right, left = ra_alloc2(as, ir, allow);
         right = (left >> 8); left &= 255;
         emit_hsi(as, mi, rt, RID_TMP, ofs);
-        emit_dst(as, MIPSI_ADDU, RID_TMP, left, right);
+        emit_dst(as, MIPSI_AADDU, RID_TMP, left, right);
         return;
       }
       ofs = ofs2;
@@ -225,29 +247,43 @@ static void asm_fusexref(ASMState *as, MIPSIns mi, Reg rt, IRRef ref,
 /* Generate a call to a C function. */
 static void asm_gencall(ASMState *as, const CCallInfo *ci, IRRef *args)
 {
-  uint32_t n, nargs = CCI_NARGS(ci);
-  int32_t ofs = 16;
+  uint32_t n, nargs = CCI_XNARGS(ci);
+  int32_t ofs = LJ_32 ? 16 : 0;
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+  Reg gpr = REGARG_FIRSTGPR;
+#else
   Reg gpr, fpr = REGARG_FIRSTFPR;
+#endif
   if ((void *)ci->func)
-    emit_call(as, (void *)ci->func);
+    emit_call(as, (void *)ci->func, 1);
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
   for (gpr = REGARG_FIRSTGPR; gpr <= REGARG_LASTGPR; gpr++)
     as->cost[gpr] = REGCOST(~0u, ASMREF_L);
   gpr = REGARG_FIRSTGPR;
+#endif
   for (n = 0; n < nargs; n++) {  /* Setup args. */
     IRRef ref = args[n];
     if (ref) {
       IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
       if (irt_isfp(ir->t) && fpr <= REGARG_LASTFPR &&
           !(ci->flags & CCI_VARARG)) {
-        lua_assert(rset_test(as->freeset, fpr));  /* Already evicted. */
+        lj_assertA(rset_test(as->freeset, fpr),
+                   "reg %d not free", fpr);  /* Already evicted. */
         ra_leftov(as, fpr, ref);
-        fpr += 2;
-        gpr += irt_isnum(ir->t) ? 2 : 1;
-      } else {
+        fpr += LJ_32 ? 2 : 1;
+        gpr += (LJ_32 && irt_isnum(ir->t)) ? 2 : 1;
+      } else
+#endif
+      {
+#if LJ_32 && !LJ_SOFTFP
         fpr = REGARG_LASTFPR+1;
-        if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) gpr = (gpr+1) & ~1;
+#endif
+        if (LJ_32 && irt_isnum(ir->t)) gpr = (gpr+1) & ~1;
         if (gpr <= REGARG_LASTGPR) {
-          lua_assert(rset_test(as->freeset, gpr));  /* Already evicted. */
+          lj_assertA(rset_test(as->freeset, gpr),
+                     "reg %d not free", gpr);  /* Already evicted. */
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
           if (irt_isfp(ir->t)) {
             RegSet of = as->freeset;
             Reg r;
@@ -256,31 +292,56 @@ static void asm_gencall(ASMState *as, const CCallInfo *ci, IRRef *args)
             r = ra_alloc1(as, ref, RSET_FPR);
             as->freeset |= (of & RSET_RANGE(REGARG_FIRSTGPR, REGARG_LASTGPR+1));
             if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+#if LJ_32
               emit_tg(as, MIPSI_MFC1, gpr+(LJ_BE?0:1), r+1);
               emit_tg(as, MIPSI_MFC1, gpr+(LJ_BE?1:0), r);
-              lua_assert(rset_test(as->freeset, gpr+1));  /* Already evicted. */
+              lj_assertA(rset_test(as->freeset, gpr+1),
+                         "reg %d not free", gpr+1);  /* Already evicted. */
               gpr += 2;
+#else
+              emit_tg(as, MIPSI_DMFC1, gpr, r);
+              gpr++; fpr++;
+#endif
             } else if (irt_isfloat(ir->t)) {
               emit_tg(as, MIPSI_MFC1, gpr, r);
               gpr++;
+#if LJ_64
+              fpr++;
+#endif
             }
-          } else {
+          } else
+#endif
+          {
             ra_leftov(as, gpr, ref);
             gpr++;
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_SOFTFP
+            fpr++;
+#endif
           }
         } else {
-          Reg r = ra_alloc1z(as, ref, irt_isfp(ir->t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
+          Reg r = ra_alloc1z(as, ref, !LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isfp(ir->t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
+#if LJ_32
           if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) ofs = (ofs + 4) & ~4;
           emit_spstore(as, ir, r, ofs);
           ofs += irt_isnum(ir->t) ? 8 : 4;
+#else
+          emit_spstore(as, ir, r, ofs + ((LJ_BE && !irt_isfp(ir->t) && !irt_is64(ir->t)) ? 4 : 0));
+          ofs += 8;
+#endif
         }
       }
     } else {
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
       fpr = REGARG_LASTFPR+1;
-      if (gpr <= REGARG_LASTGPR)
+#endif
+      if (gpr <= REGARG_LASTGPR) {
         gpr++;
-      else
-        ofs += 4;
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_SOFTFP
+        fpr++;
+#endif
+      } else {
+        ofs += LJ_32 ? 4 : 8;
+      }
     }
     checkmclim(as);
   }
@@ -291,28 +352,38 @@ static void asm_setupresult(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, const CCallInfo *ci)
 {
   RegSet drop = RSET_SCRATCH;
   int hiop = ((ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP && !irt_isnil((ir+1)->t));
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
   if ((ci->flags & CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER))
     drop &= ~RSET_FPR;
+#endif
   if (ra_hasreg(ir->r))
     rset_clear(drop, ir->r);  /* Dest reg handled below. */
   if (hiop && ra_hasreg((ir+1)->r))
     rset_clear(drop, (ir+1)->r);  /* Dest reg handled below. */
   ra_evictset(as, drop);  /* Evictions must be performed first. */
   if (ra_used(ir)) {
-    lua_assert(!irt_ispri(ir->t));
-    if (irt_isfp(ir->t)) {
+    lj_assertA(!irt_ispri(ir->t), "PRI dest");
+    if (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isfp(ir->t)) {
       if ((ci->flags & CCI_CASTU64)) {
         int32_t ofs = sps_scale(ir->s);
         Reg dest = ir->r;
         if (ra_hasreg(dest)) {
           ra_free(as, dest);
           ra_modified(as, dest);
+#if LJ_32
           emit_tg(as, MIPSI_MTC1, RID_RETHI, dest+1);
           emit_tg(as, MIPSI_MTC1, RID_RETLO, dest);
+#else
+          emit_tg(as, MIPSI_DMTC1, RID_RET, dest);
+#endif
         }
         if (ofs) {
+#if LJ_32
           emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SW, RID_RETLO, RID_SP, ofs+(LJ_BE?4:0));
           emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SW, RID_RETHI, RID_SP, ofs+(LJ_BE?0:4));
+#else
+          emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SD, RID_RET, RID_SP, ofs);
+#endif
         }
       } else {
         ra_destreg(as, ir, RID_FPRET);
@@ -325,15 +396,6 @@ static void asm_setupresult(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, const CCallInfo *ci)
   }
 }
 
-static void asm_call(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  IRRef args[CCI_NARGS_MAX];
-  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[ir->op2];
-  asm_collectargs(as, ir, ci, args);
-  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
-  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-}
-
 static void asm_callx(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   IRRef args[CCI_NARGS_MAX*2];
@@ -346,7 +408,7 @@ static void asm_callx(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   func = ir->op2; irf = IR(func);
   if (irf->o == IR_CARG) { func = irf->op1; irf = IR(func); }
   if (irref_isk(func)) {  /* Call to constant address. */
-    ci.func = (ASMFunction)(void *)(irf->i);
+    ci.func = (ASMFunction)(void *)get_kval(as, func);
   } else {  /* Need specific register for indirect calls. */
     Reg r = ra_alloc1(as, func, RID2RSET(RID_CFUNCADDR));
     MCode *p = as->mcp;
@@ -361,27 +423,23 @@ static void asm_callx(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   asm_gencall(as, &ci, args);
 }
 
-static void asm_callid(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, IRCallID id)
-{
-  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[id];
-  IRRef args[2];
-  args[0] = ir->op1;
-  args[1] = ir->op2;
-  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
-  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-}
-
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
 static void asm_callround(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, IRCallID id)
 {
   /* The modified regs must match with the *.dasc implementation. */
   RegSet drop = RID2RSET(RID_R1)|RID2RSET(RID_R12)|RID2RSET(RID_FPRET)|
-                RID2RSET(RID_F2)|RID2RSET(RID_F4)|RID2RSET(REGARG_FIRSTFPR);
+                RID2RSET(RID_F2)|RID2RSET(RID_F4)|RID2RSET(REGARG_FIRSTFPR)
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+                |RID2RSET(RID_F21)
+#endif
+                ;
   if (ra_hasreg(ir->r)) rset_clear(drop, ir->r);
   ra_evictset(as, drop);
   ra_destreg(as, ir, RID_FPRET);
-  emit_call(as, (void *)lj_ir_callinfo[id].func);
+  emit_call(as, (void *)lj_ir_callinfo[id].func, 0);
   ra_leftov(as, REGARG_FIRSTFPR, ir->op1);
 }
+#endif
 
 /* -- Returns ------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -390,25 +448,52 @@ static void asm_retf(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg base = ra_alloc1(as, REF_BASE, RSET_GPR);
   void *pc = ir_kptr(IR(ir->op2));
-  int32_t delta = 1+bc_a(*((const BCIns *)pc - 1));
+  int32_t delta = 1+LJ_FR2+bc_a(*((const BCIns *)pc - 1));
   as->topslot -= (BCReg)delta;
   if ((int32_t)as->topslot < 0) as->topslot = 0;
   irt_setmark(IR(REF_BASE)->t);  /* Children must not coalesce with BASE reg. */
   emit_setgl(as, base, jit_base);
   emit_addptr(as, base, -8*delta);
   asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BNE, RID_TMP,
-            ra_allock(as, i32ptr(pc), rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, base)));
-  emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, RID_TMP, base, -8);
+            ra_allock(as, igcptr(pc), rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, base)));
+  emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AL, RID_TMP, base, -8);
 }
 
+/* -- Buffer operations --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+static void asm_bufhdr_write(ASMState *as, Reg sb)
+{
+  Reg tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, sb));
+  IRIns irgc;
+  irgc.ot = IRT(0, IRT_PGC);  /* GC type. */
+  emit_storeofs(as, &irgc, RID_TMP, sb, offsetof(SBuf, L));
+  if ((as->flags & JIT_F_MIPSXXR2)) {
+    emit_tsml(as, LJ_64 ? MIPSI_DINS : MIPSI_INS, RID_TMP, tmp,
+              lj_fls(SBUF_MASK_FLAG), 0);
+  } else {
+    emit_dst(as, MIPSI_OR, RID_TMP, RID_TMP, tmp);
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ANDI, tmp, tmp, SBUF_MASK_FLAG);
+  }
+  emit_getgl(as, RID_TMP, cur_L);
+  emit_loadofs(as, &irgc, tmp, sb, offsetof(SBuf, L));
+}
+#endif
+
 /* -- Type conversions ---------------------------------------------------- */
 
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
 static void asm_tointg(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg left)
 {
   Reg tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_FPR, left));
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
   asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BC1F, 0, 0);
   emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_C_EQ_D, 0, tmp, left);
+#else
+  asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BC1EQZ, 0, (tmp&31));
+  emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_CMP_EQ_D, tmp, tmp, left);
+#endif
   emit_fg(as, MIPSI_CVT_D_W, tmp, tmp);
   emit_tg(as, MIPSI_MFC1, dest, tmp);
   emit_fg(as, MIPSI_CVT_W_D, tmp, left);
@@ -424,15 +509,57 @@ static void asm_tobit(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   emit_tg(as, MIPSI_MFC1, dest, tmp);
   emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_ADD_D, tmp, left, right);
 }
+#elif LJ_64  /* && LJ_SOFTFP */
+static void asm_tointg(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r)
+{
+  /* The modified regs must match with the *.dasc implementation. */
+  RegSet drop = RID2RSET(REGARG_FIRSTGPR)|RID2RSET(RID_RET)|RID2RSET(RID_RET+1)|
+                RID2RSET(RID_R1)|RID2RSET(RID_R12);
+  if (ra_hasreg(ir->r)) rset_clear(drop, ir->r);
+  ra_evictset(as, drop);
+  /* Return values are in RID_RET (converted value) and RID_RET+1 (status). */
+  ra_destreg(as, ir, RID_RET);
+  asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BNE, RID_RET+1, RID_ZERO);
+  emit_call(as, (void *)lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_vm_tointg].func, 0);
+  if (r == RID_NONE)
+    ra_leftov(as, REGARG_FIRSTGPR, ir->op1);
+  else if (r != REGARG_FIRSTGPR)
+    emit_move(as, REGARG_FIRSTGPR, r);
+}
+
+static void asm_tobit(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  emit_dta(as, MIPSI_SLL, dest, dest, 0);
+  asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_tobit);
+}
+#endif
 
 static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   IRType st = (IRType)(ir->op2 & IRCONV_SRCMASK);
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP32
   int stfp = (st == IRT_NUM || st == IRT_FLOAT);
+#endif
+#if LJ_64
+  int st64 = (st == IRT_I64 || st == IRT_U64 || st == IRT_P64);
+#endif
   IRRef lref = ir->op1;
-  lua_assert(irt_type(ir->t) != st);
-  lua_assert(!(irt_isint64(ir->t) ||
-               (st == IRT_I64 || st == IRT_U64))); /* Handled by SPLIT. */
+#if LJ_32
+  /* 64 bit integer conversions are handled by SPLIT. */
+  lj_assertA(!(irt_isint64(ir->t) || (st == IRT_I64 || st == IRT_U64)),
+             "IR %04d has unsplit 64 bit type",
+             (int)(ir - as->ir) - REF_BIAS);
+#endif
+#if LJ_SOFTFP32
+  /* FP conversions are handled by SPLIT. */
+  lj_assertA(!irt_isfp(ir->t) && !(st == IRT_NUM || st == IRT_FLOAT),
+             "IR %04d has FP type",
+             (int)(ir - as->ir) - REF_BIAS);
+  /* Can't check for same types: SPLIT uses CONV int.int + BXOR for sfp NEG. */
+#else
+  lj_assertA(irt_type(ir->t) != st, "inconsistent types for CONV");
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
   if (irt_isfp(ir->t)) {
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
     if (stfp) {  /* FP to FP conversion. */
@@ -448,27 +575,56 @@ static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
       emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_ADD_D, dest, dest, tmp);
       emit_fg(as, MIPSI_CVT_D_W, dest, dest);
       emit_lsptr(as, MIPSI_LDC1, (tmp & 31),
-                 (void *)lj_ir_k64_find(as->J, U64x(41e00000,00000000)),
-                 RSET_GPR);
+                 (void *)&as->J->k64[LJ_K64_2P31], RSET_GPR);
       emit_tg(as, MIPSI_MTC1, RID_TMP, dest);
       emit_dst(as, MIPSI_XOR, RID_TMP, RID_TMP, left);
       emit_ti(as, MIPSI_LUI, RID_TMP, 0x8000);
+#if LJ_64
+    } else if(st == IRT_U64) {  /* U64 to FP conversion. */
+      /* if (x >= 1u<<63) y = (double)(int64_t)(x&(1u<<63)-1) + pow(2.0, 63) */
+      Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_GPR);
+      Reg tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_FPR, dest));
+      MCLabel l_end = emit_label(as);
+      if (irt_isfloat(ir->t)) {
+        emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_ADD_S, dest, dest, tmp);
+        emit_lsptr(as, MIPSI_LWC1, (tmp & 31), (void *)&as->J->k32[LJ_K32_2P63],
+                   rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, left));
+        emit_fg(as, MIPSI_CVT_S_L, dest, dest);
+      } else {
+        emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_ADD_D, dest, dest, tmp);
+        emit_lsptr(as, MIPSI_LDC1, (tmp & 31), (void *)&as->J->k64[LJ_K64_2P63],
+                   rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, left));
+        emit_fg(as, MIPSI_CVT_D_L, dest, dest);
+      }
+      emit_branch(as, MIPSI_BGEZ, left, RID_ZERO, l_end);
+      emit_tg(as, MIPSI_DMTC1, RID_TMP, dest);
+      emit_tsml(as, MIPSI_DEXTM, RID_TMP, left, 30, 0);
+#endif
     } else {  /* Integer to FP conversion. */
       Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_GPR);
+#if LJ_32
       emit_fg(as, irt_isfloat(ir->t) ? MIPSI_CVT_S_W : MIPSI_CVT_D_W,
               dest, dest);
       emit_tg(as, MIPSI_MTC1, left, dest);
+#else
+      MIPSIns mi = irt_isfloat(ir->t) ?
+        (st64 ? MIPSI_CVT_S_L : MIPSI_CVT_S_W) :
+        (st64 ? MIPSI_CVT_D_L : MIPSI_CVT_D_W);
+      emit_fg(as, mi, dest, dest);
+      emit_tg(as, st64 ? MIPSI_DMTC1 : MIPSI_MTC1, left, dest);
+#endif
     }
   } else if (stfp) {  /* FP to integer conversion. */
     if (irt_isguard(ir->t)) {
       /* Checked conversions are only supported from number to int. */
-      lua_assert(irt_isint(ir->t) && st == IRT_NUM);
+      lj_assertA(irt_isint(ir->t) && st == IRT_NUM,
+                 "bad type for checked CONV");
       asm_tointg(as, ir, ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_FPR));
     } else {
       Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
       Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_FPR);
       Reg tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_FPR, left));
-      if (irt_isu32(ir->t)) {
+      if (irt_isu32(ir->t)) {  /* FP to U32 conversion. */
         /* y = (int)floor(x - 2147483648.0) ^ 0x80000000 */
         emit_dst(as, MIPSI_XOR, dest, dest, RID_TMP);
         emit_ti(as, MIPSI_LUI, RID_TMP, 0x8000);
@@ -479,25 +635,112 @@ static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
                  tmp, left, tmp);
         if (st == IRT_FLOAT)
           emit_lsptr(as, MIPSI_LWC1, (tmp & 31),
-                     (void *)lj_ir_k64_find(as->J, U64x(4f000000,4f000000)),
-                     RSET_GPR);
+                     (void *)&as->J->k32[LJ_K32_2P31], RSET_GPR);
         else
           emit_lsptr(as, MIPSI_LDC1, (tmp & 31),
-                     (void *)lj_ir_k64_find(as->J, U64x(41e00000,00000000)),
-                     RSET_GPR);
+                     (void *)&as->J->k64[LJ_K64_2P31], RSET_GPR);
+#if LJ_64
+      } else if (irt_isu64(ir->t)) {  /* FP to U64 conversion. */
+        MCLabel l_end;
+        emit_tg(as, MIPSI_DMFC1, dest, tmp);
+        l_end = emit_label(as);
+        /* For inputs >= 2^63 add -2^64 and convert again. */
+        if (st == IRT_NUM) {
+          emit_fg(as, MIPSI_TRUNC_L_D, tmp, tmp);
+          emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_ADD_D, tmp, left, tmp);
+          emit_lsptr(as, MIPSI_LDC1, (tmp & 31),
+                     (void *)&as->J->k64[LJ_K64_M2P64],
+                     rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, dest));
+          emit_fg(as, MIPSI_TRUNC_L_D, tmp, left);  /* Delay slot. */
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+         emit_branch(as, MIPSI_BC1T, 0, 0, l_end);
+         emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_C_OLT_D, 0, left, tmp);
+#else
+         emit_branch(as, MIPSI_BC1NEZ, 0, (left&31), l_end);
+         emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_CMP_LT_D, left, left, tmp);
+#endif
+          emit_lsptr(as, MIPSI_LDC1, (tmp & 31),
+                     (void *)&as->J->k64[LJ_K64_2P63],
+                     rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, dest));
+        } else {
+          emit_fg(as, MIPSI_TRUNC_L_S, tmp, tmp);
+          emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_ADD_S, tmp, left, tmp);
+          emit_lsptr(as, MIPSI_LWC1, (tmp & 31),
+                     (void *)&as->J->k32[LJ_K32_M2P64],
+                     rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, dest));
+          emit_fg(as, MIPSI_TRUNC_L_S, tmp, left);  /* Delay slot. */
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+         emit_branch(as, MIPSI_BC1T, 0, 0, l_end);
+         emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_C_OLT_S, 0, left, tmp);
+#else
+         emit_branch(as, MIPSI_BC1NEZ, 0, (left&31), l_end);
+         emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_CMP_LT_S, left, left, tmp);
+#endif
+          emit_lsptr(as, MIPSI_LWC1, (tmp & 31),
+                     (void *)&as->J->k32[LJ_K32_2P63],
+                     rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, dest));
+        }
+#endif
       } else {
+#if LJ_32
         emit_tg(as, MIPSI_MFC1, dest, tmp);
         emit_fg(as, st == IRT_FLOAT ? MIPSI_TRUNC_W_S : MIPSI_TRUNC_W_D,
                 tmp, left);
+#else
+        MIPSIns mi = irt_is64(ir->t) ?
+          (st == IRT_NUM ? MIPSI_TRUNC_L_D : MIPSI_TRUNC_L_S) :
+          (st == IRT_NUM ? MIPSI_TRUNC_W_D : MIPSI_TRUNC_W_S);
+        emit_tg(as, irt_is64(ir->t) ? MIPSI_DMFC1 : MIPSI_MFC1, dest, left);
+        emit_fg(as, mi, left, left);
+#endif
       }
     }
-  } else {
+  } else
+#else
+  if (irt_isfp(ir->t)) {
+#if LJ_64 && LJ_HASFFI
+    if (stfp) {  /* FP to FP conversion. */
+      asm_callid(as, ir, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? IRCALL_softfp_f2d :
+                                            IRCALL_softfp_d2f);
+    } else {  /* Integer to FP conversion. */
+      IRCallID cid = ((IRT_IS64 >> st) & 1) ?
+        (irt_isnum(ir->t) ?
+         (st == IRT_I64 ? IRCALL_fp64_l2d : IRCALL_fp64_ul2d) :
+         (st == IRT_I64 ? IRCALL_fp64_l2f : IRCALL_fp64_ul2f)) :
+        (irt_isnum(ir->t) ?
+         (st == IRT_INT ? IRCALL_softfp_i2d : IRCALL_softfp_ui2d) :
+         (st == IRT_INT ? IRCALL_softfp_i2f : IRCALL_softfp_ui2f));
+      asm_callid(as, ir, cid);
+    }
+#else
+    asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_softfp_i2d);
+#endif
+  } else if (stfp) {  /* FP to integer conversion. */
+    if (irt_isguard(ir->t)) {
+      /* Checked conversions are only supported from number to int. */
+      lj_assertA(irt_isint(ir->t) && st == IRT_NUM,
+                 "bad type for checked CONV");
+      asm_tointg(as, ir, RID_NONE);
+    } else {
+      IRCallID cid = irt_is64(ir->t) ?
+        ((st == IRT_NUM) ?
+         (irt_isi64(ir->t) ? IRCALL_fp64_d2l : IRCALL_fp64_d2ul) :
+         (irt_isi64(ir->t) ? IRCALL_fp64_f2l : IRCALL_fp64_f2ul)) :
+        ((st == IRT_NUM) ?
+         (irt_isint(ir->t) ? IRCALL_softfp_d2i : IRCALL_softfp_d2ui) :
+         (irt_isint(ir->t) ? IRCALL_softfp_f2i : IRCALL_softfp_f2ui));
+      asm_callid(as, ir, cid);
+    }
+  } else
+#endif
+#endif
+  {
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     if (st >= IRT_I8 && st <= IRT_U16) {  /* Extend to 32 bit integer. */
       Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
-      lua_assert(irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t));
+      lj_assertA(irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t), "bad type for CONV EXT");
       if ((ir->op2 & IRCONV_SEXT)) {
-        if ((as->flags & JIT_F_MIPS32R2)) {
+        if (LJ_64 || (as->flags & JIT_F_MIPSXXR2)) {
           emit_dst(as, st == IRT_I8 ? MIPSI_SEB : MIPSI_SEH, dest, 0, left);
         } else {
           uint32_t shift = st == IRT_I8 ? 24 : 16;
@@ -509,94 +752,171 @@ static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
                  (int32_t)(st == IRT_U8 ? 0xff : 0xffff));
       }
     } else {  /* 32/64 bit integer conversions. */
+#if LJ_32
       /* Only need to handle 32/32 bit no-op (cast) on 32 bit archs. */
       ra_leftov(as, dest, lref);  /* Do nothing, but may need to move regs. */
+#else
+      if (irt_is64(ir->t)) {
+        if (st64) {
+          /* 64/64 bit no-op (cast)*/
+          ra_leftov(as, dest, lref);
+        } else {
+          Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_GPR);
+          if ((ir->op2 & IRCONV_SEXT)) {  /* 32 to 64 bit sign extension. */
+            emit_dta(as, MIPSI_SLL, dest, left, 0);
+          } else {  /* 32 to 64 bit zero extension. */
+            emit_tsml(as, MIPSI_DEXT, dest, left, 31, 0);
+          }
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (st64 && !(ir->op2 & IRCONV_NONE)) {
+          /* This is either a 32 bit reg/reg mov which zeroes the hiword
+          ** or a load of the loword from a 64 bit address.
+          */
+          Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_GPR);
+          emit_tsml(as, MIPSI_DEXT, dest, left, 31, 0);
+        } else {  /* 32/32 bit no-op (cast). */
+          /* Do nothing, but may need to move regs. */
+          ra_leftov(as, dest, lref);
+        }
+      }
+#endif
     }
   }
 }
 
-#if LJ_HASFFI
-static void asm_conv64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  IRType st = (IRType)((ir-1)->op2 & IRCONV_SRCMASK);
-  IRType dt = (((ir-1)->op2 & IRCONV_DSTMASK) >> IRCONV_DSH);
-  IRCallID id;
-  const CCallInfo *ci;
-  IRRef args[2];
-  args[LJ_BE?0:1] = ir->op1;
-  args[LJ_BE?1:0] = (ir-1)->op1;
-  if (st == IRT_NUM || st == IRT_FLOAT) {
-    id = IRCALL_fp64_d2l + ((st == IRT_FLOAT) ? 2 : 0) + (dt - IRT_I64);
-    ir--;
-  } else {
-    id = IRCALL_fp64_l2d + ((dt == IRT_FLOAT) ? 2 : 0) + (st - IRT_I64);
-  }
-  ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[id];
-  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
-  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-}
-#endif
-
 static void asm_strto(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_strscan_num];
   IRRef args[2];
+  int32_t ofs = 0;
+#if LJ_SOFTFP32
+  ra_evictset(as, RSET_SCRATCH);
+  if (ra_used(ir)) {
+    if (ra_hasspill(ir->s) && ra_hasspill((ir+1)->s) &&
+        (ir->s & 1) == LJ_BE && (ir->s ^ 1) == (ir+1)->s) {
+      int i;
+      for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+        Reg r = (ir+i)->r;
+        if (ra_hasreg(r)) {
+          ra_free(as, r);
+          ra_modified(as, r);
+          emit_spload(as, ir+i, r, sps_scale((ir+i)->s));
+        }
+      }
+      ofs = sps_scale(ir->s & ~1);
+    } else {
+      Reg rhi = ra_dest(as, ir+1, RSET_GPR);
+      Reg rlo = ra_dest(as, ir, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, rhi));
+      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, rhi, RID_SP, ofs+(LJ_BE?0:4));
+      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, rlo, RID_SP, ofs+(LJ_BE?4:0));
+    }
+  }
+#else
   RegSet drop = RSET_SCRATCH;
   if (ra_hasreg(ir->r)) rset_set(drop, ir->r);  /* Spill dest reg (if any). */
   ra_evictset(as, drop);
+  ofs = sps_scale(ir->s);
+#endif
   asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BEQ, RID_RET, RID_ZERO);  /* Test return status. */
   args[0] = ir->op1;      /* GCstr *str */
   args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* TValue *n  */
   asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
   /* Store the result to the spill slot or temp slots. */
-  emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ADDIU, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1),
-           RID_SP, sps_scale(ir->s));
+  emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AADDIU, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1),
+           RID_SP, ofs);
 }
 
-/* Get pointer to TValue. */
-static void asm_tvptr(ASMState *as, Reg dest, IRRef ref)
+/* -- Memory references --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#if LJ_64
+/* Store tagged value for ref at base+ofs. */
+static void asm_tvstore64(ASMState *as, Reg base, int32_t ofs, IRRef ref)
 {
+  RegSet allow = rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, base);
   IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
-  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
-    if (irref_isk(ref))  /* Use the number constant itself as a TValue. */
-      ra_allockreg(as, i32ptr(ir_knum(ir)), dest);
-    else  /* Otherwise force a spill and use the spill slot. */
-      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ADDIU, dest, RID_SP, ra_spill(as, ir));
+  lj_assertA(irt_ispri(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t) || irt_isinteger(ir->t),
+             "store of IR type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
+  if (irref_isk(ref)) {
+    TValue k;
+    lj_ir_kvalue(as->J->L, &k, ir);
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SD, ra_allock(as, (int64_t)k.u64, allow), base, ofs);
   } else {
-    /* Otherwise use g->tmptv to hold the TValue. */
-    RegSet allow = rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, dest);
-    Reg type;
-    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ADDIU, dest, RID_JGL, offsetof(global_State, tmptv)-32768);
-    if (!irt_ispri(ir->t)) {
-      Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, allow);
-      emit_setgl(as, src, tmptv.gcr);
+    Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, allow);
+    Reg type = ra_allock(as, (int64_t)irt_toitype(ir->t) << 47,
+                         rset_exclude(allow, src));
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SD, RID_TMP, base, ofs);
+    if (irt_isinteger(ir->t)) {
+      emit_dst(as, MIPSI_DADDU, RID_TMP, RID_TMP, type);
+      emit_tsml(as, MIPSI_DEXT, RID_TMP, src, 31, 0);
+    } else {
+      emit_dst(as, MIPSI_DADDU, RID_TMP, src, type);
     }
-    type = ra_allock(as, irt_toitype(ir->t), allow);
-    emit_setgl(as, type, tmptv.it);
   }
 }
+#endif
 
-static void asm_tostr(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+/* Get pointer to TValue. */
+static void asm_tvptr(ASMState *as, Reg dest, IRRef ref, MSize mode)
 {
-  IRRef args[2];
-  args[0] = ASMREF_L;
-  as->gcsteps++;
-  if (irt_isnum(IR(ir->op1)->t) || (ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP) {
-    const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_str_fromnum];
-    args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* const lua_Number * */
-    asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* GCstr * */
-    asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-    asm_tvptr(as, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), ir->op1);
+  int32_t tmpofs = (int32_t)(offsetof(global_State, tmptv)-32768);
+  if ((mode & IRTMPREF_IN1)) {
+    IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+    if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+      if ((mode & IRTMPREF_OUT1)) {
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+        emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AADDIU, dest, RID_JGL, tmpofs);
+#if LJ_64
+        emit_setgl(as, ra_alloc1(as, ref, RSET_GPR), tmptv.u64);
+#else
+        lj_assertA(irref_isk(ref), "unsplit FP op");
+        emit_setgl(as,
+                   ra_allock(as, (int32_t)ir_knum(ir)->u32.lo, RSET_GPR),
+                   tmptv.u32.lo);
+        emit_setgl(as,
+                   ra_allock(as, (int32_t)ir_knum(ir)->u32.hi, RSET_GPR),
+                   tmptv.u32.hi);
+#endif
+#else
+        Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, RSET_FPR);
+        emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AADDIU, dest, RID_JGL, tmpofs);
+        emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SDC1, (src & 31),  RID_JGL, tmpofs);
+#endif
+      } else if (irref_isk(ref)) {
+        /* Use the number constant itself as a TValue. */
+        ra_allockreg(as, igcptr(ir_knum(ir)), dest);
+      } else {
+#if LJ_SOFTFP32
+        lj_assertA(0, "unsplit FP op");
+#else
+        /* Otherwise force a spill and use the spill slot. */
+        emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AADDIU, dest, RID_SP, ra_spill(as, ir));
+#endif
+      }
+    } else {
+      /* Otherwise use g->tmptv to hold the TValue. */
+#if LJ_32
+      Reg type;
+      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ADDIU, dest, RID_JGL, tmpofs);
+      if (!irt_ispri(ir->t)) {
+        Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, RSET_GPR);
+        emit_setgl(as, src, tmptv.gcr);
+      }
+      if (LJ_SOFTFP && (ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP && !irt_isnil((ir+1)->t))
+        type = ra_alloc1(as, ref+1, RSET_GPR);
+      else
+        type = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)irt_toitype(ir->t), RSET_GPR);
+      emit_setgl(as, type, tmptv.it);
+#else
+      asm_tvstore64(as, dest, 0, ref);
+      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_DADDIU, dest, RID_JGL, tmpofs);
+#endif
+    }
   } else {
-    const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_str_fromint];
-    args[1] = ir->op1;  /* int32_t k */
-    asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* GCstr * */
-    asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AADDIU, dest, RID_JGL, tmpofs);
   }
 }
 
-/* -- Memory references --------------------------------------------------- */
-
 static void asm_aref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
@@ -608,14 +928,18 @@ static void asm_aref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     ofs += 8*IR(ir->op2)->i;
     if (checki16(ofs)) {
       base = ra_alloc1(as, refa, RSET_GPR);
-      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ADDIU, dest, base, ofs);
+      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AADDIU, dest, base, ofs);
       return;
     }
   }
   base = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
   idx = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, base));
-  emit_dst(as, MIPSI_ADDU, dest, RID_TMP, base);
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+  emit_dst(as, MIPSI_AADDU, dest, RID_TMP, base);
   emit_dta(as, MIPSI_SLL, RID_TMP, idx, 3);
+#else
+  emit_dst(as, MIPSI_ALSA | MIPSF_A(3-1), dest, idx, base);
+#endif
 }
 
 /* Inlined hash lookup. Specialized for key type and for const keys.
@@ -626,21 +950,25 @@ static void asm_aref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 **   } while ((n = nextnode(n)));
 **   return niltv(L);
 */
-static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, IROp merge)
 {
   RegSet allow = RSET_GPR;
   int destused = ra_used(ir);
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, allow);
   Reg tab = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, rset_clear(allow, dest));
   Reg key = RID_NONE, type = RID_NONE, tmpnum = RID_NONE, tmp1 = RID_TMP, tmp2;
+#if LJ_64
+  Reg cmp64 = RID_NONE;
+#endif
   IRRef refkey = ir->op2;
   IRIns *irkey = IR(refkey);
+  int isk = irref_isk(refkey);
   IRType1 kt = irkey->t;
   uint32_t khash;
   MCLabel l_end, l_loop, l_next;
 
   rset_clear(allow, tab);
-  if (irt_isnum(kt)) {
+  if (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(kt)) {
     key = ra_alloc1(as, refkey, RSET_FPR);
     tmpnum = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_FPR, key));
   } else {
@@ -648,31 +976,76 @@ static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
       key = ra_alloc1(as, refkey, allow);
       rset_clear(allow, key);
     }
-    type = ra_allock(as, irt_toitype(irkey->t), allow);
-    rset_clear(allow, type);
+#if LJ_32
+    if (LJ_SOFTFP && irkey[1].o == IR_HIOP) {
+      if (ra_hasreg((irkey+1)->r)) {
+        type = tmpnum = (irkey+1)->r;
+        tmp1 = ra_scratch(as, allow);
+        rset_clear(allow, tmp1);
+        ra_noweak(as, tmpnum);
+      } else {
+        type = tmpnum = ra_allocref(as, refkey+1, allow);
+      }
+      rset_clear(allow, tmpnum);
+    } else {
+      type = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)irt_toitype(kt), allow);
+      rset_clear(allow, type);
+    }
+#endif
   }
   tmp2 = ra_scratch(as, allow);
   rset_clear(allow, tmp2);
+#if LJ_64
+  if (LJ_SOFTFP || !irt_isnum(kt)) {
+    /* Allocate cmp64 register used for 64-bit comparisons */
+    if (LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(kt)) {
+      cmp64 = key;
+    } else if (!isk && irt_isaddr(kt)) {
+      cmp64 = tmp2;
+    } else {
+      int64_t k;
+      if (isk && irt_isaddr(kt)) {
+        k = ((int64_t)irt_toitype(kt) << 47) | irkey[1].tv.u64;
+      } else {
+        lj_assertA(irt_ispri(kt) && !irt_isnil(kt), "bad HREF key type");
+        k = ~((int64_t)~irt_toitype(kt) << 47);
+      }
+      cmp64 = ra_allock(as, k, allow);
+      rset_clear(allow, cmp64);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
 
-  /* Key not found in chain: load niltv. */
+  /* Key not found in chain: jump to exit (if merged) or load niltv. */
   l_end = emit_label(as);
-  if (destused)
+  as->invmcp = NULL;
+  if (merge == IR_NE)
+    asm_guard(as, MIPSI_B, RID_ZERO, RID_ZERO);
+  else if (destused)
     emit_loada(as, dest, niltvg(J2G(as->J)));
-  else
-    *--as->mcp = MIPSI_NOP;
   /* Follow hash chain until the end. */
   emit_move(as, dest, tmp1);
   l_loop = --as->mcp;
-  emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, tmp1, dest, (int32_t)offsetof(Node, next));
+  emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AL, tmp1, dest, (int32_t)offsetof(Node, next));
   l_next = emit_label(as);
 
   /* Type and value comparison. */
-  if (irt_isnum(kt)) {
+  if (merge == IR_EQ) {  /* Must match asm_guard(). */
+    emit_ti(as, MIPSI_LI, RID_TMP, as->snapno);
+    l_end = asm_exitstub_addr(as);
+  }
+  if (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(kt)) {
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
     emit_branch(as, MIPSI_BC1T, 0, 0, l_end);
     emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_C_EQ_D, 0, tmpnum, key);
-        emit_tg(as, MIPSI_MFC1, tmp1, key+1);
+#else
+    emit_branch(as, MIPSI_BC1NEZ, 0, (tmpnum&31), l_end);
+    emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_CMP_EQ_D, tmpnum, tmpnum, key);
+#endif
+    *--as->mcp = MIPSI_NOP;  /* Avoid NaN comparison overhead. */
     emit_branch(as, MIPSI_BEQ, tmp1, RID_ZERO, l_next);
     emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SLTIU, tmp1, tmp1, (int32_t)LJ_TISNUM);
+#if LJ_32
     emit_hsi(as, MIPSI_LDC1, tmpnum, dest, (int32_t)offsetof(Node, key.n));
   } else {
     if (irt_ispri(kt)) {
@@ -685,36 +1058,52 @@ static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   }
   emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, tmp1, dest, (int32_t)offsetof(Node, key.it));
   *l_loop = MIPSI_BNE | MIPSF_S(tmp1) | ((as->mcp-l_loop-1) & 0xffffu);
+#else
+    emit_dta(as, MIPSI_DSRA32, tmp1, tmp1, 15);
+    emit_tg(as, MIPSI_DMTC1, tmp1, tmpnum);
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LD, tmp1, dest, (int32_t)offsetof(Node, key.u64));
+  } else {
+    emit_branch(as, MIPSI_BEQ, tmp1, cmp64, l_end);
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LD, tmp1, dest, (int32_t)offsetof(Node, key.u64));
+  }
+  *l_loop = MIPSI_BNE | MIPSF_S(tmp1) | ((as->mcp-l_loop-1) & 0xffffu);
+  if (!isk && irt_isaddr(kt)) {
+    type = ra_allock(as, (int64_t)irt_toitype(kt) << 47, allow);
+    emit_dst(as, MIPSI_DADDU, tmp2, key, type);
+    rset_clear(allow, type);
+  }
+#endif
 
   /* Load main position relative to tab->node into dest. */
-  khash = irref_isk(refkey) ? ir_khash(irkey) : 1;
+  khash = isk ? ir_khash(as, irkey) : 1;
   if (khash == 0) {
-    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, dest, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, node));
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AL, dest, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, node));
   } else {
     Reg tmphash = tmp1;
-    if (irref_isk(refkey))
+    if (isk)
       tmphash = ra_allock(as, khash, allow);
-    emit_dst(as, MIPSI_ADDU, dest, dest, tmp1);
-    lua_assert(sizeof(Node) == 24);
+    emit_dst(as, MIPSI_AADDU, dest, dest, tmp1);
+    lj_assertA(sizeof(Node) == 24, "bad Node size");
     emit_dst(as, MIPSI_SUBU, tmp1, tmp2, tmp1);
     emit_dta(as, MIPSI_SLL, tmp1, tmp1, 3);
     emit_dta(as, MIPSI_SLL, tmp2, tmp1, 5);
     emit_dst(as, MIPSI_AND, tmp1, tmp2, tmphash);
-    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, dest, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, node));
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AL, dest, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, node));
     emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, tmp2, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, hmask));
-    if (irref_isk(refkey)) {
+    if (isk) {
       /* Nothing to do. */
     } else if (irt_isstr(kt)) {
-      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, tmp1, key, (int32_t)offsetof(GCstr, hash));
+      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, tmp1, key, (int32_t)offsetof(GCstr, sid));
     } else {  /* Must match with hash*() in lj_tab.c. */
       emit_dst(as, MIPSI_SUBU, tmp1, tmp1, tmp2);
       emit_rotr(as, tmp2, tmp2, dest, (-HASH_ROT3)&31);
       emit_dst(as, MIPSI_XOR, tmp1, tmp1, tmp2);
       emit_rotr(as, tmp1, tmp1, dest, (-HASH_ROT2-HASH_ROT1)&31);
       emit_dst(as, MIPSI_SUBU, tmp2, tmp2, dest);
-      if (irt_isnum(kt)) {
+#if LJ_32
+      if (LJ_SOFTFP ? (irkey[1].o == IR_HIOP) : irt_isnum(kt)) {
         emit_dst(as, MIPSI_XOR, tmp2, tmp2, tmp1);
-        if ((as->flags & JIT_F_MIPS32R2)) {
+        if ((as->flags & JIT_F_MIPSXXR2)) {
           emit_dta(as, MIPSI_ROTR, dest, tmp1, (-HASH_ROT1)&31);
         } else {
           emit_dst(as, MIPSI_OR, dest, dest, tmp1);
@@ -722,13 +1111,35 @@ static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
           emit_dta(as, MIPSI_SRL, dest, tmp1, (-HASH_ROT1)&31);
         }
         emit_dst(as, MIPSI_ADDU, tmp1, tmp1, tmp1);
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+        emit_ds(as, MIPSI_MOVE, tmp1, type);
+        emit_ds(as, MIPSI_MOVE, tmp2, key);
+#else
         emit_tg(as, MIPSI_MFC1, tmp2, key);
         emit_tg(as, MIPSI_MFC1, tmp1, key+1);
+#endif
       } else {
         emit_dst(as, MIPSI_XOR, tmp2, key, tmp1);
         emit_rotr(as, dest, tmp1, tmp2, (-HASH_ROT1)&31);
         emit_dst(as, MIPSI_ADDU, tmp1, key, ra_allock(as, HASH_BIAS, allow));
       }
+#else
+      emit_dst(as, MIPSI_XOR, tmp2, tmp2, tmp1);
+      emit_dta(as, MIPSI_ROTR, dest, tmp1, (-HASH_ROT1)&31);
+      if (irt_isnum(kt)) {
+        emit_dst(as, MIPSI_ADDU, tmp1, tmp1, tmp1);
+        emit_dta(as, MIPSI_DSRA32, tmp1, LJ_SOFTFP ? key : tmp1, 0);
+        emit_dta(as, MIPSI_SLL, tmp2, LJ_SOFTFP ? key : tmp1, 0);
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
+        emit_tg(as, MIPSI_DMFC1, tmp1, key);
+#endif
+      } else {
+        checkmclim(as);
+        emit_dta(as, MIPSI_DSRA32, tmp1, tmp1, 0);
+        emit_dta(as, MIPSI_SLL, tmp2, key, 0);
+        emit_dst(as, MIPSI_DADDU, tmp1, key, type);
+      }
+#endif
     }
   }
 }
@@ -741,17 +1152,24 @@ static void asm_hrefk(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   int32_t kofs = ofs + (int32_t)offsetof(Node, key);
   Reg dest = (ra_used(ir)||ofs > 32736) ? ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR) : RID_NONE;
   Reg node = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
-  Reg key = RID_NONE, type = RID_TMP, idx = node;
   RegSet allow = rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, node);
+  Reg idx = node;
+#if LJ_32
+  Reg key = RID_NONE, type = RID_TMP;
   int32_t lo, hi;
-  lua_assert(ofs % sizeof(Node) == 0);
+#else
+  Reg key = ra_scratch(as, allow);
+  int64_t k;
+#endif
+  lj_assertA(ofs % sizeof(Node) == 0, "unaligned HREFK slot");
   if (ofs > 32736) {
     idx = dest;
     rset_clear(allow, dest);
     kofs = (int32_t)offsetof(Node, key);
   } else if (ra_hasreg(dest)) {
-    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ADDIU, dest, node, ofs);
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AADDIU, dest, node, ofs);
   }
+#if LJ_32
   if (!irt_ispri(irkey->t)) {
     key = ra_scratch(as, allow);
     rset_clear(allow, key);
@@ -770,22 +1188,20 @@ nolo:
   asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BNE, type, hi ? ra_allock(as, hi, allow) : RID_ZERO);
   if (ra_hasreg(key)) emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, key, idx, kofs+(LJ_BE?4:0));
   emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, type, idx, kofs+(LJ_BE?0:4));
-  if (ofs > 32736)
-    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ADDU, dest, node, ra_allock(as, ofs, allow));
-}
-
-static void asm_newref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  if (ir->r != RID_SINK) {
-    const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_tab_newkey];
-    IRRef args[3];
-    args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
-    args[1] = ir->op1;      /* GCtab *t     */
-    args[2] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* cTValue *key */
-    asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* TValue * */
-    asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-    asm_tvptr(as, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), ir->op2);
+#else
+  if (irt_ispri(irkey->t)) {
+    lj_assertA(!irt_isnil(irkey->t), "bad HREFK key type");
+    k = ~((int64_t)~irt_toitype(irkey->t) << 47);
+  } else if (irt_isnum(irkey->t)) {
+    k = (int64_t)ir_knum(irkey)->u64;
+  } else {
+    k = ((int64_t)irt_toitype(irkey->t) << 47) | (int64_t)ir_kgc(irkey);
   }
+  asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BNE, key, ra_allock(as, k, allow));
+  emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LD, key, idx, kofs);
+#endif
+  if (ofs > 32736)
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AADDU, dest, node, ra_allock(as, ofs, allow));
 }
 
 static void asm_uref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
@@ -794,30 +1210,31 @@ static void asm_uref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   if (irref_isk(ir->op1)) {
     GCfunc *fn = ir_kfunc(IR(ir->op1));
     MRef *v = &gcref(fn->l.uvptr[(ir->op2 >> 8)])->uv.v;
-    emit_lsptr(as, MIPSI_LW, dest, v, RSET_GPR);
+    emit_lsptr(as, MIPSI_AL, dest, v, RSET_GPR);
   } else {
     Reg uv = ra_scratch(as, RSET_GPR);
     Reg func = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
     if (ir->o == IR_UREFC) {
       asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BEQ, RID_TMP, RID_ZERO);
-      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ADDIU, dest, uv, (int32_t)offsetof(GCupval, tv));
+      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AADDIU, dest, uv, (int32_t)offsetof(GCupval, tv));
       emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LBU, RID_TMP, uv, (int32_t)offsetof(GCupval, closed));
     } else {
-      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, dest, uv, (int32_t)offsetof(GCupval, v));
+      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AL, dest, uv, (int32_t)offsetof(GCupval, v));
     }
-    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, uv, func,
-             (int32_t)offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr) + 4*(int32_t)(ir->op2 >> 8));
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AL, uv, func, (int32_t)offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr) +
+             (int32_t)sizeof(MRef) * (int32_t)(ir->op2 >> 8));
   }
 }
 
 static void asm_fref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   UNUSED(as); UNUSED(ir);
-  lua_assert(!ra_used(ir));
+  lj_assertA(!ra_used(ir), "unfused FREF");
 }
 
 static void asm_strref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
+#if LJ_32
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
   IRRef ref = ir->op2, refk = ir->op1;
   int32_t ofs = (int32_t)sizeof(GCstr);
@@ -849,49 +1266,79 @@ static void asm_strref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   else
     emit_dst(as, MIPSI_ADDU, dest, r,
              ra_allock(as, ofs, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, r)));
+#else
+  RegSet allow = RSET_GPR;
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, allow);
+  Reg base = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, allow);
+  IRIns *irr = IR(ir->op2);
+  int32_t ofs = sizeof(GCstr);
+  rset_clear(allow, base);
+  if (irref_isk(ir->op2) && checki16(ofs + irr->i)) {
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_DADDIU, dest, base, ofs + irr->i);
+  } else {
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_DADDIU, dest, dest, ofs);
+    emit_dst(as, MIPSI_DADDU, dest, base, ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, allow));
+  }
+#endif
 }
 
 /* -- Loads and stores ---------------------------------------------------- */
 
-static MIPSIns asm_fxloadins(IRIns *ir)
+static MIPSIns asm_fxloadins(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
+  UNUSED(as);
   switch (irt_type(ir->t)) {
   case IRT_I8: return MIPSI_LB;
   case IRT_U8: return MIPSI_LBU;
   case IRT_I16: return MIPSI_LH;
   case IRT_U16: return MIPSI_LHU;
-  case IRT_NUM: return MIPSI_LDC1;
-  case IRT_FLOAT: return MIPSI_LWC1;
-  default: return MIPSI_LW;
+  case IRT_NUM:
+    lj_assertA(!LJ_SOFTFP32, "unsplit FP op");
+    if (!LJ_SOFTFP) return MIPSI_LDC1;
+  /* fallthrough */
+  case IRT_FLOAT: if (!LJ_SOFTFP) return MIPSI_LWC1;
+  /* fallthrough */
+  default: return (LJ_64 && irt_is64(ir->t)) ? MIPSI_LD : MIPSI_LW;
   }
 }
 
-static MIPSIns asm_fxstoreins(IRIns *ir)
+static MIPSIns asm_fxstoreins(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
+  UNUSED(as);
   switch (irt_type(ir->t)) {
   case IRT_I8: case IRT_U8: return MIPSI_SB;
   case IRT_I16: case IRT_U16: return MIPSI_SH;
-  case IRT_NUM: return MIPSI_SDC1;
-  case IRT_FLOAT: return MIPSI_SWC1;
-  default: return MIPSI_SW;
+  case IRT_NUM:
+    lj_assertA(!LJ_SOFTFP32, "unsplit FP op");
+    if (!LJ_SOFTFP) return MIPSI_SDC1;
+  /* fallthrough */
+  case IRT_FLOAT: if (!LJ_SOFTFP) return MIPSI_SWC1;
+  /* fallthrough */
+  default: return (LJ_64 && irt_is64(ir->t)) ? MIPSI_SD : MIPSI_SW;
   }
 }
 
 static void asm_fload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
-  Reg idx = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
-  MIPSIns mi = asm_fxloadins(ir);
+  MIPSIns mi = asm_fxloadins(as, ir);
+  Reg idx;
   int32_t ofs;
-  if (ir->op2 == IRFL_TAB_ARRAY) {
-    ofs = asm_fuseabase(as, ir->op1);
-    if (ofs) {  /* Turn the t->array load into an add for colocated arrays. */
-      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ADDIU, dest, idx, ofs);
-      return;
+  if (ir->op1 == REF_NIL) {  /* FLOAD from GG_State with offset. */
+    idx = RID_JGL;
+    ofs = (ir->op2 << 2) - 32768 - GG_OFS(g);
+  } else {
+    idx = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+    if (ir->op2 == IRFL_TAB_ARRAY) {
+      ofs = asm_fuseabase(as, ir->op1);
+      if (ofs) {  /* Turn the t->array load into an add for colocated arrays. */
+        emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AADDIU, dest, idx, ofs);
+        return;
+      }
     }
+    ofs = field_ofs[ir->op2];
+    lj_assertA(!irt_isfp(ir->t), "bad FP FLOAD");
   }
-  ofs = field_ofs[ir->op2];
-  lua_assert(!irt_isfp(ir->t));
   emit_tsi(as, mi, dest, idx, ofs);
 }
 
@@ -902,51 +1349,90 @@ static void asm_fstore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     IRIns *irf = IR(ir->op1);
     Reg idx = ra_alloc1(as, irf->op1, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, src));
     int32_t ofs = field_ofs[irf->op2];
-    MIPSIns mi = asm_fxstoreins(ir);
-    lua_assert(!irt_isfp(ir->t));
+    MIPSIns mi = asm_fxstoreins(as, ir);
+    lj_assertA(!irt_isfp(ir->t), "bad FP FSTORE");
     emit_tsi(as, mi, src, idx, ofs);
   }
 }
 
 static void asm_xload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
-  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, irt_isfp(ir->t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
-  lua_assert(!(ir->op2 & IRXLOAD_UNALIGNED));
-  asm_fusexref(as, asm_fxloadins(ir), dest, ir->op1, RSET_GPR, 0);
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir,
+    (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isfp(ir->t)) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
+  lj_assertA(LJ_TARGET_UNALIGNED || !(ir->op2 & IRXLOAD_UNALIGNED),
+             "unaligned XLOAD");
+  asm_fusexref(as, asm_fxloadins(as, ir), dest, ir->op1, RSET_GPR, 0);
 }
 
-static void asm_xstore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int32_t ofs)
+static void asm_xstore_(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int32_t ofs)
 {
   if (ir->r != RID_SINK) {
-    Reg src = ra_alloc1z(as, ir->op2, irt_isfp(ir->t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
-    asm_fusexref(as, asm_fxstoreins(ir), src, ir->op1,
+    Reg src = ra_alloc1z(as, ir->op2,
+      (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isfp(ir->t)) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
+    asm_fusexref(as, asm_fxstoreins(as, ir), src, ir->op1,
                  rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, src), ofs);
   }
 }
 
+#define asm_xstore(as, ir)      asm_xstore_(as, ir, 0)
+
 static void asm_ahuvload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
-  IRType1 t = ir->t;
+  int hiop = (LJ_SOFTFP32 && (ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP);
   Reg dest = RID_NONE, type = RID_TMP, idx;
   RegSet allow = RSET_GPR;
   int32_t ofs = 0;
+  IRType1 t = ir->t;
+  if (hiop) {
+    t.irt = IRT_NUM;
+    if (ra_used(ir+1)) {
+      type = ra_dest(as, ir+1, allow);
+      rset_clear(allow, type);
+    }
+  }
   if (ra_used(ir)) {
-    lua_assert(irt_isnum(t) || irt_isint(t) || irt_isaddr(t));
-    dest = ra_dest(as, ir, irt_isnum(t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
+    lj_assertA((LJ_SOFTFP32 ? 0 : irt_isnum(ir->t)) ||
+               irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t),
+               "bad load type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
+    dest = ra_dest(as, ir, (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(t)) ? RSET_FPR : allow);
     rset_clear(allow, dest);
+#if LJ_64
+    if (irt_isaddr(t))
+      emit_tsml(as, MIPSI_DEXTM, dest, dest, 14, 0);
+    else if (irt_isint(t))
+      emit_dta(as, MIPSI_SLL, dest, dest, 0);
+#endif
   }
   idx = asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, &ofs, allow);
+  if (ir->o == IR_VLOAD) ofs += 8 * ir->op2;
   rset_clear(allow, idx);
   if (irt_isnum(t)) {
-    asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BEQ, type, RID_ZERO);
-    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SLTIU, type, type, (int32_t)LJ_TISNUM);
-    if (ra_hasreg(dest))
-      emit_hsi(as, MIPSI_LDC1, dest, idx, ofs);
+    asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BEQ, RID_TMP, RID_ZERO);
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SLTIU, RID_TMP, type, (int32_t)LJ_TISNUM);
   } else {
-    asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BNE, type, ra_allock(as, irt_toitype(t), allow));
-    if (ra_hasreg(dest)) emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, dest, idx, ofs+(LJ_BE?4:0));
+    asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BNE, type,
+              ra_allock(as, (int32_t)irt_toitype(t), allow));
+  }
+#if LJ_32
+  if (ra_hasreg(dest)) {
+    if (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(t))
+      emit_hsi(as, MIPSI_LDC1, dest, idx, ofs);
+    else
+      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, dest, idx, ofs+(LJ_BE?4:0));
   }
   emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, type, idx, ofs+(LJ_BE?0:4));
+#else
+  if (ra_hasreg(dest)) {
+    if (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(t)) {
+      emit_hsi(as, MIPSI_LDC1, dest, idx, ofs);
+      dest = type;
+    }
+  } else {
+    dest = type;
+  }
+  emit_dta(as, MIPSI_DSRA32, type, dest, 15);
+  emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LD, dest, idx, ofs);
+#endif
 }
 
 static void asm_ahustore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
@@ -956,81 +1442,184 @@ static void asm_ahustore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   int32_t ofs = 0;
   if (ir->r == RID_SINK)
     return;
-  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
-    src = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, RSET_FPR);
+  if (!LJ_SOFTFP32 && irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+    src = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, LJ_SOFTFP ? RSET_GPR : RSET_FPR);
+    idx = asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, &ofs, allow);
+    emit_hsi(as, LJ_SOFTFP ? MIPSI_SD : MIPSI_SDC1, src, idx, ofs);
   } else {
+#if LJ_32
     if (!irt_ispri(ir->t)) {
       src = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, allow);
       rset_clear(allow, src);
     }
-    type = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)irt_toitype(ir->t), allow);
+    if (LJ_SOFTFP && (ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP)
+      type = ra_alloc1(as, (ir+1)->op2, allow);
+    else
+      type = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)irt_toitype(ir->t), allow);
     rset_clear(allow, type);
-  }
-  idx = asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, &ofs, allow);
-  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
-    emit_hsi(as, MIPSI_SDC1, src, idx, ofs);
-  } else {
+    idx = asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, &ofs, allow);
     if (ra_hasreg(src))
       emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SW, src, idx, ofs+(LJ_BE?4:0));
     emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SW, type, idx, ofs+(LJ_BE?0:4));
+#else
+    Reg tmp = RID_TMP;
+    if (irt_ispri(ir->t)) {
+      tmp = ra_allock(as, ~((int64_t)~irt_toitype(ir->t) << 47), allow);
+      rset_clear(allow, tmp);
+    } else {
+      src = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, allow);
+      rset_clear(allow, src);
+      type = ra_allock(as, (int64_t)irt_toitype(ir->t) << 47, allow);
+      rset_clear(allow, type);
+    }
+    idx = asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, &ofs, allow);
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SD, tmp, idx, ofs);
+    if (ra_hasreg(src)) {
+      if (irt_isinteger(ir->t)) {
+        emit_dst(as, MIPSI_DADDU, tmp, tmp, type);
+        emit_tsml(as, MIPSI_DEXT, tmp, src, 31, 0);
+      } else {
+        emit_dst(as, MIPSI_DADDU, tmp, src, type);
+      }
+    }
+#endif
   }
 }
 
 static void asm_sload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
-  int32_t ofs = 8*((int32_t)ir->op1-1) + ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_FRAME) ? 4 : 0);
-  IRType1 t = ir->t;
   Reg dest = RID_NONE, type = RID_NONE, base;
   RegSet allow = RSET_GPR;
-  lua_assert(!(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_PARENT));  /* Handled by asm_head_side(). */
-  lua_assert(irt_isguard(t) || !(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK));
-  lua_assert(!irt_isint(t) || (ir->op2 & (IRSLOAD_CONVERT|IRSLOAD_FRAME)));
+  IRType1 t = ir->t;
+#if LJ_32
+  int32_t ofs = 8*((int32_t)ir->op1-1) + ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_FRAME) ? 4 : 0);
+  int hiop = (LJ_SOFTFP32 && (ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP);
+  if (hiop)
+    t.irt = IRT_NUM;
+#else
+  int32_t ofs = 8*((int32_t)ir->op1-2);
+#endif
+  lj_assertA(!(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_PARENT),
+             "bad parent SLOAD");  /* Handled by asm_head_side(). */
+  lj_assertA(irt_isguard(ir->t) || !(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK),
+             "inconsistent SLOAD variant");
+#if LJ_SOFTFP32
+  lj_assertA(!(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT),
+             "unsplit SLOAD convert");  /* Handled by LJ_SOFTFP SPLIT. */
+  if (hiop && ra_used(ir+1)) {
+    type = ra_dest(as, ir+1, allow);
+    rset_clear(allow, type);
+  }
+#else
   if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT) && irt_isguard(t) && irt_isint(t)) {
-    dest = ra_scratch(as, RSET_FPR);
+    dest = ra_scratch(as, LJ_SOFTFP ? allow : RSET_FPR);
     asm_tointg(as, ir, dest);
     t.irt = IRT_NUM;  /* Continue with a regular number type check. */
-  } else if (ra_used(ir)) {
-    lua_assert(irt_isnum(t) || irt_isint(t) || irt_isaddr(t));
-    dest = ra_dest(as, ir, irt_isnum(t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
+  } else
+#endif
+  if (ra_used(ir)) {
+    lj_assertA((LJ_SOFTFP32 ? 0 : irt_isnum(ir->t)) ||
+               irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t),
+               "bad SLOAD type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
+    dest = ra_dest(as, ir, (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(t)) ? RSET_FPR : allow);
     rset_clear(allow, dest);
     base = ra_alloc1(as, REF_BASE, allow);
     rset_clear(allow, base);
-    if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT)) {
+    if (!LJ_SOFTFP32 && (ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT)) {
       if (irt_isint(t)) {
-        Reg tmp = ra_scratch(as, RSET_FPR);
+        Reg tmp = ra_scratch(as, LJ_SOFTFP ? RSET_GPR : RSET_FPR);
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+        ra_evictset(as, rset_exclude(RSET_SCRATCH, dest));
+        ra_destreg(as, ir, RID_RET);
+        emit_call(as, (void *)lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_softfp_d2i].func, 0);
+        if (tmp != REGARG_FIRSTGPR)
+          emit_move(as, REGARG_FIRSTGPR, tmp);
+#else
         emit_tg(as, MIPSI_MFC1, dest, tmp);
-        emit_fg(as, MIPSI_CVT_W_D, tmp, tmp);
+        emit_fg(as, MIPSI_TRUNC_W_D, tmp, tmp);
+#endif
         dest = tmp;
         t.irt = IRT_NUM;  /* Check for original type. */
       } else {
         Reg tmp = ra_scratch(as, RSET_GPR);
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+        ra_evictset(as, rset_exclude(RSET_SCRATCH, dest));
+        ra_destreg(as, ir, RID_RET);
+        emit_call(as, (void *)lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_softfp_i2d].func, 0);
+        emit_dta(as, MIPSI_SLL, REGARG_FIRSTGPR, tmp, 0);
+#else
         emit_fg(as, MIPSI_CVT_D_W, dest, dest);
         emit_tg(as, MIPSI_MTC1, tmp, dest);
+#endif
         dest = tmp;
         t.irt = IRT_INT;  /* Check for original type. */
       }
     }
+#if LJ_64
+    else if (irt_isaddr(t)) {
+      /* Clear type from pointers. */
+      emit_tsml(as, MIPSI_DEXTM, dest, dest, 14, 0);
+    } else if (irt_isint(t) && (ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK)) {
+      /* Sign-extend integers. */
+      emit_dta(as, MIPSI_SLL, dest, dest, 0);
+    }
+#endif
     goto dotypecheck;
   }
   base = ra_alloc1(as, REF_BASE, allow);
   rset_clear(allow, base);
 dotypecheck:
-  if (irt_isnum(t)) {
-    if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK)) {
-      asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BEQ, RID_TMP, RID_ZERO);
-      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SLTIU, RID_TMP, RID_TMP, (int32_t)LJ_TISNUM);
+#if LJ_32
+  if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK)) {
+    if (ra_noreg(type))
       type = RID_TMP;
+    if (irt_isnum(t)) {
+      asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BEQ, RID_TMP, RID_ZERO);
+      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SLTIU, RID_TMP, type, (int32_t)LJ_TISNUM);
+    } else {
+      Reg ktype = ra_allock(as, (ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_KEYINDEX) ? LJ_KEYINDEX : irt_toitype(t), allow);
+      asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BNE, type, ktype);
     }
-    if (ra_hasreg(dest)) emit_hsi(as, MIPSI_LDC1, dest, base, ofs);
-  } else {
-    if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK)) {
-      Reg ktype = ra_allock(as, irt_toitype(t), allow);
-      asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BNE, RID_TMP, ktype);
-      type = RID_TMP;
+  }
+  if (ra_hasreg(dest)) {
+    if (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(t))
+      emit_hsi(as, MIPSI_LDC1, dest, base, ofs);
+    else
+      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, dest, base, ofs ^ (LJ_BE?4:0));
+  }
+  if (ra_hasreg(type))
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, type, base, ofs ^ (LJ_BE?0:4));
+#else
+  if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK)) {
+    type = dest < RID_MAX_GPR ? dest : RID_TMP;
+    if (irt_ispri(t)) {
+      asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BNE, type,
+                ra_allock(as, ~((int64_t)~irt_toitype(t) << 47) , allow));
+    } else if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_KEYINDEX)) {
+      asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BNE, RID_TMP,
+                ra_allock(as, (int32_t)LJ_KEYINDEX, allow));
+      emit_dta(as, MIPSI_DSRA32, RID_TMP, type, 0);
+    } else {
+      if (irt_isnum(t)) {
+        asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BEQ, RID_TMP, RID_ZERO);
+        emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SLTIU, RID_TMP, RID_TMP, (int32_t)LJ_TISNUM);
+        if (!LJ_SOFTFP && ra_hasreg(dest))
+          emit_hsi(as, MIPSI_LDC1, dest, base, ofs);
+      } else {
+        asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BNE, RID_TMP,
+                  ra_allock(as, (int32_t)irt_toitype(t), allow));
+      }
+      emit_dta(as, MIPSI_DSRA32, RID_TMP, type, 15);
     }
-    if (ra_hasreg(dest)) emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, dest, base, ofs ^ (LJ_BE?4:0));
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LD, type, base, ofs);
+  } else if (ra_hasreg(dest)) {
+    if (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(t))
+      emit_hsi(as, MIPSI_LDC1, dest, base, ofs);
+    else
+      emit_tsi(as, irt_isint(t) ? MIPSI_LW : MIPSI_LD, dest, base,
+               ofs ^ ((LJ_BE && irt_isint(t)) ? 4 : 0));
   }
-  if (ra_hasreg(type)) emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, type, base, ofs ^ (LJ_BE?0:4));
+#endif
 }
 
 /* -- Allocations --------------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -1039,19 +1628,16 @@ dotypecheck:
 static void asm_cnew(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   CTState *cts = ctype_ctsG(J2G(as->J));
-  CTypeID ctypeid = (CTypeID)IR(ir->op1)->i;
-  CTSize sz = (ir->o == IR_CNEWI || ir->op2 == REF_NIL) ?
-              lj_ctype_size(cts, ctypeid) : (CTSize)IR(ir->op2)->i;
+  CTypeID id = (CTypeID)IR(ir->op1)->i;
+  CTSize sz;
+  CTInfo info = lj_ctype_info(cts, id, &sz);
   const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_mem_newgco];
-  IRRef args[2];
-  RegSet allow = (RSET_GPR & ~RSET_SCRATCH);
+  IRRef args[4];
   RegSet drop = RSET_SCRATCH;
-  lua_assert(sz != CTSIZE_INVALID);
+  lj_assertA(sz != CTSIZE_INVALID || (ir->o == IR_CNEW && ir->op2 != REF_NIL),
+             "bad CNEW/CNEWI operands");
 
-  args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
-  args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* MSize size   */
   as->gcsteps++;
-
   if (ra_hasreg(ir->r))
     rset_clear(drop, ir->r);  /* Dest reg handled below. */
   ra_evictset(as, drop);
@@ -1060,11 +1646,12 @@ static void asm_cnew(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 
   /* Initialize immutable cdata object. */
   if (ir->o == IR_CNEWI) {
+    RegSet allow = (RSET_GPR & ~RSET_SCRATCH);
+#if LJ_32
     int32_t ofs = sizeof(GCcdata);
-    lua_assert(sz == 4 || sz == 8);
     if (sz == 8) {
       ofs += 4;
-      lua_assert((ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP);
+      lj_assertA((ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP, "expected HIOP for CNEWI");
       if (LJ_LE) ir++;
     }
     for (;;) {
@@ -1074,18 +1661,33 @@ static void asm_cnew(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
       if (ofs == sizeof(GCcdata)) break;
       ofs -= 4; if (LJ_BE) ir++; else ir--;
     }
+#else
+    emit_tsi(as, sz == 8 ? MIPSI_SD : MIPSI_SW, ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, allow),
+             RID_RET, sizeof(GCcdata));
+#endif
+    lj_assertA(sz == 4 || sz == 8, "bad CNEWI size %d", sz);
+  } else if (ir->op2 != REF_NIL) {  /* Create VLA/VLS/aligned cdata. */
+    ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_cdata_newv];
+    args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
+    args[1] = ir->op1;      /* CTypeID id   */
+    args[2] = ir->op2;      /* CTSize sz    */
+    args[3] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* CTSize align */
+    asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+    emit_loadi(as, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), (int32_t)ctype_align(info));
+    return;
   }
+
   /* Initialize gct and ctypeid. lj_mem_newgco() already sets marked. */
   emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SB, RID_RET+1, RID_RET, offsetof(GCcdata, gct));
   emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SH, RID_TMP, RID_RET, offsetof(GCcdata, ctypeid));
   emit_ti(as, MIPSI_LI, RID_RET+1, ~LJ_TCDATA);
-  emit_ti(as, MIPSI_LI, RID_TMP, ctypeid); /* Lower 16 bit used. Sign-ext ok. */
+  emit_ti(as, MIPSI_LI, RID_TMP, id); /* Lower 16 bit used. Sign-ext ok. */
+  args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
+  args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* MSize size   */
   asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
   ra_allockreg(as, (int32_t)(sz+sizeof(GCcdata)),
                ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1));
 }
-#else
-#define asm_cnew(as, ir)        ((void)0)
 #endif
 
 /* -- Write barriers ------------------------------------------------------ */
@@ -1096,7 +1698,7 @@ static void asm_tbar(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   Reg mark = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, tab));
   Reg link = RID_TMP;
   MCLabel l_end = emit_label(as);
-  emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SW, link, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, gclist));
+  emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AS, link, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, gclist));
   emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SB, mark, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, marked));
   emit_setgl(as, tab, gc.grayagain);
   emit_getgl(as, link, gc.grayagain);
@@ -1113,13 +1715,13 @@ static void asm_obar(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   MCLabel l_end;
   Reg obj, val, tmp;
   /* No need for other object barriers (yet). */
-  lua_assert(IR(ir->op1)->o == IR_UREFC);
+  lj_assertA(IR(ir->op1)->o == IR_UREFC, "bad OBAR type");
   ra_evictset(as, RSET_SCRATCH);
   l_end = emit_label(as);
   args[0] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* global_State *g */
   args[1] = ir->op1;      /* TValue *tv      */
   asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-  emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ADDIU, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), RID_JGL, -32768);
+  emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AADDIU, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), RID_JGL, -32768);
   obj = IR(ir->op1)->r;
   tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, obj));
   emit_branch(as, MIPSI_BEQ, RID_TMP, RID_ZERO, l_end);
@@ -1134,6 +1736,7 @@ static void asm_obar(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 
 /* -- Arithmetic and logic operations ------------------------------------- */
 
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
 static void asm_fparith(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, MIPSIns mi)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
@@ -1148,83 +1751,147 @@ static void asm_fpunary(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, MIPSIns mi)
   Reg left = ra_hintalloc(as, ir->op1, dest, RSET_FPR);
   emit_fg(as, mi, dest, left);
 }
+#endif
 
-static int asm_fpjoin_pow(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  IRIns *irp = IR(ir->op1);
-  if (irp == ir-1 && irp->o == IR_MUL && !ra_used(irp)) {
-    IRIns *irpp = IR(irp->op1);
-    if (irpp == ir-2 && irpp->o == IR_FPMATH &&
-        irpp->op2 == IRFPM_LOG2 && !ra_used(irpp)) {
-      const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_pow];
-      IRRef args[2];
-      args[0] = irpp->op1;
-      args[1] = irp->op2;
-      asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
-      asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-      return 1;
-    }
-  }
-  return 0;
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP32
+static void asm_fpmath(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
+  if (ir->op2 <= IRFPM_TRUNC)
+    asm_callround(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_floor + ir->op2);
+  else if (ir->op2 == IRFPM_SQRT)
+    asm_fpunary(as, ir, MIPSI_SQRT_D);
+  else
+#endif
+    asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_floor + ir->op2);
 }
+#endif
+
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
+#define asm_fpadd(as, ir)       asm_fparith(as, ir, MIPSI_ADD_D)
+#define asm_fpsub(as, ir)       asm_fparith(as, ir, MIPSI_SUB_D)
+#define asm_fpmul(as, ir)       asm_fparith(as, ir, MIPSI_MUL_D)
+#elif LJ_64  /* && LJ_SOFTFP */
+#define asm_fpadd(as, ir)       asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_softfp_add)
+#define asm_fpsub(as, ir)       asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_softfp_sub)
+#define asm_fpmul(as, ir)       asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_softfp_mul)
+#endif
 
 static void asm_add(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
-  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
-    asm_fparith(as, ir, MIPSI_ADD_D);
-  } else {
+  IRType1 t = ir->t;
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP32
+  if (irt_isnum(t)) {
+    asm_fpadd(as, ir);
+  } else
+#endif
+  {
+    /* TODO MIPSR6: Fuse ADD(BSHL(a,1-4),b) or ADD(ADD(a,a),b) to MIPSI_ALSA. */
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     Reg right, left = ra_hintalloc(as, ir->op1, dest, RSET_GPR);
     if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {
-      int32_t k = IR(ir->op2)->i;
+      intptr_t k = get_kval(as, ir->op2);
       if (checki16(k)) {
-        emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ADDIU, dest, left, k);
+        emit_tsi(as, (LJ_64 && irt_is64(t)) ? MIPSI_DADDIU : MIPSI_ADDIU, dest,
+                 left, k);
         return;
       }
     }
     right = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, left));
-    emit_dst(as, MIPSI_ADDU, dest, left, right);
+    emit_dst(as, (LJ_64 && irt_is64(t)) ? MIPSI_DADDU : MIPSI_ADDU, dest,
+             left, right);
   }
 }
 
 static void asm_sub(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP32
   if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
-    asm_fparith(as, ir, MIPSI_SUB_D);
-  } else {
+    asm_fpsub(as, ir);
+  } else
+#endif
+  {
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     Reg right, left = ra_alloc2(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     right = (left >> 8); left &= 255;
-    emit_dst(as, MIPSI_SUBU, dest, left, right);
+    emit_dst(as, (LJ_64 && irt_is64(ir->t)) ? MIPSI_DSUBU : MIPSI_SUBU, dest,
+             left, right);
   }
 }
 
 static void asm_mul(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP32
   if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
-    asm_fparith(as, ir, MIPSI_MUL_D);
-  } else {
+    asm_fpmul(as, ir);
+  } else
+#endif
+  {
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     Reg right, left = ra_alloc2(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     right = (left >> 8); left &= 255;
-    emit_dst(as, MIPSI_MUL, dest, left, right);
+    if (LJ_64 && irt_is64(ir->t)) {
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+      emit_dst(as, MIPSI_MFLO, dest, 0, 0);
+      emit_dst(as, MIPSI_DMULT, 0, left, right);
+#else
+      emit_dst(as, MIPSI_DMUL, dest, left, right);
+#endif
+    } else {
+      emit_dst(as, MIPSI_MUL, dest, left, right);
+    }
   }
 }
 
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP32
+static void asm_fpdiv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
+    asm_fparith(as, ir, MIPSI_DIV_D);
+#else
+    asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_softfp_div);
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
 static void asm_neg(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
   if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
     asm_fpunary(as, ir, MIPSI_NEG_D);
-  } else {
+  } else
+#elif LJ_64  /* && LJ_SOFTFP */
+  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+    Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+    Reg left = ra_hintalloc(as, ir->op1, dest, RSET_GPR);
+    emit_dst(as, MIPSI_XOR, dest, left,
+            ra_allock(as, 0x8000000000000000ll, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, dest)));
+  } else
+#endif
+  {
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     Reg left = ra_hintalloc(as, ir->op1, dest, RSET_GPR);
-    emit_dst(as, MIPSI_SUBU, dest, RID_ZERO, left);
+    emit_dst(as, (LJ_64 && irt_is64(ir->t)) ? MIPSI_DSUBU : MIPSI_SUBU, dest,
+             RID_ZERO, left);
   }
 }
 
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
+#define asm_abs(as, ir)         asm_fpunary(as, ir, MIPSI_ABS_D)
+#elif LJ_64   /* && LJ_SOFTFP */
+static void asm_abs(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+  emit_tsml(as, MIPSI_DEXTM, dest, left, 30, 0);
+}
+#endif
+
 static void asm_arithov(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
+  /* TODO MIPSR6: bovc/bnvc. Caveat: no delay slot to load RID_TMP. */
   Reg right, left, tmp, dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  lj_assertA(!irt_is64(ir->t), "bad usage");
   if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {
     int k = IR(ir->op2)->i;
     if (ir->o == IR_SUBOV) k = (int)(~(unsigned int)k+1u);
@@ -1255,16 +1922,29 @@ static void asm_arithov(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     emit_move(as, RID_TMP, dest == left ? left : right);
 }
 
+#define asm_addov(as, ir)       asm_arithov(as, ir)
+#define asm_subov(as, ir)       asm_arithov(as, ir)
+
 static void asm_mulov(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
-#if LJ_DUALNUM
-#error "NYI: MULOV"
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  Reg tmp, right, left = ra_alloc2(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  right = (left >> 8); left &= 255;
+  tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(rset_exclude(rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, left),
+                                                 right), dest));
+  asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BNE, RID_TMP, tmp);
+  emit_dta(as, MIPSI_SRA, RID_TMP, dest, 31);
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+  emit_dst(as, MIPSI_MFHI, tmp, 0, 0);
+  emit_dst(as, MIPSI_MFLO, dest, 0, 0);
+  emit_dst(as, MIPSI_MULT, 0, left, right);
 #else
-  UNUSED(as); UNUSED(ir); lua_assert(0);  /* Unused in single-number mode. */
+  emit_dst(as, MIPSI_MUL, dest, left, right);
+  emit_dst(as, MIPSI_MUH, tmp, left, right);
 #endif
 }
 
-#if LJ_HASFFI
+#if LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI
 static void asm_add64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
@@ -1348,7 +2028,7 @@ static void asm_neg64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 }
 #endif
 
-static void asm_bitnot(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+static void asm_bnot(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg left, right, dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
   IRIns *irl = IR(ir->op1);
@@ -1362,11 +2042,12 @@ static void asm_bitnot(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   emit_dst(as, MIPSI_NOR, dest, left, right);
 }
 
-static void asm_bitswap(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+static void asm_bswap(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
   Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
-  if ((as->flags & JIT_F_MIPS32R2)) {
+#if LJ_32
+  if ((as->flags & JIT_F_MIPSXXR2)) {
     emit_dta(as, MIPSI_ROTR, dest, RID_TMP, 16);
     emit_dst(as, MIPSI_WSBH, RID_TMP, 0, left);
   } else {
@@ -1381,6 +2062,15 @@ static void asm_bitswap(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     emit_dta(as, MIPSI_SRL, tmp, left, 24);
     emit_dta(as, MIPSI_SLL, RID_TMP, left, 24);
   }
+#else
+  if (irt_is64(ir->t)) {
+    emit_dst(as, MIPSI_DSHD, dest, 0, RID_TMP);
+    emit_dst(as, MIPSI_DSBH, RID_TMP, 0, left);
+  } else {
+    emit_dta(as, MIPSI_ROTR, dest, RID_TMP, 16);
+    emit_dst(as, MIPSI_WSBH, RID_TMP, 0, left);
+  }
+#endif
 }
 
 static void asm_bitop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, MIPSIns mi, MIPSIns mik)
@@ -1388,7 +2078,7 @@ static void asm_bitop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, MIPSIns mi, MIPSIns mik)
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
   Reg right, left = ra_hintalloc(as, ir->op1, dest, RSET_GPR);
   if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {
-    int32_t k = IR(ir->op2)->i;
+    intptr_t k = get_kval(as, ir->op2);
     if (checku16(k)) {
       emit_tsi(as, mik, dest, left, k);
       return;
@@ -1398,22 +2088,34 @@ static void asm_bitop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, MIPSIns mi, MIPSIns mik)
   emit_dst(as, mi, dest, left, right);
 }
 
+#define asm_band(as, ir)        asm_bitop(as, ir, MIPSI_AND, MIPSI_ANDI)
+#define asm_bor(as, ir)         asm_bitop(as, ir, MIPSI_OR, MIPSI_ORI)
+#define asm_bxor(as, ir)        asm_bitop(as, ir, MIPSI_XOR, MIPSI_XORI)
+
 static void asm_bitshift(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, MIPSIns mi, MIPSIns mik)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
   if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {  /* Constant shifts. */
-    uint32_t shift = (uint32_t)(IR(ir->op2)->i & 31);
-    emit_dta(as, mik, dest, ra_hintalloc(as, ir->op1, dest, RSET_GPR), shift);
+    uint32_t shift = (uint32_t)IR(ir->op2)->i;
+    if (LJ_64 && irt_is64(ir->t)) mik |= (shift & 32) ? MIPSI_D32 : MIPSI_D;
+    emit_dta(as, mik, dest, ra_hintalloc(as, ir->op1, dest, RSET_GPR),
+             (shift & 31));
   } else {
     Reg right, left = ra_alloc2(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     right = (left >> 8); left &= 255;
+    if (LJ_64 && irt_is64(ir->t)) mi |= MIPSI_DV;
     emit_dst(as, mi, dest, right, left);  /* Shift amount is in rs. */
   }
 }
 
-static void asm_bitror(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+#define asm_bshl(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, MIPSI_SLLV, MIPSI_SLL)
+#define asm_bshr(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, MIPSI_SRLV, MIPSI_SRL)
+#define asm_bsar(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, MIPSI_SRAV, MIPSI_SRA)
+#define asm_brol(as, ir)        lj_assertA(0, "unexpected BROL")
+
+static void asm_bror(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
-  if ((as->flags & JIT_F_MIPS32R2)) {
+  if (LJ_64 || (as->flags & JIT_F_MIPSXXR2)) {
     asm_bitshift(as, ir, MIPSI_ROTRV, MIPSI_ROTR);
   } else {
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
@@ -1432,55 +2134,182 @@ static void asm_bitror(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   }
 }
 
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+static void asm_sfpmin_max(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  CCallInfo ci = lj_ir_callinfo[(IROp)ir->o == IR_MIN ? IRCALL_lj_vm_sfmin : IRCALL_lj_vm_sfmax];
+#if LJ_64
+  IRRef args[2];
+  args[0] = ir->op1;
+  args[1] = ir->op2;
+#else
+  IRRef args[4];
+  args[0^LJ_BE] = ir->op1;
+  args[1^LJ_BE] = (ir+1)->op1;
+  args[2^LJ_BE] = ir->op2;
+  args[3^LJ_BE] = (ir+1)->op2;
+#endif
+  asm_setupresult(as, ir, &ci);
+  emit_call(as, (void *)ci.func, 0);
+  ci.func = NULL;
+  asm_gencall(as, &ci, args);
+}
+#endif
+
 static void asm_min_max(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int ismax)
 {
-  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+  if (!LJ_SOFTFP32 && irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+    asm_sfpmin_max(as, ir);
+#else
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
     Reg right, left = ra_alloc2(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
     right = (left >> 8); left &= 255;
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
     if (dest == left) {
-      emit_fg(as, MIPSI_MOVT_D, dest, right);
+      emit_fg(as, MIPSI_MOVF_D, dest, right);
     } else {
-      emit_fg(as, MIPSI_MOVF_D, dest, left);
+      emit_fg(as, MIPSI_MOVT_D, dest, left);
       if (dest != right) emit_fg(as, MIPSI_MOV_D, dest, right);
     }
-    emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_C_OLT_D, 0, ismax ? left : right, ismax ? right : left);
+    emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_C_OLT_D, 0, ismax ? right : left, ismax ? left : right);
+#else
+    emit_fgh(as, ismax ? MIPSI_MAX_D : MIPSI_MIN_D, dest, left, right);
+#endif
+#endif
   } else {
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     Reg right, left = ra_alloc2(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     right = (left >> 8); left &= 255;
-    if (dest == left) {
-      emit_dst(as, MIPSI_MOVN, dest, right, RID_TMP);
+    if (left == right) {
+      if (dest != left) emit_move(as, dest, left);
     } else {
-      emit_dst(as, MIPSI_MOVZ, dest, left, RID_TMP);
-      if (dest != right) emit_move(as, dest, right);
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+      if (dest == left) {
+        emit_dst(as, MIPSI_MOVN, dest, right, RID_TMP);
+      } else {
+        emit_dst(as, MIPSI_MOVZ, dest, left, RID_TMP);
+        if (dest != right) emit_move(as, dest, right);
+      }
+#else
+      emit_dst(as, MIPSI_OR, dest, dest, RID_TMP);
+      if (dest != right) {
+        emit_dst(as, MIPSI_SELNEZ, RID_TMP, right, RID_TMP);
+        emit_dst(as, MIPSI_SELEQZ, dest, left, RID_TMP);
+      } else {
+        emit_dst(as, MIPSI_SELEQZ, RID_TMP, left, RID_TMP);
+        emit_dst(as, MIPSI_SELNEZ, dest, right, RID_TMP);
+      }
+#endif
+      emit_dst(as, MIPSI_SLT, RID_TMP,
+               ismax ? left : right, ismax ? right : left);
     }
-    emit_dst(as, MIPSI_SLT, RID_TMP,
-             ismax ? left : right, ismax ? right : left);
   }
 }
 
+#define asm_min(as, ir)         asm_min_max(as, ir, 0)
+#define asm_max(as, ir)         asm_min_max(as, ir, 1)
+
 /* -- Comparisons --------------------------------------------------------- */
 
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+/* SFP comparisons. */
+static void asm_sfpcomp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_softfp_cmp];
+  RegSet drop = RSET_SCRATCH;
+  Reg r;
+#if LJ_64
+  IRRef args[2];
+  args[0] = ir->op1;
+  args[1] = ir->op2;
+#else
+  IRRef args[4];
+  args[LJ_LE ? 0 : 1] = ir->op1; args[LJ_LE ? 1 : 0] = (ir+1)->op1;
+  args[LJ_LE ? 2 : 3] = ir->op2; args[LJ_LE ? 3 : 2] = (ir+1)->op2;
+#endif
+
+  for (r = REGARG_FIRSTGPR; r <= REGARG_FIRSTGPR+(LJ_64?1:3); r++) {
+    if (!rset_test(as->freeset, r) &&
+        regcost_ref(as->cost[r]) == args[r-REGARG_FIRSTGPR])
+      rset_clear(drop, r);
+  }
+  ra_evictset(as, drop);
+
+  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
+
+  switch ((IROp)ir->o) {
+  case IR_LT:
+    asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BGEZ, RID_RET, 0);
+    break;
+  case IR_ULT:
+    asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BEQ, RID_RET, RID_TMP);
+    emit_loadi(as, RID_TMP, 1);
+    asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BEQ, RID_RET, RID_ZERO);
+    break;
+  case IR_GE:
+    asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BEQ, RID_RET, RID_TMP);
+    emit_loadi(as, RID_TMP, 2);
+    asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BLTZ, RID_RET, 0);
+    break;
+  case IR_LE:
+    asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BGTZ, RID_RET, 0);
+    break;
+  case IR_GT:
+    asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BEQ, RID_RET, RID_TMP);
+    emit_loadi(as, RID_TMP, 2);
+    asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BLEZ, RID_RET, 0);
+    break;
+  case IR_UGE:
+    asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BLTZ, RID_RET, 0);
+    break;
+  case IR_ULE:
+    asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BEQ, RID_RET, RID_TMP);
+    emit_loadi(as, RID_TMP, 1);
+    break;
+  case IR_UGT: case IR_ABC:
+    asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BLEZ, RID_RET, 0);
+    break;
+  case IR_EQ: case IR_NE:
+    asm_guard(as, (ir->o & 1) ? MIPSI_BEQ : MIPSI_BNE, RID_RET, RID_ZERO);
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+}
+#endif
+
 static void asm_comp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   /* ORDER IR: LT GE LE GT  ULT UGE ULE UGT. */
   IROp op = ir->o;
-  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+  if (!LJ_SOFTFP32 && irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+    asm_sfpcomp(as, ir);
+#else
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
     Reg right, left = ra_alloc2(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
     right = (left >> 8); left &= 255;
     asm_guard(as, (op&1) ? MIPSI_BC1T : MIPSI_BC1F, 0, 0);
     emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_C_OLT_D + ((op&3) ^ ((op>>2)&1)), 0, left, right);
+#else
+    Reg tmp, right, left = ra_alloc2(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
+    right = (left >> 8); left &= 255;
+    tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(rset_exclude(RSET_FPR, left), right));
+    asm_guard(as, (op&1) ? MIPSI_BC1NEZ : MIPSI_BC1EQZ, 0, (tmp&31));
+    emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_CMP_LT_D + ((op&3) ^ ((op>>2)&1)), tmp, left, right);
+#endif
+#endif
   } else {
     Reg right, left = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
     if (op == IR_ABC) op = IR_UGT;
-    if ((op&4) == 0 && irref_isk(ir->op2) && IR(ir->op2)->i == 0) {
+    if ((op&4) == 0 && irref_isk(ir->op2) && get_kval(as, ir->op2) == 0) {
       MIPSIns mi = (op&2) ? ((op&1) ? MIPSI_BLEZ : MIPSI_BGTZ) :
                             ((op&1) ? MIPSI_BLTZ : MIPSI_BGEZ);
       asm_guard(as, mi, left, 0);
     } else {
       if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {
-        int32_t k = IR(ir->op2)->i;
+        intptr_t k = get_kval(as, ir->op2);
         if ((op&2)) k++;
         if (checki16(k)) {
           asm_guard(as, (op&1) ? MIPSI_BNE : MIPSI_BEQ, RID_TMP, RID_ZERO);
@@ -1497,19 +2326,28 @@ static void asm_comp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   }
 }
 
-static void asm_compeq(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+static void asm_equal(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
-  Reg right, left = ra_alloc2(as, ir, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
+  Reg right, left = ra_alloc2(as, ir, (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(ir->t)) ?
+                                       RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
   right = (left >> 8); left &= 255;
-  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+  if (!LJ_SOFTFP32 && irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+    asm_sfpcomp(as, ir);
+#elif !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
     asm_guard(as, (ir->o & 1) ? MIPSI_BC1T : MIPSI_BC1F, 0, 0);
     emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_C_EQ_D, 0, left, right);
+#else
+    Reg tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(rset_exclude(RSET_FPR, left), right));
+    asm_guard(as, (ir->o & 1) ? MIPSI_BC1NEZ : MIPSI_BC1EQZ, 0, (tmp&31));
+    emit_fgh(as, MIPSI_CMP_EQ_D, tmp, left, right);
+#endif
   } else {
     asm_guard(as, (ir->o & 1) ? MIPSI_BEQ : MIPSI_BNE, left, right);
   }
 }
 
-#if LJ_HASFFI
+#if LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI
 /* 64 bit integer comparisons. */
 static void asm_comp64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
@@ -1546,54 +2384,99 @@ static void asm_comp64eq(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 }
 #endif
 
-/* -- Support for 64 bit ops in 32 bit mode ------------------------------- */
+/* -- Split register ops -------------------------------------------------- */
 
-/* Hiword op of a split 64 bit op. Previous op must be the loword op. */
+/* Hiword op of a split 32/32 or 64/64 bit op. Previous op is the loword op. */
 static void asm_hiop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
-#if LJ_HASFFI
   /* HIOP is marked as a store because it needs its own DCE logic. */
   int uselo = ra_used(ir-1), usehi = ra_used(ir);  /* Loword/hiword used? */
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!(as->flags & JIT_F_OPT_DCE))) uselo = usehi = 1;
+#if LJ_32 && (LJ_HASFFI || LJ_SOFTFP)
   if ((ir-1)->o == IR_CONV) {  /* Conversions to/from 64 bit. */
     as->curins--;  /* Always skip the CONV. */
+#if LJ_HASFFI && !LJ_SOFTFP
     if (usehi || uselo)
       asm_conv64(as, ir);
     return;
+#endif
   } else if ((ir-1)->o < IR_EQ) {  /* 64 bit integer comparisons. ORDER IR. */
     as->curins--;  /* Always skip the loword comparison. */
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+    if (!irt_isint(ir->t)) {
+      asm_sfpcomp(as, ir-1);
+      return;
+    }
+#endif
+#if LJ_HASFFI
     asm_comp64(as, ir);
+#endif
     return;
   } else if ((ir-1)->o <= IR_NE) {  /* 64 bit integer comparisons. ORDER IR. */
     as->curins--;  /* Always skip the loword comparison. */
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+    if (!irt_isint(ir->t)) {
+      asm_sfpcomp(as, ir-1);
+      return;
+    }
+#endif
+#if LJ_HASFFI
     asm_comp64eq(as, ir);
+#endif
+    return;
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+  } else if ((ir-1)->o == IR_MIN || (ir-1)->o == IR_MAX) {
+      as->curins--;  /* Always skip the loword min/max. */
+    if (uselo || usehi)
+      asm_sfpmin_max(as, ir-1);
     return;
+#endif
   } else if ((ir-1)->o == IR_XSTORE) {
     as->curins--;  /* Handle both stores here. */
     if ((ir-1)->r != RID_SINK) {
-      asm_xstore(as, ir, LJ_LE ? 4 : 0);
-      asm_xstore(as, ir-1, LJ_LE ? 0 : 4);
+      asm_xstore_(as, ir, LJ_LE ? 4 : 0);
+      asm_xstore_(as, ir-1, LJ_LE ? 0 : 4);
     }
     return;
   }
+#endif
   if (!usehi) return;  /* Skip unused hiword op for all remaining ops. */
   switch ((ir-1)->o) {
+#if LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI
   case IR_ADD: as->curins--; asm_add64(as, ir); break;
   case IR_SUB: as->curins--; asm_sub64(as, ir); break;
   case IR_NEG: as->curins--; asm_neg64(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_CALLN:
-  case IR_CALLXS:
+  case IR_CNEWI:
+    /* Nothing to do here. Handled by lo op itself. */
+    break;
+#endif
+#if LJ_32 && LJ_SOFTFP
+  case IR_SLOAD: case IR_ALOAD: case IR_HLOAD: case IR_ULOAD: case IR_VLOAD:
+  case IR_STRTO:
     if (!uselo)
-      ra_allocref(as, ir->op1, RID2RSET(RID_RETLO));  /* Mark lo op as used. */
+      ra_allocref(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);  /* Mark lo op as used. */
     break;
-  case IR_CNEWI:
+  case IR_ASTORE: case IR_HSTORE: case IR_USTORE: case IR_TOSTR: case IR_TMPREF:
     /* Nothing to do here. Handled by lo op itself. */
     break;
-  default: lua_assert(0); break;
-  }
-#else
-  UNUSED(as); UNUSED(ir); lua_assert(0);  /* Unused without FFI. */
 #endif
+  case IR_CALLN: case IR_CALLL: case IR_CALLS: case IR_CALLXS:
+    if (!uselo)
+      ra_allocref(as, ir->op1, RID2RSET(RID_RETLO));  /* Mark lo op as used. */
+    break;
+  default: lj_assertA(0, "bad HIOP for op %d", (ir-1)->o); break;
+  }
+}
+
+/* -- Profiling ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void asm_prof(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  UNUSED(ir);
+  asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BNE, RID_TMP, RID_ZERO);
+  emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ANDI, RID_TMP, RID_TMP, HOOK_PROFILE);
+  emit_lsglptr(as, MIPSI_LBU, RID_TMP,
+               (int32_t)offsetof(global_State, hookmask));
 }
 
 /* -- Stack handling ------------------------------------------------------ */
@@ -1606,47 +2489,70 @@ static void asm_stack_check(ASMState *as, BCReg topslot,
   Reg tmp, pbase = irp ? (ra_hasreg(irp->r) ? irp->r : RID_TMP) : RID_BASE;
   ExitNo oldsnap = as->snapno;
   rset_clear(allow, pbase);
+#if LJ_32
   tmp = allow ? rset_pickbot(allow) :
                 (pbase == RID_RETHI ? RID_RETLO : RID_RETHI);
+#else
+  tmp = allow ? rset_pickbot(allow) : RID_RET;
+#endif
   as->snapno = exitno;
   asm_guard(as, MIPSI_BNE, RID_TMP, RID_ZERO);
   as->snapno = oldsnap;
   if (allow == RSET_EMPTY)  /* Restore temp. register. */
-    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, tmp, RID_SP, 0);
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AL, tmp, RID_SP, 0);
   else
     ra_modified(as, tmp);
   emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SLTIU, RID_TMP, RID_TMP, (int32_t)(8*topslot));
-  emit_dst(as, MIPSI_SUBU, RID_TMP, tmp, pbase);
-  emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, tmp, tmp, offsetof(lua_State, maxstack));
+  emit_dst(as, MIPSI_ASUBU, RID_TMP, tmp, pbase);
+  emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AL, tmp, tmp, offsetof(lua_State, maxstack));
   if (pbase == RID_TMP)
     emit_getgl(as, RID_TMP, jit_base);
-  emit_getgl(as, tmp, jit_L);
+  emit_getgl(as, tmp, cur_L);
   if (allow == RSET_EMPTY)  /* Spill temp. register. */
-    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SW, tmp, RID_SP, 0);
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AS, tmp, RID_SP, 0);
 }
 
 /* Restore Lua stack from on-trace state. */
 static void asm_stack_restore(ASMState *as, SnapShot *snap)
 {
   SnapEntry *map = &as->T->snapmap[snap->mapofs];
-  SnapEntry *flinks = &as->T->snapmap[snap_nextofs(as->T, snap)-1];
+#if LJ_32 || defined(LUA_USE_ASSERT)
+  SnapEntry *flinks = &as->T->snapmap[snap_nextofs(as->T, snap)-1-LJ_FR2];
+#endif
   MSize n, nent = snap->nent;
   /* Store the value of all modified slots to the Lua stack. */
   for (n = 0; n < nent; n++) {
     SnapEntry sn = map[n];
     BCReg s = snap_slot(sn);
-    int32_t ofs = 8*((int32_t)s-1);
+    int32_t ofs = 8*((int32_t)s-1-LJ_FR2);
     IRRef ref = snap_ref(sn);
     IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
     if ((sn & SNAP_NORESTORE))
       continue;
     if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+#if LJ_SOFTFP32
+      Reg tmp;
+      RegSet allow = rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, RID_BASE);
+      /* LJ_SOFTFP: must be a number constant. */
+      lj_assertA(irref_isk(ref), "unsplit FP op");
+      tmp = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)ir_knum(ir)->u32.lo, allow);
+      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SW, tmp, RID_BASE, ofs+(LJ_BE?4:0));
+      if (rset_test(as->freeset, tmp+1)) allow = RID2RSET(tmp+1);
+      tmp = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)ir_knum(ir)->u32.hi, allow);
+      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SW, tmp, RID_BASE, ofs+(LJ_BE?0:4));
+#elif LJ_SOFTFP  /* && LJ_64 */
+      Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, RID_BASE));
+      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SD, src, RID_BASE, ofs);
+#else
       Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, RSET_FPR);
       emit_hsi(as, MIPSI_SDC1, src, RID_BASE, ofs);
+#endif
     } else {
-      Reg type;
+#if LJ_32
       RegSet allow = rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, RID_BASE);
-      lua_assert(irt_ispri(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t) || irt_isinteger(ir->t));
+      Reg type;
+      lj_assertA(irt_ispri(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t) || irt_isinteger(ir->t),
+                 "restore of IR type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
       if (!irt_ispri(ir->t)) {
         Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, allow);
         rset_clear(allow, src);
@@ -1655,14 +2561,38 @@ static void asm_stack_restore(ASMState *as, SnapShot *snap)
       if ((sn & (SNAP_CONT|SNAP_FRAME))) {
         if (s == 0) continue;  /* Do not overwrite link to previous frame. */
         type = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)(*flinks--), allow);
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+      } else if ((sn & SNAP_SOFTFPNUM)) {
+        type = ra_alloc1(as, ref+1, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, RID_BASE));
+#endif
+      } else if ((sn & SNAP_KEYINDEX)) {
+        type = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)LJ_KEYINDEX, allow);
       } else {
         type = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)irt_toitype(ir->t), allow);
       }
       emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SW, type, RID_BASE, ofs+(LJ_BE?0:4));
+#else
+      if ((sn & SNAP_KEYINDEX)) {
+        RegSet allow = rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, RID_BASE);
+        int64_t kki = (int64_t)LJ_KEYINDEX << 32;
+        if (irref_isk(ref)) {
+          emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SD,
+                   ra_allock(as, kki | (int64_t)(uint32_t)ir->i, allow),
+                   RID_BASE, ofs);
+        } else {
+          Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, allow);
+          Reg rki = ra_allock(as, kki, rset_exclude(allow, src));
+          emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SD, RID_TMP, RID_BASE, ofs);
+          emit_dst(as, MIPSI_DADDU, RID_TMP, src, rki);
+        }
+      } else {
+        asm_tvstore64(as, RID_BASE, ofs, ref);
+      }
+#endif
     }
     checkmclim(as);
   }
-  lua_assert(map + nent == flinks);
+  lj_assertA(map + nent == flinks, "inconsistent frames in snapshot");
 }
 
 /* -- GC handling --------------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -1686,7 +2616,7 @@ static void asm_gc_check(ASMState *as)
   args[1] = ASMREF_TMP2;  /* MSize steps     */
   asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
   l_end[-3] = MIPS_NOPATCH_GC_CHECK;  /* Replace the nop after the call. */
-  emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ADDIU, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), RID_JGL, -32768);
+  emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AADDIU, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), RID_JGL, -32768);
   tmp = ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP2);
   emit_loadi(as, tmp, as->gcsteps);
   /* Jump around GC step if GC total < GC threshold. */
@@ -1714,6 +2644,12 @@ static void asm_loop_fixup(ASMState *as)
   }
 }
 
+/* Fixup the tail of the loop. */
+static void asm_loop_tail_fixup(ASMState *as)
+{
+  if (as->loopinv) as->mctop--;
+}
+
 /* -- Head of trace ------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Coalesce BASE register for a root trace. */
@@ -1721,7 +2657,6 @@ static void asm_head_root_base(ASMState *as)
 {
   IRIns *ir = IR(REF_BASE);
   Reg r = ir->r;
-  if (as->loopinv) as->mctop--;
   if (ra_hasreg(r)) {
     ra_free(as, r);
     if (rset_test(as->modset, r) || irt_ismarked(ir->t))
@@ -1736,7 +2671,6 @@ static Reg asm_head_side_base(ASMState *as, IRIns *irp)
 {
   IRIns *ir = IR(REF_BASE);
   Reg r = ir->r;
-  if (as->loopinv) as->mctop--;
   if (ra_hasreg(r)) {
     ra_free(as, r);
     if (rset_test(as->modset, r) || irt_ismarked(ir->t))
@@ -1761,7 +2695,7 @@ static void asm_tail_fixup(ASMState *as, TraceNo lnk)
   MCode *target = lnk ? traceref(as->J,lnk)->mcode : (MCode *)lj_vm_exit_interp;
   int32_t spadj = as->T->spadjust;
   MCode *p = as->mctop-1;
-  *p = spadj ? (MIPSI_ADDIU|MIPSF_T(RID_SP)|MIPSF_S(RID_SP)|spadj) : MIPSI_NOP;
+  *p = spadj ? (MIPSI_AADDIU|MIPSF_T(RID_SP)|MIPSF_S(RID_SP)|spadj) : MIPSI_NOP;
   p[-1] = MIPSI_J|(((uintptr_t)target>>2)&0x03ffffffu);
 }
 
@@ -1772,139 +2706,26 @@ static void asm_tail_prep(ASMState *as)
   as->invmcp = as->loopref ? as->mcp : NULL;
 }
 
-/* -- Instruction dispatch ------------------------------------------------ */
-
-/* Assemble a single instruction. */
-static void asm_ir(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  switch ((IROp)ir->o) {
-  /* Miscellaneous ops. */
-  case IR_LOOP: asm_loop(as); break;
-  case IR_NOP: case IR_XBAR: lua_assert(!ra_used(ir)); break;
-  case IR_USE:
-    ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, irt_isfp(ir->t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR); break;
-  case IR_PHI: asm_phi(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_HIOP: asm_hiop(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_GCSTEP: asm_gcstep(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Guarded assertions. */
-  case IR_EQ: case IR_NE: asm_compeq(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_LT: case IR_GE: case IR_LE: case IR_GT:
-  case IR_ULT: case IR_UGE: case IR_ULE: case IR_UGT:
-  case IR_ABC:
-    asm_comp(as, ir);
-    break;
-
-  case IR_RETF: asm_retf(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Bit ops. */
-  case IR_BNOT: asm_bitnot(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_BSWAP: asm_bitswap(as, ir); break;
-
-  case IR_BAND: asm_bitop(as, ir, MIPSI_AND, MIPSI_ANDI); break;
-  case IR_BOR:  asm_bitop(as, ir, MIPSI_OR, MIPSI_ORI); break;
-  case IR_BXOR: asm_bitop(as, ir, MIPSI_XOR, MIPSI_XORI); break;
-
-  case IR_BSHL: asm_bitshift(as, ir, MIPSI_SLLV, MIPSI_SLL); break;
-  case IR_BSHR: asm_bitshift(as, ir, MIPSI_SRLV, MIPSI_SRL); break;
-  case IR_BSAR: asm_bitshift(as, ir, MIPSI_SRAV, MIPSI_SRA); break;
-  case IR_BROL: lua_assert(0); break;
-  case IR_BROR: asm_bitror(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Arithmetic ops. */
-  case IR_ADD: asm_add(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_SUB: asm_sub(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_MUL: asm_mul(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_DIV: asm_fparith(as, ir, MIPSI_DIV_D); break;
-  case IR_MOD: asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_modi); break;
-  case IR_POW: asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_powi); break;
-  case IR_NEG: asm_neg(as, ir); break;
-
-  case IR_ABS: asm_fpunary(as, ir, MIPSI_ABS_D); break;
-  case IR_ATAN2: asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_atan2); break;
-  case IR_LDEXP: asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_ldexp); break;
-  case IR_MIN: asm_min_max(as, ir, 0); break;
-  case IR_MAX: asm_min_max(as, ir, 1); break;
-  case IR_FPMATH:
-    if (ir->op2 == IRFPM_EXP2 && asm_fpjoin_pow(as, ir))
-      break;
-    if (ir->op2 <= IRFPM_TRUNC)
-      asm_callround(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_floor + ir->op2);
-    else if (ir->op2 == IRFPM_SQRT)
-      asm_fpunary(as, ir, MIPSI_SQRT_D);
-    else
-      asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_floor + ir->op2);
-    break;
-
-  /* Overflow-checking arithmetic ops. */
-  case IR_ADDOV: asm_arithov(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_SUBOV: asm_arithov(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_MULOV: asm_mulov(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Memory references. */
-  case IR_AREF: asm_aref(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_HREF: asm_href(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_HREFK: asm_hrefk(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_NEWREF: asm_newref(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_UREFO: case IR_UREFC: asm_uref(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_FREF: asm_fref(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_STRREF: asm_strref(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Loads and stores. */
-  case IR_ALOAD: case IR_HLOAD: case IR_ULOAD: case IR_VLOAD:
-    asm_ahuvload(as, ir);
-    break;
-  case IR_FLOAD: asm_fload(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_XLOAD: asm_xload(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_SLOAD: asm_sload(as, ir); break;
-
-  case IR_ASTORE: case IR_HSTORE: case IR_USTORE: asm_ahustore(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_FSTORE: asm_fstore(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_XSTORE: asm_xstore(as, ir, 0); break;
-
-  /* Allocations. */
-  case IR_SNEW: case IR_XSNEW: asm_snew(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_TNEW: asm_tnew(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_TDUP: asm_tdup(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_CNEW: case IR_CNEWI: asm_cnew(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Write barriers. */
-  case IR_TBAR: asm_tbar(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_OBAR: asm_obar(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Type conversions. */
-  case IR_CONV: asm_conv(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_TOBIT: asm_tobit(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_TOSTR: asm_tostr(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_STRTO: asm_strto(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Calls. */
-  case IR_CALLN: case IR_CALLL: case IR_CALLS: asm_call(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_CALLXS: asm_callx(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_CARG: break;
-
-  default:
-    setintV(&as->J->errinfo, ir->o);
-    lj_trace_err_info(as->J, LJ_TRERR_NYIIR);
-    break;
-  }
-}
-
 /* -- Trace setup --------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Ensure there are enough stack slots for call arguments. */
 static Reg asm_setup_call_slots(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, const CCallInfo *ci)
 {
   IRRef args[CCI_NARGS_MAX*2];
-  uint32_t i, nargs = (int)CCI_NARGS(ci);
+  uint32_t i, nargs = CCI_XNARGS(ci);
+#if LJ_32
   int nslots = 4, ngpr = REGARG_NUMGPR, nfpr = REGARG_NUMFPR;
+#else
+  int nslots = 0, ngpr = REGARG_NUMGPR;
+#endif
   asm_collectargs(as, ir, ci, args);
   for (i = 0; i < nargs; i++) {
-    if (args[i] && irt_isfp(IR(args[i])->t) &&
+#if LJ_32
+    if (!LJ_SOFTFP && args[i] && irt_isfp(IR(args[i])->t) &&
         nfpr > 0 && !(ci->flags & CCI_VARARG)) {
       nfpr--;
       ngpr -= irt_isnum(IR(args[i])->t) ? 2 : 1;
-    } else if (args[i] && irt_isnum(IR(args[i])->t)) {
+    } else if (!LJ_SOFTFP && args[i] && irt_isnum(IR(args[i])->t)) {
       nfpr = 0;
       ngpr = ngpr & ~1;
       if (ngpr > 0) ngpr -= 2; else nslots = (nslots+3) & ~1;
@@ -1912,6 +2733,9 @@ static Reg asm_setup_call_slots(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, const CCallInfo *ci)
       nfpr = 0;
       if (ngpr > 0) ngpr--; else nslots++;
     }
+#else
+    if (ngpr > 0) ngpr--; else nslots += 2;
+#endif
   }
   if (nslots > as->evenspill)  /* Leave room for args in stack slots. */
     as->evenspill = nslots;
@@ -1942,35 +2766,35 @@ void lj_asm_patchexit(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T, ExitNo exitno, MCode *target)
       if (((p[-1] ^ (px-p)) & 0xffffu) == 0 &&
           ((p[-1] & 0xf0000000u) == MIPSI_BEQ ||
            (p[-1] & 0xfc1e0000u) == MIPSI_BLTZ ||
-           (p[-1] & 0xffe00000u) == MIPSI_BC1F) &&
-          p[-2] != MIPS_NOPATCH_GC_CHECK) {
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+           (p[-1] & 0xffe00000u) == MIPSI_BC1F
+#else
+           (p[-1] & 0xff600000u) == MIPSI_BC1EQZ
+#endif
+          ) && p[-2] != MIPS_NOPATCH_GC_CHECK) {
         ptrdiff_t delta = target - p;
         if (((delta + 0x8000) >> 16) == 0) {  /* Patch in-range branch. */
         patchbranch:
           p[-1] = (p[-1] & 0xffff0000u) | (delta & 0xffffu);
           *p = MIPSI_NOP;  /* Replace the load of the exit number. */
-          cstop = p;
+          cstop = p+1;
           if (!cstart) cstart = p-1;
         } else {  /* Branch out of range. Use spare jump slot in mcarea. */
-          int i;
-          for (i = (int)(sizeof(MCLink)/sizeof(MCode));
-               i < (int)(sizeof(MCLink)/sizeof(MCode)+MIPS_SPAREJUMP*2);
-               i += 2) {
-            if (mcarea[i] == tjump) {
-              delta = mcarea+i - p;
-              goto patchbranch;
-            } else if (mcarea[i] == MIPSI_NOP) {
-              mcarea[i] = tjump;
-              cstart = mcarea+i;
-              delta = mcarea+i - p;
+          MCode *mcjump = asm_sparejump_use(mcarea, tjump);
+          if (mcjump) {
+            lj_mcode_sync(mcjump, mcjump+1);
+            delta = mcjump - p;
+            if (((delta + 0x8000) >> 16) == 0) {
               goto patchbranch;
+            } else {
+              lj_assertJ(0, "spare jump out of range: -Osizemcode too big");
             }
           }
           /* Ignore jump slot overflow. Child trace is simply not attached. */
         }
       } else if (p+1 == pe) {
         /* Patch NOP after code for inverted loop branch. Use of J is ok. */
-        lua_assert(p[1] == MIPSI_NOP);
+        lj_assertJ(p[1] == MIPSI_NOP, "expected NOP");
         p[1] = tjump;
         *p = MIPSI_NOP;  /* Replace the load of the exit number. */
         cstop = p+2;
diff --git a/src/lj_asm_ppc.h b/src/lj_asm_ppc.h
index bd9374cc..6555312d 100644
--- a/src/lj_asm_ppc.h
+++ b/src/lj_asm_ppc.h
@@ -156,6 +156,9 @@ static Reg asm_fuseahuref(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, int32_t *ofsp, RegSet allow)
           return ra_allock(as, ofs-(int16_t)ofs, allow);
         }
       }
+    } else if (ir->o == IR_TMPREF) {
+      *ofsp = (int32_t)(offsetof(global_State, tmptv)-32768);
+      return RID_JGL;
     }
   }
   *ofsp = 0;
@@ -181,7 +184,7 @@ static void asm_fusexref(ASMState *as, PPCIns pi, Reg rt, IRRef ref,
         return;
       }
     } else if (ir->o == IR_STRREF) {
-      lua_assert(ofs == 0);
+      lj_assertA(ofs == 0, "bad usage");
       ofs = (int32_t)sizeof(GCstr);
       if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {
         ofs += IR(ir->op2)->i;
@@ -226,12 +229,14 @@ static void asm_fusexrefx(ASMState *as, PPCIns pi, Reg rt, IRRef ref,
   emit_tab(as, pi, rt, left, right);
 }
 
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
 /* Fuse to multiply-add/sub instruction. */
 static int asm_fusemadd(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, PPCIns pi, PPCIns pir)
 {
   IRRef lref = ir->op1, rref = ir->op2;
   IRIns *irm;
-  if (lref != rref &&
+  if ((as->flags & JIT_F_OPT_FMA) &&
+      lref != rref &&
       ((mayfuse(as, lref) && (irm = IR(lref), irm->o == IR_MUL) &&
         ra_noreg(irm->r)) ||
        (mayfuse(as, rref) && (irm = IR(rref), irm->o == IR_MUL) &&
@@ -245,24 +250,30 @@ static int asm_fusemadd(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, PPCIns pi, PPCIns pir)
   }
   return 0;
 }
+#endif
 
 /* -- Calls --------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Generate a call to a C function. */
 static void asm_gencall(ASMState *as, const CCallInfo *ci, IRRef *args)
 {
-  uint32_t n, nargs = CCI_NARGS(ci);
+  uint32_t n, nargs = CCI_XNARGS(ci);
   int32_t ofs = 8;
-  Reg gpr = REGARG_FIRSTGPR, fpr = REGARG_FIRSTFPR;
+  Reg gpr = REGARG_FIRSTGPR;
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
+  Reg fpr = REGARG_FIRSTFPR;
+#endif
   if ((void *)ci->func)
     emit_call(as, (void *)ci->func);
   for (n = 0; n < nargs; n++) {  /* Setup args. */
     IRRef ref = args[n];
     if (ref) {
       IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
       if (irt_isfp(ir->t)) {
         if (fpr <= REGARG_LASTFPR) {
-          lua_assert(rset_test(as->freeset, fpr));  /* Already evicted. */
+          lj_assertA(rset_test(as->freeset, fpr),
+                     "reg %d not free", fpr);  /* Already evicted. */
           ra_leftov(as, fpr, ref);
           fpr++;
         } else {
@@ -271,9 +282,12 @@ static void asm_gencall(ASMState *as, const CCallInfo *ci, IRRef *args)
           emit_spstore(as, ir, r, ofs);
           ofs += irt_isnum(ir->t) ? 8 : 4;
         }
-      } else {
+      } else
+#endif
+      {
         if (gpr <= REGARG_LASTGPR) {
-          lua_assert(rset_test(as->freeset, gpr));  /* Already evicted. */
+          lj_assertA(rset_test(as->freeset, gpr),
+                     "reg %d not free", gpr);  /* Already evicted. */
           ra_leftov(as, gpr, ref);
           gpr++;
         } else {
@@ -290,8 +304,10 @@ static void asm_gencall(ASMState *as, const CCallInfo *ci, IRRef *args)
     }
     checkmclim(as);
   }
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
   if ((ci->flags & CCI_VARARG))  /* Vararg calls need to know about FPR use. */
     emit_tab(as, fpr == REGARG_FIRSTFPR ? PPCI_CRXOR : PPCI_CREQV, 6, 6, 6);
+#endif
 }
 
 /* Setup result reg/sp for call. Evict scratch regs. */
@@ -299,16 +315,18 @@ static void asm_setupresult(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, const CCallInfo *ci)
 {
   RegSet drop = RSET_SCRATCH;
   int hiop = ((ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP && !irt_isnil((ir+1)->t));
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
   if ((ci->flags & CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER))
     drop &= ~RSET_FPR;
+#endif
   if (ra_hasreg(ir->r))
     rset_clear(drop, ir->r);  /* Dest reg handled below. */
   if (hiop && ra_hasreg((ir+1)->r))
     rset_clear(drop, (ir+1)->r);  /* Dest reg handled below. */
   ra_evictset(as, drop);  /* Evictions must be performed first. */
   if (ra_used(ir)) {
-    lua_assert(!irt_ispri(ir->t));
-    if (irt_isfp(ir->t)) {
+    lj_assertA(!irt_ispri(ir->t), "PRI dest");
+    if (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isfp(ir->t)) {
       if ((ci->flags & CCI_CASTU64)) {
         /* Use spill slot or temp slots. */
         int32_t ofs = ir->s ? sps_scale(ir->s) : SPOFS_TMP;
@@ -331,15 +349,6 @@ static void asm_setupresult(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, const CCallInfo *ci)
   }
 }
 
-static void asm_call(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  IRRef args[CCI_NARGS_MAX];
-  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[ir->op2];
-  asm_collectargs(as, ir, ci, args);
-  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
-  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-}
-
 static void asm_callx(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   IRRef args[CCI_NARGS_MAX*2];
@@ -352,7 +361,7 @@ static void asm_callx(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   func = ir->op2; irf = IR(func);
   if (irf->o == IR_CARG) { func = irf->op1; irf = IR(func); }
   if (irref_isk(func)) {  /* Call to constant address. */
-    ci.func = (ASMFunction)(void *)(irf->i);
+    ci.func = (ASMFunction)(void *)(intptr_t)(irf->i);
   } else {  /* Need a non-argument register for indirect calls. */
     RegSet allow = RSET_GPR & ~RSET_RANGE(RID_R0, REGARG_LASTGPR+1);
     Reg freg = ra_alloc1(as, func, allow);
@@ -363,16 +372,6 @@ static void asm_callx(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   asm_gencall(as, &ci, args);
 }
 
-static void asm_callid(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, IRCallID id)
-{
-  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[id];
-  IRRef args[2];
-  args[0] = ir->op1;
-  args[1] = ir->op2;
-  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
-  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-}
-
 /* -- Returns ------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Return to lower frame. Guard that it goes to the right spot. */
@@ -380,7 +379,7 @@ static void asm_retf(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg base = ra_alloc1(as, REF_BASE, RSET_GPR);
   void *pc = ir_kptr(IR(ir->op2));
-  int32_t delta = 1+bc_a(*((const BCIns *)pc - 1));
+  int32_t delta = 1+LJ_FR2+bc_a(*((const BCIns *)pc - 1));
   as->topslot -= (BCReg)delta;
   if ((int32_t)as->topslot < 0) as->topslot = 0;
   irt_setmark(IR(REF_BASE)->t);  /* Children must not coalesce with BASE reg. */
@@ -392,8 +391,24 @@ static void asm_retf(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, RID_TMP, base, -8);
 }
 
+/* -- Buffer operations --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+static void asm_bufhdr_write(ASMState *as, Reg sb)
+{
+  Reg tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, sb));
+  IRIns irgc;
+  irgc.ot = IRT(0, IRT_PGC);  /* GC type. */
+  emit_storeofs(as, &irgc, RID_TMP, sb, offsetof(SBuf, L));
+  emit_rot(as, PPCI_RLWIMI, RID_TMP, tmp, 0, 31-lj_fls(SBUF_MASK_FLAG), 31);
+  emit_getgl(as, RID_TMP, cur_L);
+  emit_loadofs(as, &irgc, tmp, sb, offsetof(SBuf, L));
+}
+#endif
+
 /* -- Type conversions ---------------------------------------------------- */
 
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
 static void asm_tointg(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg left)
 {
   RegSet allow = RSET_FPR;
@@ -410,8 +425,7 @@ static void asm_tointg(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg left)
   emit_asi(as, PPCI_XORIS, RID_TMP, dest, 0x8000);
   emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, dest, RID_SP, SPOFS_TMPLO);
   emit_lsptr(as, PPCI_LFS, (fbias & 31),
-             (void *)lj_ir_k64_find(as->J, U64x(59800004,59800000)),
-             RSET_GPR);
+             (void *)&as->J->k32[LJ_K32_2P52_2P31], RSET_GPR);
   emit_fai(as, PPCI_STFD, tmp, RID_SP, SPOFS_TMP);
   emit_fb(as, PPCI_FCTIWZ, tmp, left);
 }
@@ -427,15 +441,27 @@ static void asm_tobit(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   emit_fai(as, PPCI_STFD, tmp, RID_SP, SPOFS_TMP);
   emit_fab(as, PPCI_FADD, tmp, left, right);
 }
+#endif
 
 static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   IRType st = (IRType)(ir->op2 & IRCONV_SRCMASK);
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
   int stfp = (st == IRT_NUM || st == IRT_FLOAT);
+#endif
   IRRef lref = ir->op1;
-  lua_assert(irt_type(ir->t) != st);
-  lua_assert(!(irt_isint64(ir->t) ||
-               (st == IRT_I64 || st == IRT_U64))); /* Handled by SPLIT. */
+  /* 64 bit integer conversions are handled by SPLIT. */
+  lj_assertA(!(irt_isint64(ir->t) || (st == IRT_I64 || st == IRT_U64)),
+             "IR %04d has unsplit 64 bit type",
+             (int)(ir - as->ir) - REF_BIAS);
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+  /* FP conversions are handled by SPLIT. */
+  lj_assertA(!irt_isfp(ir->t) && !(st == IRT_NUM || st == IRT_FLOAT),
+             "IR %04d has FP type",
+             (int)(ir - as->ir) - REF_BIAS);
+  /* Can't check for same types: SPLIT uses CONV int.int + BXOR for sfp NEG. */
+#else
+  lj_assertA(irt_type(ir->t) != st, "inconsistent types for CONV");
   if (irt_isfp(ir->t)) {
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
     if (stfp) {  /* FP to FP conversion. */
@@ -450,13 +476,11 @@ static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
       Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, lref, allow);
       Reg hibias = ra_allock(as, 0x43300000, rset_clear(allow, left));
       Reg fbias = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_FPR, dest));
-      const float *kbias;
       if (irt_isfloat(ir->t)) emit_fb(as, PPCI_FRSP, dest, dest);
       emit_fab(as, PPCI_FSUB, dest, dest, fbias);
       emit_fai(as, PPCI_LFD, dest, RID_SP, SPOFS_TMP);
-      kbias = (const float *)lj_ir_k64_find(as->J, U64x(59800004,59800000));
-      if (st == IRT_U32) kbias++;
-      emit_lsptr(as, PPCI_LFS, (fbias & 31), (void *)kbias,
+      emit_lsptr(as, PPCI_LFS, (fbias & 31),
+                 &as->J->k32[st == IRT_U32 ? LJ_K32_2P52 : LJ_K32_2P52_2P31],
                  rset_clear(allow, hibias));
       emit_tai(as, PPCI_STW, st == IRT_U32 ? left : RID_TMP,
                RID_SP, SPOFS_TMPLO);
@@ -466,7 +490,8 @@ static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   } else if (stfp) {  /* FP to integer conversion. */
     if (irt_isguard(ir->t)) {
       /* Checked conversions are only supported from number to int. */
-      lua_assert(irt_isint(ir->t) && st == IRT_NUM);
+      lj_assertA(irt_isint(ir->t) && st == IRT_NUM,
+                 "bad type for checked CONV");
       asm_tointg(as, ir, ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_FPR));
     } else {
       Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
@@ -489,19 +514,20 @@ static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
         emit_fb(as, PPCI_FCTIWZ, tmp, tmp);
         emit_fab(as, PPCI_FSUB, tmp, left, tmp);
         emit_lsptr(as, PPCI_LFS, (tmp & 31),
-                   (void *)lj_ir_k64_find(as->J, U64x(4f000000,00000000)),
-                   RSET_GPR);
+                   (void *)&as->J->k32[LJ_K32_2P31], RSET_GPR);
       } else {
         emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, dest, RID_SP, SPOFS_TMPLO);
         emit_fai(as, PPCI_STFD, tmp, RID_SP, SPOFS_TMP);
         emit_fb(as, PPCI_FCTIWZ, tmp, left);
       }
     }
-  } else {
+  } else
+#endif
+  {
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     if (st >= IRT_I8 && st <= IRT_U16) {  /* Extend to 32 bit integer. */
       Reg left = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
-      lua_assert(irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t));
+      lj_assertA(irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t), "bad type for CONV EXT");
       if ((ir->op2 & IRCONV_SEXT))
         emit_as(as, st == IRT_I8 ? PPCI_EXTSB : PPCI_EXTSH, dest, left);
       else
@@ -513,90 +539,102 @@ static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   }
 }
 
-#if LJ_HASFFI
-static void asm_conv64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  IRType st = (IRType)((ir-1)->op2 & IRCONV_SRCMASK);
-  IRType dt = (((ir-1)->op2 & IRCONV_DSTMASK) >> IRCONV_DSH);
-  IRCallID id;
-  const CCallInfo *ci;
-  IRRef args[2];
-  args[0] = ir->op1;
-  args[1] = (ir-1)->op1;
-  if (st == IRT_NUM || st == IRT_FLOAT) {
-    id = IRCALL_fp64_d2l + ((st == IRT_FLOAT) ? 2 : 0) + (dt - IRT_I64);
-    ir--;
-  } else {
-    id = IRCALL_fp64_l2d + ((dt == IRT_FLOAT) ? 2 : 0) + (st - IRT_I64);
-  }
-  ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[id];
-  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
-  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-}
-#endif
-
 static void asm_strto(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_strscan_num];
   IRRef args[2];
-  int32_t ofs;
+  int32_t ofs = SPOFS_TMP;
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+  ra_evictset(as, RSET_SCRATCH);
+  if (ra_used(ir)) {
+    if (ra_hasspill(ir->s) && ra_hasspill((ir+1)->s) &&
+        (ir->s & 1) == LJ_BE && (ir->s ^ 1) == (ir+1)->s) {
+      int i;
+      for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+        Reg r = (ir+i)->r;
+        if (ra_hasreg(r)) {
+          ra_free(as, r);
+          ra_modified(as, r);
+          emit_spload(as, ir+i, r, sps_scale((ir+i)->s));
+        }
+      }
+      ofs = sps_scale(ir->s & ~1);
+    } else {
+      Reg rhi = ra_dest(as, ir+1, RSET_GPR);
+      Reg rlo = ra_dest(as, ir, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, rhi));
+      emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, rhi, RID_SP, ofs);
+      emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, rlo, RID_SP, ofs+4);
+    }
+  }
+#else
   RegSet drop = RSET_SCRATCH;
   if (ra_hasreg(ir->r)) rset_set(drop, ir->r);  /* Spill dest reg (if any). */
   ra_evictset(as, drop);
+  if (ir->s) ofs = sps_scale(ir->s);
+#endif
   asm_guardcc(as, CC_EQ);
   emit_ai(as, PPCI_CMPWI, RID_RET, 0);  /* Test return status. */
   args[0] = ir->op1;      /* GCstr *str */
   args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* TValue *n  */
   asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
   /* Store the result to the spill slot or temp slots. */
-  ofs = ir->s ? sps_scale(ir->s) : SPOFS_TMP;
   emit_tai(as, PPCI_ADDI, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), RID_SP, ofs);
 }
 
+/* -- Memory references --------------------------------------------------- */
+
 /* Get pointer to TValue. */
-static void asm_tvptr(ASMState *as, Reg dest, IRRef ref)
+static void asm_tvptr(ASMState *as, Reg dest, IRRef ref, MSize mode)
 {
-  IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
-  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
-    if (irref_isk(ref))  /* Use the number constant itself as a TValue. */
-      ra_allockreg(as, i32ptr(ir_knum(ir)), dest);
-    else  /* Otherwise force a spill and use the spill slot. */
-      emit_tai(as, PPCI_ADDI, dest, RID_SP, ra_spill(as, ir));
-  } else {
-    /* Otherwise use g->tmptv to hold the TValue. */
-    RegSet allow = rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, dest);
-    Reg type;
-    emit_tai(as, PPCI_ADDI, dest, RID_JGL, offsetof(global_State, tmptv)-32768);
-    if (!irt_ispri(ir->t)) {
-      Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, allow);
-      emit_setgl(as, src, tmptv.gcr);
+  int32_t tmpofs = (int32_t)(offsetof(global_State, tmptv)-32768);
+  if ((mode & IRTMPREF_IN1)) {
+    IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+    if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+      if ((mode & IRTMPREF_OUT1)) {
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+        lj_assertA(irref_isk(ref), "unsplit FP op");
+        emit_tai(as, PPCI_ADDI, dest, RID_JGL, tmpofs);
+        emit_setgl(as,
+                   ra_allock(as, (int32_t)ir_knum(ir)->u32.lo, RSET_GPR),
+                   tmptv.u32.lo);
+        emit_setgl(as,
+                   ra_allock(as, (int32_t)ir_knum(ir)->u32.hi, RSET_GPR),
+                   tmptv.u32.hi);
+#else
+        Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, RSET_FPR);
+        emit_tai(as, PPCI_ADDI, dest, RID_JGL, tmpofs);
+        emit_fai(as, PPCI_STFD, src, RID_JGL, tmpofs);
+#endif
+      } else if (irref_isk(ref)) {
+        /* Use the number constant itself as a TValue. */
+        ra_allockreg(as, i32ptr(ir_knum(ir)), dest);
+      } else {
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+        lj_assertA(0, "unsplit FP op");
+#else
+        /* Otherwise force a spill and use the spill slot. */
+        emit_tai(as, PPCI_ADDI, dest, RID_SP, ra_spill(as, ir));
+#endif
+      }
+    } else {
+      /* Otherwise use g->tmptv to hold the TValue. */
+      Reg type;
+      emit_tai(as, PPCI_ADDI, dest, RID_JGL, tmpofs);
+      if (!irt_ispri(ir->t)) {
+        Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, RSET_GPR);
+        emit_setgl(as, src, tmptv.gcr);
+      }
+      if (LJ_SOFTFP && (ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP && !irt_isnil((ir+1)->t))
+        type = ra_alloc1(as, ref+1, RSET_GPR);
+      else
+        type = ra_allock(as, irt_toitype(ir->t), RSET_GPR);
+      emit_setgl(as, type, tmptv.it);
     }
-    type = ra_allock(as, irt_toitype(ir->t), allow);
-    emit_setgl(as, type, tmptv.it);
-  }
-}
-
-static void asm_tostr(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  IRRef args[2];
-  args[0] = ASMREF_L;
-  as->gcsteps++;
-  if (irt_isnum(IR(ir->op1)->t) || (ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP) {
-    const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_str_fromnum];
-    args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* const lua_Number * */
-    asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* GCstr * */
-    asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-    asm_tvptr(as, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), ir->op1);
   } else {
-    const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_str_fromint];
-    args[1] = ir->op1;  /* int32_t k */
-    asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* GCstr * */
-    asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+    emit_tai(as, PPCI_ADDI, dest, RID_JGL, tmpofs);
   }
 }
 
-/* -- Memory references --------------------------------------------------- */
-
 static void asm_aref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
@@ -636,11 +674,27 @@ static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, IROp merge)
   Reg tisnum = RID_NONE, tmpnum = RID_NONE;
   IRRef refkey = ir->op2;
   IRIns *irkey = IR(refkey);
+  int isk = irref_isk(refkey);
   IRType1 kt = irkey->t;
   uint32_t khash;
   MCLabel l_end, l_loop, l_next;
 
   rset_clear(allow, tab);
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+  if (!isk) {
+    key = ra_alloc1(as, refkey, allow);
+    rset_clear(allow, key);
+    if (irkey[1].o == IR_HIOP) {
+      if (ra_hasreg((irkey+1)->r)) {
+        tmpnum = (irkey+1)->r;
+        ra_noweak(as, tmpnum);
+      } else {
+        tmpnum = ra_allocref(as, refkey+1, allow);
+      }
+      rset_clear(allow, tmpnum);
+    }
+  }
+#else
   if (irt_isnum(kt)) {
     key = ra_alloc1(as, refkey, RSET_FPR);
     tmpnum = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_FPR, key));
@@ -650,6 +704,7 @@ static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, IROp merge)
     key = ra_alloc1(as, refkey, allow);
     rset_clear(allow, key);
   }
+#endif
   tmp2 = ra_scratch(as, allow);
   rset_clear(allow, tmp2);
 
@@ -672,7 +727,7 @@ static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, IROp merge)
     asm_guardcc(as, CC_EQ);
   else
     emit_condbranch(as, PPCI_BC|PPCF_Y, CC_EQ, l_end);
-  if (irt_isnum(kt)) {
+  if (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(kt)) {
     emit_fab(as, PPCI_FCMPU, 0, tmpnum, key);
     emit_condbranch(as, PPCI_BC, CC_GE, l_next);
     emit_ab(as, PPCI_CMPLW, tmp1, tisnum);
@@ -682,7 +737,10 @@ static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, IROp merge)
       emit_ab(as, PPCI_CMPW, tmp2, key);
       emit_condbranch(as, PPCI_BC, CC_NE, l_next);
     }
-    emit_ai(as, PPCI_CMPWI, tmp1, irt_toitype(irkey->t));
+    if (LJ_SOFTFP && ra_hasreg(tmpnum))
+      emit_ab(as, PPCI_CMPW, tmp1, tmpnum);
+    else
+      emit_ai(as, PPCI_CMPWI, tmp1, irt_toitype(irkey->t));
     if (!irt_ispri(kt))
       emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, tmp2, dest, (int32_t)offsetof(Node, key.gcr));
   }
@@ -691,35 +749,41 @@ static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, IROp merge)
             (((char *)as->mcp-(char *)l_loop) & 0xffffu);
 
   /* Load main position relative to tab->node into dest. */
-  khash = irref_isk(refkey) ? ir_khash(irkey) : 1;
+  khash = isk ? ir_khash(as, irkey) : 1;
   if (khash == 0) {
     emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, dest, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, node));
   } else {
     Reg tmphash = tmp1;
-    if (irref_isk(refkey))
+    if (isk)
       tmphash = ra_allock(as, khash, allow);
     emit_tab(as, PPCI_ADD, dest, dest, tmp1);
     emit_tai(as, PPCI_MULLI, tmp1, tmp1, sizeof(Node));
     emit_asb(as, PPCI_AND, tmp1, tmp2, tmphash);
     emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, dest, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, node));
     emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, tmp2, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, hmask));
-    if (irref_isk(refkey)) {
+    if (isk) {
       /* Nothing to do. */
     } else if (irt_isstr(kt)) {
-      emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, tmp1, key, (int32_t)offsetof(GCstr, hash));
+      emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, tmp1, key, (int32_t)offsetof(GCstr, sid));
     } else {  /* Must match with hash*() in lj_tab.c. */
       emit_tab(as, PPCI_SUBF, tmp1, tmp2, tmp1);
       emit_rotlwi(as, tmp2, tmp2, HASH_ROT3);
       emit_asb(as, PPCI_XOR, tmp1, tmp1, tmp2);
       emit_rotlwi(as, tmp1, tmp1, (HASH_ROT2+HASH_ROT1)&31);
       emit_tab(as, PPCI_SUBF, tmp2, dest, tmp2);
-      if (irt_isnum(kt)) {
+      if (LJ_SOFTFP ? (irkey[1].o == IR_HIOP) : irt_isnum(kt)) {
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+        emit_asb(as, PPCI_XOR, tmp2, key, tmp1);
+        emit_rotlwi(as, dest, tmp1, HASH_ROT1);
+        emit_tab(as, PPCI_ADD, tmp1, tmpnum, tmpnum);
+#else
         int32_t ofs = ra_spill(as, irkey);
         emit_asb(as, PPCI_XOR, tmp2, tmp2, tmp1);
         emit_rotlwi(as, dest, tmp1, HASH_ROT1);
         emit_tab(as, PPCI_ADD, tmp1, tmp1, tmp1);
         emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, tmp2, RID_SP, ofs+4);
         emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, tmp1, RID_SP, ofs);
+#endif
       } else {
         emit_asb(as, PPCI_XOR, tmp2, key, tmp1);
         emit_rotlwi(as, dest, tmp1, HASH_ROT1);
@@ -740,7 +804,7 @@ static void asm_hrefk(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   Reg node = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
   Reg key = RID_NONE, type = RID_TMP, idx = node;
   RegSet allow = rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, node);
-  lua_assert(ofs % sizeof(Node) == 0);
+  lj_assertA(ofs % sizeof(Node) == 0, "unaligned HREFK slot");
   if (ofs > 32736) {
     idx = dest;
     rset_clear(allow, dest);
@@ -773,20 +837,6 @@ static void asm_hrefk(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   }
 }
 
-static void asm_newref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_tab_newkey];
-  IRRef args[3];
-  if (ir->r == RID_SINK)
-    return;
-  args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
-  args[1] = ir->op1;      /* GCtab *t     */
-  args[2] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* cTValue *key */
-  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* TValue * */
-  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-  asm_tvptr(as, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), ir->op2);
-}
-
 static void asm_uref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
@@ -813,7 +863,7 @@ static void asm_uref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 static void asm_fref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   UNUSED(as); UNUSED(ir);
-  lua_assert(!ra_used(ir));
+  lj_assertA(!ra_used(ir), "unfused FREF");
 }
 
 static void asm_strref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
@@ -853,26 +903,28 @@ static void asm_strref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 
 /* -- Loads and stores ---------------------------------------------------- */
 
-static PPCIns asm_fxloadins(IRIns *ir)
+static PPCIns asm_fxloadins(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
+  UNUSED(as);
   switch (irt_type(ir->t)) {
   case IRT_I8: return PPCI_LBZ;  /* Needs sign-extension. */
   case IRT_U8: return PPCI_LBZ;
   case IRT_I16: return PPCI_LHA;
   case IRT_U16: return PPCI_LHZ;
-  case IRT_NUM: return PPCI_LFD;
-  case IRT_FLOAT: return PPCI_LFS;
+  case IRT_NUM: lj_assertA(!LJ_SOFTFP, "unsplit FP op"); return PPCI_LFD;
+  case IRT_FLOAT: if (!LJ_SOFTFP) return PPCI_LFS;
   default: return PPCI_LWZ;
   }
 }
 
-static PPCIns asm_fxstoreins(IRIns *ir)
+static PPCIns asm_fxstoreins(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
+  UNUSED(as);
   switch (irt_type(ir->t)) {
   case IRT_I8: case IRT_U8: return PPCI_STB;
   case IRT_I16: case IRT_U16: return PPCI_STH;
-  case IRT_NUM: return PPCI_STFD;
-  case IRT_FLOAT: return PPCI_STFS;
+  case IRT_NUM: lj_assertA(!LJ_SOFTFP, "unsplit FP op"); return PPCI_STFD;
+  case IRT_FLOAT: if (!LJ_SOFTFP) return PPCI_STFS;
   default: return PPCI_STW;
   }
 }
@@ -880,18 +932,24 @@ static PPCIns asm_fxstoreins(IRIns *ir)
 static void asm_fload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
-  Reg idx = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
-  PPCIns pi = asm_fxloadins(ir);
+  PPCIns pi = asm_fxloadins(as, ir);
+  Reg idx;
   int32_t ofs;
-  if (ir->op2 == IRFL_TAB_ARRAY) {
-    ofs = asm_fuseabase(as, ir->op1);
-    if (ofs) {  /* Turn the t->array load into an add for colocated arrays. */
-      emit_tai(as, PPCI_ADDI, dest, idx, ofs);
-      return;
+  if (ir->op1 == REF_NIL) {  /* FLOAD from GG_State with offset. */
+    idx = RID_JGL;
+    ofs = (ir->op2 << 2) - 32768 - GG_OFS(g);
+  } else {
+    idx = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+    if (ir->op2 == IRFL_TAB_ARRAY) {
+      ofs = asm_fuseabase(as, ir->op1);
+      if (ofs) {  /* Turn the t->array load into an add for colocated arrays. */
+        emit_tai(as, PPCI_ADDI, dest, idx, ofs);
+        return;
+      }
     }
+    ofs = field_ofs[ir->op2];
   }
-  ofs = field_ofs[ir->op2];
-  lua_assert(!irt_isi8(ir->t));
+  lj_assertA(!irt_isi8(ir->t), "unsupported FLOAD I8");
   emit_tai(as, pi, dest, idx, ofs);
 }
 
@@ -902,21 +960,22 @@ static void asm_fstore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     IRIns *irf = IR(ir->op1);
     Reg idx = ra_alloc1(as, irf->op1, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, src));
     int32_t ofs = field_ofs[irf->op2];
-    PPCIns pi = asm_fxstoreins(ir);
+    PPCIns pi = asm_fxstoreins(as, ir);
     emit_tai(as, pi, src, idx, ofs);
   }
 }
 
 static void asm_xload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
-  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, irt_isfp(ir->t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
-  lua_assert(!(ir->op2 & IRXLOAD_UNALIGNED));
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir,
+    (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isfp(ir->t)) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
+  lj_assertA(!(ir->op2 & IRXLOAD_UNALIGNED), "unaligned XLOAD");
   if (irt_isi8(ir->t))
     emit_as(as, PPCI_EXTSB, dest, dest);
-  asm_fusexref(as, asm_fxloadins(ir), dest, ir->op1, RSET_GPR, 0);
+  asm_fusexref(as, asm_fxloadins(as, ir), dest, ir->op1, RSET_GPR, 0);
 }
 
-static void asm_xstore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int32_t ofs)
+static void asm_xstore_(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int32_t ofs)
 {
   IRIns *irb;
   if (ir->r == RID_SINK)
@@ -927,36 +986,54 @@ static void asm_xstore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int32_t ofs)
     Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, irb->op1, RSET_GPR);
     asm_fusexrefx(as, PPCI_STWBRX, src, ir->op1, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, src));
   } else {
-    Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, irt_isfp(ir->t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
-    asm_fusexref(as, asm_fxstoreins(ir), src, ir->op1,
+    Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2,
+      (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isfp(ir->t)) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
+    asm_fusexref(as, asm_fxstoreins(as, ir), src, ir->op1,
                  rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, src), ofs);
   }
 }
 
+#define asm_xstore(as, ir)      asm_xstore_(as, ir, 0)
+
 static void asm_ahuvload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   IRType1 t = ir->t;
   Reg dest = RID_NONE, type = RID_TMP, tmp = RID_TMP, idx;
   RegSet allow = RSET_GPR;
   int32_t ofs = AHUREF_LSX;
+  if (LJ_SOFTFP && (ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP) {
+    t.irt = IRT_NUM;
+    if (ra_used(ir+1)) {
+      type = ra_dest(as, ir+1, allow);
+      rset_clear(allow, type);
+    }
+    ofs = 0;
+  }
   if (ra_used(ir)) {
-    lua_assert(irt_isnum(t) || irt_isint(t) || irt_isaddr(t));
-    if (!irt_isnum(t)) ofs = 0;
-    dest = ra_dest(as, ir, irt_isnum(t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
+    lj_assertA((LJ_SOFTFP ? 0 : irt_isnum(ir->t)) ||
+               irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t),
+               "bad load type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
+    if (LJ_SOFTFP || !irt_isnum(t)) ofs = 0;
+    dest = ra_dest(as, ir, (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(t)) ? RSET_FPR : allow);
     rset_clear(allow, dest);
   }
   idx = asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, &ofs, allow);
+  if (ir->o == IR_VLOAD) {
+    ofs = ofs != AHUREF_LSX ? ofs + 8 * ir->op2 :
+          ir->op2 ? 8 * ir->op2 : AHUREF_LSX;
+  }
   if (irt_isnum(t)) {
     Reg tisnum = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)LJ_TISNUM, rset_exclude(allow, idx));
     asm_guardcc(as, CC_GE);
     emit_ab(as, PPCI_CMPLW, type, tisnum);
     if (ra_hasreg(dest)) {
-      if (ofs == AHUREF_LSX) {
+      if (!LJ_SOFTFP && ofs == AHUREF_LSX) {
         tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(rset_exclude(RSET_GPR,
                                                        (idx&255)), (idx>>8)));
         emit_fab(as, PPCI_LFDX, dest, (idx&255), tmp);
       } else {
-        emit_fai(as, PPCI_LFD, dest, idx, ofs);
+        emit_fai(as, LJ_SOFTFP ? PPCI_LWZ : PPCI_LFD, dest, idx,
+                 ofs+4*LJ_SOFTFP);
       }
     }
   } else {
@@ -979,7 +1056,7 @@ static void asm_ahustore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   int32_t ofs = AHUREF_LSX;
   if (ir->r == RID_SINK)
     return;
-  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+  if (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
     src = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, RSET_FPR);
   } else {
     if (!irt_ispri(ir->t)) {
@@ -987,11 +1064,14 @@ static void asm_ahustore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
       rset_clear(allow, src);
       ofs = 0;
     }
-    type = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)irt_toitype(ir->t), allow);
+    if (LJ_SOFTFP && (ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP)
+      type = ra_alloc1(as, (ir+1)->op2, allow);
+    else
+      type = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)irt_toitype(ir->t), allow);
     rset_clear(allow, type);
   }
   idx = asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, &ofs, allow);
-  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+  if (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
     if (ofs == AHUREF_LSX) {
       emit_fab(as, PPCI_STFDX, src, (idx&255), RID_TMP);
       emit_slwi(as, RID_TMP, (idx>>8), 3);
@@ -1016,21 +1096,39 @@ static void asm_sload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   IRType1 t = ir->t;
   Reg dest = RID_NONE, type = RID_NONE, base;
   RegSet allow = RSET_GPR;
-  lua_assert(!(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_PARENT));  /* Handled by asm_head_side(). */
-  lua_assert(irt_isguard(t) || !(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK));
-  lua_assert(LJ_DUALNUM ||
-             !irt_isint(t) || (ir->op2 & (IRSLOAD_CONVERT|IRSLOAD_FRAME)));
+  int hiop = (LJ_SOFTFP && (ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP);
+  if (hiop)
+    t.irt = IRT_NUM;
+  lj_assertA(!(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_PARENT),
+             "bad parent SLOAD");  /* Handled by asm_head_side(). */
+  lj_assertA(irt_isguard(ir->t) || !(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK),
+             "inconsistent SLOAD variant");
+  lj_assertA(LJ_DUALNUM ||
+             !irt_isint(t) ||
+             (ir->op2 & (IRSLOAD_CONVERT|IRSLOAD_FRAME|IRSLOAD_KEYINDEX)),
+             "bad SLOAD type");
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+  lj_assertA(!(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT),
+             "unsplit SLOAD convert");  /* Handled by LJ_SOFTFP SPLIT. */
+  if (hiop && ra_used(ir+1)) {
+    type = ra_dest(as, ir+1, allow);
+    rset_clear(allow, type);
+  }
+#else
   if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT) && irt_isguard(t) && irt_isint(t)) {
     dest = ra_scratch(as, RSET_FPR);
     asm_tointg(as, ir, dest);
     t.irt = IRT_NUM;  /* Continue with a regular number type check. */
-  } else if (ra_used(ir)) {
-    lua_assert(irt_isnum(t) || irt_isint(t) || irt_isaddr(t));
-    dest = ra_dest(as, ir, irt_isnum(t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR);
+  } else
+#endif
+  if (ra_used(ir)) {
+    lj_assertA(irt_isnum(t) || irt_isint(t) || irt_isaddr(t),
+               "bad SLOAD type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
+    dest = ra_dest(as, ir, (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(t)) ? RSET_FPR : allow);
     rset_clear(allow, dest);
     base = ra_alloc1(as, REF_BASE, allow);
     rset_clear(allow, base);
-    if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT)) {
+    if (!LJ_SOFTFP && (ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT)) {
       if (irt_isint(t)) {
         emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, dest, RID_SP, SPOFS_TMPLO);
         dest = ra_scratch(as, RSET_FPR);
@@ -1044,7 +1142,7 @@ static void asm_sload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
         emit_fab(as, PPCI_FSUB, dest, dest, fbias);
         emit_fai(as, PPCI_LFD, dest, RID_SP, SPOFS_TMP);
         emit_lsptr(as, PPCI_LFS, (fbias & 31),
-                   (void *)lj_ir_k64_find(as->J, U64x(59800004,59800000)),
+                   (void *)&as->J->k32[LJ_K32_2P52_2P31],
                    rset_clear(allow, hibias));
         emit_tai(as, PPCI_STW, tmp, RID_SP, SPOFS_TMPLO);
         emit_tai(as, PPCI_STW, hibias, RID_SP, SPOFS_TMPHI);
@@ -1062,14 +1160,22 @@ dotypecheck:
     if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK)) {
       Reg tisnum = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)LJ_TISNUM, allow);
       asm_guardcc(as, CC_GE);
-      emit_ab(as, PPCI_CMPLW, RID_TMP, tisnum);
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
       type = RID_TMP;
+#endif
+      emit_ab(as, PPCI_CMPLW, type, tisnum);
     }
-    if (ra_hasreg(dest)) emit_fai(as, PPCI_LFD, dest, base, ofs-4);
+    if (ra_hasreg(dest)) emit_fai(as, LJ_SOFTFP ? PPCI_LWZ : PPCI_LFD, dest,
+                                  base, ofs-(LJ_SOFTFP?0:4));
   } else {
     if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK)) {
       asm_guardcc(as, CC_NE);
-      emit_ai(as, PPCI_CMPWI, RID_TMP, irt_toitype(t));
+      if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_KEYINDEX)) {
+        emit_ai(as, PPCI_CMPWI, RID_TMP, (LJ_KEYINDEX & 0xffff));
+        emit_asi(as, PPCI_XORIS, RID_TMP, RID_TMP, (LJ_KEYINDEX >> 16));
+      } else {
+        emit_ai(as, PPCI_CMPWI, RID_TMP, irt_toitype(t));
+      }
       type = RID_TMP;
     }
     if (ra_hasreg(dest)) emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, dest, base, ofs);
@@ -1083,19 +1189,16 @@ dotypecheck:
 static void asm_cnew(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   CTState *cts = ctype_ctsG(J2G(as->J));
-  CTypeID ctypeid = (CTypeID)IR(ir->op1)->i;
-  CTSize sz = (ir->o == IR_CNEWI || ir->op2 == REF_NIL) ?
-              lj_ctype_size(cts, ctypeid) : (CTSize)IR(ir->op2)->i;
+  CTypeID id = (CTypeID)IR(ir->op1)->i;
+  CTSize sz;
+  CTInfo info = lj_ctype_info(cts, id, &sz);
   const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_mem_newgco];
-  IRRef args[2];
-  RegSet allow = (RSET_GPR & ~RSET_SCRATCH);
+  IRRef args[4];
   RegSet drop = RSET_SCRATCH;
-  lua_assert(sz != CTSIZE_INVALID);
+  lj_assertA(sz != CTSIZE_INVALID || (ir->o == IR_CNEW && ir->op2 != REF_NIL),
+             "bad CNEW/CNEWI operands");
 
-  args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
-  args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* MSize size   */
   as->gcsteps++;
-
   if (ra_hasreg(ir->r))
     rset_clear(drop, ir->r);  /* Dest reg handled below. */
   ra_evictset(as, drop);
@@ -1104,11 +1207,12 @@ static void asm_cnew(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 
   /* Initialize immutable cdata object. */
   if (ir->o == IR_CNEWI) {
+    RegSet allow = (RSET_GPR & ~RSET_SCRATCH);
     int32_t ofs = sizeof(GCcdata);
-    lua_assert(sz == 4 || sz == 8);
+    lj_assertA(sz == 4 || sz == 8, "bad CNEWI size %d", sz);
     if (sz == 8) {
       ofs += 4;
-      lua_assert((ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP);
+      lj_assertA((ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP, "expected HIOP for CNEWI");
     }
     for (;;) {
       Reg r = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, allow);
@@ -1117,18 +1221,28 @@ static void asm_cnew(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
       if (ofs == sizeof(GCcdata)) break;
       ofs -= 4; ir++;
     }
+  } else if (ir->op2 != REF_NIL) {  /* Create VLA/VLS/aligned cdata. */
+    ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_cdata_newv];
+    args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
+    args[1] = ir->op1;      /* CTypeID id   */
+    args[2] = ir->op2;      /* CTSize sz    */
+    args[3] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* CTSize align */
+    asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+    emit_loadi(as, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), (int32_t)ctype_align(info));
+    return;
   }
+
   /* Initialize gct and ctypeid. lj_mem_newgco() already sets marked. */
   emit_tai(as, PPCI_STB, RID_RET+1, RID_RET, offsetof(GCcdata, gct));
   emit_tai(as, PPCI_STH, RID_TMP, RID_RET, offsetof(GCcdata, ctypeid));
   emit_ti(as, PPCI_LI, RID_RET+1, ~LJ_TCDATA);
-  emit_ti(as, PPCI_LI, RID_TMP, ctypeid);  /* Lower 16 bit used. Sign-ext ok. */
+  emit_ti(as, PPCI_LI, RID_TMP, id);  /* Lower 16 bit used. Sign-ext ok. */
+  args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
+  args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* MSize size   */
   asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
   ra_allockreg(as, (int32_t)(sz+sizeof(GCcdata)),
                ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1));
 }
-#else
-#define asm_cnew(as, ir)        ((void)0)
 #endif
 
 /* -- Write barriers ------------------------------------------------------ */
@@ -1142,7 +1256,7 @@ static void asm_tbar(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   emit_tai(as, PPCI_STW, link, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, gclist));
   emit_tai(as, PPCI_STB, mark, tab, (int32_t)offsetof(GCtab, marked));
   emit_setgl(as, tab, gc.grayagain);
-  lua_assert(LJ_GC_BLACK == 0x04);
+  lj_assertA(LJ_GC_BLACK == 0x04, "bad LJ_GC_BLACK");
   emit_rot(as, PPCI_RLWINM, mark, mark, 0, 30, 28);  /* Clear black bit. */
   emit_getgl(as, link, gc.grayagain);
   emit_condbranch(as, PPCI_BC|PPCF_Y, CC_EQ, l_end);
@@ -1157,7 +1271,7 @@ static void asm_obar(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   MCLabel l_end;
   Reg obj, val, tmp;
   /* No need for other object barriers (yet). */
-  lua_assert(IR(ir->op1)->o == IR_UREFC);
+  lj_assertA(IR(ir->op1)->o == IR_UREFC, "bad OBAR type");
   ra_evictset(as, RSET_SCRATCH);
   l_end = emit_label(as);
   args[0] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* global_State *g */
@@ -1178,6 +1292,7 @@ static void asm_obar(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 
 /* -- Arithmetic and logic operations ------------------------------------- */
 
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
 static void asm_fparith(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, PPCIns pi)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
@@ -1196,31 +1311,24 @@ static void asm_fpunary(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, PPCIns pi)
   emit_fb(as, pi, dest, left);
 }
 
-static int asm_fpjoin_pow(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  IRIns *irp = IR(ir->op1);
-  if (irp == ir-1 && irp->o == IR_MUL && !ra_used(irp)) {
-    IRIns *irpp = IR(irp->op1);
-    if (irpp == ir-2 && irpp->o == IR_FPMATH &&
-        irpp->op2 == IRFPM_LOG2 && !ra_used(irpp)) {
-      const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_pow];
-      IRRef args[2];
-      args[0] = irpp->op1;
-      args[1] = irp->op2;
-      asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
-      asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-      return 1;
-    }
-  }
-  return 0;
+static void asm_fpmath(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  if (ir->op2 == IRFPM_SQRT && (as->flags & JIT_F_SQRT))
+    asm_fpunary(as, ir, PPCI_FSQRT);
+  else
+    asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_floor + ir->op2);
 }
+#endif
 
 static void asm_add(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
   if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
     if (!asm_fusemadd(as, ir, PPCI_FMADD, PPCI_FMADD))
       asm_fparith(as, ir, PPCI_FADD);
-  } else {
+  } else
+#endif
+  {
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     Reg right, left = ra_hintalloc(as, ir->op1, dest, RSET_GPR);
     PPCIns pi;
@@ -1259,10 +1367,13 @@ static void asm_add(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 
 static void asm_sub(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
   if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
     if (!asm_fusemadd(as, ir, PPCI_FMSUB, PPCI_FNMSUB))
       asm_fparith(as, ir, PPCI_FSUB);
-  } else {
+  } else
+#endif
+  {
     PPCIns pi = PPCI_SUBF;
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     Reg left, right;
@@ -1288,9 +1399,12 @@ static void asm_sub(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 
 static void asm_mul(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
   if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
     asm_fparith(as, ir, PPCI_FMUL);
-  } else {
+  } else
+#endif
+  {
     PPCIns pi = PPCI_MULLW;
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     Reg right, left = ra_hintalloc(as, ir->op1, dest, RSET_GPR);
@@ -1312,11 +1426,16 @@ static void asm_mul(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   }
 }
 
+#define asm_fpdiv(as, ir)       asm_fparith(as, ir, PPCI_FDIV)
+
 static void asm_neg(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
   if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
     asm_fpunary(as, ir, PPCI_FNEG);
-  } else {
+  } else
+#endif
+  {
     Reg dest, left;
     PPCIns pi = PPCI_NEG;
     if (as->flagmcp == as->mcp) {
@@ -1330,6 +1449,8 @@ static void asm_neg(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   }
 }
 
+#define asm_abs(as, ir)         asm_fpunary(as, ir, PPCI_FABS)
+
 static void asm_arithov(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, PPCIns pi)
 {
   Reg dest, left, right;
@@ -1345,6 +1466,10 @@ static void asm_arithov(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, PPCIns pi)
   emit_tab(as, pi|PPCF_DOT, dest, left, right);
 }
 
+#define asm_addov(as, ir)       asm_arithov(as, ir, PPCI_ADDO)
+#define asm_subov(as, ir)       asm_arithov(as, ir, PPCI_SUBFO)
+#define asm_mulov(as, ir)       asm_arithov(as, ir, PPCI_MULLWO)
+
 #if LJ_HASFFI
 static void asm_add64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
@@ -1424,7 +1549,7 @@ static void asm_neg64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 }
 #endif
 
-static void asm_bitnot(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+static void asm_bnot(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest, left, right;
   PPCIns pi = PPCI_NOR;
@@ -1451,7 +1576,7 @@ nofuse:
   emit_asb(as, pi, dest, left, right);
 }
 
-static void asm_bitswap(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+static void asm_bswap(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
   IRIns *irx;
@@ -1472,32 +1597,6 @@ static void asm_bitswap(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   }
 }
 
-static void asm_bitop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, PPCIns pi, PPCIns pik)
-{
-  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
-  Reg right, left = ra_hintalloc(as, ir->op1, dest, RSET_GPR);
-  if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {
-    int32_t k = IR(ir->op2)->i;
-    Reg tmp = left;
-    if ((checku16(k) || (k & 0xffff) == 0) || (tmp = dest, !as->sectref)) {
-      if (!checku16(k)) {
-        emit_asi(as, pik ^ (PPCI_ORI ^ PPCI_ORIS), dest, tmp, (k >> 16));
-        if ((k & 0xffff) == 0) return;
-      }
-      emit_asi(as, pik, dest, left, k);
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-  /* May fail due to spills/restores above, but simplifies the logic. */
-  if (as->flagmcp == as->mcp) {
-    as->flagmcp = NULL;
-    as->mcp++;
-    pi |= PPCF_DOT;
-  }
-  right = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, left));
-  emit_asb(as, pi, dest, left, right);
-}
-
 /* Fuse BAND with contiguous bitmask and a shift to rlwinm. */
 static void asm_fuseandsh(ASMState *as, PPCIns pi, int32_t mask, IRRef ref)
 {
@@ -1528,7 +1627,7 @@ nofuse:
   *--as->mcp = pi | PPCF_T(left);
 }
 
-static void asm_bitand(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+static void asm_band(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest, left, right;
   IRRef lref = ir->op1;
@@ -1583,6 +1682,35 @@ static void asm_bitand(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   emit_asb(as, PPCI_AND ^ dot, dest, left, right);
 }
 
+static void asm_bitop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, PPCIns pi, PPCIns pik)
+{
+  Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  Reg right, left = ra_hintalloc(as, ir->op1, dest, RSET_GPR);
+  if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {
+    int32_t k = IR(ir->op2)->i;
+    Reg tmp = left;
+    if ((checku16(k) || (k & 0xffff) == 0) || (tmp = dest, !as->sectref)) {
+      if (!checku16(k)) {
+        emit_asi(as, pik ^ (PPCI_ORI ^ PPCI_ORIS), dest, tmp, (k >> 16));
+        if ((k & 0xffff) == 0) return;
+      }
+      emit_asi(as, pik, dest, left, k);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  /* May fail due to spills/restores above, but simplifies the logic. */
+  if (as->flagmcp == as->mcp) {
+    as->flagmcp = NULL;
+    as->mcp++;
+    pi |= PPCF_DOT;
+  }
+  right = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, left));
+  emit_asb(as, pi, dest, left, right);
+}
+
+#define asm_bor(as, ir)         asm_bitop(as, ir, PPCI_OR, PPCI_ORI)
+#define asm_bxor(as, ir)        asm_bitop(as, ir, PPCI_XOR, PPCI_XORI)
+
 static void asm_bitshift(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, PPCIns pi, PPCIns pik)
 {
   Reg dest, left;
@@ -1608,9 +1736,48 @@ static void asm_bitshift(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, PPCIns pi, PPCIns pik)
   }
 }
 
+#define asm_bshl(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, PPCI_SLW, 0)
+#define asm_bshr(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, PPCI_SRW, 1)
+#define asm_bsar(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, PPCI_SRAW, PPCI_SRAWI)
+#define asm_brol(as, ir) \
+  asm_bitshift(as, ir, PPCI_RLWNM|PPCF_MB(0)|PPCF_ME(31), \
+                       PPCI_RLWINM|PPCF_MB(0)|PPCF_ME(31))
+#define asm_bror(as, ir)        lj_assertA(0, "unexpected BROR")
+
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+static void asm_sfpmin_max(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  CCallInfo ci = lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_softfp_cmp];
+  IRRef args[4];
+  MCLabel l_right, l_end;
+  Reg desthi = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR), destlo = ra_dest(as, ir+1, RSET_GPR);
+  Reg righthi, lefthi = ra_alloc2(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+  Reg rightlo, leftlo = ra_alloc2(as, ir+1, RSET_GPR);
+  PPCCC cond = (IROp)ir->o == IR_MIN ? CC_EQ : CC_NE;
+  righthi = (lefthi >> 8); lefthi &= 255;
+  rightlo = (leftlo >> 8); leftlo &= 255;
+  args[0^LJ_BE] = ir->op1; args[1^LJ_BE] = (ir+1)->op1;
+  args[2^LJ_BE] = ir->op2; args[3^LJ_BE] = (ir+1)->op2;
+  l_end = emit_label(as);
+  if (desthi != righthi) emit_mr(as, desthi, righthi);
+  if (destlo != rightlo) emit_mr(as, destlo, rightlo);
+  l_right = emit_label(as);
+  if (l_end != l_right) emit_jmp(as, l_end);
+  if (desthi != lefthi) emit_mr(as, desthi, lefthi);
+  if (destlo != leftlo) emit_mr(as, destlo, leftlo);
+  if (l_right == as->mcp+1) {
+    cond ^= 4; l_right = l_end; ++as->mcp;
+  }
+  emit_condbranch(as, PPCI_BC, cond, l_right);
+  ra_evictset(as, RSET_SCRATCH);
+  emit_cmpi(as, RID_RET, 1);
+  asm_gencall(as, &ci, args);
+}
+#endif
+
 static void asm_min_max(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int ismax)
 {
-  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+  if (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
     Reg tmp = dest;
     Reg right, left = ra_alloc2(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
@@ -1618,9 +1785,8 @@ static void asm_min_max(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int ismax)
     if (tmp == left || tmp == right)
       tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(rset_exclude(rset_exclude(RSET_FPR,
                                         dest), left), right));
-    emit_facb(as, PPCI_FSEL, dest, tmp,
-              ismax ? left : right, ismax ? right : left);
-    emit_fab(as, PPCI_FSUB, tmp, left, right);
+    emit_facb(as, PPCI_FSEL, dest, tmp, left, right);
+    emit_fab(as, PPCI_FSUB, tmp, ismax ? left : right, ismax ? right : left);
   } else {
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     Reg tmp1 = RID_TMP, tmp2 = dest;
@@ -1638,6 +1804,9 @@ static void asm_min_max(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int ismax)
   }
 }
 
+#define asm_min(as, ir)         asm_min_max(as, ir, 0)
+#define asm_max(as, ir)         asm_min_max(as, ir, 1)
+
 /* -- Comparisons --------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 #define CC_UNSIGNED     0x08    /* Unsigned integer comparison. */
@@ -1695,7 +1864,7 @@ static void asm_intcomp_(ASMState *as, IRRef lref, IRRef rref, Reg cr, PPCCC cc)
 static void asm_comp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   PPCCC cc = asm_compmap[ir->o];
-  if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+  if (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
     Reg right, left = ra_alloc2(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
     right = (left >> 8); left &= 255;
     asm_guardcc(as, (cc >> 4));
@@ -1714,6 +1883,46 @@ static void asm_comp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   }
 }
 
+#define asm_equal(as, ir)       asm_comp(as, ir)
+
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+/* SFP comparisons. */
+static void asm_sfpcomp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_softfp_cmp];
+  RegSet drop = RSET_SCRATCH;
+  Reg r;
+  IRRef args[4];
+  args[0^LJ_BE] = ir->op1; args[1^LJ_BE] = (ir+1)->op1;
+  args[2^LJ_BE] = ir->op2; args[3^LJ_BE] = (ir+1)->op2;
+
+  for (r = REGARG_FIRSTGPR; r <= REGARG_FIRSTGPR+3; r++) {
+    if (!rset_test(as->freeset, r) &&
+        regcost_ref(as->cost[r]) == args[r-REGARG_FIRSTGPR])
+      rset_clear(drop, r);
+  }
+  ra_evictset(as, drop);
+  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
+  switch ((IROp)ir->o) {
+  case IR_ULT:
+    asm_guardcc(as, CC_EQ);
+    emit_ai(as, PPCI_CMPWI, RID_RET, 0);
+  case IR_ULE:
+    asm_guardcc(as, CC_EQ);
+    emit_ai(as, PPCI_CMPWI, RID_RET, 1);
+    break;
+  case IR_GE: case IR_GT:
+    asm_guardcc(as, CC_EQ);
+    emit_ai(as, PPCI_CMPWI, RID_RET, 2);
+  default:
+    asm_guardcc(as, (asm_compmap[ir->o] & 0xf));
+    emit_ai(as, PPCI_CMPWI, RID_RET, 0);
+    break;
+  }
+  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+}
+#endif
+
 #if LJ_HASFFI
 /* 64 bit integer comparisons. */
 static void asm_comp64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
@@ -1738,50 +1947,87 @@ static void asm_comp64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 }
 #endif
 
-/* -- Support for 64 bit ops in 32 bit mode ------------------------------- */
+/* -- Split register ops -------------------------------------------------- */
 
-/* Hiword op of a split 64 bit op. Previous op must be the loword op. */
+/* Hiword op of a split 32/32 bit op. Previous op is be the loword op. */
 static void asm_hiop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
-#if LJ_HASFFI
   /* HIOP is marked as a store because it needs its own DCE logic. */
   int uselo = ra_used(ir-1), usehi = ra_used(ir);  /* Loword/hiword used? */
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!(as->flags & JIT_F_OPT_DCE))) uselo = usehi = 1;
+#if LJ_HASFFI || LJ_SOFTFP
   if ((ir-1)->o == IR_CONV) {  /* Conversions to/from 64 bit. */
     as->curins--;  /* Always skip the CONV. */
+#if LJ_HASFFI && !LJ_SOFTFP
     if (usehi || uselo)
       asm_conv64(as, ir);
     return;
+#endif
   } else if ((ir-1)->o <= IR_NE) {  /* 64 bit integer comparisons. ORDER IR. */
     as->curins--;  /* Always skip the loword comparison. */
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+    if (!irt_isint(ir->t)) {
+      asm_sfpcomp(as, ir-1);
+      return;
+    }
+#endif
+#if LJ_HASFFI
     asm_comp64(as, ir);
+#endif
     return;
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+  } else if ((ir-1)->o == IR_MIN || (ir-1)->o == IR_MAX) {
+      as->curins--;  /* Always skip the loword min/max. */
+    if (uselo || usehi)
+      asm_sfpmin_max(as, ir-1);
+    return;
+#endif
   } else if ((ir-1)->o == IR_XSTORE) {
     as->curins--;  /* Handle both stores here. */
     if ((ir-1)->r != RID_SINK) {
-      asm_xstore(as, ir, 0);
-      asm_xstore(as, ir-1, 4);
+      asm_xstore_(as, ir, 0);
+      asm_xstore_(as, ir-1, 4);
     }
     return;
   }
+#endif
   if (!usehi) return;  /* Skip unused hiword op for all remaining ops. */
   switch ((ir-1)->o) {
+#if LJ_HASFFI
   case IR_ADD: as->curins--; asm_add64(as, ir); break;
   case IR_SUB: as->curins--; asm_sub64(as, ir); break;
   case IR_NEG: as->curins--; asm_neg64(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_CALLN:
-  case IR_CALLXS:
+  case IR_CNEWI:
+    /* Nothing to do here. Handled by lo op itself. */
+    break;
+#endif
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+  case IR_SLOAD: case IR_ALOAD: case IR_HLOAD: case IR_ULOAD: case IR_VLOAD:
+  case IR_STRTO:
     if (!uselo)
-      ra_allocref(as, ir->op1, RID2RSET(RID_RETLO));  /* Mark lo op as used. */
+      ra_allocref(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);  /* Mark lo op as used. */
     break;
-  case IR_CNEWI:
+  case IR_ASTORE: case IR_HSTORE: case IR_USTORE: case IR_TOSTR: case IR_TMPREF:
     /* Nothing to do here. Handled by lo op itself. */
     break;
-  default: lua_assert(0); break;
-  }
-#else
-  UNUSED(as); UNUSED(ir); lua_assert(0);  /* Unused without FFI. */
 #endif
+  case IR_CALLN: case IR_CALLL: case IR_CALLS: case IR_CALLXS:
+    if (!uselo)
+      ra_allocref(as, ir->op1, RID2RSET(RID_RETLO));  /* Mark lo op as used. */
+    break;
+  default: lj_assertA(0, "bad HIOP for op %d", (ir-1)->o); break;
+  }
+}
+
+/* -- Profiling ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void asm_prof(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  UNUSED(ir);
+  asm_guardcc(as, CC_NE);
+  emit_asi(as, PPCI_ANDIDOT, RID_TMP, RID_TMP, HOOK_PROFILE);
+  emit_lsglptr(as, PPCI_LBZ, RID_TMP,
+               (int32_t)offsetof(global_State, hookmask));
 }
 
 /* -- Stack handling ------------------------------------------------------ */
@@ -1805,7 +2051,7 @@ static void asm_stack_check(ASMState *as, BCReg topslot,
   emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, tmp, tmp, offsetof(lua_State, maxstack));
   if (pbase == RID_TMP)
     emit_getgl(as, RID_TMP, jit_base);
-  emit_getgl(as, tmp, jit_L);
+  emit_getgl(as, tmp, cur_L);
   if (allow == RSET_EMPTY)  /* Spill temp. register. */
     emit_tai(as, PPCI_STW, tmp, RID_SP, SPOFS_TMPW);
 }
@@ -1826,12 +2072,25 @@ static void asm_stack_restore(ASMState *as, SnapShot *snap)
     if ((sn & SNAP_NORESTORE))
       continue;
     if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+      Reg tmp;
+      RegSet allow = rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, RID_BASE);
+      /* LJ_SOFTFP: must be a number constant. */
+      lj_assertA(irref_isk(ref), "unsplit FP op");
+      tmp = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)ir_knum(ir)->u32.lo, allow);
+      emit_tai(as, PPCI_STW, tmp, RID_BASE, ofs+(LJ_BE?4:0));
+      if (rset_test(as->freeset, tmp+1)) allow = RID2RSET(tmp+1);
+      tmp = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)ir_knum(ir)->u32.hi, allow);
+      emit_tai(as, PPCI_STW, tmp, RID_BASE, ofs+(LJ_BE?0:4));
+#else
       Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, RSET_FPR);
       emit_fai(as, PPCI_STFD, src, RID_BASE, ofs);
+#endif
     } else {
       Reg type;
       RegSet allow = rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, RID_BASE);
-      lua_assert(irt_ispri(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t) || irt_isinteger(ir->t));
+      lj_assertA(irt_ispri(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t) || irt_isinteger(ir->t),
+                 "restore of IR type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
       if (!irt_ispri(ir->t)) {
         Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, allow);
         rset_clear(allow, src);
@@ -1840,6 +2099,12 @@ static void asm_stack_restore(ASMState *as, SnapShot *snap)
       if ((sn & (SNAP_CONT|SNAP_FRAME))) {
         if (s == 0) continue;  /* Do not overwrite link to previous frame. */
         type = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)(*flinks--), allow);
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+      } else if ((sn & SNAP_SOFTFPNUM)) {
+        type = ra_alloc1(as, ref+1, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, RID_BASE));
+#endif
+      } else if ((sn & SNAP_KEYINDEX)) {
+        type = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)LJ_KEYINDEX, allow);
       } else {
         type = ra_allock(as, (int32_t)irt_toitype(ir->t), allow);
       }
@@ -1847,7 +2112,7 @@ static void asm_stack_restore(ASMState *as, SnapShot *snap)
     }
     checkmclim(as);
   }
-  lua_assert(map + nent == flinks);
+  lj_assertA(map + nent == flinks, "inconsistent frames in snapshot");
 }
 
 /* -- GC handling --------------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -1898,6 +2163,12 @@ static void asm_loop_fixup(ASMState *as)
   }
 }
 
+/* Fixup the tail of the loop. */
+static void asm_loop_tail_fixup(ASMState *as)
+{
+  UNUSED(as);  /* Nothing to do. */
+}
+
 /* -- Head of trace ------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Coalesce BASE register for a root trace. */
@@ -1949,7 +2220,7 @@ static void asm_tail_fixup(ASMState *as, TraceNo lnk)
     as->mctop = p;
   } else {
     /* Patch stack adjustment. */
-    lua_assert(checki16(CFRAME_SIZE+spadj));
+    lj_assertA(checki16(CFRAME_SIZE+spadj), "stack adjustment out of range");
     p[-3] = PPCI_ADDI | PPCF_T(RID_TMP) | PPCF_A(RID_SP) | (CFRAME_SIZE+spadj);
     p[-2] = PPCI_STWU | PPCF_T(RID_TMP) | PPCF_A(RID_SP) | spadj;
   }
@@ -1970,147 +2241,25 @@ static void asm_tail_prep(ASMState *as)
   }
 }
 
-/* -- Instruction dispatch ------------------------------------------------ */
-
-/* Assemble a single instruction. */
-static void asm_ir(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  switch ((IROp)ir->o) {
-  /* Miscellaneous ops. */
-  case IR_LOOP: asm_loop(as); break;
-  case IR_NOP: case IR_XBAR: lua_assert(!ra_used(ir)); break;
-  case IR_USE:
-    ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, irt_isfp(ir->t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR); break;
-  case IR_PHI: asm_phi(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_HIOP: asm_hiop(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_GCSTEP: asm_gcstep(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Guarded assertions. */
-  case IR_EQ: case IR_NE:
-    if ((ir-1)->o == IR_HREF && ir->op1 == as->curins-1) {
-      as->curins--;
-      asm_href(as, ir-1, (IROp)ir->o);
-      break;
-    }
-    /* fallthrough */
-  case IR_LT: case IR_GE: case IR_LE: case IR_GT:
-  case IR_ULT: case IR_UGE: case IR_ULE: case IR_UGT:
-  case IR_ABC:
-    asm_comp(as, ir);
-    break;
-
-  case IR_RETF: asm_retf(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Bit ops. */
-  case IR_BNOT: asm_bitnot(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_BSWAP: asm_bitswap(as, ir); break;
-
-  case IR_BAND: asm_bitand(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_BOR:  asm_bitop(as, ir, PPCI_OR, PPCI_ORI); break;
-  case IR_BXOR: asm_bitop(as, ir, PPCI_XOR, PPCI_XORI); break;
-
-  case IR_BSHL: asm_bitshift(as, ir, PPCI_SLW, 0); break;
-  case IR_BSHR: asm_bitshift(as, ir, PPCI_SRW, 1); break;
-  case IR_BSAR: asm_bitshift(as, ir, PPCI_SRAW, PPCI_SRAWI); break;
-  case IR_BROL: asm_bitshift(as, ir, PPCI_RLWNM|PPCF_MB(0)|PPCF_ME(31),
-                             PPCI_RLWINM|PPCF_MB(0)|PPCF_ME(31)); break;
-  case IR_BROR: lua_assert(0); break;
-
-  /* Arithmetic ops. */
-  case IR_ADD: asm_add(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_SUB: asm_sub(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_MUL: asm_mul(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_DIV: asm_fparith(as, ir, PPCI_FDIV); break;
-  case IR_MOD: asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_modi); break;
-  case IR_POW: asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_powi); break;
-  case IR_NEG: asm_neg(as, ir); break;
-
-  case IR_ABS: asm_fpunary(as, ir, PPCI_FABS); break;
-  case IR_ATAN2: asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_atan2); break;
-  case IR_LDEXP: asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_ldexp); break;
-  case IR_MIN: asm_min_max(as, ir, 0); break;
-  case IR_MAX: asm_min_max(as, ir, 1); break;
-  case IR_FPMATH:
-    if (ir->op2 == IRFPM_EXP2 && asm_fpjoin_pow(as, ir))
-      break;
-    if (ir->op2 == IRFPM_SQRT && (as->flags & JIT_F_SQRT))
-      asm_fpunary(as, ir, PPCI_FSQRT);
-    else
-      asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_floor + ir->op2);
-    break;
-
-  /* Overflow-checking arithmetic ops. */
-  case IR_ADDOV: asm_arithov(as, ir, PPCI_ADDO); break;
-  case IR_SUBOV: asm_arithov(as, ir, PPCI_SUBFO); break;
-  case IR_MULOV: asm_arithov(as, ir, PPCI_MULLWO); break;
-
-  /* Memory references. */
-  case IR_AREF: asm_aref(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_HREF: asm_href(as, ir, 0); break;
-  case IR_HREFK: asm_hrefk(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_NEWREF: asm_newref(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_UREFO: case IR_UREFC: asm_uref(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_FREF: asm_fref(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_STRREF: asm_strref(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Loads and stores. */
-  case IR_ALOAD: case IR_HLOAD: case IR_ULOAD: case IR_VLOAD:
-    asm_ahuvload(as, ir);
-    break;
-  case IR_FLOAD: asm_fload(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_XLOAD: asm_xload(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_SLOAD: asm_sload(as, ir); break;
-
-  case IR_ASTORE: case IR_HSTORE: case IR_USTORE: asm_ahustore(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_FSTORE: asm_fstore(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_XSTORE: asm_xstore(as, ir, 0); break;
-
-  /* Allocations. */
-  case IR_SNEW: case IR_XSNEW: asm_snew(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_TNEW: asm_tnew(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_TDUP: asm_tdup(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_CNEW: case IR_CNEWI: asm_cnew(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Write barriers. */
-  case IR_TBAR: asm_tbar(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_OBAR: asm_obar(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Type conversions. */
-  case IR_CONV: asm_conv(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_TOBIT: asm_tobit(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_TOSTR: asm_tostr(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_STRTO: asm_strto(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Calls. */
-  case IR_CALLN: case IR_CALLL: case IR_CALLS: asm_call(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_CALLXS: asm_callx(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_CARG: break;
-
-  default:
-    setintV(&as->J->errinfo, ir->o);
-    lj_trace_err_info(as->J, LJ_TRERR_NYIIR);
-    break;
-  }
-}
-
 /* -- Trace setup --------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Ensure there are enough stack slots for call arguments. */
 static Reg asm_setup_call_slots(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, const CCallInfo *ci)
 {
   IRRef args[CCI_NARGS_MAX*2];
-  uint32_t i, nargs = (int)CCI_NARGS(ci);
+  uint32_t i, nargs = CCI_XNARGS(ci);
   int nslots = 2, ngpr = REGARG_NUMGPR, nfpr = REGARG_NUMFPR;
   asm_collectargs(as, ir, ci, args);
   for (i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
-    if (args[i] && irt_isfp(IR(args[i])->t)) {
+    if (!LJ_SOFTFP && args[i] && irt_isfp(IR(args[i])->t)) {
       if (nfpr > 0) nfpr--; else nslots = (nslots+3) & ~1;
     } else {
       if (ngpr > 0) ngpr--; else nslots++;
     }
   if (nslots > as->evenspill)  /* Leave room for args in stack slots. */
     as->evenspill = nslots;
-  return irt_isfp(ir->t) ? REGSP_HINT(RID_FPRET) : REGSP_HINT(RID_RET);
+  return (!LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isfp(ir->t)) ? REGSP_HINT(RID_FPRET) :
+                                           REGSP_HINT(RID_RET);
 }
 
 static void asm_setup_target(ASMState *as)
@@ -2150,7 +2299,8 @@ void lj_asm_patchexit(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T, ExitNo exitno, MCode *target)
     } else if ((ins & 0xfc000000u) == PPCI_B &&
                ((ins ^ ((char *)px-(char *)p)) & 0x03ffffffu) == 0) {
       ptrdiff_t delta = (char *)target - (char *)p;
-      lua_assert(((delta + 0x02000000) >> 26) == 0);
+      lj_assertJ(((delta + 0x02000000) >> 26) == 0,
+                 "branch target out of range");
       *p = PPCI_B | ((uint32_t)delta & 0x03ffffffu);
       if (!cstart) cstart = p;
     }
@@ -2158,7 +2308,8 @@ void lj_asm_patchexit(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T, ExitNo exitno, MCode *target)
   /* Always patch long-range branch in exit stub itself. Except, if we can't. */
   if (patchlong) {
     ptrdiff_t delta = (char *)target - (char *)px - clearso;
-    lua_assert(((delta + 0x02000000) >> 26) == 0);
+    lj_assertJ(((delta + 0x02000000) >> 26) == 0,
+               "branch target out of range");
     *px = PPCI_B | ((uint32_t)delta & 0x03ffffffu);
   }
   if (!cstart) cstart = px;
diff --git a/src/lj_asm_x86.h b/src/lj_asm_x86.h
index e01def59..9f779bf5 100644
--- a/src/lj_asm_x86.h
+++ b/src/lj_asm_x86.h
@@ -21,15 +21,17 @@ static MCode *asm_exitstub_gen(ASMState *as, ExitNo group)
   }
   /* Push the high byte of the exitno for each exit stub group. */
   *mxp++ = XI_PUSHi8; *mxp++ = (MCode)((group*EXITSTUBS_PER_GROUP)>>8);
+#if !LJ_GC64
   /* Store DISPATCH at original stack slot 0. Account for the two push ops. */
   *mxp++ = XI_MOVmi;
   *mxp++ = MODRM(XM_OFS8, 0, RID_ESP);
   *mxp++ = MODRM(XM_SCALE1, RID_ESP, RID_ESP);
   *mxp++ = 2*sizeof(void *);
   *(int32_t *)mxp = ptr2addr(J2GG(as->J)->dispatch); mxp += 4;
+#endif
   /* Jump to exit handler which fills in the ExitState. */
   *mxp++ = XI_JMP; mxp += 4;
-  *((int32_t *)(mxp-4)) = jmprel(mxp, (MCode *)(void *)lj_vm_exit_handler);
+  *((int32_t *)(mxp-4)) = jmprel(as->J, mxp, (MCode *)(void *)lj_vm_exit_handler);
   /* Commit the code for this group (even if assembly fails later on). */
   lj_mcode_commitbot(as->J, mxp);
   as->mcbot = mxp;
@@ -58,14 +60,18 @@ static void asm_guardcc(ASMState *as, int cc)
   MCode *p = as->mcp;
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY(p == as->invmcp)) {
     as->loopinv = 1;
-    *(int32_t *)(p+1) = jmprel(p+5, target);
+    *(int32_t *)(p+1) = jmprel(as->J, p+5, target);
     target = p;
     cc ^= 1;
     if (as->realign) {
+      if (LJ_GC64 && LJ_UNLIKELY(as->mrm.base == RID_RIP))
+        as->mrm.ofs += 2;  /* Fixup RIP offset for pending fused load. */
       emit_sjcc(as, cc, target);
       return;
     }
   }
+  if (LJ_GC64 && LJ_UNLIKELY(as->mrm.base == RID_RIP))
+    as->mrm.ofs += 6;  /* Fixup RIP offset for pending fused load. */
   emit_jcc(as, cc, target);
 }
 
@@ -79,6 +85,15 @@ static int asm_isk32(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, int32_t *k)
 {
   if (irref_isk(ref)) {
     IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+#if LJ_GC64
+    if (ir->o == IR_KNULL || !irt_is64(ir->t)) {
+      *k = ir->i;
+      return 1;
+    } else if (checki32((int64_t)ir_k64(ir)->u64)) {
+      *k = (int32_t)ir_k64(ir)->u64;
+      return 1;
+    }
+#else
     if (ir->o != IR_KINT64) {
       *k = ir->i;
       return 1;
@@ -86,6 +101,7 @@ static int asm_isk32(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, int32_t *k)
       *k = (int32_t)ir_kint64(ir)->u64;
       return 1;
     }
+#endif
   }
   return 0;
 }
@@ -115,7 +131,7 @@ static IRRef asm_fuseabase(ASMState *as, IRRef ref)
   as->mrm.ofs = 0;
   if (irb->o == IR_FLOAD) {
     IRIns *ira = IR(irb->op1);
-    lua_assert(irb->op2 == IRFL_TAB_ARRAY);
+    lj_assertA(irb->op2 == IRFL_TAB_ARRAY, "expected FLOAD TAB_ARRAY");
     /* We can avoid the FLOAD of t->array for colocated arrays. */
     if (ira->o == IR_TNEW && ira->op1 <= LJ_MAX_COLOSIZE &&
         !neverfuse(as) && noconflict(as, irb->op1, IR_NEWREF, 1)) {
@@ -134,7 +150,7 @@ static IRRef asm_fuseabase(ASMState *as, IRRef ref)
 static void asm_fusearef(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, RegSet allow)
 {
   IRIns *irx;
-  lua_assert(ir->o == IR_AREF);
+  lj_assertA(ir->o == IR_AREF, "expected AREF");
   as->mrm.base = (uint8_t)ra_alloc1(as, asm_fuseabase(as, ir->op1), allow);
   irx = IR(ir->op2);
   if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {
@@ -185,14 +201,32 @@ static void asm_fuseahuref(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, RegSet allow)
       if (irref_isk(ir->op1)) {
         GCfunc *fn = ir_kfunc(IR(ir->op1));
         GCupval *uv = &gcref(fn->l.uvptr[(ir->op2 >> 8)])->uv;
+#if LJ_GC64
+        int64_t ofs = dispofs(as, &uv->tv);
+        if (checki32(ofs) && checki32(ofs+4)) {
+          as->mrm.ofs = (int32_t)ofs;
+          as->mrm.base = RID_DISPATCH;
+          as->mrm.idx = RID_NONE;
+          return;
+        }
+#else
         as->mrm.ofs = ptr2addr(&uv->tv);
         as->mrm.base = as->mrm.idx = RID_NONE;
         return;
+#endif
       }
       break;
+    case IR_TMPREF:
+#if LJ_GC64
+      as->mrm.ofs = (int32_t)dispofs(as, &J2G(as->J)->tmptv);
+      as->mrm.base = RID_DISPATCH;
+      as->mrm.idx = RID_NONE;
+#else
+      as->mrm.ofs = igcptr(&J2G(as->J)->tmptv);
+      as->mrm.base = as->mrm.idx = RID_NONE;
+#endif
+      return;
     default:
-      lua_assert(ir->o == IR_HREF || ir->o == IR_NEWREF || ir->o == IR_UREFO ||
-                 ir->o == IR_KKPTR);
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -204,26 +238,53 @@ static void asm_fuseahuref(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, RegSet allow)
 /* Fuse FLOAD/FREF reference into memory operand. */
 static void asm_fusefref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, RegSet allow)
 {
-  lua_assert(ir->o == IR_FLOAD || ir->o == IR_FREF);
-  as->mrm.ofs = field_ofs[ir->op2];
+  lj_assertA(ir->o == IR_FLOAD || ir->o == IR_FREF,
+             "bad IR op %d", ir->o);
   as->mrm.idx = RID_NONE;
+  if (ir->op1 == REF_NIL) {  /* FLOAD from GG_State with offset. */
+#if LJ_GC64
+    as->mrm.ofs = (int32_t)(ir->op2 << 2) - GG_OFS(dispatch);
+    as->mrm.base = RID_DISPATCH;
+#else
+    as->mrm.ofs = (int32_t)(ir->op2 << 2) + ptr2addr(J2GG(as->J));
+    as->mrm.base = RID_NONE;
+#endif
+    return;
+  }
+  as->mrm.ofs = field_ofs[ir->op2];
   if (irref_isk(ir->op1)) {
-    as->mrm.ofs += IR(ir->op1)->i;
+    IRIns *op1 = IR(ir->op1);
+#if LJ_GC64
+    if (ir->op1 == REF_NIL) {
+      as->mrm.ofs -= GG_OFS(dispatch);
+      as->mrm.base = RID_DISPATCH;
+      return;
+    } else if (op1->o == IR_KPTR || op1->o == IR_KKPTR) {
+      intptr_t ofs = dispofs(as, ir_kptr(op1));
+      if (checki32(as->mrm.ofs + ofs)) {
+        as->mrm.ofs += (int32_t)ofs;
+        as->mrm.base = RID_DISPATCH;
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+#else
+    as->mrm.ofs += op1->i;
     as->mrm.base = RID_NONE;
-  } else {
-    as->mrm.base = (uint8_t)ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, allow);
+    return;
+#endif
   }
+  as->mrm.base = (uint8_t)ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, allow);
 }
 
 /* Fuse string reference into memory operand. */
 static void asm_fusestrref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, RegSet allow)
 {
   IRIns *irr;
-  lua_assert(ir->o == IR_STRREF);
+  lj_assertA(ir->o == IR_STRREF, "bad IR op %d", ir->o);
   as->mrm.base = as->mrm.idx = RID_NONE;
   as->mrm.scale = XM_SCALE1;
   as->mrm.ofs = sizeof(GCstr);
-  if (irref_isk(ir->op1)) {
+  if (!LJ_GC64 && irref_isk(ir->op1)) {
     as->mrm.ofs += IR(ir->op1)->i;
   } else {
     Reg r = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, allow);
@@ -255,10 +316,20 @@ static void asm_fusexref(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, RegSet allow)
   IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
   as->mrm.idx = RID_NONE;
   if (ir->o == IR_KPTR || ir->o == IR_KKPTR) {
+#if LJ_GC64
+    intptr_t ofs = dispofs(as, ir_kptr(ir));
+    if (checki32(ofs)) {
+      as->mrm.ofs = (int32_t)ofs;
+      as->mrm.base = RID_DISPATCH;
+      return;
+    }
+  } if (0) {
+#else
     as->mrm.ofs = ir->i;
     as->mrm.base = RID_NONE;
   } else if (ir->o == IR_STRREF) {
     asm_fusestrref(as, ir, allow);
+#endif
   } else {
     as->mrm.ofs = 0;
     if (canfuse(as, ir) && ir->o == IR_ADD && ra_noreg(ir->r)) {
@@ -301,7 +372,47 @@ static void asm_fusexref(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, RegSet allow)
   }
 }
 
-/* Fuse load into memory operand. */
+/* Fuse load of 64 bit IR constant into memory operand. */
+static Reg asm_fuseloadk64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  const uint64_t *k = &ir_k64(ir)->u64;
+  if (!LJ_GC64 || checki32((intptr_t)k)) {
+    as->mrm.ofs = ptr2addr(k);
+    as->mrm.base = RID_NONE;
+#if LJ_GC64
+  } else if (checki32(dispofs(as, k))) {
+    as->mrm.ofs = (int32_t)dispofs(as, k);
+    as->mrm.base = RID_DISPATCH;
+  } else if (checki32(mcpofs(as, k)) && checki32(mcpofs(as, k+1)) &&
+             checki32(mctopofs(as, k)) && checki32(mctopofs(as, k+1))) {
+    as->mrm.ofs = (int32_t)mcpofs(as, k);
+    as->mrm.base = RID_RIP;
+  } else {  /* Intern 64 bit constant at bottom of mcode. */
+    if (ir->i) {
+      lj_assertA(*k == *(uint64_t*)(as->mctop - ir->i),
+                 "bad interned 64 bit constant");
+    } else {
+      while ((uintptr_t)as->mcbot & 7) *as->mcbot++ = XI_INT3;
+      *(uint64_t*)as->mcbot = *k;
+      ir->i = (int32_t)(as->mctop - as->mcbot);
+      as->mcbot += 8;
+      as->mclim = as->mcbot + MCLIM_REDZONE;
+      lj_mcode_commitbot(as->J, as->mcbot);
+    }
+    as->mrm.ofs = (int32_t)mcpofs(as, as->mctop - ir->i);
+    as->mrm.base = RID_RIP;
+#endif
+  }
+  as->mrm.idx = RID_NONE;
+  return RID_MRM;
+}
+
+/* Fuse load into memory operand.
+**
+** Important caveat: this may emit RIP-relative loads! So don't place any
+** code emitters between this function and the use of its result.
+** The only permitted exception is asm_guardcc().
+*/
 static Reg asm_fuseload(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, RegSet allow)
 {
   IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
@@ -319,27 +430,36 @@ static Reg asm_fuseload(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, RegSet allow)
   }
   if (ir->o == IR_KNUM) {
     RegSet avail = as->freeset & ~as->modset & RSET_FPR;
-    lua_assert(allow != RSET_EMPTY);
-    if (!(avail & (avail-1))) {  /* Fuse if less than two regs available. */
-      as->mrm.ofs = ptr2addr(ir_knum(ir));
-      as->mrm.base = as->mrm.idx = RID_NONE;
-      return RID_MRM;
-    }
+    lj_assertA(allow != RSET_EMPTY, "no register allowed");
+    if (!(avail & (avail-1)))  /* Fuse if less than two regs available. */
+      return asm_fuseloadk64(as, ir);
   } else if (ref == REF_BASE || ir->o == IR_KINT64) {
     RegSet avail = as->freeset & ~as->modset & RSET_GPR;
-    lua_assert(allow != RSET_EMPTY);
+    lj_assertA(allow != RSET_EMPTY, "no register allowed");
     if (!(avail & (avail-1))) {  /* Fuse if less than two regs available. */
-      as->mrm.ofs = ptr2addr(ref == REF_BASE ? (void *)&J2G(as->J)->jit_base : (void *)ir_kint64(ir));
-      as->mrm.base = as->mrm.idx = RID_NONE;
-      return RID_MRM;
+      if (ref == REF_BASE) {
+#if LJ_GC64
+        as->mrm.ofs = (int32_t)dispofs(as, &J2G(as->J)->jit_base);
+        as->mrm.base = RID_DISPATCH;
+#else
+        as->mrm.ofs = ptr2addr(&J2G(as->J)->jit_base);
+        as->mrm.base = RID_NONE;
+#endif
+        as->mrm.idx = RID_NONE;
+        return RID_MRM;
+      } else {
+        return asm_fuseloadk64(as, ir);
+      }
     }
   } else if (mayfuse(as, ref)) {
     RegSet xallow = (allow & RSET_GPR) ? allow : RSET_GPR;
     if (ir->o == IR_SLOAD) {
       if (!(ir->op2 & (IRSLOAD_PARENT|IRSLOAD_CONVERT)) &&
-          noconflict(as, ref, IR_RETF, 0)) {
+          noconflict(as, ref, IR_RETF, 0) &&
+          !(LJ_GC64 && irt_isaddr(ir->t))) {
         as->mrm.base = (uint8_t)ra_alloc1(as, REF_BASE, xallow);
-        as->mrm.ofs = 8*((int32_t)ir->op1-1) + ((ir->op2&IRSLOAD_FRAME)?4:0);
+        as->mrm.ofs = 8*((int32_t)ir->op1-1-LJ_FR2) +
+                      (!LJ_FR2 && (ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_FRAME) ? 4 : 0);
         as->mrm.idx = RID_NONE;
         return RID_MRM;
       }
@@ -351,7 +471,8 @@ static Reg asm_fuseload(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, RegSet allow)
         return RID_MRM;
       }
     } else if (ir->o == IR_ALOAD || ir->o == IR_HLOAD || ir->o == IR_ULOAD) {
-      if (noconflict(as, ref, ir->o + IRDELTA_L2S, 0)) {
+      if (noconflict(as, ref, ir->o + IRDELTA_L2S, 0) &&
+          !(LJ_GC64 && irt_isaddr(ir->t))) {
         asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, xallow);
         return RID_MRM;
       }
@@ -364,11 +485,17 @@ static Reg asm_fuseload(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, RegSet allow)
         asm_fusexref(as, ir->op1, xallow);
         return RID_MRM;
       }
-    } else if (ir->o == IR_VLOAD) {
+    } else if (ir->o == IR_VLOAD && IR(ir->op1)->o == IR_AREF &&
+               !(LJ_GC64 && irt_isaddr(ir->t))) {
       asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, xallow);
+      as->mrm.ofs += 8 * ir->op2;
       return RID_MRM;
     }
   }
+  if (ir->o == IR_FLOAD && ir->op1 == REF_NIL) {
+    asm_fusefref(as, ir, RSET_EMPTY);
+    return RID_MRM;
+  }
   if (!(as->freeset & allow) && !emit_canremat(ref) &&
       (allow == RSET_EMPTY || ra_hasspill(ir->s) || iscrossref(as, ref)))
     goto fusespill;
@@ -392,7 +519,7 @@ static Reg asm_fuseloadm(ASMState *as, IRRef ref, RegSet allow, int is64)
 /* Count the required number of stack slots for a call. */
 static int asm_count_call_slots(ASMState *as, const CCallInfo *ci, IRRef *args)
 {
-  uint32_t i, nargs = CCI_NARGS(ci);
+  uint32_t i, nargs = CCI_XNARGS(ci);
   int nslots = 0;
 #if LJ_64
   if (LJ_ABI_WIN) {
@@ -425,7 +552,7 @@ static int asm_count_call_slots(ASMState *as, const CCallInfo *ci, IRRef *args)
 /* Generate a call to a C function. */
 static void asm_gencall(ASMState *as, const CCallInfo *ci, IRRef *args)
 {
-  uint32_t n, nargs = CCI_NARGS(ci);
+  uint32_t n, nargs = CCI_XNARGS(ci);
   int32_t ofs = STACKARG_OFS;
 #if LJ_64
   uint32_t gprs = REGARG_GPRS;
@@ -485,13 +612,14 @@ static void asm_gencall(ASMState *as, const CCallInfo *ci, IRRef *args)
     if (r) {  /* Argument is in a register. */
       if (r < RID_MAX_GPR && ref < ASMREF_TMP1) {
 #if LJ_64
-        if (ir->o == IR_KINT64)
-          emit_loadu64(as, r, ir_kint64(ir)->u64);
+        if (LJ_GC64 ? !(ir->o == IR_KINT || ir->o == IR_KNULL) : ir->o == IR_KINT64)
+          emit_loadu64(as, r, ir_k64(ir)->u64);
         else
 #endif
           emit_loadi(as, r, ir->i);
       } else {
-        lua_assert(rset_test(as->freeset, r));  /* Must have been evicted. */
+        /* Must have been evicted. */
+        lj_assertA(rset_test(as->freeset, r), "reg %d not free", r);
         if (ra_hasreg(ir->r)) {
           ra_noweak(as, ir->r);
           emit_movrr(as, ir, r, ir->r);
@@ -500,7 +628,8 @@ static void asm_gencall(ASMState *as, const CCallInfo *ci, IRRef *args)
         }
       }
     } else if (irt_isfp(ir->t)) {  /* FP argument is on stack. */
-      lua_assert(!(irt_isfloat(ir->t) && irref_isk(ref)));  /* No float k. */
+      lj_assertA(!(irt_isfloat(ir->t) && irref_isk(ref)),
+                 "unexpected float constant");
       if (LJ_32 && (ofs & 4) && irref_isk(ref)) {
         /* Split stores for unaligned FP consts. */
         emit_movmroi(as, RID_ESP, ofs, (int32_t)ir_knum(ir)->u32.lo);
@@ -531,7 +660,7 @@ static void asm_gencall(ASMState *as, const CCallInfo *ci, IRRef *args)
 static void asm_setupresult(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, const CCallInfo *ci)
 {
   RegSet drop = RSET_SCRATCH;
-  int hiop = (LJ_32 && (ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP && !irt_isnil((ir+1)->t));
+  int hiop = ((ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP && !irt_isnil((ir+1)->t));
   if ((ci->flags & CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER))
     drop &= ~RSET_FPR;
   if (ra_hasreg(ir->r))
@@ -560,7 +689,7 @@ static void asm_setupresult(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, const CCallInfo *ci)
       if (ra_hasreg(dest)) {
         ra_free(as, dest);
         ra_modified(as, dest);
-        emit_rmro(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? XMM_MOVRM(as) : XO_MOVSS,
+        emit_rmro(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? XO_MOVSD : XO_MOVSS,
                   dest, RID_ESP, ofs);
       }
       if ((ci->flags & CCI_CASTU64)) {
@@ -571,12 +700,10 @@ static void asm_setupresult(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, const CCallInfo *ci)
                   irt_isnum(ir->t) ? XOg_FSTPq : XOg_FSTPd, RID_ESP, ofs);
       }
 #endif
-#if LJ_32
     } else if (hiop) {
       ra_destpair(as, ir);
-#endif
     } else {
-      lua_assert(!irt_ispri(ir->t));
+      lj_assertA(!irt_ispri(ir->t), "PRI dest");
       ra_destreg(as, ir, RID_RET);
     }
   } else if (LJ_32 && irt_isfp(ir->t) && !(ci->flags & CCI_CASTU64)) {
@@ -584,15 +711,6 @@ static void asm_setupresult(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, const CCallInfo *ci)
   }
 }
 
-static void asm_call(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  IRRef args[CCI_NARGS_MAX];
-  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[ir->op2];
-  asm_collectargs(as, ir, ci, args);
-  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
-  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-}
-
 /* Return a constant function pointer or NULL for indirect calls. */
 static void *asm_callx_func(ASMState *as, IRIns *irf, IRRef func)
 {
@@ -651,16 +769,39 @@ static void asm_callx(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 static void asm_retf(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg base = ra_alloc1(as, REF_BASE, RSET_GPR);
+#if LJ_FR2
+  Reg rpc = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, base));
+#endif
   void *pc = ir_kptr(IR(ir->op2));
-  int32_t delta = 1+bc_a(*((const BCIns *)pc - 1));
+  int32_t delta = 1+LJ_FR2+bc_a(*((const BCIns *)pc - 1));
   as->topslot -= (BCReg)delta;
   if ((int32_t)as->topslot < 0) as->topslot = 0;
   irt_setmark(IR(REF_BASE)->t);  /* Children must not coalesce with BASE reg. */
   emit_setgl(as, base, jit_base);
   emit_addptr(as, base, -8*delta);
   asm_guardcc(as, CC_NE);
+#if LJ_FR2
+  emit_rmro(as, XO_CMP, rpc|REX_GC64, base, -8);
+  emit_loadu64(as, rpc, u64ptr(pc));
+#else
   emit_gmroi(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_CMP), base, -4, ptr2addr(pc));
+#endif
+}
+
+/* -- Buffer operations --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+static void asm_bufhdr_write(ASMState *as, Reg sb)
+{
+  Reg tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, sb));
+  IRIns irgc;
+  irgc.ot = IRT(0, IRT_PGC);  /* GC type. */
+  emit_storeofs(as, &irgc, tmp, sb, offsetof(SBuf, L));
+  emit_opgl(as, XO_ARITH(XOg_OR), tmp|REX_GC64, cur_L);
+  emit_gri(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_AND), tmp, SBUF_MASK_FLAG);
+  emit_loadofs(as, &irgc, tmp, sb, offsetof(SBuf, L));
 }
+#endif
 
 /* -- Type conversions ---------------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -672,8 +813,7 @@ static void asm_tointg(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg left)
   asm_guardcc(as, CC_NE);
   emit_rr(as, XO_UCOMISD, left, tmp);
   emit_rr(as, XO_CVTSI2SD, tmp, dest);
-  if (!(as->flags & JIT_F_SPLIT_XMM))
-    emit_rr(as, XO_XORPS, tmp, tmp);  /* Avoid partial register stall. */
+  emit_rr(as, XO_XORPS, tmp, tmp);  /* Avoid partial register stall. */
   emit_rr(as, XO_CVTTSD2SI, dest, left);
   /* Can't fuse since left is needed twice. */
 }
@@ -684,8 +824,9 @@ static void asm_tobit(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   Reg tmp = ra_noreg(IR(ir->op1)->r) ?
               ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_FPR) :
               ra_scratch(as, RSET_FPR);
-  Reg right = asm_fuseload(as, ir->op2, rset_exclude(RSET_FPR, tmp));
+  Reg right;
   emit_rr(as, XO_MOVDto, tmp, dest);
+  right = asm_fuseload(as, ir->op2, rset_exclude(RSET_FPR, tmp));
   emit_mrm(as, XO_ADDSD, tmp, right);
   ra_left(as, tmp, ir->op1);
 }
@@ -696,8 +837,10 @@ static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   int st64 = (st == IRT_I64 || st == IRT_U64 || (LJ_64 && st == IRT_P64));
   int stfp = (st == IRT_NUM || st == IRT_FLOAT);
   IRRef lref = ir->op1;
-  lua_assert(irt_type(ir->t) != st);
-  lua_assert(!(LJ_32 && (irt_isint64(ir->t) || st64)));  /* Handled by SPLIT. */
+  lj_assertA(irt_type(ir->t) != st, "inconsistent types for CONV");
+  lj_assertA(!(LJ_32 && (irt_isint64(ir->t) || st64)),
+             "IR %04d has unsplit 64 bit type",
+             (int)(ir - as->ir) - REF_BIAS);
   if (irt_isfp(ir->t)) {
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
     if (stfp) {  /* FP to FP conversion. */
@@ -706,13 +849,13 @@ static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
       if (left == dest) return;  /* Avoid the XO_XORPS. */
     } else if (LJ_32 && st == IRT_U32) {  /* U32 to FP conversion on x86. */
       /* number = (2^52+2^51 .. u32) - (2^52+2^51) */
-      cTValue *k = lj_ir_k64_find(as->J, U64x(43380000,00000000));
+      cTValue *k = &as->J->k64[LJ_K64_TOBIT];
       Reg bias = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_FPR, dest));
       if (irt_isfloat(ir->t))
         emit_rr(as, XO_CVTSD2SS, dest, dest);
       emit_rr(as, XO_SUBSD, dest, bias);  /* Subtract 2^52+2^51 bias. */
       emit_rr(as, XO_XORPS, dest, bias);  /* Merge bias and integer. */
-      emit_loadn(as, bias, k);
+      emit_rma(as, XO_MOVSD, bias, k);
       emit_mrm(as, XO_MOVD, dest, asm_fuseload(as, lref, RSET_GPR));
       return;
     } else {  /* Integer to FP conversion. */
@@ -721,7 +864,7 @@ static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
                  asm_fuseloadm(as, lref, RSET_GPR, st64);
       if (LJ_64 && st == IRT_U64) {
         MCLabel l_end = emit_label(as);
-        const void *k = lj_ir_k64_find(as->J, U64x(43f00000,00000000));
+        cTValue *k = &as->J->k64[LJ_K64_2P64];
         emit_rma(as, XO_ADDSD, dest, k);  /* Add 2^64 to compensate. */
         emit_sjcc(as, CC_NS, l_end);
         emit_rr(as, XO_TEST, left|REX_64, left);  /* Check if u64 >= 2^63. */
@@ -729,18 +872,16 @@ static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
       emit_mrm(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? XO_CVTSI2SD : XO_CVTSI2SS,
                dest|((LJ_64 && (st64 || st == IRT_U32)) ? REX_64 : 0), left);
     }
-    if (!(as->flags & JIT_F_SPLIT_XMM))
-      emit_rr(as, XO_XORPS, dest, dest);  /* Avoid partial register stall. */
+    emit_rr(as, XO_XORPS, dest, dest);  /* Avoid partial register stall. */
   } else if (stfp) {  /* FP to integer conversion. */
     if (irt_isguard(ir->t)) {
       /* Checked conversions are only supported from number to int. */
-      lua_assert(irt_isint(ir->t) && st == IRT_NUM);
+      lj_assertA(irt_isint(ir->t) && st == IRT_NUM,
+                 "bad type for checked CONV");
       asm_tointg(as, ir, ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_FPR));
     } else {
       Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
-      x86Op op = st == IRT_NUM ?
-                 ((ir->op2 & IRCONV_TRUNC) ? XO_CVTTSD2SI : XO_CVTSD2SI) :
-                 ((ir->op2 & IRCONV_TRUNC) ? XO_CVTTSS2SI : XO_CVTSS2SI);
+      x86Op op = st == IRT_NUM ? XO_CVTTSD2SI : XO_CVTTSS2SI;
       if (LJ_64 ? irt_isu64(ir->t) : irt_isu32(ir->t)) {
         /* LJ_64: For inputs >= 2^63 add -2^64, convert again. */
         /* LJ_32: For inputs >= 2^31 add -2^31, convert again and add 2^31. */
@@ -751,30 +892,27 @@ static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
           emit_gri(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_ADD), dest, (int32_t)0x80000000);
         emit_rr(as, op, dest|REX_64, tmp);
         if (st == IRT_NUM)
-          emit_rma(as, XO_ADDSD, tmp, lj_ir_k64_find(as->J,
-                   LJ_64 ? U64x(c3f00000,00000000) : U64x(c1e00000,00000000)));
+          emit_rma(as, XO_ADDSD, tmp, &as->J->k64[LJ_K64_M2P64_31]);
         else
-          emit_rma(as, XO_ADDSS, tmp, lj_ir_k64_find(as->J,
-                   LJ_64 ? U64x(00000000,df800000) : U64x(00000000,cf000000)));
+          emit_rma(as, XO_ADDSS, tmp, &as->J->k32[LJ_K32_M2P64_31]);
         emit_sjcc(as, CC_NS, l_end);
         emit_rr(as, XO_TEST, dest|REX_64, dest);  /* Check if dest negative. */
         emit_rr(as, op, dest|REX_64, tmp);
         ra_left(as, tmp, lref);
       } else {
-        Reg left = asm_fuseload(as, lref, RSET_FPR);
         if (LJ_64 && irt_isu32(ir->t))
           emit_rr(as, XO_MOV, dest, dest);  /* Zero hiword. */
         emit_mrm(as, op,
                  dest|((LJ_64 &&
                         (irt_is64(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t))) ? REX_64 : 0),
-                 left);
+                 asm_fuseload(as, lref, RSET_FPR));
       }
     }
   } else if (st >= IRT_I8 && st <= IRT_U16) {  /* Extend to 32 bit integer. */
     Reg left, dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     RegSet allow = RSET_GPR;
     x86Op op;
-    lua_assert(irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t));
+    lj_assertA(irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t), "bad type for CONV EXT");
     if (st == IRT_I8) {
       op = XO_MOVSXb; allow = RSET_GPR8; dest |= FORCE_REX;
     } else if (st == IRT_U8) {
@@ -808,7 +946,7 @@ static void asm_conv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
       }
     } else {
       Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
-      if (st64) {
+      if (st64 && !(ir->op2 & IRCONV_NONE)) {
         Reg left = asm_fuseload(as, lref, RSET_GPR);
         /* This is either a 32 bit reg/reg mov which zeroes the hiword
         ** or a load of the loword from a 64 bit address.
@@ -834,20 +972,18 @@ static void asm_conv_fp_int64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   if (ra_hasreg(dest)) {
     ra_free(as, dest);
     ra_modified(as, dest);
-    emit_rmro(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? XMM_MOVRM(as) : XO_MOVSS,
-              dest, RID_ESP, ofs);
+    emit_rmro(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? XO_MOVSD : XO_MOVSS, dest, RID_ESP, ofs);
   }
   emit_rmro(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? XO_FSTPq : XO_FSTPd,
             irt_isnum(ir->t) ? XOg_FSTPq : XOg_FSTPd, RID_ESP, ofs);
   if (((ir-1)->op2 & IRCONV_SRCMASK) == IRT_U64) {
     /* For inputs in [2^63,2^64-1] add 2^64 to compensate. */
     MCLabel l_end = emit_label(as);
-    emit_rma(as, XO_FADDq, XOg_FADDq,
-             lj_ir_k64_find(as->J, U64x(43f00000,00000000)));
+    emit_rma(as, XO_FADDq, XOg_FADDq, &as->J->k64[LJ_K64_2P64]);
     emit_sjcc(as, CC_NS, l_end);
     emit_rr(as, XO_TEST, hi, hi);  /* Check if u64 >= 2^63. */
   } else {
-    lua_assert(((ir-1)->op2 & IRCONV_SRCMASK) == IRT_I64);
+    lj_assertA(((ir-1)->op2 & IRCONV_SRCMASK) == IRT_I64, "bad type for CONV");
   }
   emit_rmro(as, XO_FILDq, XOg_FILDq, RID_ESP, 0);
   /* NYI: Avoid narrow-to-wide store-to-load forwarding stall. */
@@ -861,9 +997,8 @@ static void asm_conv_int64_fp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   IRType st = (IRType)((ir-1)->op2 & IRCONV_SRCMASK);
   IRType dt = (((ir-1)->op2 & IRCONV_DSTMASK) >> IRCONV_DSH);
   Reg lo, hi;
-  lua_assert(st == IRT_NUM || st == IRT_FLOAT);
-  lua_assert(dt == IRT_I64 || dt == IRT_U64);
-  lua_assert(((ir-1)->op2 & IRCONV_TRUNC));
+  lj_assertA(st == IRT_NUM || st == IRT_FLOAT, "bad type for CONV");
+  lj_assertA(dt == IRT_I64 || dt == IRT_U64, "bad type for CONV");
   hi = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
   lo = ra_dest(as, ir-1, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, hi));
   if (ra_used(ir-1)) emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, lo, RID_ESP, 0);
@@ -884,8 +1019,7 @@ static void asm_conv_int64_fp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
       emit_rmro(as, XO_FISTTPq, XOg_FISTTPq, RID_ESP, 0);
     else
       emit_rmro(as, XO_FISTPq, XOg_FISTPq, RID_ESP, 0);
-    emit_rma(as, XO_FADDq, XOg_FADDq,
-             lj_ir_k64_find(as->J, U64x(c3f00000,00000000)));
+    emit_rma(as, XO_FADDq, XOg_FADDq, &as->J->k64[LJ_K64_M2P64]);
     emit_sjcc(as, CC_NS, l_pop);
     emit_rr(as, XO_TEST, hi, hi);  /* Check if out-of-range (2^63). */
   }
@@ -906,6 +1040,14 @@ static void asm_conv_int64_fp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
            st == IRT_NUM ? XOg_FLDq: XOg_FLDd,
            asm_fuseload(as, ir->op1, RSET_EMPTY));
 }
+
+static void asm_conv64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  if (irt_isfp(ir->t))
+    asm_conv_fp_int64(as, ir);
+  else
+    asm_conv_int64_fp(as, ir);
+}
 #endif
 
 static void asm_strto(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
@@ -927,54 +1069,61 @@ static void asm_strto(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
             RID_ESP, sps_scale(ir->s));
 }
 
-static void asm_tostr(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+/* -- Memory references --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Get pointer to TValue. */
+static void asm_tvptr(ASMState *as, Reg dest, IRRef ref, MSize mode)
 {
-  IRIns *irl = IR(ir->op1);
-  IRRef args[2];
-  args[0] = ASMREF_L;
-  as->gcsteps++;
-  if (irt_isnum(irl->t)) {
-    const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_str_fromnum];
-    args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* const lua_Number * */
-    asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* GCstr * */
-    asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-    emit_rmro(as, XO_LEA, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1)|REX_64,
-              RID_ESP, ra_spill(as, irl));
-  } else {
-    const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_str_fromint];
-    args[1] = ir->op1;  /* int32_t k */
-    asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* GCstr * */
-    asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+  if ((mode & IRTMPREF_IN1)) {
+    IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+    if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+      if (irref_isk(ref) && !(mode & IRTMPREF_OUT1)) {
+        /* Use the number constant itself as a TValue. */
+        emit_loada(as, dest, ir_knum(ir));
+        return;
+      }
+      emit_rmro(as, XO_MOVSDto, ra_alloc1(as, ref, RSET_FPR), dest, 0);
+    } else {
+#if LJ_GC64
+      if (irref_isk(ref)) {
+        TValue k;
+        lj_ir_kvalue(as->J->L, &k, ir);
+        emit_movmroi(as, dest, 4, k.u32.hi);
+        emit_movmroi(as, dest, 0, k.u32.lo);
+      } else {
+        /* TODO: 64 bit store + 32 bit load-modify-store is suboptimal. */
+        Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, dest));
+        if (irt_is64(ir->t)) {
+          emit_u32(as, irt_toitype(ir->t) << 15);
+          emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITHi, XOg_OR, dest, 4);
+        } else {
+          emit_movmroi(as, dest, 4, (irt_toitype(ir->t) << 15));
+        }
+        emit_movtomro(as, REX_64IR(ir, src), dest, 0);
+      }
+#else
+      if (!irref_isk(ref)) {
+        Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, dest));
+        emit_movtomro(as, REX_64IR(ir, src), dest, 0);
+      } else if (!irt_ispri(ir->t)) {
+        emit_movmroi(as, dest, 0, ir->i);
+      }
+      if (!(LJ_64 && irt_islightud(ir->t)))
+        emit_movmroi(as, dest, 4, irt_toitype(ir->t));
+#endif
+    }
   }
+  emit_loada(as, dest, &J2G(as->J)->tmptv); /* g->tmptv holds the TValue(s). */
 }
 
-/* -- Memory references --------------------------------------------------- */
-
 static void asm_aref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
   asm_fusearef(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
   if (!(as->mrm.idx == RID_NONE && as->mrm.ofs == 0))
-    emit_mrm(as, XO_LEA, dest, RID_MRM);
+    emit_mrm(as, XO_LEA, dest|REX_GC64, RID_MRM);
   else if (as->mrm.base != dest)
-    emit_rr(as, XO_MOV, dest, as->mrm.base);
-}
-
-/* Merge NE(HREF, niltv) check. */
-static MCode *merge_href_niltv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  /* Assumes nothing else generates NE of HREF. */
-  if ((ir[1].o == IR_NE || ir[1].o == IR_EQ) && ir[1].op1 == as->curins &&
-      ra_hasreg(ir->r)) {
-    MCode *p = as->mcp;
-    p += (LJ_64 && *p != XI_ARITHi) ? 7+6 : 6+6;
-    /* Ensure no loop branch inversion happened. */
-    if (p[-6] == 0x0f && p[-5] == XI_JCCn+(CC_NE^(ir[1].o & 1))) {
-      as->mcp = p;  /* Kill cmp reg, imm32 + jz exit. */
-      return p + *(int32_t *)(p-4);  /* Return exit address. */
-    }
-  }
-  return NULL;
+    emit_rr(as, XO_MOV, dest|REX_GC64, as->mrm.base);
 }
 
 /* Inlined hash lookup. Specialized for key type and for const keys.
@@ -985,10 +1134,10 @@ static MCode *merge_href_niltv(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 **   } while ((n = nextnode(n)));
 **   return niltv(L);
 */
-static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, IROp merge)
 {
-  MCode *nilexit = merge_href_niltv(as, ir);  /* Do this before any restores. */
   RegSet allow = RSET_GPR;
+  int destused = ra_used(ir);
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, allow);
   Reg tab = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, rset_clear(allow, dest));
   Reg key = RID_NONE, tmp = RID_NONE;
@@ -1001,28 +1150,26 @@ static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   if (!isk) {
     rset_clear(allow, tab);
     key = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, irt_isnum(kt) ? RSET_FPR : allow);
-    if (!irt_isstr(kt))
+    if (LJ_GC64 || !irt_isstr(kt))
       tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(allow, key));
   }
 
-  /* Key not found in chain: jump to exit (if merged with NE) or load niltv. */
+  /* Key not found in chain: jump to exit (if merged) or load niltv. */
   l_end = emit_label(as);
-  if (nilexit && ir[1].o == IR_NE) {
-    emit_jcc(as, CC_E, nilexit);  /* XI_JMP is not found by lj_asm_patchexit. */
-    nilexit = NULL;
-  } else {
+  if (merge == IR_NE)
+    asm_guardcc(as, CC_E);  /* XI_JMP is not found by lj_asm_patchexit. */
+  else if (destused)
     emit_loada(as, dest, niltvg(J2G(as->J)));
-  }
 
   /* Follow hash chain until the end. */
   l_loop = emit_sjcc_label(as, CC_NZ);
-  emit_rr(as, XO_TEST, dest, dest);
-  emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, dest, dest, offsetof(Node, next));
+  emit_rr(as, XO_TEST, dest|REX_GC64, dest);
+  emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, dest|REX_GC64, dest, offsetof(Node, next));
   l_next = emit_label(as);
 
   /* Type and value comparison. */
-  if (nilexit)
-    emit_jcc(as, CC_E, nilexit);
+  if (merge == IR_EQ)
+    asm_guardcc(as, CC_E);
   else
     emit_sjcc(as, CC_E, l_end);
   if (irt_isnum(kt)) {
@@ -1038,7 +1185,7 @@ static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
       emit_rmro(as, XO_UCOMISD, key, dest, offsetof(Node, key.n));
       emit_sjcc(as, CC_AE, l_next);
       /* The type check avoids NaN penalties and complaints from Valgrind. */
-#if LJ_64
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
       emit_u32(as, LJ_TISNUM);
       emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITHi, XOg_CMP, dest, offsetof(Node, key.it));
 #else
@@ -1046,13 +1193,31 @@ static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
       emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITHi8, XOg_CMP, dest, offsetof(Node, key.it));
 #endif
     }
-#if LJ_64
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
   } else if (irt_islightud(kt)) {
     emit_rmro(as, XO_CMP, key|REX_64, dest, offsetof(Node, key.u64));
 #endif
+#if LJ_GC64
+  } else if (irt_isaddr(kt)) {
+    if (isk) {
+      TValue k;
+      k.u64 = ((uint64_t)irt_toitype(irkey->t) << 47) | irkey[1].tv.u64;
+      emit_gmroi(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_CMP), dest, offsetof(Node, key.u32.lo),
+                 k.u32.lo);
+      emit_sjcc(as, CC_NE, l_next);
+      emit_gmroi(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_CMP), dest, offsetof(Node, key.u32.hi),
+                 k.u32.hi);
+    } else {
+      emit_rmro(as, XO_CMP, tmp|REX_64, dest, offsetof(Node, key.u64));
+    }
+  } else {
+    lj_assertA(irt_ispri(kt) && !irt_isnil(kt), "bad HREF key type");
+    emit_u32(as, (irt_toitype(kt)<<15)|0x7fff);
+    emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITHi, XOg_CMP, dest, offsetof(Node, key.it));
+#else
   } else {
     if (!irt_ispri(kt)) {
-      lua_assert(irt_isaddr(kt));
+      lj_assertA(irt_isaddr(kt), "bad HREF key type");
       if (isk)
         emit_gmroi(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_CMP), dest, offsetof(Node, key.gcr),
                    ptr2addr(ir_kgc(irkey)));
@@ -1060,31 +1225,33 @@ static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
         emit_rmro(as, XO_CMP, key, dest, offsetof(Node, key.gcr));
       emit_sjcc(as, CC_NE, l_next);
     }
-    lua_assert(!irt_isnil(kt));
+    lj_assertA(!irt_isnil(kt), "bad HREF key type");
     emit_i8(as, irt_toitype(kt));
     emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITHi8, XOg_CMP, dest, offsetof(Node, key.it));
+#endif
   }
   emit_sfixup(as, l_loop);
   checkmclim(as);
+#if LJ_GC64
+  if (!isk && irt_isaddr(kt)) {
+    emit_rr(as, XO_OR, tmp|REX_64, key);
+    emit_loadu64(as, tmp, (uint64_t)irt_toitype(kt) << 47);
+  }
+#endif
 
   /* Load main position relative to tab->node into dest. */
-  khash = isk ? ir_khash(irkey) : 1;
+  khash = isk ? ir_khash(as, irkey) : 1;
   if (khash == 0) {
-    emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, dest, tab, offsetof(GCtab, node));
+    emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, dest|REX_GC64, tab, offsetof(GCtab, node));
   } else {
-    emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITH(XOg_ADD), dest, tab, offsetof(GCtab, node));
-    if ((as->flags & JIT_F_PREFER_IMUL)) {
-      emit_i8(as, sizeof(Node));
-      emit_rr(as, XO_IMULi8, dest, dest);
-    } else {
-      emit_shifti(as, XOg_SHL, dest, 3);
-      emit_rmrxo(as, XO_LEA, dest, dest, dest, XM_SCALE2, 0);
-    }
+    emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITH(XOg_ADD), dest|REX_GC64, tab, offsetof(GCtab,node));
+    emit_shifti(as, XOg_SHL, dest, 3);
+    emit_rmrxo(as, XO_LEA, dest, dest, dest, XM_SCALE2, 0);
     if (isk) {
       emit_gri(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_AND), dest, (int32_t)khash);
       emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, dest, tab, offsetof(GCtab, hmask));
     } else if (irt_isstr(kt)) {
-      emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITH(XOg_AND), dest, key, offsetof(GCstr, hash));
+      emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITH(XOg_AND), dest, key, offsetof(GCstr, sid));
       emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, dest, tab, offsetof(GCtab, hmask));
     } else {  /* Must match with hashrot() in lj_tab.c. */
       emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITH(XOg_AND), dest, tab, offsetof(GCtab, hmask));
@@ -1107,7 +1274,19 @@ static void asm_href(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 #endif
       } else {
         emit_rr(as, XO_MOV, tmp, key);
+#if LJ_GC64
+        checkmclim(as);
+        emit_gri(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_XOR), dest, irt_toitype(kt) << 15);
+        if ((as->flags & JIT_F_BMI2)) {
+          emit_i8(as, 32);
+          emit_mrm(as, XV_RORX|VEX_64, dest, key);
+        } else {
+          emit_shifti(as, XOg_SHR|REX_64, dest, 32);
+          emit_rr(as, XO_MOV, dest|REX_64, key|REX_64);
+        }
+#else
         emit_rmro(as, XO_LEA, dest, key, HASH_BIAS);
+#endif
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1123,15 +1302,15 @@ static void asm_hrefk(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 #if !LJ_64
   MCLabel l_exit;
 #endif
-  lua_assert(ofs % sizeof(Node) == 0);
+  lj_assertA(ofs % sizeof(Node) == 0, "unaligned HREFK slot");
   if (ra_hasreg(dest)) {
     if (ofs != 0) {
-      if (dest == node && !(as->flags & JIT_F_LEA_AGU))
-        emit_gri(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_ADD), dest, ofs);
+      if (dest == node)
+        emit_gri(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_ADD), dest|REX_GC64, ofs);
       else
-        emit_rmro(as, XO_LEA, dest, node, ofs);
+        emit_rmro(as, XO_LEA, dest|REX_GC64, node, ofs);
     } else if (dest != node) {
-      emit_rr(as, XO_MOV, dest, node);
+      emit_rr(as, XO_MOV, dest|REX_GC64, node);
     }
   }
   asm_guardcc(as, CC_NE);
@@ -1140,16 +1319,28 @@ static void asm_hrefk(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     Reg key = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, node));
     emit_rmro(as, XO_CMP, key|REX_64, node,
                ofs + (int32_t)offsetof(Node, key.u64));
-    lua_assert(irt_isnum(irkey->t) || irt_isgcv(irkey->t));
+    lj_assertA(irt_isnum(irkey->t) || irt_isgcv(irkey->t),
+               "bad HREFK key type");
     /* Assumes -0.0 is already canonicalized to +0.0. */
     emit_loadu64(as, key, irt_isnum(irkey->t) ? ir_knum(irkey)->u64 :
+#if LJ_GC64
+                          ((uint64_t)irt_toitype(irkey->t) << 47) |
+                          (uint64_t)ir_kgc(irkey));
+#else
                           ((uint64_t)irt_toitype(irkey->t) << 32) |
                           (uint64_t)(uint32_t)ptr2addr(ir_kgc(irkey)));
+#endif
   } else {
-    lua_assert(!irt_isnil(irkey->t));
+    lj_assertA(!irt_isnil(irkey->t), "bad HREFK key type");
+#if LJ_GC64
+    emit_i32(as, (irt_toitype(irkey->t)<<15)|0x7fff);
+    emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITHi, XOg_CMP, node,
+              ofs + (int32_t)offsetof(Node, key.it));
+#else
     emit_i8(as, irt_toitype(irkey->t));
     emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITHi8, XOg_CMP, node,
               ofs + (int32_t)offsetof(Node, key.it));
+#endif
   }
 #else
   l_exit = emit_label(as);
@@ -1164,13 +1355,13 @@ static void asm_hrefk(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
                (int32_t)ir_knum(irkey)->u32.hi);
   } else {
     if (!irt_ispri(irkey->t)) {
-      lua_assert(irt_isgcv(irkey->t));
+      lj_assertA(irt_isgcv(irkey->t), "bad HREFK key type");
       emit_gmroi(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_CMP), node,
                  ofs + (int32_t)offsetof(Node, key.gcr),
                  ptr2addr(ir_kgc(irkey)));
       emit_sjcc(as, CC_NE, l_exit);
     }
-    lua_assert(!irt_isnil(irkey->t));
+    lj_assertA(!irt_isnil(irkey->t), "bad HREFK key type");
     emit_i8(as, irt_toitype(irkey->t));
     emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITHi8, XOg_CMP, node,
               ofs + (int32_t)offsetof(Node, key.it));
@@ -1178,61 +1369,27 @@ static void asm_hrefk(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 #endif
 }
 
-static void asm_newref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_tab_newkey];
-  IRRef args[3];
-  IRIns *irkey;
-  Reg tmp;
-  if (ir->r == RID_SINK)
-    return;
-  args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
-  args[1] = ir->op1;      /* GCtab *t     */
-  args[2] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* cTValue *key */
-  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* TValue * */
-  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-  tmp = ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1);
-  irkey = IR(ir->op2);
-  if (irt_isnum(irkey->t)) {
-    /* For numbers use the constant itself or a spill slot as a TValue. */
-    if (irref_isk(ir->op2))
-      emit_loada(as, tmp, ir_knum(irkey));
-    else
-      emit_rmro(as, XO_LEA, tmp|REX_64, RID_ESP, ra_spill(as, irkey));
-  } else {
-    /* Otherwise use g->tmptv to hold the TValue. */
-    if (!irref_isk(ir->op2)) {
-      Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, tmp));
-      emit_movtomro(as, REX_64IR(irkey, src), tmp, 0);
-    } else if (!irt_ispri(irkey->t)) {
-      emit_movmroi(as, tmp, 0, irkey->i);
-    }
-    if (!(LJ_64 && irt_islightud(irkey->t)))
-      emit_movmroi(as, tmp, 4, irt_toitype(irkey->t));
-    emit_loada(as, tmp, &J2G(as->J)->tmptv);
-  }
-}
-
 static void asm_uref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
   if (irref_isk(ir->op1)) {
     GCfunc *fn = ir_kfunc(IR(ir->op1));
     MRef *v = &gcref(fn->l.uvptr[(ir->op2 >> 8)])->uv.v;
-    emit_rma(as, XO_MOV, dest, v);
+    emit_rma(as, XO_MOV, dest|REX_GC64, v);
   } else {
     Reg uv = ra_scratch(as, RSET_GPR);
     Reg func = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
     if (ir->o == IR_UREFC) {
-      emit_rmro(as, XO_LEA, dest, uv, offsetof(GCupval, tv));
+      emit_rmro(as, XO_LEA, dest|REX_GC64, uv, offsetof(GCupval, tv));
       asm_guardcc(as, CC_NE);
       emit_i8(as, 1);
       emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITHib, XOg_CMP, uv, offsetof(GCupval, closed));
     } else {
-      emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, dest, uv, offsetof(GCupval, v));
+      emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, dest|REX_GC64, uv, offsetof(GCupval, v));
     }
-    emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, uv, func,
-              (int32_t)offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr) + 4*(int32_t)(ir->op2 >> 8));
+    emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, uv|REX_GC64, func,
+              (int32_t)offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr) +
+              (int32_t)sizeof(MRef) * (int32_t)(ir->op2 >> 8));
   }
 }
 
@@ -1250,9 +1407,9 @@ static void asm_strref(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   if (as->mrm.base == RID_NONE)
     emit_loadi(as, dest, as->mrm.ofs);
   else if (as->mrm.base == dest && as->mrm.idx == RID_NONE)
-    emit_gri(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_ADD), dest, as->mrm.ofs);
+    emit_gri(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_ADD), dest|REX_GC64, as->mrm.ofs);
   else
-    emit_mrm(as, XO_LEA, dest, RID_MRM);
+    emit_mrm(as, XO_LEA, dest|REX_GC64, RID_MRM);
 }
 
 /* -- Loads and stores ---------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -1271,19 +1428,23 @@ static void asm_fxload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   case IRT_U8: xo = XO_MOVZXb; break;
   case IRT_I16: xo = XO_MOVSXw; break;
   case IRT_U16: xo = XO_MOVZXw; break;
-  case IRT_NUM: xo = XMM_MOVRM(as); break;
+  case IRT_NUM: xo = XO_MOVSD; break;
   case IRT_FLOAT: xo = XO_MOVSS; break;
   default:
     if (LJ_64 && irt_is64(ir->t))
       dest |= REX_64;
     else
-      lua_assert(irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t));
+      lj_assertA(irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t),
+                 "unsplit 64 bit load");
     xo = XO_MOV;
     break;
   }
   emit_mrm(as, xo, dest, RID_MRM);
 }
 
+#define asm_fload(as, ir)       asm_fxload(as, ir)
+#define asm_xload(as, ir)       asm_fxload(as, ir)
+
 static void asm_fxstore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   RegSet allow = RSET_GPR;
@@ -1318,14 +1479,17 @@ static void asm_fxstore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     case IRT_I16: case IRT_U16: xo = XO_MOVtow; break;
     case IRT_NUM: xo = XO_MOVSDto; break;
     case IRT_FLOAT: xo = XO_MOVSSto; break;
-#if LJ_64
-    case IRT_LIGHTUD: lua_assert(0);  /* NYI: mask 64 bit lightuserdata. */
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
+    case IRT_LIGHTUD:
+      /* NYI: mask 64 bit lightuserdata. */
+      lj_assertA(0, "store of lightuserdata");
 #endif
     default:
       if (LJ_64 && irt_is64(ir->t))
         src |= REX_64;
       else
-        lua_assert(irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t));
+        lj_assertA(irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t),
+                   "unsplit 64 bit store");
       xo = XO_MOVto;
       break;
     }
@@ -1339,15 +1503,18 @@ static void asm_fxstore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
       emit_i8(as, k);
       emit_mrm(as, XO_MOVmib, 0, RID_MRM);
     } else {
-      lua_assert(irt_is64(ir->t) || irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t) ||
-                 irt_isaddr(ir->t));
+      lj_assertA(irt_is64(ir->t) || irt_isint(ir->t) || irt_isu32(ir->t) ||
+                 irt_isaddr(ir->t), "bad store type");
       emit_i32(as, k);
       emit_mrm(as, XO_MOVmi, REX_64IR(ir, 0), RID_MRM);
     }
   }
 }
 
-#if LJ_64
+#define asm_fstore(as, ir)      asm_fxstore(as, ir)
+#define asm_xstore(as, ir)      asm_fxstore(as, ir)
+
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
 static Reg asm_load_lightud64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int typecheck)
 {
   if (ra_used(ir) || typecheck) {
@@ -1369,13 +1536,18 @@ static Reg asm_load_lightud64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int typecheck)
 
 static void asm_ahuvload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
-  lua_assert(irt_isnum(ir->t) || irt_ispri(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t) ||
-             (LJ_DUALNUM && irt_isint(ir->t)));
-#if LJ_64
+#if LJ_GC64
+  Reg tmp = RID_NONE;
+#endif
+  lj_assertA(irt_isnum(ir->t) || irt_ispri(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t) ||
+             (LJ_DUALNUM && irt_isint(ir->t)),
+             "bad load type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
   if (irt_islightud(ir->t)) {
     Reg dest = asm_load_lightud64(as, ir, 1);
     if (ra_hasreg(dest)) {
       asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+      if (ir->o == IR_VLOAD) as->mrm.ofs += 8 * ir->op2;
       emit_mrm(as, XO_MOV, dest|REX_64, RID_MRM);
     }
     return;
@@ -1385,20 +1557,67 @@ static void asm_ahuvload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     RegSet allow = irt_isnum(ir->t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR;
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, allow);
     asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
-    emit_mrm(as, dest < RID_MAX_GPR ? XO_MOV : XMM_MOVRM(as), dest, RID_MRM);
+    if (ir->o == IR_VLOAD) as->mrm.ofs += 8 * ir->op2;
+#if LJ_GC64
+    if (irt_isaddr(ir->t)) {
+      emit_shifti(as, XOg_SHR|REX_64, dest, 17);
+      asm_guardcc(as, CC_NE);
+      emit_i8(as, irt_toitype(ir->t));
+      emit_rr(as, XO_ARITHi8, XOg_CMP, dest);
+      emit_i8(as, XI_O16);
+      if ((as->flags & JIT_F_BMI2)) {
+        emit_i8(as, 47);
+        emit_mrm(as, XV_RORX|VEX_64, dest, RID_MRM);
+      } else {
+        emit_shifti(as, XOg_ROR|REX_64, dest, 47);
+        emit_mrm(as, XO_MOV, dest|REX_64, RID_MRM);
+      }
+      return;
+    } else
+#endif
+    emit_mrm(as, dest < RID_MAX_GPR ? XO_MOV : XO_MOVSD, dest, RID_MRM);
   } else {
-    asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+    RegSet gpr = RSET_GPR;
+#if LJ_GC64
+    if (irt_isaddr(ir->t)) {
+      tmp = ra_scratch(as, RSET_GPR);
+      gpr = rset_exclude(gpr, tmp);
+    }
+#endif
+    asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, gpr);
+    if (ir->o == IR_VLOAD) as->mrm.ofs += 8 * ir->op2;
   }
   /* Always do the type check, even if the load result is unused. */
   as->mrm.ofs += 4;
   asm_guardcc(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? CC_AE : CC_NE);
   if (LJ_64 && irt_type(ir->t) >= IRT_NUM) {
-    lua_assert(irt_isinteger(ir->t) || irt_isnum(ir->t));
+    lj_assertA(irt_isinteger(ir->t) || irt_isnum(ir->t),
+               "bad load type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
+#if LJ_GC64
+    emit_u32(as, LJ_TISNUM << 15);
+#else
     emit_u32(as, LJ_TISNUM);
+#endif
+    emit_mrm(as, XO_ARITHi, XOg_CMP, RID_MRM);
+#if LJ_GC64
+  } else if (irt_isaddr(ir->t)) {
+    as->mrm.ofs -= 4;
+    emit_i8(as, irt_toitype(ir->t));
+    emit_mrm(as, XO_ARITHi8, XOg_CMP, tmp);
+    emit_shifti(as, XOg_SAR|REX_64, tmp, 47);
+    emit_mrm(as, XO_MOV, tmp|REX_64, RID_MRM);
+  } else if (irt_isnil(ir->t)) {
+    as->mrm.ofs -= 4;
+    emit_i8(as, -1);
+    emit_mrm(as, XO_ARITHi8, XOg_CMP|REX_64, RID_MRM);
+  } else {
+    emit_u32(as, (irt_toitype(ir->t) << 15) | 0x7fff);
     emit_mrm(as, XO_ARITHi, XOg_CMP, RID_MRM);
+#else
   } else {
     emit_i8(as, irt_toitype(ir->t));
     emit_mrm(as, XO_ARITHi8, XOg_CMP, RID_MRM);
+#endif
   }
 }
 
@@ -1410,12 +1629,28 @@ static void asm_ahustore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, RSET_FPR);
     asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
     emit_mrm(as, XO_MOVSDto, src, RID_MRM);
-#if LJ_64
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
   } else if (irt_islightud(ir->t)) {
     Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op2, RSET_GPR);
     asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, src));
     emit_mrm(as, XO_MOVto, src|REX_64, RID_MRM);
 #endif
+#if LJ_GC64
+  } else if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {
+    TValue k;
+    lj_ir_kvalue(as->J->L, &k, IR(ir->op2));
+    asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
+    if (tvisnil(&k)) {
+      emit_i32(as, -1);
+      emit_mrm(as, XO_MOVmi, REX_64, RID_MRM);
+    } else {
+      emit_u32(as, k.u32.lo);
+      emit_mrm(as, XO_MOVmi, 0, RID_MRM);
+      as->mrm.ofs += 4;
+      emit_u32(as, k.u32.hi);
+      emit_mrm(as, XO_MOVmi, 0, RID_MRM);
+    }
+#endif
   } else {
     IRIns *irr = IR(ir->op2);
     RegSet allow = RSET_GPR;
@@ -1426,34 +1661,56 @@ static void asm_ahustore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     }
     asm_fuseahuref(as, ir->op1, allow);
     if (ra_hasreg(src)) {
+#if LJ_GC64
+      if (!(LJ_DUALNUM && irt_isinteger(ir->t))) {
+        /* TODO: 64 bit store + 32 bit load-modify-store is suboptimal. */
+        as->mrm.ofs += 4;
+        emit_u32(as, irt_toitype(ir->t) << 15);
+        emit_mrm(as, XO_ARITHi, XOg_OR, RID_MRM);
+        as->mrm.ofs -= 4;
+        emit_mrm(as, XO_MOVto, src|REX_64, RID_MRM);
+        return;
+      }
+#endif
       emit_mrm(as, XO_MOVto, src, RID_MRM);
     } else if (!irt_ispri(irr->t)) {
-      lua_assert(irt_isaddr(ir->t) || (LJ_DUALNUM && irt_isinteger(ir->t)));
+      lj_assertA(irt_isaddr(ir->t) || (LJ_DUALNUM && irt_isinteger(ir->t)),
+                 "bad store type");
       emit_i32(as, irr->i);
       emit_mrm(as, XO_MOVmi, 0, RID_MRM);
     }
     as->mrm.ofs += 4;
+#if LJ_GC64
+    lj_assertA(LJ_DUALNUM && irt_isinteger(ir->t), "bad store type");
+    emit_i32(as, LJ_TNUMX << 15);
+#else
     emit_i32(as, (int32_t)irt_toitype(ir->t));
+#endif
     emit_mrm(as, XO_MOVmi, 0, RID_MRM);
   }
 }
 
 static void asm_sload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
-  int32_t ofs = 8*((int32_t)ir->op1-1) + ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_FRAME) ? 4 : 0);
+  int32_t ofs = 8*((int32_t)ir->op1-1-LJ_FR2) +
+                (!LJ_FR2 && (ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_FRAME) ? 4 : 0);
   IRType1 t = ir->t;
   Reg base;
-  lua_assert(!(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_PARENT));  /* Handled by asm_head_side(). */
-  lua_assert(irt_isguard(t) || !(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK));
-  lua_assert(LJ_DUALNUM ||
-             !irt_isint(t) || (ir->op2 & (IRSLOAD_CONVERT|IRSLOAD_FRAME)));
+  lj_assertA(!(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_PARENT),
+             "bad parent SLOAD"); /* Handled by asm_head_side(). */
+  lj_assertA(irt_isguard(t) || !(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK),
+             "inconsistent SLOAD variant");
+  lj_assertA(LJ_DUALNUM ||
+             !irt_isint(t) ||
+             (ir->op2 & (IRSLOAD_CONVERT|IRSLOAD_FRAME|IRSLOAD_KEYINDEX)),
+             "bad SLOAD type");
   if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT) && irt_isguard(t) && irt_isint(t)) {
     Reg left = ra_scratch(as, RSET_FPR);
     asm_tointg(as, ir, left);  /* Frees dest reg. Do this before base alloc. */
     base = ra_alloc1(as, REF_BASE, RSET_GPR);
-    emit_rmro(as, XMM_MOVRM(as), left, base, ofs);
+    emit_rmro(as, XO_MOVSD, left, base, ofs);
     t.irt = IRT_NUM;  /* Continue with a regular number type check. */
-#if LJ_64
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
   } else if (irt_islightud(t)) {
     Reg dest = asm_load_lightud64(as, ir, (ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK));
     if (ra_hasreg(dest)) {
@@ -1466,14 +1723,43 @@ static void asm_sload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     RegSet allow = irt_isnum(t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR;
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, allow);
     base = ra_alloc1(as, REF_BASE, RSET_GPR);
-    lua_assert(irt_isnum(t) || irt_isint(t) || irt_isaddr(t));
+    lj_assertA(irt_isnum(t) || irt_isint(t) || irt_isaddr(t),
+               "bad SLOAD type %d", irt_type(t));
     if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT)) {
       t.irt = irt_isint(t) ? IRT_NUM : IRT_INT;  /* Check for original type. */
-      emit_rmro(as, irt_isint(t) ? XO_CVTSI2SD : XO_CVTSD2SI, dest, base, ofs);
-    } else if (irt_isnum(t)) {
-      emit_rmro(as, XMM_MOVRM(as), dest, base, ofs);
+      emit_rmro(as, irt_isint(t) ? XO_CVTSI2SD : XO_CVTTSD2SI, dest, base, ofs);
     } else {
-      emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, dest, base, ofs);
+#if LJ_GC64
+      if (irt_isaddr(t)) {
+        /* LJ_GC64 type check + tag removal without BMI2 and with BMI2:
+        **
+        **  mov r64, [addr]    rorx r64, [addr], 47
+        **  ror r64, 47
+        **  cmp r16, itype     cmp r16, itype
+        **  jne ->exit         jne ->exit
+        **  shr r64, 16        shr r64, 16
+        */
+        emit_shifti(as, XOg_SHR|REX_64, dest, 17);
+        if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK)) {
+          asm_guardcc(as, CC_NE);
+          emit_i8(as, irt_toitype(t));
+          emit_rr(as, XO_ARITHi8, XOg_CMP, dest);
+          emit_i8(as, XI_O16);
+        }
+        if ((as->flags & JIT_F_BMI2)) {
+          emit_i8(as, 47);
+          emit_rmro(as, XV_RORX|VEX_64, dest, base, ofs);
+        } else {
+          if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK))
+            emit_shifti(as, XOg_ROR|REX_64, dest, 47);
+          else
+            emit_shifti(as, XOg_SHL|REX_64, dest, 17);
+          emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, dest|REX_64, base, ofs);
+        }
+        return;
+      } else
+#endif
+      emit_rmro(as, irt_isnum(t) ? XO_MOVSD : XO_MOV, dest, base, ofs);
     }
   } else {
     if (!(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK))
@@ -1483,13 +1769,42 @@ static void asm_sload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   if ((ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK)) {
     /* Need type check, even if the load result is unused. */
     asm_guardcc(as, irt_isnum(t) ? CC_AE : CC_NE);
-    if (LJ_64 && irt_type(t) >= IRT_NUM) {
-      lua_assert(irt_isinteger(t) || irt_isnum(t));
-      emit_u32(as, LJ_TISNUM);
+    if ((LJ_64 && irt_type(t) >= IRT_NUM) || (ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_KEYINDEX)) {
+      lj_assertA(irt_isinteger(t) || irt_isnum(t),
+                 "bad SLOAD type %d", irt_type(t));
+      emit_u32(as, (ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_KEYINDEX) ? LJ_KEYINDEX :
+                   LJ_GC64 ? (LJ_TISNUM << 15) : LJ_TISNUM);
       emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITHi, XOg_CMP, base, ofs+4);
+#if LJ_GC64
+    } else if (irt_isnil(t)) {
+      /* LJ_GC64 type check for nil:
+      **
+      **   cmp qword [addr], -1
+      **   jne ->exit
+      */
+      emit_i8(as, -1);
+      emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITHi8, XOg_CMP|REX_64, base, ofs);
+    } else if (irt_ispri(t)) {
+      emit_u32(as, (irt_toitype(t) << 15) | 0x7fff);
+      emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITHi, XOg_CMP, base, ofs+4);
+    } else {
+      /* LJ_GC64 type check only:
+      **
+      **   mov r64, [addr]
+      **   sar r64, 47
+      **   cmp r32, itype
+      **   jne ->exit
+      */
+      Reg tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, base));
+      emit_i8(as, irt_toitype(t));
+      emit_rr(as, XO_ARITHi8, XOg_CMP, tmp);
+      emit_shifti(as, XOg_SAR|REX_64, tmp, 47);
+      emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, tmp|REX_64, base, ofs);
+#else
     } else {
       emit_i8(as, irt_toitype(t));
       emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITHi8, XOg_CMP, base, ofs+4);
+#endif
     }
   }
 }
@@ -1500,15 +1815,14 @@ static void asm_sload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 static void asm_cnew(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   CTState *cts = ctype_ctsG(J2G(as->J));
-  CTypeID ctypeid = (CTypeID)IR(ir->op1)->i;
-  CTSize sz = (ir->o == IR_CNEWI || ir->op2 == REF_NIL) ?
-              lj_ctype_size(cts, ctypeid) : (CTSize)IR(ir->op2)->i;
+  CTypeID id = (CTypeID)IR(ir->op1)->i;
+  CTSize sz;
+  CTInfo info = lj_ctype_info(cts, id, &sz);
   const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_mem_newgco];
-  IRRef args[2];
-  lua_assert(sz != CTSIZE_INVALID);
+  IRRef args[4];
+  lj_assertA(sz != CTSIZE_INVALID || (ir->o == IR_CNEW && ir->op2 != REF_NIL),
+             "bad CNEW/CNEWI operands");
 
-  args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
-  args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* MSize size   */
   as->gcsteps++;
   asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);  /* GCcdata * */
 
@@ -1519,8 +1833,9 @@ static void asm_cnew(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     Reg r64 = sz == 8 ? REX_64 : 0;
     if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {
       IRIns *irk = IR(ir->op2);
-      uint64_t k = irk->o == IR_KINT64 ? ir_k64(irk)->u64 :
-                                         (uint64_t)(uint32_t)irk->i;
+      uint64_t k = (irk->o == IR_KINT64 ||
+                    (LJ_GC64 && (irk->o == IR_KPTR || irk->o == IR_KKPTR))) ?
+                   ir_k64(irk)->u64 : (uint64_t)(uint32_t)irk->i;
       if (sz == 4 || checki32((int64_t)k)) {
         emit_i32(as, (int32_t)k);
         emit_rmro(as, XO_MOVmi, r64, RID_RET, sizeof(GCcdata));
@@ -1536,7 +1851,7 @@ static void asm_cnew(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     int32_t ofs = sizeof(GCcdata);
     if (sz == 8) {
       ofs += 4; ir++;
-      lua_assert(ir->o == IR_HIOP);
+      lj_assertA(ir->o == IR_HIOP, "missing CNEWI HIOP");
     }
     do {
       if (irref_isk(ir->op2)) {
@@ -1550,21 +1865,30 @@ static void asm_cnew(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
       ofs -= 4; ir--;
     } while (1);
 #endif
-    lua_assert(sz == 4 || sz == 8);
+    lj_assertA(sz == 4 || sz == 8, "bad CNEWI size %d", sz);
+  } else if (ir->op2 != REF_NIL) {  /* Create VLA/VLS/aligned cdata. */
+    ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_cdata_newv];
+    args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
+    args[1] = ir->op1;      /* CTypeID id   */
+    args[2] = ir->op2;      /* CTSize sz    */
+    args[3] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* CTSize align */
+    asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+    emit_loadi(as, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), (int32_t)ctype_align(info));
+    return;
   }
 
   /* Combine initialization of marked, gct and ctypeid. */
   emit_movtomro(as, RID_ECX, RID_RET, offsetof(GCcdata, marked));
   emit_gri(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_OR), RID_ECX,
-           (int32_t)((~LJ_TCDATA<<8)+(ctypeid<<16)));
+           (int32_t)((~LJ_TCDATA<<8)+(id<<16)));
   emit_gri(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_AND), RID_ECX, LJ_GC_WHITES);
   emit_opgl(as, XO_MOVZXb, RID_ECX, gc.currentwhite);
 
+  args[0] = ASMREF_L;     /* lua_State *L */
+  args[1] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* MSize size   */
   asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
   emit_loadi(as, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1), (int32_t)(sz+sizeof(GCcdata)));
 }
-#else
-#define asm_cnew(as, ir)        ((void)0)
 #endif
 
 /* -- Write barriers ------------------------------------------------------ */
@@ -1574,7 +1898,7 @@ static void asm_tbar(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   Reg tab = ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR);
   Reg tmp = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, tab));
   MCLabel l_end = emit_label(as);
-  emit_movtomro(as, tmp, tab, offsetof(GCtab, gclist));
+  emit_movtomro(as, tmp|REX_GC64, tab, offsetof(GCtab, gclist));
   emit_setgl(as, tab, gc.grayagain);
   emit_getgl(as, tmp, gc.grayagain);
   emit_i8(as, ~LJ_GC_BLACK);
@@ -1591,7 +1915,7 @@ static void asm_obar(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   MCLabel l_end;
   Reg obj;
   /* No need for other object barriers (yet). */
-  lua_assert(IR(ir->op1)->o == IR_UREFC);
+  lj_assertA(IR(ir->op1)->o == IR_UREFC, "bad OBAR type");
   ra_evictset(as, RSET_SCRATCH);
   l_end = emit_label(as);
   args[0] = ASMREF_TMP1;  /* global_State *g */
@@ -1637,36 +1961,9 @@ static void asm_x87load(ASMState *as, IRRef ref)
   }
 }
 
-/* Try to rejoin pow from EXP2, MUL and LOG2 (if still unsplit). */
-static int fpmjoin_pow(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  IRIns *irp = IR(ir->op1);
-  if (irp == ir-1 && irp->o == IR_MUL && !ra_used(irp)) {
-    IRIns *irpp = IR(irp->op1);
-    if (irpp == ir-2 && irpp->o == IR_FPMATH &&
-        irpp->op2 == IRFPM_LOG2 && !ra_used(irpp)) {
-      /* The modified regs must match with the *.dasc implementation. */
-      RegSet drop = RSET_RANGE(RID_XMM0, RID_XMM2+1)|RID2RSET(RID_EAX);
-      IRIns *irx;
-      if (ra_hasreg(ir->r))
-        rset_clear(drop, ir->r);  /* Dest reg handled below. */
-      ra_evictset(as, drop);
-      ra_destreg(as, ir, RID_XMM0);
-      emit_call(as, lj_vm_pow_sse);
-      irx = IR(irpp->op1);
-      if (ra_noreg(irx->r) && ra_gethint(irx->r) == RID_XMM1)
-        irx->r = RID_INIT;  /* Avoid allocating xmm1 for x. */
-      ra_left(as, RID_XMM0, irpp->op1);
-      ra_left(as, RID_XMM1, irp->op2);
-      return 1;
-    }
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
 static void asm_fpmath(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
-  IRFPMathOp fpm = ir->o == IR_FPMATH ? (IRFPMathOp)ir->op2 : IRFPM_OTHER;
+  IRFPMathOp fpm = (IRFPMathOp)ir->op2;
   if (fpm == IRFPM_SQRT) {
     Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_FPR);
     Reg left = asm_fuseload(as, ir->op1, RSET_FPR);
@@ -1697,93 +1994,32 @@ static void asm_fpmath(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
                     fpm == IRFPM_CEIL ? lj_vm_ceil_sse : lj_vm_trunc_sse);
       ra_left(as, RID_XMM0, ir->op1);
     }
-  } else if (fpm == IRFPM_EXP2 && fpmjoin_pow(as, ir)) {
-    /* Rejoined to pow(). */
-  } else {  /* Handle x87 ops. */
-    int32_t ofs = sps_scale(ir->s);  /* Use spill slot or temp slots. */
-    Reg dest = ir->r;
-    if (ra_hasreg(dest)) {
-      ra_free(as, dest);
-      ra_modified(as, dest);
-      emit_rmro(as, XMM_MOVRM(as), dest, RID_ESP, ofs);
-    }
-    emit_rmro(as, XO_FSTPq, XOg_FSTPq, RID_ESP, ofs);
-    switch (fpm) {  /* st0 = lj_vm_*(st0) */
-    case IRFPM_EXP: emit_call(as, lj_vm_exp_x87); break;
-    case IRFPM_EXP2: emit_call(as, lj_vm_exp2_x87); break;
-    case IRFPM_SIN: emit_x87op(as, XI_FSIN); break;
-    case IRFPM_COS: emit_x87op(as, XI_FCOS); break;
-    case IRFPM_TAN: emit_x87op(as, XI_FPOP); emit_x87op(as, XI_FPTAN); break;
-    case IRFPM_LOG: case IRFPM_LOG2: case IRFPM_LOG10:
-      /* Note: the use of fyl2xp1 would be pointless here. When computing
-      ** log(1.0+eps) the precision is already lost after 1.0 is added.
-      ** Subtracting 1.0 won't recover it. OTOH math.log1p would make sense.
-      */
-      emit_x87op(as, XI_FYL2X); break;
-    case IRFPM_OTHER:
-      switch (ir->o) {
-      case IR_ATAN2:
-        emit_x87op(as, XI_FPATAN); asm_x87load(as, ir->op2); break;
-      case IR_LDEXP:
-        emit_x87op(as, XI_FPOP1); emit_x87op(as, XI_FSCALE); break;
-      default: lua_assert(0); break;
-      }
-      break;
-    default: lua_assert(0); break;
-    }
-    asm_x87load(as, ir->op1);
-    switch (fpm) {
-    case IRFPM_LOG: emit_x87op(as, XI_FLDLN2); break;
-    case IRFPM_LOG2: emit_x87op(as, XI_FLD1); break;
-    case IRFPM_LOG10: emit_x87op(as, XI_FLDLG2); break;
-    case IRFPM_OTHER:
-      if (ir->o == IR_LDEXP) asm_x87load(as, ir->op2);
-      break;
-    default: break;
-    }
+  } else {
+    asm_callid(as, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_floor + fpm);
   }
 }
 
-static void asm_fppowi(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  /* The modified regs must match with the *.dasc implementation. */
-  RegSet drop = RSET_RANGE(RID_XMM0, RID_XMM1+1)|RID2RSET(RID_EAX);
-  if (ra_hasreg(ir->r))
-    rset_clear(drop, ir->r);  /* Dest reg handled below. */
-  ra_evictset(as, drop);
-  ra_destreg(as, ir, RID_XMM0);
-  emit_call(as, lj_vm_powi_sse);
-  ra_left(as, RID_XMM0, ir->op1);
-  ra_left(as, RID_EAX, ir->op2);
-}
-
-#if LJ_64 && LJ_HASFFI
-static void asm_arith64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, IRCallID id)
-{
-  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[id];
-  IRRef args[2];
-  args[0] = ir->op1;
-  args[1] = ir->op2;
-  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
-  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
-}
-#endif
-
-static void asm_intmod(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+static void asm_ldexp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
-  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL_lj_vm_modi];
-  IRRef args[2];
-  args[0] = ir->op1;
-  args[1] = ir->op2;
-  asm_setupresult(as, ir, ci);
-  asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
+  int32_t ofs = sps_scale(ir->s);  /* Use spill slot or temp slots. */
+  Reg dest = ir->r;
+  if (ra_hasreg(dest)) {
+    ra_free(as, dest);
+    ra_modified(as, dest);
+    emit_rmro(as, XO_MOVSD, dest, RID_ESP, ofs);
+  }
+  emit_rmro(as, XO_FSTPq, XOg_FSTPq, RID_ESP, ofs);
+  emit_x87op(as, XI_FPOP1);
+  emit_x87op(as, XI_FSCALE);
+  asm_x87load(as, ir->op1);
+  asm_x87load(as, ir->op2);
 }
 
 static int asm_swapops(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   IRIns *irl = IR(ir->op1);
   IRIns *irr = IR(ir->op2);
-  lua_assert(ra_noreg(irr->r));
+  lj_assertA(ra_noreg(irr->r), "bad usage");
   if (!irm_iscomm(lj_ir_mode[ir->o]))
     return 0;  /* Can't swap non-commutative operations. */
   if (irref_isk(ir->op2))
@@ -1955,11 +2191,28 @@ static void asm_add(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   if (irt_isnum(ir->t))
     asm_fparith(as, ir, XO_ADDSD);
-  else if ((as->flags & JIT_F_LEA_AGU) || as->flagmcp == as->mcp ||
-           irt_is64(ir->t) || !asm_lea(as, ir))
+  else if (as->flagmcp == as->mcp || irt_is64(ir->t) || !asm_lea(as, ir))
     asm_intarith(as, ir, XOg_ADD);
 }
 
+static void asm_sub(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  if (irt_isnum(ir->t))
+    asm_fparith(as, ir, XO_SUBSD);
+  else  /* Note: no need for LEA trick here. i-k is encoded as i+(-k). */
+    asm_intarith(as, ir, XOg_SUB);
+}
+
+static void asm_mul(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  if (irt_isnum(ir->t))
+    asm_fparith(as, ir, XO_MULSD);
+  else
+    asm_intarith(as, ir, XOg_X_IMUL);
+}
+
+#define asm_fpdiv(as, ir)       asm_fparith(as, ir, XO_DIVSD)
+
 static void asm_neg_not(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, x86Group3 xg)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
@@ -1967,7 +2220,17 @@ static void asm_neg_not(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, x86Group3 xg)
   ra_left(as, dest, ir->op1);
 }
 
-static void asm_min_max(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int cc)
+static void asm_neg(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  if (irt_isnum(ir->t))
+    asm_fparith(as, ir, XO_XORPS);
+  else
+    asm_neg_not(as, ir, XOg_NEG);
+}
+
+#define asm_abs(as, ir)         asm_fparith(as, ir, XO_ANDPS)
+
+static void asm_intmin_max(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int cc)
 {
   Reg right, dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
   IRRef lref = ir->op1, rref = ir->op2;
@@ -1978,7 +2241,30 @@ static void asm_min_max(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, int cc)
   ra_left(as, dest, lref);
 }
 
-static void asm_bitswap(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+static void asm_min(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  if (irt_isnum(ir->t))
+    asm_fparith(as, ir, XO_MINSD);
+  else
+    asm_intmin_max(as, ir, CC_G);
+}
+
+static void asm_max(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  if (irt_isnum(ir->t))
+    asm_fparith(as, ir, XO_MAXSD);
+  else
+    asm_intmin_max(as, ir, CC_L);
+}
+
+/* Note: don't use LEA for overflow-checking arithmetic! */
+#define asm_addov(as, ir)       asm_intarith(as, ir, XOg_ADD)
+#define asm_subov(as, ir)       asm_intarith(as, ir, XOg_SUB)
+#define asm_mulov(as, ir)       asm_intarith(as, ir, XOg_X_IMUL)
+
+#define asm_bnot(as, ir)        asm_neg_not(as, ir, XOg_NOT)
+
+static void asm_bswap(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
   Reg dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
   as->mcp = emit_op(XO_BSWAP + ((dest&7) << 24),
@@ -1986,7 +2272,11 @@ static void asm_bitswap(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
   ra_left(as, dest, ir->op1);
 }
 
-static void asm_bitshift(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, x86Shift xs)
+#define asm_band(as, ir)        asm_intarith(as, ir, XOg_AND)
+#define asm_bor(as, ir)         asm_intarith(as, ir, XOg_OR)
+#define asm_bxor(as, ir)        asm_intarith(as, ir, XOg_XOR)
+
+static void asm_bitshift(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, x86Shift xs, x86Op xv)
 {
   IRRef rref = ir->op2;
   IRIns *irr = IR(rref);
@@ -1995,17 +2285,33 @@ static void asm_bitshift(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, x86Shift xs)
     int shift;
     dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
     shift = irr->i & (irt_is64(ir->t) ? 63 : 31);
+    if (!xv && shift && (as->flags & JIT_F_BMI2)) {
+      Reg left = asm_fuseloadm(as, ir->op1, RSET_GPR, irt_is64(ir->t));
+      if (left != dest) {  /* BMI2 rotate right by constant. */
+        emit_i8(as, xs == XOg_ROL ? -shift : shift);
+        emit_mrm(as, VEX_64IR(ir, XV_RORX), dest, left);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
     switch (shift) {
     case 0: break;
     case 1: emit_rr(as, XO_SHIFT1, REX_64IR(ir, xs), dest); break;
     default: emit_shifti(as, REX_64IR(ir, xs), dest, shift); break;
     }
+  } else if ((as->flags & JIT_F_BMI2) && xv) {  /* BMI2 variable shifts. */
+    Reg left, right;
+    dest = ra_dest(as, ir, RSET_GPR);
+    right = ra_alloc1(as, rref, RSET_GPR);
+    left = asm_fuseloadm(as, ir->op1, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, right),
+                         irt_is64(ir->t));
+    emit_mrm(as, VEX_64IR(ir, xv) ^ (right << 19), dest, left);
+    return;
   } else {  /* Variable shifts implicitly use register cl (i.e. ecx). */
     Reg right;
     dest = ra_dest(as, ir, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, RID_ECX));
     if (dest == RID_ECX) {
       dest = ra_scratch(as, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, RID_ECX));
-      emit_rr(as, XO_MOV, RID_ECX, dest);
+      emit_rr(as, XO_MOV, REX_64IR(ir, RID_ECX), dest);
     }
     right = irr->r;
     if (ra_noreg(right))
@@ -2025,6 +2331,12 @@ static void asm_bitshift(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, x86Shift xs)
   */
 }
 
+#define asm_bshl(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, XOg_SHL, XV_SHLX)
+#define asm_bshr(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, XOg_SHR, XV_SHRX)
+#define asm_bsar(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, XOg_SAR, XV_SARX)
+#define asm_brol(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, XOg_ROL, 0)
+#define asm_bror(as, ir)        asm_bitshift(as, ir, XOg_ROR, 0)
+
 /* -- Comparisons --------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Virtual flags for unordered FP comparisons. */
@@ -2051,8 +2363,9 @@ static const uint16_t asm_compmap[IR_ABC+1] = {
 };
 
 /* FP and integer comparisons. */
-static void asm_comp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, uint32_t cc)
+static void asm_comp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
+  uint32_t cc = asm_compmap[ir->o];
   if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
     IRRef lref = ir->op1;
     IRRef rref = ir->op2;
@@ -2073,7 +2386,6 @@ static void asm_comp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, uint32_t cc)
       cc ^= (VCC_PS|(5<<4));  /* A <-> B, AE <-> BE, PS <-> none */
     }
     left = ra_alloc1(as, lref, RSET_FPR);
-    right = asm_fuseload(as, rref, rset_exclude(RSET_FPR, left));
     l_around = emit_label(as);
     asm_guardcc(as, cc >> 4);
     if (cc & VCC_P) {  /* Extra CC_P branch required? */
@@ -2090,14 +2402,16 @@ static void asm_comp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, uint32_t cc)
           emit_jcc(as, CC_P, as->mcp);
       }
     }
+    right = asm_fuseload(as, rref, rset_exclude(RSET_FPR, left));
     emit_mrm(as, XO_UCOMISD, left, right);
   } else {
     IRRef lref = ir->op1, rref = ir->op2;
     IROp leftop = (IROp)(IR(lref)->o);
     Reg r64 = REX_64IR(ir, 0);
     int32_t imm = 0;
-    lua_assert(irt_is64(ir->t) || irt_isint(ir->t) ||
-               irt_isu32(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t) || irt_isu8(ir->t));
+    lj_assertA(irt_is64(ir->t) || irt_isint(ir->t) ||
+               irt_isu32(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t) || irt_isu8(ir->t),
+               "bad comparison data type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
     /* Swap constants (only for ABC) and fusable loads to the right. */
     if (irref_isk(lref) || (!irref_isk(rref) && opisfusableload(leftop))) {
       if ((cc & 0xc) == 0xc) cc ^= 0x53;  /* L <-> G, LE <-> GE */
@@ -2179,7 +2493,7 @@ static void asm_comp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, uint32_t cc)
           /* Use test r,r instead of cmp r,0. */
           x86Op xo = XO_TEST;
           if (irt_isu8(ir->t)) {
-            lua_assert(ir->o == IR_EQ || ir->o == IR_NE);
+            lj_assertA(ir->o == IR_EQ || ir->o == IR_NE, "bad usage");
             xo = XO_TESTb;
             if (!rset_test(RSET_RANGE(RID_EAX, RID_EBX+1), left)) {
               if (LJ_64) {
@@ -2207,6 +2521,8 @@ static void asm_comp(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, uint32_t cc)
   }
 }
 
+#define asm_equal(as, ir)       asm_comp(as, ir)
+
 #if LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI
 /* 64 bit integer comparisons in 32 bit mode. */
 static void asm_comp_int64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
@@ -2279,23 +2595,19 @@ static void asm_comp_int64(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 }
 #endif
 
-/* -- Support for 64 bit ops in 32 bit mode ------------------------------- */
+/* -- Split register ops -------------------------------------------------- */
 
-/* Hiword op of a split 64 bit op. Previous op must be the loword op. */
+/* Hiword op of a split 32/32 or 64/64 bit op. Previous op is the loword op. */
 static void asm_hiop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
 {
-#if LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI
   /* HIOP is marked as a store because it needs its own DCE logic. */
   int uselo = ra_used(ir-1), usehi = ra_used(ir);  /* Loword/hiword used? */
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!(as->flags & JIT_F_OPT_DCE))) uselo = usehi = 1;
+#if LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI
   if ((ir-1)->o == IR_CONV) {  /* Conversions to/from 64 bit. */
-    if (usehi || uselo) {
-      if (irt_isfp(ir->t))
-        asm_conv_fp_int64(as, ir);
-      else
-        asm_conv_int64_fp(as, ir);
-    }
     as->curins--;  /* Always skip the CONV. */
+    if (usehi || uselo)
+      asm_conv64(as, ir);
     return;
   } else if ((ir-1)->o <= IR_NE) {  /* 64 bit integer comparisons. ORDER IR. */
     asm_comp_int64(as, ir);
@@ -2305,8 +2617,10 @@ static void asm_hiop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
       asm_fxstore(as, ir);
     return;
   }
+#endif
   if (!usehi) return;  /* Skip unused hiword op for all remaining ops. */
   switch ((ir-1)->o) {
+#if LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI
   case IR_ADD:
     as->flagmcp = NULL;
     as->curins--;
@@ -2329,19 +2643,26 @@ static void asm_hiop(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
     asm_neg_not(as, ir-1, XOg_NEG);
     break;
     }
-  case IR_CALLN:
-  case IR_CALLXS:
-    if (!uselo)
-      ra_allocref(as, ir->op1, RID2RSET(RID_RETLO));  /* Mark lo op as used. */
-    break;
   case IR_CNEWI:
     /* Nothing to do here. Handled by CNEWI itself. */
     break;
-  default: lua_assert(0); break;
-  }
-#else
-  UNUSED(as); UNUSED(ir); lua_assert(0);  /* Unused on x64 or without FFI. */
 #endif
+  case IR_CALLN: case IR_CALLL: case IR_CALLS: case IR_CALLXS:
+    if (!uselo)
+      ra_allocref(as, ir->op1, RID2RSET(RID_RETLO));  /* Mark lo op as used. */
+    break;
+  default: lj_assertA(0, "bad HIOP for op %d", (ir-1)->o); break;
+  }
+}
+
+/* -- Profiling ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void asm_prof(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  UNUSED(ir);
+  asm_guardcc(as, CC_NE);
+  emit_i8(as, HOOK_PROFILE);
+  emit_rma(as, XO_GROUP3b, XOg_TEST, &J2G(as->J)->hookmask);
 }
 
 /* -- Stack handling ------------------------------------------------------ */
@@ -2358,14 +2679,19 @@ static void asm_stack_check(ASMState *as, BCReg topslot,
     emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, r|REX_64, RID_ESP, 0);
   else
     ra_modified(as, r);
-  emit_gri(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_CMP), r, (int32_t)(8*topslot));
+  emit_gri(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_CMP), r|REX_GC64, (int32_t)(8*topslot));
   if (ra_hasreg(pbase) && pbase != r)
-    emit_rr(as, XO_ARITH(XOg_SUB), r, pbase);
+    emit_rr(as, XO_ARITH(XOg_SUB), r|REX_GC64, pbase);
   else
+#if LJ_GC64
+    emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITH(XOg_SUB), r|REX_64, RID_DISPATCH,
+              (int32_t)dispofs(as, &J2G(as->J)->jit_base));
+#else
     emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITH(XOg_SUB), r, RID_NONE,
               ptr2addr(&J2G(as->J)->jit_base));
-  emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, r, r, offsetof(lua_State, maxstack));
-  emit_getgl(as, r, jit_L);
+#endif
+  emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, r|REX_GC64, r, offsetof(lua_State, maxstack));
+  emit_getgl(as, r, cur_L);
   if (allow == RSET_EMPTY)  /* Spill temp. register. */
     emit_rmro(as, XO_MOVto, r|REX_64, RID_ESP, 0);
 }
@@ -2374,40 +2700,79 @@ static void asm_stack_check(ASMState *as, BCReg topslot,
 static void asm_stack_restore(ASMState *as, SnapShot *snap)
 {
   SnapEntry *map = &as->T->snapmap[snap->mapofs];
-  SnapEntry *flinks = &as->T->snapmap[snap_nextofs(as->T, snap)-1];
+#if !LJ_FR2 || defined(LUA_USE_ASSERT)
+  SnapEntry *flinks = &as->T->snapmap[snap_nextofs(as->T, snap)-1-LJ_FR2];
+#endif
   MSize n, nent = snap->nent;
   /* Store the value of all modified slots to the Lua stack. */
   for (n = 0; n < nent; n++) {
     SnapEntry sn = map[n];
     BCReg s = snap_slot(sn);
-    int32_t ofs = 8*((int32_t)s-1);
+    int32_t ofs = 8*((int32_t)s-1-LJ_FR2);
     IRRef ref = snap_ref(sn);
     IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
     if ((sn & SNAP_NORESTORE))
       continue;
-    if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
+    if ((sn & SNAP_KEYINDEX)) {
+      emit_movmroi(as, RID_BASE, ofs+4, LJ_KEYINDEX);
+      if (irref_isk(ref)) {
+        emit_movmroi(as, RID_BASE, ofs, ir->i);
+      } else {
+        Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, RID_BASE));
+        emit_movtomro(as, src, RID_BASE, ofs);
+      }
+    } else if (irt_isnum(ir->t)) {
       Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, RSET_FPR);
       emit_rmro(as, XO_MOVSDto, src, RID_BASE, ofs);
     } else {
-      lua_assert(irt_ispri(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t) ||
-                 (LJ_DUALNUM && irt_isinteger(ir->t)));
+      lj_assertA(irt_ispri(ir->t) || irt_isaddr(ir->t) ||
+                 (LJ_DUALNUM && irt_isinteger(ir->t)),
+                 "restore of IR type %d", irt_type(ir->t));
       if (!irref_isk(ref)) {
         Reg src = ra_alloc1(as, ref, rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, RID_BASE));
+#if LJ_GC64
+        if (irt_is64(ir->t)) {
+          /* TODO: 64 bit store + 32 bit load-modify-store is suboptimal. */
+          emit_u32(as, irt_toitype(ir->t) << 15);
+          emit_rmro(as, XO_ARITHi, XOg_OR, RID_BASE, ofs+4);
+        } else if (LJ_DUALNUM && irt_isinteger(ir->t)) {
+          emit_movmroi(as, RID_BASE, ofs+4, LJ_TISNUM << 15);
+        } else {
+          emit_movmroi(as, RID_BASE, ofs+4, (irt_toitype(ir->t)<<15)|0x7fff);
+        }
+#endif
         emit_movtomro(as, REX_64IR(ir, src), RID_BASE, ofs);
+#if LJ_GC64
+      } else {
+        TValue k;
+        lj_ir_kvalue(as->J->L, &k, ir);
+        if (tvisnil(&k)) {
+          emit_i32(as, -1);
+          emit_rmro(as, XO_MOVmi, REX_64, RID_BASE, ofs);
+        } else {
+          emit_movmroi(as, RID_BASE, ofs+4, k.u32.hi);
+          emit_movmroi(as, RID_BASE, ofs, k.u32.lo);
+        }
+#else
       } else if (!irt_ispri(ir->t)) {
         emit_movmroi(as, RID_BASE, ofs, ir->i);
+#endif
       }
       if ((sn & (SNAP_CONT|SNAP_FRAME))) {
+#if !LJ_FR2
         if (s != 0)  /* Do not overwrite link to previous frame. */
           emit_movmroi(as, RID_BASE, ofs+4, (int32_t)(*flinks--));
+#endif
+#if !LJ_GC64
       } else {
         if (!(LJ_64 && irt_islightud(ir->t)))
           emit_movmroi(as, RID_BASE, ofs+4, irt_toitype(ir->t));
+#endif
       }
     }
     checkmclim(as);
   }
-  lua_assert(map + nent == flinks);
+  lj_assertA(map + nent == flinks, "inconsistent frames in snapshot");
 }
 
 /* -- GC handling --------------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -2428,11 +2793,15 @@ static void asm_gc_check(ASMState *as)
   args[1] = ASMREF_TMP2;  /* MSize steps     */
   asm_gencall(as, ci, args);
   tmp = ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP1);
+#if LJ_GC64
+  emit_rmro(as, XO_LEA, tmp|REX_64, RID_DISPATCH, GG_DISP2G);
+#else
   emit_loada(as, tmp, J2G(as->J));
+#endif
   emit_loadi(as, ra_releasetmp(as, ASMREF_TMP2), as->gcsteps);
   /* Jump around GC step if GC total < GC threshold. */
   emit_sjcc(as, CC_B, l_end);
-  emit_opgl(as, XO_ARITH(XOg_CMP), tmp, gc.threshold);
+  emit_opgl(as, XO_ARITH(XOg_CMP), tmp|REX_GC64, gc.threshold);
   emit_getgl(as, tmp, gc.total);
   as->gcsteps = 0;
   checkmclim(as);
@@ -2447,16 +2816,16 @@ static void asm_loop_fixup(ASMState *as)
   MCode *target = as->mcp;
   if (as->realign) {  /* Realigned loops use short jumps. */
     as->realign = NULL;  /* Stop another retry. */
-    lua_assert(((intptr_t)target & 15) == 0);
+    lj_assertA(((intptr_t)target & 15) == 0, "loop realign failed");
     if (as->loopinv) {  /* Inverted loop branch? */
       p -= 5;
       p[0] = XI_JMP;
-      lua_assert(target - p >= -128);
+      lj_assertA(target - p >= -128, "loop realign failed");
       p[-1] = (MCode)(target - p);  /* Patch sjcc. */
       if (as->loopinv == 2)
         p[-3] = (MCode)(target - p + 2);  /* Patch opt. short jp. */
     } else {
-      lua_assert(target - p >= -128);
+      lj_assertA(target - p >= -128, "loop realign failed");
       p[-1] = (MCode)(int8_t)(target - p);  /* Patch short jmp. */
       p[-2] = XI_JMPs;
     }
@@ -2485,6 +2854,12 @@ static void asm_loop_fixup(ASMState *as)
   }
 }
 
+/* Fixup the tail of the loop. */
+static void asm_loop_tail_fixup(ASMState *as)
+{
+  UNUSED(as);  /* Nothing to do. */
+}
+
 /* -- Head of trace ------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Coalesce BASE register for a root trace. */
@@ -2497,7 +2872,7 @@ static void asm_head_root_base(ASMState *as)
     if (rset_test(as->modset, r) || irt_ismarked(ir->t))
       ir->r = RID_INIT;  /* No inheritance for modified BASE register. */
     if (r != RID_BASE)
-      emit_rr(as, XO_MOV, r, RID_BASE);
+      emit_rr(as, XO_MOV, r|REX_GC64, RID_BASE);
   }
 }
 
@@ -2513,7 +2888,8 @@ static Reg asm_head_side_base(ASMState *as, IRIns *irp)
     if (irp->r == r) {
       return r;  /* Same BASE register already coalesced. */
     } else if (ra_hasreg(irp->r) && rset_test(as->freeset, irp->r)) {
-      emit_rr(as, XO_MOV, r, irp->r);  /* Move from coalesced parent reg. */
+      /* Move from coalesced parent reg. */
+      emit_rr(as, XO_MOV, r|REX_GC64, irp->r);
       return irp->r;
     } else {
       emit_getgl(as, r, jit_base);  /* Otherwise reload BASE. */
@@ -2532,7 +2908,7 @@ static void asm_tail_fixup(ASMState *as, TraceNo lnk)
   MCode *target, *q;
   int32_t spadj = as->T->spadjust;
   if (spadj == 0) {
-    p -= ((as->flags & JIT_F_LEA_AGU) ? 7 : 6) + (LJ_64 ? 1 : 0);
+    p -= LJ_64 ? 7 : 6;
   } else {
     MCode *p1;
     /* Patch stack adjustment. */
@@ -2544,24 +2920,15 @@ static void asm_tail_fixup(ASMState *as, TraceNo lnk)
       p1 = p-9;
       *(int32_t *)p1 = spadj;
     }
-    if ((as->flags & JIT_F_LEA_AGU)) {
 #if LJ_64
-      p1[-4] = 0x48;
+    p1[-3] = 0x48;
 #endif
-      p1[-3] = (MCode)XI_LEA;
-      p1[-2] = MODRM(checki8(spadj) ? XM_OFS8 : XM_OFS32, RID_ESP, RID_ESP);
-      p1[-1] = MODRM(XM_SCALE1, RID_ESP, RID_ESP);
-    } else {
-#if LJ_64
-      p1[-3] = 0x48;
-#endif
-      p1[-2] = (MCode)(checki8(spadj) ? XI_ARITHi8 : XI_ARITHi);
-      p1[-1] = MODRM(XM_REG, XOg_ADD, RID_ESP);
-    }
+    p1[-2] = (MCode)(checki8(spadj) ? XI_ARITHi8 : XI_ARITHi);
+    p1[-1] = MODRM(XM_REG, XOg_ADD, RID_ESP);
   }
   /* Patch exit branch. */
   target = lnk ? traceref(as->J, lnk)->mcode : (MCode *)lj_vm_exit_interp;
-  *(int32_t *)(p-4) = jmprel(p, target);
+  *(int32_t *)(p-4) = jmprel(as->J, p, target);
   p[-5] = XI_JMP;
   /* Drop unused mcode tail. Fill with NOPs to make the prefetcher happy. */
   for (q = as->mctop-1; q >= p; q--)
@@ -2588,168 +2955,11 @@ static void asm_tail_prep(ASMState *as)
     as->invmcp = as->mcp = p;
   } else {
     /* Leave room for ESP adjustment: add esp, imm or lea esp, [esp+imm] */
-    as->mcp = p - (((as->flags & JIT_F_LEA_AGU) ? 7 : 6)  + (LJ_64 ? 1 : 0));
+    as->mcp = p - (LJ_64 ? 7 : 6);
     as->invmcp = NULL;
   }
 }
 
-/* -- Instruction dispatch ------------------------------------------------ */
-
-/* Assemble a single instruction. */
-static void asm_ir(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir)
-{
-  switch ((IROp)ir->o) {
-  /* Miscellaneous ops. */
-  case IR_LOOP: asm_loop(as); break;
-  case IR_NOP: case IR_XBAR: lua_assert(!ra_used(ir)); break;
-  case IR_USE:
-    ra_alloc1(as, ir->op1, irt_isfp(ir->t) ? RSET_FPR : RSET_GPR); break;
-  case IR_PHI: asm_phi(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_HIOP: asm_hiop(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_GCSTEP: asm_gcstep(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Guarded assertions. */
-  case IR_LT: case IR_GE: case IR_LE: case IR_GT:
-  case IR_ULT: case IR_UGE: case IR_ULE: case IR_UGT:
-  case IR_EQ: case IR_NE: case IR_ABC:
-    asm_comp(as, ir, asm_compmap[ir->o]);
-    break;
-
-  case IR_RETF: asm_retf(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Bit ops. */
-  case IR_BNOT: asm_neg_not(as, ir, XOg_NOT); break;
-  case IR_BSWAP: asm_bitswap(as, ir); break;
-
-  case IR_BAND: asm_intarith(as, ir, XOg_AND); break;
-  case IR_BOR:  asm_intarith(as, ir, XOg_OR); break;
-  case IR_BXOR: asm_intarith(as, ir, XOg_XOR); break;
-
-  case IR_BSHL: asm_bitshift(as, ir, XOg_SHL); break;
-  case IR_BSHR: asm_bitshift(as, ir, XOg_SHR); break;
-  case IR_BSAR: asm_bitshift(as, ir, XOg_SAR); break;
-  case IR_BROL: asm_bitshift(as, ir, XOg_ROL); break;
-  case IR_BROR: asm_bitshift(as, ir, XOg_ROR); break;
-
-  /* Arithmetic ops. */
-  case IR_ADD: asm_add(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_SUB:
-    if (irt_isnum(ir->t))
-      asm_fparith(as, ir, XO_SUBSD);
-    else  /* Note: no need for LEA trick here. i-k is encoded as i+(-k). */
-      asm_intarith(as, ir, XOg_SUB);
-    break;
-  case IR_MUL:
-    if (irt_isnum(ir->t))
-      asm_fparith(as, ir, XO_MULSD);
-    else
-      asm_intarith(as, ir, XOg_X_IMUL);
-    break;
-  case IR_DIV:
-#if LJ_64 && LJ_HASFFI
-    if (!irt_isnum(ir->t))
-      asm_arith64(as, ir, irt_isi64(ir->t) ? IRCALL_lj_carith_divi64 :
-                                             IRCALL_lj_carith_divu64);
-    else
-#endif
-      asm_fparith(as, ir, XO_DIVSD);
-    break;
-  case IR_MOD:
-#if LJ_64 && LJ_HASFFI
-    if (!irt_isint(ir->t))
-      asm_arith64(as, ir, irt_isi64(ir->t) ? IRCALL_lj_carith_modi64 :
-                                             IRCALL_lj_carith_modu64);
-    else
-#endif
-      asm_intmod(as, ir);
-    break;
-
-  case IR_NEG:
-    if (irt_isnum(ir->t))
-      asm_fparith(as, ir, XO_XORPS);
-    else
-      asm_neg_not(as, ir, XOg_NEG);
-    break;
-  case IR_ABS: asm_fparith(as, ir, XO_ANDPS); break;
-
-  case IR_MIN:
-    if (irt_isnum(ir->t))
-      asm_fparith(as, ir, XO_MINSD);
-    else
-      asm_min_max(as, ir, CC_G);
-    break;
-  case IR_MAX:
-    if (irt_isnum(ir->t))
-      asm_fparith(as, ir, XO_MAXSD);
-    else
-      asm_min_max(as, ir, CC_L);
-    break;
-
-  case IR_FPMATH: case IR_ATAN2: case IR_LDEXP:
-    asm_fpmath(as, ir);
-    break;
-  case IR_POW:
-#if LJ_64 && LJ_HASFFI
-    if (!irt_isnum(ir->t))
-      asm_arith64(as, ir, irt_isi64(ir->t) ? IRCALL_lj_carith_powi64 :
-                                             IRCALL_lj_carith_powu64);
-    else
-#endif
-      asm_fppowi(as, ir);
-    break;
-
-  /* Overflow-checking arithmetic ops. Note: don't use LEA here! */
-  case IR_ADDOV: asm_intarith(as, ir, XOg_ADD); break;
-  case IR_SUBOV: asm_intarith(as, ir, XOg_SUB); break;
-  case IR_MULOV: asm_intarith(as, ir, XOg_X_IMUL); break;
-
-  /* Memory references. */
-  case IR_AREF: asm_aref(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_HREF: asm_href(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_HREFK: asm_hrefk(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_NEWREF: asm_newref(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_UREFO: case IR_UREFC: asm_uref(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_FREF: asm_fref(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_STRREF: asm_strref(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Loads and stores. */
-  case IR_ALOAD: case IR_HLOAD: case IR_ULOAD: case IR_VLOAD:
-    asm_ahuvload(as, ir);
-    break;
-  case IR_FLOAD: case IR_XLOAD: asm_fxload(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_SLOAD: asm_sload(as, ir); break;
-
-  case IR_ASTORE: case IR_HSTORE: case IR_USTORE: asm_ahustore(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_FSTORE: case IR_XSTORE: asm_fxstore(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Allocations. */
-  case IR_SNEW: case IR_XSNEW: asm_snew(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_TNEW: asm_tnew(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_TDUP: asm_tdup(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_CNEW: case IR_CNEWI: asm_cnew(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Write barriers. */
-  case IR_TBAR: asm_tbar(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_OBAR: asm_obar(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Type conversions. */
-  case IR_TOBIT: asm_tobit(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_CONV: asm_conv(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_TOSTR: asm_tostr(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_STRTO: asm_strto(as, ir); break;
-
-  /* Calls. */
-  case IR_CALLN: case IR_CALLL: case IR_CALLS: asm_call(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_CALLXS: asm_callx(as, ir); break;
-  case IR_CARG: break;
-
-  default:
-    setintV(&as->J->errinfo, ir->o);
-    lj_trace_err_info(as->J, LJ_TRERR_NYIIR);
-    break;
-  }
-}
-
 /* -- Trace setup --------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Ensure there are enough stack slots for call arguments. */
@@ -2772,6 +2982,7 @@ static Reg asm_setup_call_slots(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, const CCallInfo *ci)
 static void asm_setup_target(ASMState *as)
 {
   asm_exitstub_setup(as, as->T->nsnap);
+  as->mrm.base = 0;
 }
 
 /* -- Trace patching ------------------------------------------------------ */
@@ -2885,18 +3096,24 @@ void lj_asm_patchexit(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T, ExitNo exitno, MCode *target)
   MCode *px = exitstub_addr(J, exitno) - 6;
   MCode *pe = p+len-6;
   MCode *pgc = NULL;
-  uint32_t stateaddr = u32ptr(&J2G(J)->vmstate);
+#if LJ_GC64
+  uint32_t statei = (uint32_t)(GG_OFS(g.vmstate) - GG_OFS(dispatch));
+#else
+  uint32_t statei = u32ptr(&J2G(J)->vmstate);
+#endif
   if (len > 5 && p[len-5] == XI_JMP && p+len-6 + *(int32_t *)(p+len-4) == px)
-    *(int32_t *)(p+len-4) = jmprel(p+len, target);
+    *(int32_t *)(p+len-4) = jmprel(J, p+len, target);
   /* Do not patch parent exit for a stack check. Skip beyond vmstate update. */
-  for (; p < pe; p += asm_x86_inslen(p))
-    if (*(uint32_t *)(p+(LJ_64 ? 3 : 2)) == stateaddr && p[0] == XI_MOVmi)
+  for (; p < pe; p += asm_x86_inslen(p)) {
+    intptr_t ofs = LJ_GC64 ? (p[0] & 0xf0) == 0x40 : LJ_64;
+    if (*(uint32_t *)(p+2+ofs) == statei && p[ofs+LJ_GC64-LJ_64] == XI_MOVmi)
       break;
-  lua_assert(p < pe);
+  }
+  lj_assertJ(p < pe, "instruction length decoder failed");
   for (; p < pe; p += asm_x86_inslen(p)) {
     if ((*(uint16_t *)p & 0xf0ff) == 0x800f && p + *(int32_t *)(p+2) == px &&
         p != pgc) {
-      *(int32_t *)(p+2) = jmprel(p+6, target);
+      *(int32_t *)(p+2) = jmprel(J, p+6, target);
     } else if (*p == XI_CALL &&
               (void *)(p+5+*(int32_t *)(p+1)) == (void *)lj_gc_step_jit) {
       pgc = p+7;  /* Do not patch GC check exit. */
diff --git a/src/lj_assert.c b/src/lj_assert.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5c948b41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lj_assert.c
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+** Internal assertions.
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+*/
+
+#define lj_assert_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#if defined(LUA_USE_ASSERT) || defined(LUA_USE_APICHECK)
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "lj_obj.h"
+
+void lj_assert_fail(global_State *g, const char *file, int line,
+                    const char *func, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+  va_list argp;
+  va_start(argp, fmt);
+  fprintf(stderr, "LuaJIT ASSERT %s:%d: %s: ", file, line, func);
+  vfprintf(stderr, fmt, argp);
+  fputc('\n', stderr);
+  va_end(argp);
+  UNUSED(g);  /* May be NULL. TODO: optionally dump state. */
+  abort();
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/lj_bc.h b/src/lj_bc.h
index 5f6146b6..97e19a1b 100644
--- a/src/lj_bc.h
+++ b/src/lj_bc.h
@@ -89,6 +89,8 @@
   _(ISFC,       dst,    ___,    var,    ___) \
   _(IST,        ___,    ___,    var,    ___) \
   _(ISF,        ___,    ___,    var,    ___) \
+  _(ISTYPE,     var,    ___,    lit,    ___) \
+  _(ISNUM,      var,    ___,    lit,    ___) \
   \
   /* Unary ops. */ \
   _(MOV,        dst,    ___,    var,    ___) \
@@ -143,10 +145,12 @@
   _(TGETV,      dst,    var,    var,    index) \
   _(TGETS,      dst,    var,    str,    index) \
   _(TGETB,      dst,    var,    lit,    index) \
+  _(TGETR,      dst,    var,    var,    index) \
   _(TSETV,      var,    var,    var,    newindex) \
   _(TSETS,      var,    var,    str,    newindex) \
   _(TSETB,      var,    var,    lit,    newindex) \
   _(TSETM,      base,   ___,    num,    newindex) \
+  _(TSETR,      var,    var,    var,    newindex) \
   \
   /* Calls and vararg handling. T = tail call. */ \
   _(CALLM,      base,   lit,    lit,    call) \
diff --git a/src/lj_bcdump.h b/src/lj_bcdump.h
index 5cca36a9..6ba71e25 100644
--- a/src/lj_bcdump.h
+++ b/src/lj_bcdump.h
@@ -36,14 +36,15 @@
 /* If you perform *any* kind of private modifications to the bytecode itself
 ** or to the dump format, you *must* set BCDUMP_VERSION to 0x80 or higher.
 */
-#define BCDUMP_VERSION          1
+#define BCDUMP_VERSION          2
 
 /* Compatibility flags. */
 #define BCDUMP_F_BE             0x01
 #define BCDUMP_F_STRIP          0x02
 #define BCDUMP_F_FFI            0x04
+#define BCDUMP_F_FR2            0x08
 
-#define BCDUMP_F_KNOWN          (BCDUMP_F_FFI*2-1)
+#define BCDUMP_F_KNOWN          (BCDUMP_F_FR2*2-1)
 
 /* Type codes for the GC constants of a prototype. Plus length for strings. */
 enum {
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ enum {
 
 LJ_FUNC int lj_bcwrite(lua_State *L, GCproto *pt, lua_Writer writer,
                        void *data, int strip);
+LJ_FUNC GCproto *lj_bcread_proto(LexState *ls);
 LJ_FUNC GCproto *lj_bcread(LexState *ls);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_bcread.c b/src/lj_bcread.c
index ad6b2a5c..c98c0d42 100644
--- a/src/lj_bcread.c
+++ b/src/lj_bcread.c
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 #include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
 #include "lj_bc.h"
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "lj_lex.h"
 #include "lj_bcdump.h"
 #include "lj_state.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 
 /* Reuse some lexer fields for our own purposes. */
 #define bcread_flags(ls)        ls->level
@@ -38,85 +40,74 @@ static LJ_NOINLINE void bcread_error(LexState *ls, ErrMsg em)
   const char *name = ls->chunkarg;
   if (*name == BCDUMP_HEAD1) name = "(binary)";
   else if (*name == '@' || *name == '=') name++;
-  lj_str_pushf(L, "%s: %s", name, err2msg(em));
+  lj_strfmt_pushf(L, "%s: %s", name, err2msg(em));
   lj_err_throw(L, LUA_ERRSYNTAX);
 }
 
-/* Resize input buffer. */
-static void bcread_resize(LexState *ls, MSize len)
-{
-  if (ls->sb.sz < len) {
-    MSize sz = ls->sb.sz * 2;
-    while (len > sz) sz = sz * 2;
-    lj_str_resizebuf(ls->L, &ls->sb, sz);
-    /* Caveat: this may change ls->sb.buf which may affect ls->p. */
-  }
-}
-
-/* Refill buffer if needed. */
+/* Refill buffer. */
 static LJ_NOINLINE void bcread_fill(LexState *ls, MSize len, int need)
 {
-  lua_assert(len != 0);
-  if (len > LJ_MAX_MEM || ls->current < 0)
+  lj_assertLS(len != 0, "empty refill");
+  if (len > LJ_MAX_BUF || ls->c < 0)
     bcread_error(ls, LJ_ERR_BCBAD);
   do {
     const char *buf;
-    size_t size;
-    if (ls->n) {  /* Copy remainder to buffer. */
-      if (ls->sb.n) {  /* Move down in buffer. */
-        lua_assert(ls->p + ls->n == ls->sb.buf + ls->sb.n);
-        if (ls->n != ls->sb.n)
-          memmove(ls->sb.buf, ls->p, ls->n);
+    size_t sz;
+    char *p = ls->sb.b;
+    MSize n = (MSize)(ls->pe - ls->p);
+    if (n) {  /* Copy remainder to buffer. */
+      if (sbuflen(&ls->sb)) {  /* Move down in buffer. */
+        lj_assertLS(ls->pe == ls->sb.w, "bad buffer pointer");
+        if (ls->p != p) memmove(p, ls->p, n);
       } else {  /* Copy from buffer provided by reader. */
-        bcread_resize(ls, len);
-        memcpy(ls->sb.buf, ls->p, ls->n);
+        p = lj_buf_need(&ls->sb, len);
+        memcpy(p, ls->p, n);
       }
-      ls->p = ls->sb.buf;
+      ls->p = p;
+      ls->pe = p + n;
     }
-    ls->sb.n = ls->n;
-    buf = ls->rfunc(ls->L, ls->rdata, &size);  /* Get more data from reader. */
-    if (buf == NULL || size == 0) {  /* EOF? */
+    ls->sb.w = p + n;
+    buf = ls->rfunc(ls->L, ls->rdata, &sz);  /* Get more data from reader. */
+    if (buf == NULL || sz == 0) {  /* EOF? */
       if (need) bcread_error(ls, LJ_ERR_BCBAD);
-      ls->current = -1;  /* Only bad if we get called again. */
+      ls->c = -1;  /* Only bad if we get called again. */
       break;
     }
-    if (size >= LJ_MAX_MEM - ls->sb.n) lj_err_mem(ls->L);
-    if (ls->sb.n) {  /* Append to buffer. */
-      MSize n = ls->sb.n + (MSize)size;
-      bcread_resize(ls, n < len ? len : n);
-      memcpy(ls->sb.buf + ls->sb.n, buf, size);
-      ls->n = ls->sb.n = n;
-      ls->p = ls->sb.buf;
+    if (sz >= LJ_MAX_BUF - n) lj_err_mem(ls->L);
+    if (n) {  /* Append to buffer. */
+      n += (MSize)sz;
+      p = lj_buf_need(&ls->sb, n < len ? len : n);
+      memcpy(ls->sb.w, buf, sz);
+      ls->sb.w = p + n;
+      ls->p = p;
+      ls->pe = p + n;
     } else {  /* Return buffer provided by reader. */
-      ls->n = (MSize)size;
       ls->p = buf;
+      ls->pe = buf + sz;
     }
-  } while (ls->n < len);
+  } while ((MSize)(ls->pe - ls->p) < len);
 }
 
 /* Need a certain number of bytes. */
 static LJ_AINLINE void bcread_need(LexState *ls, MSize len)
 {
-  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(ls->n < len))
+  if (LJ_UNLIKELY((MSize)(ls->pe - ls->p) < len))
     bcread_fill(ls, len, 1);
 }
 
 /* Want to read up to a certain number of bytes, but may need less. */
 static LJ_AINLINE void bcread_want(LexState *ls, MSize len)
 {
-  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(ls->n < len))
+  if (LJ_UNLIKELY((MSize)(ls->pe - ls->p) < len))
     bcread_fill(ls, len, 0);
 }
 
-#define bcread_dec(ls)          check_exp(ls->n > 0, ls->n--)
-#define bcread_consume(ls, len) check_exp(ls->n >= (len), ls->n -= (len))
-
 /* Return memory block from buffer. */
-static uint8_t *bcread_mem(LexState *ls, MSize len)
+static LJ_AINLINE uint8_t *bcread_mem(LexState *ls, MSize len)
 {
   uint8_t *p = (uint8_t *)ls->p;
-  bcread_consume(ls, len);
-  ls->p = (char *)p + len;
+  ls->p += len;
+  lj_assertLS(ls->p <= ls->pe, "buffer read overflow");
   return p;
 }
 
@@ -129,25 +120,15 @@ static void bcread_block(LexState *ls, void *q, MSize len)
 /* Read byte from buffer. */
 static LJ_AINLINE uint32_t bcread_byte(LexState *ls)
 {
-  bcread_dec(ls);
+  lj_assertLS(ls->p < ls->pe, "buffer read overflow");
   return (uint32_t)(uint8_t)*ls->p++;
 }
 
 /* Read ULEB128 value from buffer. */
-static uint32_t bcread_uleb128(LexState *ls)
+static LJ_AINLINE uint32_t bcread_uleb128(LexState *ls)
 {
-  const uint8_t *p = (const uint8_t *)ls->p;
-  uint32_t v = *p++;
-  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(v >= 0x80)) {
-    int sh = 0;
-    v &= 0x7f;
-    do {
-     v |= ((*p & 0x7f) << (sh += 7));
-     bcread_dec(ls);
-   } while (*p++ >= 0x80);
-  }
-  bcread_dec(ls);
-  ls->p = (char *)p;
+  uint32_t v = lj_buf_ruleb128(&ls->p);
+  lj_assertLS(ls->p <= ls->pe, "buffer read overflow");
   return v;
 }
 
@@ -161,11 +142,10 @@ static uint32_t bcread_uleb128_33(LexState *ls)
     v &= 0x3f;
     do {
      v |= ((*p & 0x7f) << (sh += 7));
-     bcread_dec(ls);
    } while (*p++ >= 0x80);
   }
-  bcread_dec(ls);
   ls->p = (char *)p;
+  lj_assertLS(ls->p <= ls->pe, "buffer read overflow");
   return v;
 }
 
@@ -212,8 +192,8 @@ static void bcread_ktabk(LexState *ls, TValue *o)
     o->u32.lo = bcread_uleb128(ls);
     o->u32.hi = bcread_uleb128(ls);
   } else {
-    lua_assert(tp <= BCDUMP_KTAB_TRUE);
-    setitype(o, ~tp);
+    lj_assertLS(tp <= BCDUMP_KTAB_TRUE, "bad constant type %d", tp);
+    setpriV(o, ~tp);
   }
 }
 
@@ -234,7 +214,7 @@ static GCtab *bcread_ktab(LexState *ls)
     for (i = 0; i < nhash; i++) {
       TValue key;
       bcread_ktabk(ls, &key);
-      lua_assert(!tvisnil(&key));
+      lj_assertLS(!tvisnil(&key), "nil key");
       bcread_ktabk(ls, lj_tab_set(ls->L, t, &key));
     }
   }
@@ -271,7 +251,7 @@ static void bcread_kgc(LexState *ls, GCproto *pt, MSize sizekgc)
 #endif
     } else {
       lua_State *L = ls->L;
-      lua_assert(tp == BCDUMP_KGC_CHILD);
+      lj_assertLS(tp == BCDUMP_KGC_CHILD, "bad constant type %d", tp);
       if (L->top <= bcread_oldtop(L, ls))  /* Stack underflow? */
         bcread_error(ls, LJ_ERR_BCBAD);
       L->top--;
@@ -327,25 +307,13 @@ static void bcread_uv(LexState *ls, GCproto *pt, MSize sizeuv)
 }
 
 /* Read a prototype. */
-static GCproto *bcread_proto(LexState *ls)
+GCproto *lj_bcread_proto(LexState *ls)
 {
   GCproto *pt;
   MSize framesize, numparams, flags, sizeuv, sizekgc, sizekn, sizebc, sizept;
   MSize ofsk, ofsuv, ofsdbg;
   MSize sizedbg = 0;
   BCLine firstline = 0, numline = 0;
-  MSize len, startn;
-
-  /* Read length. */
-  if (ls->n > 0 && ls->p[0] == 0) {  /* Shortcut EOF. */
-    ls->n--; ls->p++;
-    return NULL;
-  }
-  bcread_want(ls, 5);
-  len = bcread_uleb128(ls);
-  if (!len) return NULL;  /* EOF */
-  bcread_need(ls, len);
-  startn = ls->n;
 
   /* Read prototype header. */
   flags = bcread_byte(ls);
@@ -414,9 +382,6 @@ static GCproto *bcread_proto(LexState *ls)
     setmref(pt->uvinfo, NULL);
     setmref(pt->varinfo, NULL);
   }
-
-  if (len != startn - ls->n)
-    bcread_error(ls, LJ_ERR_BCBAD);
   return pt;
 }
 
@@ -430,14 +395,11 @@ static int bcread_header(LexState *ls)
       bcread_byte(ls) != BCDUMP_VERSION) return 0;
   bcread_flags(ls) = flags = bcread_uleb128(ls);
   if ((flags & ~(BCDUMP_F_KNOWN)) != 0) return 0;
+  if ((flags & BCDUMP_F_FR2) != LJ_FR2*BCDUMP_F_FR2) return 0;
   if ((flags & BCDUMP_F_FFI)) {
 #if LJ_HASFFI
     lua_State *L = ls->L;
-    if (!ctype_ctsG(G(L))) {
-      ptrdiff_t oldtop = savestack(L, L->top);
-      luaopen_ffi(L);  /* Load FFI library on-demand. */
-      L->top = restorestack(L, oldtop);
-    }
+    ctype_loadffi(L);
 #else
     return 0;
 #endif
@@ -456,19 +418,33 @@ static int bcread_header(LexState *ls)
 GCproto *lj_bcread(LexState *ls)
 {
   lua_State *L = ls->L;
-  lua_assert(ls->current == BCDUMP_HEAD1);
+  lj_assertLS(ls->c == BCDUMP_HEAD1, "bad bytecode header");
   bcread_savetop(L, ls, L->top);
-  lj_str_resetbuf(&ls->sb);
+  lj_buf_reset(&ls->sb);
   /* Check for a valid bytecode dump header. */
   if (!bcread_header(ls))
     bcread_error(ls, LJ_ERR_BCFMT);
   for (;;) {  /* Process all prototypes in the bytecode dump. */
-    GCproto *pt = bcread_proto(ls);
-    if (!pt) break;
+    GCproto *pt;
+    MSize len;
+    const char *startp;
+    /* Read length. */
+    if (ls->p < ls->pe && ls->p[0] == 0) {  /* Shortcut EOF. */
+      ls->p++;
+      break;
+    }
+    bcread_want(ls, 5);
+    len = bcread_uleb128(ls);
+    if (!len) break;  /* EOF */
+    bcread_need(ls, len);
+    startp = ls->p;
+    pt = lj_bcread_proto(ls);
+    if (ls->p != startp + len)
+      bcread_error(ls, LJ_ERR_BCBAD);
     setprotoV(L, L->top, pt);
     incr_top(L);
   }
-  if ((ls->n && !ls->endmark) || L->top-1 != bcread_oldtop(L, ls))
+  if ((ls->pe != ls->p && !ls->endmark) || L->top-1 != bcread_oldtop(L, ls))
     bcread_error(ls, LJ_ERR_BCBAD);
   /* Pop off last prototype. */
   L->top--;
diff --git a/src/lj_bcwrite.c b/src/lj_bcwrite.c
index 6282f767..dd969413 100644
--- a/src/lj_bcwrite.c
+++ b/src/lj_bcwrite.c
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 #include "lj_gc.h"
-#include "lj_str.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_bc.h"
 #if LJ_HASFFI
 #include "lj_ctype.h"
@@ -17,99 +17,67 @@
 #include "lj_dispatch.h"
 #include "lj_jit.h"
 #endif
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 #include "lj_bcdump.h"
 #include "lj_vm.h"
 
 /* Context for bytecode writer. */
 typedef struct BCWriteCtx {
   SBuf sb;                      /* Output buffer. */
-  lua_State *L;                 /* Lua state. */
   GCproto *pt;                  /* Root prototype. */
   lua_Writer wfunc;             /* Writer callback. */
   void *wdata;                  /* Writer callback data. */
   int strip;                    /* Strip debug info. */
   int status;                   /* Status from writer callback. */
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+  global_State *g;
+#endif
 } BCWriteCtx;
 
-/* -- Output buffer handling ---------------------------------------------- */
-
-/* Resize buffer if needed. */
-static LJ_NOINLINE void bcwrite_resize(BCWriteCtx *ctx, MSize len)
-{
-  MSize sz = ctx->sb.sz * 2;
-  while (ctx->sb.n + len > sz) sz = sz * 2;
-  lj_str_resizebuf(ctx->L, &ctx->sb, sz);
-}
-
-/* Need a certain amount of buffer space. */
-static LJ_AINLINE void bcwrite_need(BCWriteCtx *ctx, MSize len)
-{
-  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(ctx->sb.n + len > ctx->sb.sz))
-    bcwrite_resize(ctx, len);
-}
-
-/* Add memory block to buffer. */
-static void bcwrite_block(BCWriteCtx *ctx, const void *p, MSize len)
-{
-  uint8_t *q = (uint8_t *)(ctx->sb.buf + ctx->sb.n);
-  MSize i;
-  ctx->sb.n += len;
-  for (i = 0; i < len; i++) q[i] = ((uint8_t *)p)[i];
-}
-
-/* Add byte to buffer. */
-static LJ_AINLINE void bcwrite_byte(BCWriteCtx *ctx, uint8_t b)
-{
-  ctx->sb.buf[ctx->sb.n++] = b;
-}
-
-/* Add ULEB128 value to buffer. */
-static void bcwrite_uleb128(BCWriteCtx *ctx, uint32_t v)
-{
-  MSize n = ctx->sb.n;
-  uint8_t *p = (uint8_t *)ctx->sb.buf;
-  for (; v >= 0x80; v >>= 7)
-    p[n++] = (uint8_t)((v & 0x7f) | 0x80);
-  p[n++] = (uint8_t)v;
-  ctx->sb.n = n;
-}
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+#define lj_assertBCW(c, ...)    lj_assertG_(ctx->g, (c), __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define lj_assertBCW(c, ...)    ((void)ctx)
+#endif
 
 /* -- Bytecode writer ----------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Write a single constant key/value of a template table. */
 static void bcwrite_ktabk(BCWriteCtx *ctx, cTValue *o, int narrow)
 {
-  bcwrite_need(ctx, 1+10);
+  char *p = lj_buf_more(&ctx->sb, 1+10);
   if (tvisstr(o)) {
     const GCstr *str = strV(o);
     MSize len = str->len;
-    bcwrite_need(ctx, 5+len);
-    bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, BCDUMP_KTAB_STR+len);
-    bcwrite_block(ctx, strdata(str), len);
+    p = lj_buf_more(&ctx->sb, 5+len);
+    p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, BCDUMP_KTAB_STR+len);
+    p = lj_buf_wmem(p, strdata(str), len);
   } else if (tvisint(o)) {
-    bcwrite_byte(ctx, BCDUMP_KTAB_INT);
-    bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, intV(o));
+    *p++ = BCDUMP_KTAB_INT;
+    p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, intV(o));
   } else if (tvisnum(o)) {
     if (!LJ_DUALNUM && narrow) {  /* Narrow number constants to integers. */
       lua_Number num = numV(o);
       int32_t k = lj_num2int(num);
       if (num == (lua_Number)k) {  /* -0 is never a constant. */
-        bcwrite_byte(ctx, BCDUMP_KTAB_INT);
-        bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, k);
+        *p++ = BCDUMP_KTAB_INT;
+        p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, k);
+        ctx->sb.w = p;
         return;
       }
     }
-    bcwrite_byte(ctx, BCDUMP_KTAB_NUM);
-    bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, o->u32.lo);
-    bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, o->u32.hi);
+    *p++ = BCDUMP_KTAB_NUM;
+    p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, o->u32.lo);
+    p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, o->u32.hi);
   } else {
-    lua_assert(tvispri(o));
-    bcwrite_byte(ctx, BCDUMP_KTAB_NIL+~itype(o));
+    lj_assertBCW(tvispri(o), "unhandled type %d", itype(o));
+    *p++ = BCDUMP_KTAB_NIL+~itype(o);
   }
+  ctx->sb.w = p;
 }
 
 /* Write a template table. */
-static void bcwrite_ktab(BCWriteCtx *ctx, const GCtab *t)
+static void bcwrite_ktab(BCWriteCtx *ctx, char *p, const GCtab *t)
 {
   MSize narray = 0, nhash = 0;
   if (t->asize > 0) {  /* Determine max. length of array part. */
@@ -127,8 +95,9 @@ static void bcwrite_ktab(BCWriteCtx *ctx, const GCtab *t)
       nhash += !tvisnil(&node[i].val);
   }
   /* Write number of array slots and hash slots. */
-  bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, narray);
-  bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, nhash);
+  p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, narray);
+  p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, nhash);
+  ctx->sb.w = p;
   if (narray) {  /* Write array entries (may contain nil). */
     MSize i;
     TValue *o = tvref(t->array);
@@ -155,12 +124,13 @@ static void bcwrite_kgc(BCWriteCtx *ctx, GCproto *pt)
   for (i = 0; i < sizekgc; i++, kr++) {
     GCobj *o = gcref(*kr);
     MSize tp, need = 1;
+    char *p;
     /* Determine constant type and needed size. */
     if (o->gch.gct == ~LJ_TSTR) {
       tp = BCDUMP_KGC_STR + gco2str(o)->len;
       need = 5+gco2str(o)->len;
     } else if (o->gch.gct == ~LJ_TPROTO) {
-      lua_assert((pt->flags & PROTO_CHILD));
+      lj_assertBCW((pt->flags & PROTO_CHILD), "prototype has unexpected child");
       tp = BCDUMP_KGC_CHILD;
 #if LJ_HASFFI
     } else if (o->gch.gct == ~LJ_TCDATA) {
@@ -171,34 +141,38 @@ static void bcwrite_kgc(BCWriteCtx *ctx, GCproto *pt)
       } else if (id == CTID_UINT64) {
         tp = BCDUMP_KGC_U64;
       } else {
-        lua_assert(id == CTID_COMPLEX_DOUBLE);
+        lj_assertBCW(id == CTID_COMPLEX_DOUBLE,
+                     "bad cdata constant CTID %d", id);
         tp = BCDUMP_KGC_COMPLEX;
       }
 #endif
     } else {
-      lua_assert(o->gch.gct == ~LJ_TTAB);
+      lj_assertBCW(o->gch.gct == ~LJ_TTAB,
+                   "bad constant GC type %d", o->gch.gct);
       tp = BCDUMP_KGC_TAB;
       need = 1+2*5;
     }
     /* Write constant type. */
-    bcwrite_need(ctx, need);
-    bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, tp);
+    p = lj_buf_more(&ctx->sb, need);
+    p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, tp);
     /* Write constant data (if any). */
     if (tp >= BCDUMP_KGC_STR) {
-      bcwrite_block(ctx, strdata(gco2str(o)), gco2str(o)->len);
+      p = lj_buf_wmem(p, strdata(gco2str(o)), gco2str(o)->len);
     } else if (tp == BCDUMP_KGC_TAB) {
-      bcwrite_ktab(ctx, gco2tab(o));
+      bcwrite_ktab(ctx, p, gco2tab(o));
+      continue;
 #if LJ_HASFFI
     } else if (tp != BCDUMP_KGC_CHILD) {
-      cTValue *p = (TValue *)cdataptr(gco2cd(o));
-      bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, p[0].u32.lo);
-      bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, p[0].u32.hi);
+      cTValue *q = (TValue *)cdataptr(gco2cd(o));
+      p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, q[0].u32.lo);
+      p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, q[0].u32.hi);
       if (tp == BCDUMP_KGC_COMPLEX) {
-        bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, p[1].u32.lo);
-        bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, p[1].u32.hi);
+        p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, q[1].u32.lo);
+        p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, q[1].u32.hi);
       }
 #endif
     }
+    ctx->sb.w = p;
   }
 }
 
@@ -207,7 +181,7 @@ static void bcwrite_knum(BCWriteCtx *ctx, GCproto *pt)
 {
   MSize i, sizekn = pt->sizekn;
   cTValue *o = mref(pt->k, TValue);
-  bcwrite_need(ctx, 10*sizekn);
+  char *p = lj_buf_more(&ctx->sb, 10*sizekn);
   for (i = 0; i < sizekn; i++, o++) {
     int32_t k;
     if (tvisint(o)) {
@@ -215,60 +189,61 @@ static void bcwrite_knum(BCWriteCtx *ctx, GCproto *pt)
       goto save_int;
     } else {
       /* Write a 33 bit ULEB128 for the int (lsb=0) or loword (lsb=1). */
-      if (!LJ_DUALNUM) {  /* Narrow number constants to integers. */
+      if (!LJ_DUALNUM && o->u32.hi != LJ_KEYINDEX) {
+        /* Narrow number constants to integers. */
         lua_Number num = numV(o);
         k = lj_num2int(num);
         if (num == (lua_Number)k) {  /* -0 is never a constant. */
         save_int:
-          bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, 2*(uint32_t)k | ((uint32_t)k & 0x80000000u));
-          if (k < 0) {
-            char *p = &ctx->sb.buf[ctx->sb.n-1];
-            *p = (*p & 7) | ((k>>27) & 0x18);
-          }
+          p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, 2*(uint32_t)k | ((uint32_t)k&0x80000000u));
+          if (k < 0)
+            p[-1] = (p[-1] & 7) | ((k>>27) & 0x18);
           continue;
         }
       }
-      bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, 1+(2*o->u32.lo | (o->u32.lo & 0x80000000u)));
-      if (o->u32.lo >= 0x80000000u) {
-        char *p = &ctx->sb.buf[ctx->sb.n-1];
-        *p = (*p & 7) | ((o->u32.lo>>27) & 0x18);
-      }
-      bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, o->u32.hi);
+      p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, 1+(2*o->u32.lo | (o->u32.lo & 0x80000000u)));
+      if (o->u32.lo >= 0x80000000u)
+        p[-1] = (p[-1] & 7) | ((o->u32.lo>>27) & 0x18);
+      p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, o->u32.hi);
     }
   }
+  ctx->sb.w = p;
 }
 
 /* Write bytecode instructions. */
-static void bcwrite_bytecode(BCWriteCtx *ctx, GCproto *pt)
+static char *bcwrite_bytecode(BCWriteCtx *ctx, char *p, GCproto *pt)
 {
   MSize nbc = pt->sizebc-1;  /* Omit the [JI]FUNC* header. */
 #if LJ_HASJIT
-  uint8_t *p = (uint8_t *)&ctx->sb.buf[ctx->sb.n];
+  uint8_t *q = (uint8_t *)p;
 #endif
-  bcwrite_block(ctx, proto_bc(pt)+1, nbc*(MSize)sizeof(BCIns));
+  p = lj_buf_wmem(p, proto_bc(pt)+1, nbc*(MSize)sizeof(BCIns));
+  UNUSED(ctx);
 #if LJ_HASJIT
   /* Unpatch modified bytecode containing ILOOP/JLOOP etc. */
   if ((pt->flags & PROTO_ILOOP) || pt->trace) {
-    jit_State *J = L2J(ctx->L);
+    jit_State *J = L2J(sbufL(&ctx->sb));
     MSize i;
-    for (i = 0; i < nbc; i++, p += sizeof(BCIns)) {
-      BCOp op = (BCOp)p[LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(0, 3)];
+    for (i = 0; i < nbc; i++, q += sizeof(BCIns)) {
+      BCOp op = (BCOp)q[LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(0, 3)];
       if (op == BC_IFORL || op == BC_IITERL || op == BC_ILOOP ||
           op == BC_JFORI) {
-        p[LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(0, 3)] = (uint8_t)(op-BC_IFORL+BC_FORL);
+        q[LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(0, 3)] = (uint8_t)(op-BC_IFORL+BC_FORL);
       } else if (op == BC_JFORL || op == BC_JITERL || op == BC_JLOOP) {
-        BCReg rd = p[LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(2, 1)] + (p[LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(3, 0)] << 8);
-        memcpy(p, &traceref(J, rd)->startins, 4);
+        BCReg rd = q[LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(2, 1)] + (q[LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(3, 0)] << 8);
+        memcpy(q, &traceref(J, rd)->startins, 4);
       }
     }
   }
 #endif
+  return p;
 }
 
 /* Write prototype. */
 static void bcwrite_proto(BCWriteCtx *ctx, GCproto *pt)
 {
   MSize sizedbg = 0;
+  char *p;
 
   /* Recursively write children of prototype. */
   if ((pt->flags & PROTO_CHILD)) {
@@ -282,31 +257,32 @@ static void bcwrite_proto(BCWriteCtx *ctx, GCproto *pt)
   }
 
   /* Start writing the prototype info to a buffer. */
-  lj_str_resetbuf(&ctx->sb);
-  ctx->sb.n = 5;  /* Leave room for final size. */
-  bcwrite_need(ctx, 4+6*5+(pt->sizebc-1)*(MSize)sizeof(BCIns)+pt->sizeuv*2);
+  p = lj_buf_need(&ctx->sb,
+                  5+4+6*5+(pt->sizebc-1)*(MSize)sizeof(BCIns)+pt->sizeuv*2);
+  p += 5;  /* Leave room for final size. */
 
   /* Write prototype header. */
-  bcwrite_byte(ctx, (pt->flags & (PROTO_CHILD|PROTO_VARARG|PROTO_FFI)));
-  bcwrite_byte(ctx, pt->numparams);
-  bcwrite_byte(ctx, pt->framesize);
-  bcwrite_byte(ctx, pt->sizeuv);
-  bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, pt->sizekgc);
-  bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, pt->sizekn);
-  bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, pt->sizebc-1);
+  *p++ = (pt->flags & (PROTO_CHILD|PROTO_VARARG|PROTO_FFI));
+  *p++ = pt->numparams;
+  *p++ = pt->framesize;
+  *p++ = pt->sizeuv;
+  p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, pt->sizekgc);
+  p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, pt->sizekn);
+  p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, pt->sizebc-1);
   if (!ctx->strip) {
     if (proto_lineinfo(pt))
       sizedbg = pt->sizept - (MSize)((char *)proto_lineinfo(pt) - (char *)pt);
-    bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, sizedbg);
+    p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, sizedbg);
     if (sizedbg) {
-      bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, pt->firstline);
-      bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, pt->numline);
+      p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, pt->firstline);
+      p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, pt->numline);
     }
   }
 
   /* Write bytecode instructions and upvalue refs. */
-  bcwrite_bytecode(ctx, pt);
-  bcwrite_block(ctx, proto_uv(pt), pt->sizeuv*2);
+  p = bcwrite_bytecode(ctx, p, pt);
+  p = lj_buf_wmem(p, proto_uv(pt), pt->sizeuv*2);
+  ctx->sb.w = p;
 
   /* Write constants. */
   bcwrite_kgc(ctx, pt);
@@ -314,18 +290,19 @@ static void bcwrite_proto(BCWriteCtx *ctx, GCproto *pt)
 
   /* Write debug info, if not stripped. */
   if (sizedbg) {
-    bcwrite_need(ctx, sizedbg);
-    bcwrite_block(ctx, proto_lineinfo(pt), sizedbg);
+    p = lj_buf_more(&ctx->sb, sizedbg);
+    p = lj_buf_wmem(p, proto_lineinfo(pt), sizedbg);
+    ctx->sb.w = p;
   }
 
   /* Pass buffer to writer function. */
   if (ctx->status == 0) {
-    MSize n = ctx->sb.n - 5;
+    MSize n = sbuflen(&ctx->sb) - 5;
     MSize nn = (lj_fls(n)+8)*9 >> 6;
-    ctx->sb.n = 5 - nn;
-    bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, n);  /* Fill in final size. */
-    lua_assert(ctx->sb.n == 5);
-    ctx->status = ctx->wfunc(ctx->L, ctx->sb.buf+5-nn, nn+n, ctx->wdata);
+    char *q = ctx->sb.b + (5 - nn);
+    p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(q, n);  /* Fill in final size. */
+    lj_assertBCW(p == ctx->sb.b + 5, "bad ULEB128 write");
+    ctx->status = ctx->wfunc(sbufL(&ctx->sb), q, nn+n, ctx->wdata);
   }
 }
 
@@ -335,20 +312,21 @@ static void bcwrite_header(BCWriteCtx *ctx)
   GCstr *chunkname = proto_chunkname(ctx->pt);
   const char *name = strdata(chunkname);
   MSize len = chunkname->len;
-  lj_str_resetbuf(&ctx->sb);
-  bcwrite_need(ctx, 5+5+len);
-  bcwrite_byte(ctx, BCDUMP_HEAD1);
-  bcwrite_byte(ctx, BCDUMP_HEAD2);
-  bcwrite_byte(ctx, BCDUMP_HEAD3);
-  bcwrite_byte(ctx, BCDUMP_VERSION);
-  bcwrite_byte(ctx, (ctx->strip ? BCDUMP_F_STRIP : 0) +
-                   (LJ_BE ? BCDUMP_F_BE : 0) +
-                   ((ctx->pt->flags & PROTO_FFI) ? BCDUMP_F_FFI : 0));
+  char *p = lj_buf_need(&ctx->sb, 5+5+len);
+  *p++ = BCDUMP_HEAD1;
+  *p++ = BCDUMP_HEAD2;
+  *p++ = BCDUMP_HEAD3;
+  *p++ = BCDUMP_VERSION;
+  *p++ = (ctx->strip ? BCDUMP_F_STRIP : 0) +
+         LJ_BE*BCDUMP_F_BE +
+         ((ctx->pt->flags & PROTO_FFI) ? BCDUMP_F_FFI : 0) +
+         LJ_FR2*BCDUMP_F_FR2;
   if (!ctx->strip) {
-    bcwrite_uleb128(ctx, len);
-    bcwrite_block(ctx, name, len);
+    p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, len);
+    p = lj_buf_wmem(p, name, len);
   }
-  ctx->status = ctx->wfunc(ctx->L, ctx->sb.buf, ctx->sb.n, ctx->wdata);
+  ctx->status = ctx->wfunc(sbufL(&ctx->sb), ctx->sb.b,
+                           (MSize)(p - ctx->sb.b), ctx->wdata);
 }
 
 /* Write footer of bytecode dump. */
@@ -356,7 +334,7 @@ static void bcwrite_footer(BCWriteCtx *ctx)
 {
   if (ctx->status == 0) {
     uint8_t zero = 0;
-    ctx->status = ctx->wfunc(ctx->L, &zero, 1, ctx->wdata);
+    ctx->status = ctx->wfunc(sbufL(&ctx->sb), &zero, 1, ctx->wdata);
   }
 }
 
@@ -364,8 +342,8 @@ static void bcwrite_footer(BCWriteCtx *ctx)
 static TValue *cpwriter(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction dummy, void *ud)
 {
   BCWriteCtx *ctx = (BCWriteCtx *)ud;
-  UNUSED(dummy);
-  lj_str_resizebuf(L, &ctx->sb, 1024);  /* Avoids resize for most prototypes. */
+  UNUSED(L); UNUSED(dummy);
+  lj_buf_need(&ctx->sb, 1024);  /* Avoids resize for most prototypes. */
   bcwrite_header(ctx);
   bcwrite_proto(ctx, ctx->pt);
   bcwrite_footer(ctx);
@@ -378,16 +356,18 @@ int lj_bcwrite(lua_State *L, GCproto *pt, lua_Writer writer, void *data,
 {
   BCWriteCtx ctx;
   int status;
-  ctx.L = L;
   ctx.pt = pt;
   ctx.wfunc = writer;
   ctx.wdata = data;
   ctx.strip = strip;
   ctx.status = 0;
-  lj_str_initbuf(&ctx.sb);
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+  ctx.g = G(L);
+#endif
+  lj_buf_init(L, &ctx.sb);
   status = lj_vm_cpcall(L, NULL, &ctx, cpwriter);
   if (status == 0) status = ctx.status;
-  lj_str_freebuf(G(ctx.L), &ctx.sb);
+  lj_buf_free(G(sbufL(&ctx.sb)), &ctx.sb);
   return status;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lj_buf.c b/src/lj_buf.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae2ccd82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lj_buf.c
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+/*
+** Buffer handling.
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+*/
+
+#define lj_buf_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lj_obj.h"
+#include "lj_gc.h"
+#include "lj_err.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
+#include "lj_str.h"
+#include "lj_tab.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
+
+/* -- Buffer management --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void buf_grow(SBuf *sb, MSize sz)
+{
+  MSize osz = sbufsz(sb), len = sbuflen(sb), nsz = osz;
+  char *b;
+  GCSize flag;
+  if (nsz < LJ_MIN_SBUF) nsz = LJ_MIN_SBUF;
+  while (nsz < sz) nsz += nsz;
+  flag = sbufflag(sb);
+  if ((flag & SBUF_FLAG_COW)) {  /* Copy-on-write semantics. */
+    lj_assertG_(G(sbufL(sb)), sb->w == sb->e, "bad SBuf COW");
+    b = (char *)lj_mem_new(sbufL(sb), nsz);
+    setsbufflag(sb, flag & ~(GCSize)SBUF_FLAG_COW);
+    setgcrefnull(sbufX(sb)->cowref);
+    memcpy(b, sb->b, osz);
+  } else {
+    b = (char *)lj_mem_realloc(sbufL(sb), sb->b, osz, nsz);
+  }
+  if ((flag & SBUF_FLAG_EXT)) {
+    sbufX(sb)->r = sbufX(sb)->r - sb->b + b;  /* Adjust read pointer, too. */
+  }
+  /* Adjust buffer pointers. */
+  sb->b = b;
+  sb->w = b + len;
+  sb->e = b + nsz;
+  if ((flag & SBUF_FLAG_BORROW)) {  /* Adjust borrowed buffer pointers. */
+    SBuf *bsb = mref(sbufX(sb)->bsb, SBuf);
+    bsb->b = b;
+    bsb->w = b + len;
+    bsb->e = b + nsz;
+  }
+}
+
+LJ_NOINLINE char *LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_need2(SBuf *sb, MSize sz)
+{
+  lj_assertG_(G(sbufL(sb)), sz > sbufsz(sb), "SBuf overflow");
+  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(sz > LJ_MAX_BUF))
+    lj_err_mem(sbufL(sb));
+  buf_grow(sb, sz);
+  return sb->b;
+}
+
+LJ_NOINLINE char *LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_more2(SBuf *sb, MSize sz)
+{
+  if (sbufisext(sb)) {
+    SBufExt *sbx = (SBufExt *)sb;
+    MSize len = sbufxlen(sbx);
+    if (LJ_UNLIKELY(sz > LJ_MAX_BUF || len + sz > LJ_MAX_BUF))
+      lj_err_mem(sbufL(sbx));
+    if (len + sz > sbufsz(sbx)) {  /* Must grow. */
+      buf_grow((SBuf *)sbx, len + sz);
+    } else if (sbufiscow(sb) || sbufxslack(sbx) < (sbufsz(sbx) >> 3)) {
+      /* Also grow to avoid excessive compactions, if slack < size/8. */
+      buf_grow((SBuf *)sbx, sbuflen(sbx) + sz);  /* Not sbufxlen! */
+      return sbx->w;
+    }
+    if (sbx->r != sbx->b) {  /* Compact by moving down. */
+      memmove(sbx->b, sbx->r, len);
+      sbx->r = sbx->b;
+      sbx->w = sbx->b + len;
+      lj_assertG_(G(sbufL(sbx)), len + sz <= sbufsz(sbx), "bad SBuf compact");
+    }
+  } else {
+    MSize len = sbuflen(sb);
+    lj_assertG_(G(sbufL(sb)), sz > sbufleft(sb), "SBuf overflow");
+    if (LJ_UNLIKELY(sz > LJ_MAX_BUF || len + sz > LJ_MAX_BUF))
+      lj_err_mem(sbufL(sb));
+    buf_grow(sb, len + sz);
+  }
+  return sb->w;
+}
+
+void LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_shrink(lua_State *L, SBuf *sb)
+{
+  char *b = sb->b;
+  MSize osz = (MSize)(sb->e - b);
+  if (osz > 2*LJ_MIN_SBUF) {
+    MSize n = (MSize)(sb->w - b);
+    b = lj_mem_realloc(L, b, osz, (osz >> 1));
+    sb->b = b;
+    sb->w = b + n;
+    sb->e = b + (osz >> 1);
+  }
+  lj_assertG_(G(sbufL(sb)), !sbufisext(sb), "YAGNI shrink SBufExt");
+}
+
+char * LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_tmp(lua_State *L, MSize sz)
+{
+  SBuf *sb = &G(L)->tmpbuf;
+  setsbufL(sb, L);
+  return lj_buf_need(sb, sz);
+}
+
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER && LJ_HASJIT
+void lj_bufx_set(SBufExt *sbx, const char *p, MSize len, GCobj *ref)
+{
+  lua_State *L = sbufL(sbx);
+  lj_bufx_free(L, sbx);
+  lj_bufx_set_cow(L, sbx, p, len);
+  setgcref(sbx->cowref, ref);
+  lj_gc_objbarrier(L, (GCudata *)sbx - 1, ref);
+}
+
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+MSize LJ_FASTCALL lj_bufx_more(SBufExt *sbx, MSize sz)
+{
+  lj_buf_more((SBuf *)sbx, sz);
+  return sbufleft(sbx);
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* -- Low-level buffer put operations ------------------------------------- */
+
+SBuf *lj_buf_putmem(SBuf *sb, const void *q, MSize len)
+{
+  char *w = lj_buf_more(sb, len);
+  w = lj_buf_wmem(w, q, len);
+  sb->w = w;
+  return sb;
+}
+
+#if LJ_HASJIT || LJ_HASFFI
+static LJ_NOINLINE SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_putchar2(SBuf *sb, int c)
+{
+  char *w = lj_buf_more2(sb, 1);
+  *w++ = (char)c;
+  sb->w = w;
+  return sb;
+}
+
+SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_putchar(SBuf *sb, int c)
+{
+  char *w = sb->w;
+  if (LJ_LIKELY(w < sb->e)) {
+    *w++ = (char)c;
+    sb->w = w;
+    return sb;
+  }
+  return lj_buf_putchar2(sb, c);
+}
+#endif
+
+SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_putstr(SBuf *sb, GCstr *s)
+{
+  MSize len = s->len;
+  char *w = lj_buf_more(sb, len);
+  w = lj_buf_wmem(w, strdata(s), len);
+  sb->w = w;
+  return sb;
+}
+
+/* -- High-level buffer put operations ------------------------------------ */
+
+SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_putstr_reverse(SBuf *sb, GCstr *s)
+{
+  MSize len = s->len;
+  char *w = lj_buf_more(sb, len), *e = w+len;
+  const char *q = strdata(s)+len-1;
+  while (w < e)
+    *w++ = *q--;
+  sb->w = w;
+  return sb;
+}
+
+SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_putstr_lower(SBuf *sb, GCstr *s)
+{
+  MSize len = s->len;
+  char *w = lj_buf_more(sb, len), *e = w+len;
+  const char *q = strdata(s);
+  for (; w < e; w++, q++) {
+    uint32_t c = *(unsigned char *)q;
+#if LJ_TARGET_PPC
+    *w = c + ((c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') << 5);
+#else
+    if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') c += 0x20;
+    *w = c;
+#endif
+  }
+  sb->w = w;
+  return sb;
+}
+
+SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_putstr_upper(SBuf *sb, GCstr *s)
+{
+  MSize len = s->len;
+  char *w = lj_buf_more(sb, len), *e = w+len;
+  const char *q = strdata(s);
+  for (; w < e; w++, q++) {
+    uint32_t c = *(unsigned char *)q;
+#if LJ_TARGET_PPC
+    *w = c - ((c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') << 5);
+#else
+    if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') c -= 0x20;
+    *w = c;
+#endif
+  }
+  sb->w = w;
+  return sb;
+}
+
+SBuf *lj_buf_putstr_rep(SBuf *sb, GCstr *s, int32_t rep)
+{
+  MSize len = s->len;
+  if (rep > 0 && len) {
+    uint64_t tlen = (uint64_t)rep * len;
+    char *w;
+    if (LJ_UNLIKELY(tlen > LJ_MAX_STR))
+      lj_err_mem(sbufL(sb));
+    w = lj_buf_more(sb, (MSize)tlen);
+    if (len == 1) {  /* Optimize a common case. */
+      uint32_t c = strdata(s)[0];
+      do { *w++ = c; } while (--rep > 0);
+    } else {
+      const char *e = strdata(s) + len;
+      do {
+        const char *q = strdata(s);
+        do { *w++ = *q++; } while (q < e);
+      } while (--rep > 0);
+    }
+    sb->w = w;
+  }
+  return sb;
+}
+
+SBuf *lj_buf_puttab(SBuf *sb, GCtab *t, GCstr *sep, int32_t i, int32_t e)
+{
+  MSize seplen = sep ? sep->len : 0;
+  if (i <= e) {
+    for (;;) {
+      cTValue *o = lj_tab_getint(t, i);
+      char *w;
+      if (!o) {
+      badtype:  /* Error: bad element type. */
+        sb->w = (char *)(intptr_t)i;  /* Store failing index. */
+        return NULL;
+      } else if (tvisstr(o)) {
+        MSize len = strV(o)->len;
+        w = lj_buf_wmem(lj_buf_more(sb, len + seplen), strVdata(o), len);
+      } else if (tvisint(o)) {
+        w = lj_strfmt_wint(lj_buf_more(sb, STRFMT_MAXBUF_INT+seplen), intV(o));
+      } else if (tvisnum(o)) {
+        w = lj_buf_more(lj_strfmt_putfnum(sb, STRFMT_G14, numV(o)), seplen);
+      } else {
+        goto badtype;
+      }
+      if (i++ == e) {
+        sb->w = w;
+        break;
+      }
+      if (seplen) w = lj_buf_wmem(w, strdata(sep), seplen);
+      sb->w = w;
+    }
+  }
+  return sb;
+}
+
+/* -- Miscellaneous buffer operations ------------------------------------- */
+
+GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_tostr(SBuf *sb)
+{
+  return lj_str_new(sbufL(sb), sb->b, sbuflen(sb));
+}
+
+/* Concatenate two strings. */
+GCstr *lj_buf_cat2str(lua_State *L, GCstr *s1, GCstr *s2)
+{
+  MSize len1 = s1->len, len2 = s2->len;
+  char *buf = lj_buf_tmp(L, len1 + len2);
+  memcpy(buf, strdata(s1), len1);
+  memcpy(buf+len1, strdata(s2), len2);
+  return lj_str_new(L, buf, len1 + len2);
+}
+
+/* Read ULEB128 from buffer. */
+uint32_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_ruleb128(const char **pp)
+{
+  const uint8_t *w = (const uint8_t *)*pp;
+  uint32_t v = *w++;
+  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(v >= 0x80)) {
+    int sh = 0;
+    v &= 0x7f;
+    do { v |= ((*w & 0x7f) << (sh += 7)); } while (*w++ >= 0x80);
+  }
+  *pp = (const char *)w;
+  return v;
+}
+
diff --git a/src/lj_buf.h b/src/lj_buf.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..744e5747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lj_buf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+/*
+** Buffer handling.
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef _LJ_BUF_H
+#define _LJ_BUF_H
+
+#include "lj_obj.h"
+#include "lj_gc.h"
+#include "lj_str.h"
+
+/* Resizable string buffers. */
+
+/* The SBuf struct definition is in lj_obj.h:
+**   char *w;   Write pointer.
+**   char *e;   End pointer.
+**   char *b;   Base pointer.
+**   MRef L;    lua_State, used for buffer resizing. Extension bits in 3 LSB.
+*/
+
+/* Extended string buffer. */
+typedef struct SBufExt {
+  SBufHeader;
+  union {
+    GCRef cowref;       /* Copy-on-write object reference. */
+    MRef bsb;           /* Borrowed string buffer. */
+  };
+  char *r;              /* Read pointer. */
+  GCRef dict_str;       /* Serialization string dictionary table. */
+  GCRef dict_mt;        /* Serialization metatable dictionary table. */
+  int depth;            /* Remaining recursion depth. */
+} SBufExt;
+
+#define sbufsz(sb)              ((MSize)((sb)->e - (sb)->b))
+#define sbuflen(sb)             ((MSize)((sb)->w - (sb)->b))
+#define sbufleft(sb)            ((MSize)((sb)->e - (sb)->w))
+#define sbufxlen(sbx)           ((MSize)((sbx)->w - (sbx)->r))
+#define sbufxslack(sbx)         ((MSize)((sbx)->r - (sbx)->b))
+
+#define SBUF_MASK_FLAG          (7)
+#define SBUF_MASK_L             (~(GCSize)SBUF_MASK_FLAG)
+#define SBUF_FLAG_EXT           1       /* Extended string buffer. */
+#define SBUF_FLAG_COW           2       /* Copy-on-write buffer. */
+#define SBUF_FLAG_BORROW        4       /* Borrowed string buffer. */
+
+#define sbufL(sb) \
+  ((lua_State *)(void *)(uintptr_t)(mrefu((sb)->L) & SBUF_MASK_L))
+#define setsbufL(sb, l)         (setmref((sb)->L, (l)))
+#define setsbufXL(sb, l, flag) \
+  (setmrefu((sb)->L, (GCSize)(uintptr_t)(void *)(l) + (flag)))
+#define setsbufXL_(sb, l) \
+  (setmrefu((sb)->L, (GCSize)(uintptr_t)(void *)(l) | (mrefu((sb)->L) & SBUF_MASK_FLAG)))
+
+#define sbufflag(sb)            (mrefu((sb)->L))
+#define sbufisext(sb)           (sbufflag((sb)) & SBUF_FLAG_EXT)
+#define sbufiscow(sb)           (sbufflag((sb)) & SBUF_FLAG_COW)
+#define sbufisborrow(sb)        (sbufflag((sb)) & SBUF_FLAG_BORROW)
+#define sbufiscoworborrow(sb)   (sbufflag((sb)) & (SBUF_FLAG_COW|SBUF_FLAG_BORROW))
+#define sbufX(sb) \
+  (lj_assertG_(G(sbufL(sb)), sbufisext(sb), "not an SBufExt"), (SBufExt *)(sb))
+#define setsbufflag(sb, flag)   (setmrefu((sb)->L, (flag)))
+
+#define tvisbuf(o) \
+  (LJ_HASBUFFER && tvisudata(o) && udataV(o)->udtype == UDTYPE_BUFFER)
+#define bufV(o)         check_exp(tvisbuf(o), ((SBufExt *)uddata(udataV(o))))
+
+/* Buffer management */
+LJ_FUNC char *LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_need2(SBuf *sb, MSize sz);
+LJ_FUNC char *LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_more2(SBuf *sb, MSize sz);
+LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_shrink(lua_State *L, SBuf *sb);
+LJ_FUNC char * LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_tmp(lua_State *L, MSize sz);
+
+static LJ_AINLINE void lj_buf_init(lua_State *L, SBuf *sb)
+{
+  setsbufL(sb, L);
+  sb->w = sb->e = sb->b = NULL;
+}
+
+static LJ_AINLINE void lj_buf_reset(SBuf *sb)
+{
+  sb->w = sb->b;
+}
+
+static LJ_AINLINE SBuf *lj_buf_tmp_(lua_State *L)
+{
+  SBuf *sb = &G(L)->tmpbuf;
+  setsbufL(sb, L);
+  lj_buf_reset(sb);
+  return sb;
+}
+
+static LJ_AINLINE void lj_buf_free(global_State *g, SBuf *sb)
+{
+  lj_assertG(!sbufisext(sb), "bad free of SBufExt");
+  lj_mem_free(g, sb->b, sbufsz(sb));
+}
+
+static LJ_AINLINE char *lj_buf_need(SBuf *sb, MSize sz)
+{
+  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(sz > sbufsz(sb)))
+    return lj_buf_need2(sb, sz);
+  return sb->b;
+}
+
+static LJ_AINLINE char *lj_buf_more(SBuf *sb, MSize sz)
+{
+  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(sz > sbufleft(sb)))
+    return lj_buf_more2(sb, sz);
+  return sb->w;
+}
+
+/* Extended buffer management */
+static LJ_AINLINE void lj_bufx_init(lua_State *L, SBufExt *sbx)
+{
+  memset(sbx, 0, sizeof(SBufExt));
+  setsbufXL(sbx, L, SBUF_FLAG_EXT);
+}
+
+static LJ_AINLINE void lj_bufx_set_borrow(lua_State *L, SBufExt *sbx, SBuf *sb)
+{
+  setsbufXL(sbx, L, SBUF_FLAG_EXT | SBUF_FLAG_BORROW);
+  setmref(sbx->bsb, sb);
+  sbx->r = sbx->w = sbx->b = sb->b;
+  sbx->e = sb->e;
+}
+
+static LJ_AINLINE void lj_bufx_set_cow(lua_State *L, SBufExt *sbx,
+                                       const char *p, MSize len)
+{
+  setsbufXL(sbx, L, SBUF_FLAG_EXT | SBUF_FLAG_COW);
+  sbx->r = sbx->b = (char *)p;
+  sbx->w = sbx->e = (char *)p + len;
+}
+
+static LJ_AINLINE void lj_bufx_reset(SBufExt *sbx)
+{
+  if (sbufiscow(sbx)) {
+    setmrefu(sbx->L, (mrefu(sbx->L) & ~(GCSize)SBUF_FLAG_COW));
+    setgcrefnull(sbx->cowref);
+    sbx->b = sbx->e = NULL;
+  }
+  sbx->r = sbx->w = sbx->b;
+}
+
+static LJ_AINLINE void lj_bufx_free(lua_State *L, SBufExt *sbx)
+{
+  if (!sbufiscoworborrow(sbx)) lj_mem_free(G(L), sbx->b, sbufsz(sbx));
+  setsbufXL(sbx, L, SBUF_FLAG_EXT);
+  setgcrefnull(sbx->cowref);
+  sbx->r = sbx->w = sbx->b = sbx->e = NULL;
+}
+
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER && LJ_HASJIT
+LJ_FUNC void lj_bufx_set(SBufExt *sbx, const char *p, MSize len, GCobj *o);
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+LJ_FUNC MSize LJ_FASTCALL lj_bufx_more(SBufExt *sbx, MSize sz);
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* Low-level buffer put operations */
+LJ_FUNC SBuf *lj_buf_putmem(SBuf *sb, const void *q, MSize len);
+#if LJ_HASJIT || LJ_HASFFI
+LJ_FUNC SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_putchar(SBuf *sb, int c);
+#endif
+LJ_FUNC SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_putstr(SBuf *sb, GCstr *s);
+
+static LJ_AINLINE char *lj_buf_wmem(char *p, const void *q, MSize len)
+{
+  return (char *)memcpy(p, q, len) + len;
+}
+
+static LJ_AINLINE void lj_buf_putb(SBuf *sb, int c)
+{
+  char *w = lj_buf_more(sb, 1);
+  *w++ = (char)c;
+  sb->w = w;
+}
+
+/* High-level buffer put operations */
+LJ_FUNCA SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_putstr_reverse(SBuf *sb, GCstr *s);
+LJ_FUNCA SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_putstr_lower(SBuf *sb, GCstr *s);
+LJ_FUNCA SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_putstr_upper(SBuf *sb, GCstr *s);
+LJ_FUNC SBuf *lj_buf_putstr_rep(SBuf *sb, GCstr *s, int32_t rep);
+LJ_FUNC SBuf *lj_buf_puttab(SBuf *sb, GCtab *t, GCstr *sep,
+                            int32_t i, int32_t e);
+
+/* Miscellaneous buffer operations */
+LJ_FUNCA GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_tostr(SBuf *sb);
+LJ_FUNC GCstr *lj_buf_cat2str(lua_State *L, GCstr *s1, GCstr *s2);
+LJ_FUNC uint32_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_buf_ruleb128(const char **pp);
+
+static LJ_AINLINE GCstr *lj_buf_str(lua_State *L, SBuf *sb)
+{
+  return lj_str_new(L, sb->b, sbuflen(sb));
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/lj_carith.c b/src/lj_carith.c
index 96384e87..df5f801e 100644
--- a/src/lj_carith.c
+++ b/src/lj_carith.c
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@
 #include "lj_err.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
 #include "lj_meta.h"
+#include "lj_ir.h"
 #include "lj_ctype.h"
 #include "lj_cconv.h"
 #include "lj_cdata.h"
 #include "lj_carith.h"
+#include "lj_strscan.h"
 
 /* -- C data arithmetic --------------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -120,7 +122,7 @@ static int carith_ptr(lua_State *L, CTState *cts, CDArith *ca, MMS mm)
         setboolV(L->top-1, ((uintptr_t)pp < (uintptr_t)pp2));
         return 1;
       } else {
-        lua_assert(mm == MM_le);
+        lj_assertL(mm == MM_le, "bad metamethod %d", mm);
         setboolV(L->top-1, ((uintptr_t)pp <= (uintptr_t)pp2));
         return 1;
       }
@@ -206,7 +208,9 @@ static int carith_int64(lua_State *L, CTState *cts, CDArith *ca, MMS mm)
         *up = lj_carith_powu64(u0, u1);
       break;
     case MM_unm: *up = ~u0+1u; break;
-    default: lua_assert(0); break;
+    default:
+      lj_assertL(0, "bad metamethod %d", mm);
+      break;
     }
     lj_gc_check(L);
     return 1;
@@ -272,6 +276,81 @@ int lj_carith_op(lua_State *L, MMS mm)
   return lj_carith_meta(L, cts, &ca, mm);
 }
 
+/* -- 64 bit bit operations helpers --------------------------------------- */
+
+#if LJ_64
+#define B64DEF(name) \
+  static LJ_AINLINE uint64_t lj_carith_##name(uint64_t x, int32_t sh)
+#else
+/* Not inlined on 32 bit archs, since some of these are quite lengthy. */
+#define B64DEF(name) \
+  uint64_t LJ_NOINLINE lj_carith_##name(uint64_t x, int32_t sh)
+#endif
+
+B64DEF(shl64) { return x << (sh&63); }
+B64DEF(shr64) { return x >> (sh&63); }
+B64DEF(sar64) { return (uint64_t)((int64_t)x >> (sh&63)); }
+B64DEF(rol64) { return lj_rol(x, (sh&63)); }
+B64DEF(ror64) { return lj_ror(x, (sh&63)); }
+
+#undef B64DEF
+
+uint64_t lj_carith_shift64(uint64_t x, int32_t sh, int op)
+{
+  switch (op) {
+  case IR_BSHL-IR_BSHL: x = lj_carith_shl64(x, sh); break;
+  case IR_BSHR-IR_BSHL: x = lj_carith_shr64(x, sh); break;
+  case IR_BSAR-IR_BSHL: x = lj_carith_sar64(x, sh); break;
+  case IR_BROL-IR_BSHL: x = lj_carith_rol64(x, sh); break;
+  case IR_BROR-IR_BSHL: x = lj_carith_ror64(x, sh); break;
+  default:
+    lj_assertX(0, "bad shift op %d", op);
+    break;
+  }
+  return x;
+}
+
+/* Equivalent to lj_lib_checkbit(), but handles cdata. */
+uint64_t lj_carith_check64(lua_State *L, int narg, CTypeID *id)
+{
+  TValue *o = L->base + narg-1;
+  if (o >= L->top) {
+  err:
+    lj_err_argt(L, narg, LUA_TNUMBER);
+  } else if (LJ_LIKELY(tvisnumber(o))) {
+    /* Handled below. */
+  } else if (tviscdata(o)) {
+    CTState *cts = ctype_cts(L);
+    uint8_t *sp = (uint8_t *)cdataptr(cdataV(o));
+    CTypeID sid = cdataV(o)->ctypeid;
+    CType *s = ctype_get(cts, sid);
+    uint64_t x;
+    if (ctype_isref(s->info)) {
+      sp = *(void **)sp;
+      sid = ctype_cid(s->info);
+    }
+    s = ctype_raw(cts, sid);
+    if (ctype_isenum(s->info)) s = ctype_child(cts, s);
+    if ((s->info & (CTMASK_NUM|CTF_BOOL|CTF_FP|CTF_UNSIGNED)) ==
+        CTINFO(CT_NUM, CTF_UNSIGNED) && s->size == 8)
+      *id = CTID_UINT64;  /* Use uint64_t, since it has the highest rank. */
+    else if (!*id)
+      *id = CTID_INT64;  /* Use int64_t, unless already set. */
+    lj_cconv_ct_ct(cts, ctype_get(cts, *id), s,
+                   (uint8_t *)&x, sp, CCF_ARG(narg));
+    return x;
+  } else if (!(tvisstr(o) && lj_strscan_number(strV(o), o))) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+  if (LJ_LIKELY(tvisint(o))) {
+    return (uint32_t)intV(o);
+  } else {
+    int32_t i = lj_num2bit(numV(o));
+    if (LJ_DUALNUM) setintV(o, i);
+    return (uint32_t)i;
+  }
+}
+
 /* -- 64 bit integer arithmetic helpers ----------------------------------- */
 
 #if LJ_32 && LJ_HASJIT
diff --git a/src/lj_carith.h b/src/lj_carith.h
index d87c2d07..f124c27c 100644
--- a/src/lj_carith.h
+++ b/src/lj_carith.h
@@ -12,6 +12,16 @@
 
 LJ_FUNC int lj_carith_op(lua_State *L, MMS mm);
 
+#if LJ_32
+LJ_FUNC uint64_t lj_carith_shl64(uint64_t x, int32_t sh);
+LJ_FUNC uint64_t lj_carith_shr64(uint64_t x, int32_t sh);
+LJ_FUNC uint64_t lj_carith_sar64(uint64_t x, int32_t sh);
+LJ_FUNC uint64_t lj_carith_rol64(uint64_t x, int32_t sh);
+LJ_FUNC uint64_t lj_carith_ror64(uint64_t x, int32_t sh);
+#endif
+LJ_FUNC uint64_t lj_carith_shift64(uint64_t x, int32_t sh, int op);
+LJ_FUNC uint64_t lj_carith_check64(lua_State *L, int narg, CTypeID *id);
+
 #if LJ_32 && LJ_HASJIT
 LJ_FUNC int64_t lj_carith_mul64(int64_t x, int64_t k);
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_ccall.c b/src/lj_ccall.c
index 79e726c6..04e306eb 100644
--- a/src/lj_ccall.c
+++ b/src/lj_ccall.c
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 
 #include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
-#include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
 #include "lj_ctype.h"
 #include "lj_cconv.h"
@@ -291,56 +290,85 @@
 #define CCALL_HANDLE_RET \
   if ((ct->info & CTF_VARARG)) sp = (uint8_t *)&cc->gpr[0];
 
-#elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
-/* -- PPC calling conventions --------------------------------------------- */
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+/* -- ARM64 calling conventions ------------------------------------------- */
 
 #define CCALL_HANDLE_STRUCTRET \
-  cc->retref = 1;  /* Return all structs by reference. */ \
-  cc->gpr[ngpr++] = (GPRArg)dp;
+  cc->retref = !ccall_classify_struct(cts, ctr); \
+  if (cc->retref) cc->retp = dp;
+
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_STRUCTRET2 \
+  unsigned int cl = ccall_classify_struct(cts, ctr); \
+  if ((cl & 4)) { /* Combine float HFA from separate registers. */ \
+    CTSize i = (cl >> 8) - 1; \
+    do { ((uint32_t *)dp)[i] = cc->fpr[i].lo; } while (i--); \
+  } else { \
+    if (cl > 1) sp = (uint8_t *)&cc->fpr[0]; \
+    memcpy(dp, sp, ctr->size); \
+  }
 
 #define CCALL_HANDLE_COMPLEXRET \
-  /* Complex values are returned in 2 or 4 GPRs. */ \
+  /* Complex values are returned in one or two FPRs. */ \
   cc->retref = 0;
 
 #define CCALL_HANDLE_COMPLEXRET2 \
-  memcpy(dp, sp, ctr->size);  /* Copy complex from GPRs. */
+  if (ctr->size == 2*sizeof(float)) {  /* Copy complex float from FPRs. */ \
+    ((float *)dp)[0] = cc->fpr[0].f; \
+    ((float *)dp)[1] = cc->fpr[1].f; \
+  } else {  /* Copy complex double from FPRs. */ \
+    ((double *)dp)[0] = cc->fpr[0].d; \
+    ((double *)dp)[1] = cc->fpr[1].d; \
+  }
 
 #define CCALL_HANDLE_STRUCTARG \
-  rp = cdataptr(lj_cdata_new(cts, did, sz)); \
-  sz = CTSIZE_PTR;  /* Pass all structs by reference. */
+  unsigned int cl = ccall_classify_struct(cts, d); \
+  if (cl == 0) {  /* Pass struct by reference. */ \
+    rp = cdataptr(lj_cdata_new(cts, did, sz)); \
+    sz = CTSIZE_PTR; \
+  } else if (cl > 1) {  /* Pass struct in FPRs or on stack. */ \
+    isfp = (cl & 4) ? 2 : 1; \
+  }  /* else: Pass struct in GPRs or on stack. */
 
 #define CCALL_HANDLE_COMPLEXARG \
-  /* Pass complex by value in 2 or 4 GPRs. */
+  /* Pass complex by value in separate (!) FPRs or on stack. */ \
+  isfp = sz == 2*sizeof(float) ? 2 : 1;
 
 #define CCALL_HANDLE_REGARG \
-  if (isfp) {  /* Try to pass argument in FPRs. */ \
-    if (nfpr + 1 <= CCALL_NARG_FPR) { \
+  if (LJ_TARGET_OSX && isva) { \
+    /* IOS: All variadic arguments are on the stack. */ \
+  } else if (isfp) {  /* Try to pass argument in FPRs. */ \
+    int n2 = ctype_isvector(d->info) ? 1 : \
+             isfp == 1 ? n : (d->size >> (4-isfp)); \
+    if (nfpr + n2 <= CCALL_NARG_FPR) { \
       dp = &cc->fpr[nfpr]; \
-      nfpr += 1; \
-      d = ctype_get(cts, CTID_DOUBLE);  /* FPRs always hold doubles. */ \
+      nfpr += n2; \
       goto done; \
+    } else { \
+      nfpr = CCALL_NARG_FPR;  /* Prevent reordering. */ \
+      if (LJ_TARGET_OSX && d->size < 8) goto err_nyi; \
     } \
   } else {  /* Try to pass argument in GPRs. */ \
-    if (n > 1) { \
-      lua_assert(n == 2 || n == 4);  /* int64_t or complex (float). */ \
-      if (ctype_isinteger(d->info)) \
-        ngpr = (ngpr + 1u) & ~1u;  /* Align int64_t to regpair. */ \
-      else if (ngpr + n > maxgpr) \
-        ngpr = maxgpr;  /* Prevent reordering. */ \
-    } \
+    if (!LJ_TARGET_OSX && (d->info & CTF_ALIGN) > CTALIGN_PTR) \
+      ngpr = (ngpr + 1u) & ~1u;  /* Align to regpair. */ \
     if (ngpr + n <= maxgpr) { \
       dp = &cc->gpr[ngpr]; \
       ngpr += n; \
       goto done; \
+    } else { \
+      ngpr = maxgpr;  /* Prevent reordering. */ \
+      if (LJ_TARGET_OSX && d->size < 8) goto err_nyi; \
     } \
   }
 
+#if LJ_BE
 #define CCALL_HANDLE_RET \
   if (ctype_isfp(ctr->info) && ctr->size == sizeof(float)) \
-    ctr = ctype_get(cts, CTID_DOUBLE);  /* FPRs always hold doubles. */
+    sp = (uint8_t *)&cc->fpr[0].f;
+#endif
 
-#elif LJ_TARGET_PPCSPE
-/* -- PPC/SPE calling conventions ----------------------------------------- */
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
+/* -- PPC calling conventions --------------------------------------------- */
 
 #define CCALL_HANDLE_STRUCTRET \
   cc->retref = 1;  /* Return all structs by reference. */ \
@@ -360,12 +388,13 @@
 #define CCALL_HANDLE_COMPLEXARG \
   /* Pass complex by value in 2 or 4 GPRs. */
 
-/* PPC/SPE has a softfp ABI. */
-#define CCALL_HANDLE_REGARG \
-  if (n > 1) {  /* Doesn't fit in a single GPR? */ \
-    lua_assert(n == 2 || n == 4);  /* int64_t, double or complex (float). */ \
-    if (n == 2) \
-      ngpr = (ngpr + 1u) & ~1u;  /* Only align 64 bit value to regpair. */ \
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_GPR \
+  /* Try to pass argument in GPRs. */ \
+  if (n > 1) { \
+    /* int64_t or complex (float). */ \
+    lj_assertL(n == 2 || n == 4, "bad GPR size %d", n); \
+    if (ctype_isinteger(d->info) || ctype_isfp(d->info)) \
+      ngpr = (ngpr + 1u) & ~1u;  /* Align int64_t to regpair. */ \
     else if (ngpr + n > maxgpr) \
       ngpr = maxgpr;  /* Prevent reordering. */ \
   } \
@@ -373,10 +402,32 @@
     dp = &cc->gpr[ngpr]; \
     ngpr += n; \
     goto done; \
+  } \
+
+#if LJ_ABI_SOFTFP
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_REGARG  CCALL_HANDLE_GPR
+#else
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_REGARG \
+  if (isfp) {  /* Try to pass argument in FPRs. */ \
+    if (nfpr + 1 <= CCALL_NARG_FPR) { \
+      dp = &cc->fpr[nfpr]; \
+      nfpr += 1; \
+      d = ctype_get(cts, CTID_DOUBLE);  /* FPRs always hold doubles. */ \
+      goto done; \
+    } \
+  } else { \
+    CCALL_HANDLE_GPR \
   }
+#endif
 
-#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS
-/* -- MIPS calling conventions -------------------------------------------- */
+#if !LJ_ABI_SOFTFP
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_RET \
+  if (ctype_isfp(ctr->info) && ctr->size == sizeof(float)) \
+    ctr = ctype_get(cts, CTID_DOUBLE);  /* FPRs always hold doubles. */
+#endif
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS32
+/* -- MIPS o32 calling conventions ---------------------------------------- */
 
 #define CCALL_HANDLE_STRUCTRET \
   cc->retref = 1;  /* Return all structs by reference. */ \
@@ -386,6 +437,18 @@
   /* Complex values are returned in 1 or 2 FPRs. */ \
   cc->retref = 0;
 
+#if LJ_ABI_SOFTFP
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_COMPLEXRET2 \
+  if (ctr->size == 2*sizeof(float)) {  /* Copy complex float from GPRs. */ \
+    ((intptr_t *)dp)[0] = cc->gpr[0]; \
+    ((intptr_t *)dp)[1] = cc->gpr[1]; \
+  } else {  /* Copy complex double from GPRs. */ \
+    ((intptr_t *)dp)[0] = cc->gpr[0]; \
+    ((intptr_t *)dp)[1] = cc->gpr[1]; \
+    ((intptr_t *)dp)[2] = cc->gpr[2]; \
+    ((intptr_t *)dp)[3] = cc->gpr[3]; \
+  }
+#else
 #define CCALL_HANDLE_COMPLEXRET2 \
   if (ctr->size == 2*sizeof(float)) {  /* Copy complex float from FPRs. */ \
     ((float *)dp)[0] = cc->fpr[0].f; \
@@ -394,6 +457,7 @@
     ((double *)dp)[0] = cc->fpr[0].d; \
     ((double *)dp)[1] = cc->fpr[1].d; \
   }
+#endif
 
 #define CCALL_HANDLE_STRUCTARG \
   /* Pass all structs by value in registers and/or on the stack. */
@@ -401,6 +465,22 @@
 #define CCALL_HANDLE_COMPLEXARG \
   /* Pass complex by value in 2 or 4 GPRs. */
 
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_GPR \
+  if ((d->info & CTF_ALIGN) > CTALIGN_PTR) \
+    ngpr = (ngpr + 1u) & ~1u;  /* Align to regpair. */ \
+  if (ngpr < maxgpr) { \
+    dp = &cc->gpr[ngpr]; \
+    if (ngpr + n > maxgpr) { \
+     nsp += ngpr + n - maxgpr;  /* Assumes contiguous gpr/stack fields. */ \
+     if (nsp > CCALL_MAXSTACK) goto err_nyi;  /* Too many arguments. */ \
+     ngpr = maxgpr; \
+    } else { \
+     ngpr += n; \
+    } \
+    goto done; \
+  }
+
+#if !LJ_ABI_SOFTFP      /* MIPS32 hard-float */
 #define CCALL_HANDLE_REGARG \
   if (isfp && nfpr < CCALL_NARG_FPR && !(ct->info & CTF_VARARG)) { \
     /* Try to pass argument in FPRs. */ \
@@ -409,25 +489,91 @@
     goto done; \
   } else {  /* Try to pass argument in GPRs. */ \
     nfpr = CCALL_NARG_FPR; \
-    if ((d->info & CTF_ALIGN) > CTALIGN_PTR) \
-      ngpr = (ngpr + 1u) & ~1u;  /* Align to regpair. */ \
-    if (ngpr < maxgpr) { \
-      dp = &cc->gpr[ngpr]; \
-      if (ngpr + n > maxgpr) { \
-        nsp += ngpr + n - maxgpr;  /* Assumes contiguous gpr/stack fields. */ \
-        if (nsp > CCALL_MAXSTACK) goto err_nyi;  /* Too many arguments. */ \
-        ngpr = maxgpr; \
-      } else { \
-        ngpr += n; \
-      } \
-      goto done; \
-    } \
+    CCALL_HANDLE_GPR \
+  }
+#else                   /* MIPS32 soft-float */
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_REGARG CCALL_HANDLE_GPR
+#endif
+
+#if !LJ_ABI_SOFTFP
+/* On MIPS64 soft-float, position of float return values is endian-dependant. */
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_RET \
+  if (ctype_isfp(ctr->info) && ctr->size == sizeof(float)) \
+    sp = (uint8_t *)&cc->fpr[0].f;
+#endif
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS64
+/* -- MIPS n64 calling conventions ---------------------------------------- */
+
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_STRUCTRET \
+  cc->retref = !(sz <= 16); \
+  if (cc->retref) cc->gpr[ngpr++] = (GPRArg)dp;
+
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_STRUCTRET2 \
+  ccall_copy_struct(cc, ctr, dp, sp, ccall_classify_struct(cts, ctr, ct));
+
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_COMPLEXRET \
+  /* Complex values are returned in 1 or 2 FPRs. */ \
+  cc->retref = 0;
+
+#if LJ_ABI_SOFTFP       /* MIPS64 soft-float */
+
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_COMPLEXRET2 \
+  if (ctr->size == 2*sizeof(float)) {  /* Copy complex float from GPRs. */ \
+    ((intptr_t *)dp)[0] = cc->gpr[0]; \
+  } else {  /* Copy complex double from GPRs. */ \
+    ((intptr_t *)dp)[0] = cc->gpr[0]; \
+    ((intptr_t *)dp)[1] = cc->gpr[1]; \
+  }
+
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_COMPLEXARG \
+  /* Pass complex by value in 2 or 4 GPRs. */
+
+/* Position of soft-float 'float' return value depends on endianess.  */
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_RET \
+  if (ctype_isfp(ctr->info) && ctr->size == sizeof(float)) \
+    sp = (uint8_t *)cc->gpr + LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(0, 4);
+
+#else                   /* MIPS64 hard-float */
+
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_COMPLEXRET2 \
+  if (ctr->size == 2*sizeof(float)) {  /* Copy complex float from FPRs. */ \
+    ((float *)dp)[0] = cc->fpr[0].f; \
+    ((float *)dp)[1] = cc->fpr[1].f; \
+  } else {  /* Copy complex double from FPRs. */ \
+    ((double *)dp)[0] = cc->fpr[0].d; \
+    ((double *)dp)[1] = cc->fpr[1].d; \
+  }
+
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_COMPLEXARG \
+  if (sz == 2*sizeof(float)) { \
+    isfp = 2; \
+    if (ngpr < maxgpr) \
+      sz *= 2; \
   }
 
 #define CCALL_HANDLE_RET \
   if (ctype_isfp(ctr->info) && ctr->size == sizeof(float)) \
     sp = (uint8_t *)&cc->fpr[0].f;
 
+#endif
+
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_STRUCTARG \
+  /* Pass all structs by value in registers and/or on the stack. */
+
+#define CCALL_HANDLE_REGARG \
+  if (ngpr < maxgpr) { \
+    dp = &cc->gpr[ngpr]; \
+    if (ngpr + n > maxgpr) { \
+      nsp += ngpr + n - maxgpr;  /* Assumes contiguous gpr/stack fields. */ \
+      if (nsp > CCALL_MAXSTACK) goto err_nyi;  /* Too many arguments. */ \
+      ngpr = maxgpr; \
+    } else { \
+      ngpr += n; \
+    } \
+    goto done; \
+  }
+
 #else
 #error "Missing calling convention definitions for this architecture"
 #endif
@@ -497,7 +643,8 @@ static void ccall_classify_ct(CTState *cts, CType *ct, int *rcl, CTSize ofs)
     ccall_classify_struct(cts, ct, rcl, ofs);
   } else {
     int cl = ctype_isfp(ct->info) ? CCALL_RCL_SSE : CCALL_RCL_INT;
-    lua_assert(ctype_hassize(ct->info));
+    lj_assertCTS(ctype_hassize(ct->info),
+                 "classify ctype %08x without size", ct->info);
     if ((ofs & (ct->size-1))) cl = CCALL_RCL_MEM;  /* Unaligned. */
     rcl[(ofs >= 8)] |= cl;
   }
@@ -522,12 +669,13 @@ static int ccall_classify_struct(CTState *cts, CType *ct, int *rcl, CTSize ofs)
 }
 
 /* Try to split up a small struct into registers. */
-static int ccall_struct_reg(CCallState *cc, GPRArg *dp, int *rcl)
+static int ccall_struct_reg(CCallState *cc, CTState *cts, GPRArg *dp, int *rcl)
 {
   MSize ngpr = cc->ngpr, nfpr = cc->nfpr;
   uint32_t i;
+  UNUSED(cts);
   for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
-    lua_assert(!(rcl[i] & CCALL_RCL_MEM));
+    lj_assertCTS(!(rcl[i] & CCALL_RCL_MEM), "pass mem struct in reg");
     if ((rcl[i] & CCALL_RCL_INT)) {  /* Integer class takes precedence. */
       if (ngpr >= CCALL_NARG_GPR) return 1;  /* Register overflow. */
       cc->gpr[ngpr++] = dp[i];
@@ -548,7 +696,8 @@ static int ccall_struct_arg(CCallState *cc, CTState *cts, CType *d, int *rcl,
   dp[0] = dp[1] = 0;
   /* Convert to temp. struct. */
   lj_cconv_ct_tv(cts, d, (uint8_t *)dp, o, CCF_ARG(narg));
-  if (ccall_struct_reg(cc, dp, rcl)) {  /* Register overflow? Pass on stack. */
+  if (ccall_struct_reg(cc, cts, dp, rcl)) {
+    /* Register overflow? Pass on stack. */
     MSize nsp = cc->nsp, n = rcl[1] ? 2 : 1;
     if (nsp + n > CCALL_MAXSTACK) return 1;  /* Too many arguments. */
     cc->nsp = nsp + n;
@@ -621,6 +770,125 @@ noth:  /* Not a homogeneous float/double aggregate. */
 
 #endif
 
+/* -- ARM64 ABI struct classification ------------------------------------- */
+
+#if LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+
+/* Classify a struct based on its fields. */
+static unsigned int ccall_classify_struct(CTState *cts, CType *ct)
+{
+  CTSize sz = ct->size;
+  unsigned int r = 0, n = 0, isu = (ct->info & CTF_UNION);
+  while (ct->sib) {
+    CType *sct;
+    ct = ctype_get(cts, ct->sib);
+    if (ctype_isfield(ct->info)) {
+      sct = ctype_rawchild(cts, ct);
+      if (ctype_isfp(sct->info)) {
+        r |= sct->size;
+        if (!isu) n++; else if (n == 0) n = 1;
+      } else if (ctype_iscomplex(sct->info)) {
+        r |= (sct->size >> 1);
+        if (!isu) n += 2; else if (n < 2) n = 2;
+      } else if (ctype_isstruct(sct->info)) {
+        goto substruct;
+      } else {
+        goto noth;
+      }
+    } else if (ctype_isbitfield(ct->info)) {
+      goto noth;
+    } else if (ctype_isxattrib(ct->info, CTA_SUBTYPE)) {
+      sct = ctype_rawchild(cts, ct);
+    substruct:
+      if (sct->size > 0) {
+        unsigned int s = ccall_classify_struct(cts, sct);
+        if (s <= 1) goto noth;
+        r |= (s & 255);
+        if (!isu) n += (s >> 8); else if (n < (s >>8)) n = (s >> 8);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if ((r == 4 || r == 8) && n <= 4)
+    return r + (n << 8);
+noth:  /* Not a homogeneous float/double aggregate. */
+  return (sz <= 16);  /* Return structs of size <= 16 in GPRs. */
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/* -- MIPS64 ABI struct classification ---------------------------- */
+
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPS64
+
+#define FTYPE_FLOAT     1
+#define FTYPE_DOUBLE    2
+
+/* Classify FP fields (max. 2) and their types. */
+static unsigned int ccall_classify_struct(CTState *cts, CType *ct, CType *ctf)
+{
+  int n = 0, ft = 0;
+  if ((ctf->info & CTF_VARARG) || (ct->info & CTF_UNION))
+    goto noth;
+  while (ct->sib) {
+    CType *sct;
+    ct = ctype_get(cts, ct->sib);
+    if (n == 2) {
+      goto noth;
+    } else if (ctype_isfield(ct->info)) {
+      sct = ctype_rawchild(cts, ct);
+      if (ctype_isfp(sct->info)) {
+        ft |= (sct->size == 4 ? FTYPE_FLOAT : FTYPE_DOUBLE) << 2*n;
+        n++;
+      } else {
+        goto noth;
+      }
+    } else if (ctype_isbitfield(ct->info) ||
+               ctype_isxattrib(ct->info, CTA_SUBTYPE)) {
+      goto noth;
+    }
+  }
+  if (n <= 2)
+    return ft;
+noth:  /* Not a homogeneous float/double aggregate. */
+  return 0;  /* Struct is in GPRs. */
+}
+
+static void ccall_copy_struct(CCallState *cc, CType *ctr, void *dp, void *sp,
+                              int ft)
+{
+  if (LJ_ABI_SOFTFP ? ft :
+      ((ft & 3) == FTYPE_FLOAT || (ft >> 2) == FTYPE_FLOAT)) {
+    int i, ofs = 0;
+    for (i = 0; ft != 0; i++, ft >>= 2) {
+      if ((ft & 3) == FTYPE_FLOAT) {
+#if LJ_ABI_SOFTFP
+        /* The 2nd FP struct result is in CARG1 (gpr[2]) and not CRET2. */
+        memcpy((uint8_t *)dp + ofs,
+               (uint8_t *)&cc->gpr[2*i] + LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(0, 4), 4);
+#else
+        *(float *)((uint8_t *)dp + ofs) = cc->fpr[i].f;
+#endif
+        ofs += 4;
+      } else {
+        ofs = (ofs + 7) & ~7;  /* 64 bit alignment. */
+#if LJ_ABI_SOFTFP
+        *(intptr_t *)((uint8_t *)dp + ofs) = cc->gpr[2*i];
+#else
+        *(double *)((uint8_t *)dp + ofs) = cc->fpr[i].d;
+#endif
+        ofs += 8;
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+#if !LJ_ABI_SOFTFP
+    if (ft) sp = (uint8_t *)&cc->fpr[0];
+#endif
+    memcpy(dp, sp, ctr->size);
+  }
+}
+
+#endif
+
 /* -- Common C call handling ---------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Infer the destination CTypeID for a vararg argument. */
@@ -726,7 +994,7 @@ static int ccall_set_args(lua_State *L, CTState *cts, CType *ct,
     if (fid) {  /* Get argument type from field. */
       CType *ctf = ctype_get(cts, fid);
       fid = ctf->sib;
-      lua_assert(ctype_isfield(ctf->info));
+      lj_assertL(ctype_isfield(ctf->info), "field expected");
       did = ctype_cid(ctf->info);
     } else {
       if (!(ct->info & CTF_VARARG))
@@ -788,6 +1056,19 @@ static int ccall_set_args(lua_State *L, CTState *cts, CType *ct,
         *(int32_t *)dp = d->size == 1 ? (int32_t)*(int8_t *)dp :
                                         (int32_t)*(int16_t *)dp;
     }
+#if LJ_TARGET_ARM64 && LJ_BE
+    if (isfp && d->size == sizeof(float))
+      ((float *)dp)[1] = ((float *)dp)[0];  /* Floats occupy high slot. */
+#endif
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPS64 || (LJ_TARGET_ARM64 && LJ_BE)
+    if ((ctype_isinteger_or_bool(d->info) || ctype_isenum(d->info)
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPS64
+         || (isfp && nsp == 0)
+#endif
+         ) && d->size <= 4) {
+      *(int64_t *)dp = (int64_t)*(int32_t *)dp;  /* Sign-extend to 64 bit. */
+    }
+#endif
 #if LJ_TARGET_X64 && LJ_ABI_WIN
     if (isva) {  /* Windows/x64 mirrors varargs in both register sets. */
       if (nfpr == ngpr)
@@ -803,13 +1084,19 @@ static int ccall_set_args(lua_State *L, CTState *cts, CType *ct,
       cc->fpr[nfpr-1].d[0] = cc->fpr[nfpr-2].d[1];  /* Split complex double. */
       cc->fpr[nfpr-2].d[1] = 0;
     }
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64 || (LJ_TARGET_MIPS64 && !LJ_ABI_SOFTFP)
+    if (isfp == 2 && (uint8_t *)dp < (uint8_t *)cc->stack) {
+      /* Split float HFA or complex float into separate registers. */
+      CTSize i = (sz >> 2) - 1;
+      do { ((uint64_t *)dp)[i] = ((uint32_t *)dp)[i]; } while (i--);
+    }
 #else
     UNUSED(isfp);
 #endif
   }
   if (fid) lj_err_caller(L, LJ_ERR_FFI_NUMARG);  /* Too few arguments. */
 
-#if LJ_TARGET_X64 || LJ_TARGET_PPC
+#if LJ_TARGET_X64 || (LJ_TARGET_PPC && !LJ_ABI_SOFTFP)
   cc->nfpr = nfpr;  /* Required for vararg functions. */
 #endif
   cc->nsp = nsp;
@@ -844,7 +1131,8 @@ static int ccall_get_results(lua_State *L, CTState *cts, CType *ct,
     CCALL_HANDLE_COMPLEXRET2
     return 1;  /* One GC step. */
   }
-  if (LJ_BE && ctype_isinteger_or_bool(ctr->info) && ctr->size < CTSIZE_PTR)
+  if (LJ_BE && ctr->size < CTSIZE_PTR &&
+      (ctype_isinteger_or_bool(ctr->info) || ctype_isenum(ctr->info)))
     sp += (CTSIZE_PTR - ctr->size);
 #if CCALL_NUM_FPR
   if (ctype_isfp(ctr->info) || ctype_isvector(ctr->info))
@@ -854,7 +1142,8 @@ static int ccall_get_results(lua_State *L, CTState *cts, CType *ct,
   CCALL_HANDLE_RET
 #endif
   /* No reference types end up here, so there's no need for the CTypeID. */
-  lua_assert(!(ctype_isrefarray(ctr->info) || ctype_isstruct(ctr->info)));
+  lj_assertL(!(ctype_isrefarray(ctr->info) || ctype_isstruct(ctr->info)),
+             "unexpected reference ctype");
   return lj_cconv_tv_ct(cts, ctr, 0, L->top-1, sp);
 }
 
@@ -878,7 +1167,7 @@ int lj_ccall_func(lua_State *L, GCcdata *cd)
     lj_vm_ffi_call(&cc);
     if (cts->cb.slot != ~0u) {  /* Blacklist function that called a callback. */
       TValue tv;
-      setlightudV(&tv, (void *)cc.func);
+      tv.u64 = ((uintptr_t)(void *)cc.func >> 2) | U64x(800000000, 00000000);
       setboolV(lj_tab_set(L, cts->miscmap, &tv), 1);
     }
     ct = (CType *)((intptr_t)ct+(intptr_t)cts->tab);  /* May be reallocated. */
diff --git a/src/lj_ccall.h b/src/lj_ccall.h
index 2f4fa7a6..547415f7 100644
--- a/src/lj_ccall.h
+++ b/src/lj_ccall.h
@@ -68,35 +68,56 @@ typedef union FPRArg {
   float f[2];
 } FPRArg;
 
-#elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
 
 #define CCALL_NARG_GPR          8
+#define CCALL_NRET_GPR          2
 #define CCALL_NARG_FPR          8
+#define CCALL_NRET_FPR          4
+#define CCALL_SPS_FREE          0
+
+typedef intptr_t GPRArg;
+typedef union FPRArg {
+  double d;
+  struct { LJ_ENDIAN_LOHI(float f; , float g;) };
+  struct { LJ_ENDIAN_LOHI(uint32_t lo; , uint32_t hi;) };
+} FPRArg;
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
+
+#define CCALL_NARG_GPR          8
+#define CCALL_NARG_FPR          (LJ_ABI_SOFTFP ? 0 : 8)
 #define CCALL_NRET_GPR          4       /* For complex double. */
-#define CCALL_NRET_FPR          1
+#define CCALL_NRET_FPR          (LJ_ABI_SOFTFP ? 0 : 1)
 #define CCALL_SPS_EXTRA         4
 #define CCALL_SPS_FREE          0
 
 typedef intptr_t GPRArg;
 typedef double FPRArg;
 
-#elif LJ_TARGET_PPCSPE
+#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS32
 
-#define CCALL_NARG_GPR          8
-#define CCALL_NARG_FPR          0
-#define CCALL_NRET_GPR          4       /* For softfp complex double. */
-#define CCALL_NRET_FPR          0
-#define CCALL_SPS_FREE          0       /* NYI */
+#define CCALL_NARG_GPR          4
+#define CCALL_NARG_FPR          (LJ_ABI_SOFTFP ? 0 : 2)
+#define CCALL_NRET_GPR          (LJ_ABI_SOFTFP ? 4 : 2)
+#define CCALL_NRET_FPR          (LJ_ABI_SOFTFP ? 0 : 2)
+#define CCALL_SPS_EXTRA         7
+#define CCALL_SPS_FREE          1
 
 typedef intptr_t GPRArg;
+typedef union FPRArg {
+  double d;
+  struct { LJ_ENDIAN_LOHI(float f; , float g;) };
+} FPRArg;
 
-#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS
+#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS64
 
-#define CCALL_NARG_GPR          4
-#define CCALL_NARG_FPR          2
+/* FP args are positional and overlay the GPR array. */
+#define CCALL_NARG_GPR          8
+#define CCALL_NARG_FPR          0
 #define CCALL_NRET_GPR          2
-#define CCALL_NRET_FPR          2
-#define CCALL_SPS_EXTRA         7
+#define CCALL_NRET_FPR          (LJ_ABI_SOFTFP ? 0 : 2)
+#define CCALL_SPS_EXTRA         3
 #define CCALL_SPS_FREE          1
 
 typedef intptr_t GPRArg;
@@ -145,6 +166,8 @@ typedef LJ_ALIGN(CCALL_ALIGN_CALLSTATE) struct CCallState {
   uint8_t nfpr;                 /* Number of arguments in FPRs. */
 #elif LJ_TARGET_X86
   uint8_t resx87;               /* Result on x87 stack: 1:float, 2:double. */
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+  void *retp;                   /* Aggregate return pointer in x8. */
 #elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
   uint8_t nfpr;                 /* Number of arguments in FPRs. */
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_ccallback.c b/src/lj_ccallback.c
index 363fef45..17d26b52 100644
--- a/src/lj_ccallback.c
+++ b/src/lj_ccallback.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 
 #if LJ_OS_NOJIT
 
-/* Disabled callback support. */
+/* Callbacks disabled. */
 #define CALLBACK_SLOT2OFS(slot) (0*(slot))
 #define CALLBACK_OFS2SLOT(ofs)  (0*(ofs))
 #define CALLBACK_MAX_SLOT       0
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 #elif LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
 
 #define CALLBACK_MCODE_HEAD     (LJ_64 ? 8 : 0)
-#define CALLBACK_MCODE_GROUP    (-2+1+2+5+(LJ_64 ? 6 : 5))
+#define CALLBACK_MCODE_GROUP    (-2+1+2+(LJ_GC64 ? 10 : 5)+(LJ_64 ? 6 : 5))
 
 #define CALLBACK_SLOT2OFS(slot) \
   (CALLBACK_MCODE_HEAD + CALLBACK_MCODE_GROUP*((slot)/32) + 4*(slot))
@@ -54,23 +54,22 @@ static MSize CALLBACK_OFS2SLOT(MSize ofs)
 #elif LJ_TARGET_ARM
 
 #define CALLBACK_MCODE_HEAD             32
-#define CALLBACK_SLOT2OFS(slot)         (CALLBACK_MCODE_HEAD + 8*(slot))
-#define CALLBACK_OFS2SLOT(ofs)          (((ofs)-CALLBACK_MCODE_HEAD)/8)
-#define CALLBACK_MAX_SLOT               (CALLBACK_OFS2SLOT(CALLBACK_MCODE_SIZE))
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+
+#define CALLBACK_MCODE_HEAD             32
 
 #elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
 
 #define CALLBACK_MCODE_HEAD             24
-#define CALLBACK_SLOT2OFS(slot)         (CALLBACK_MCODE_HEAD + 8*(slot))
-#define CALLBACK_OFS2SLOT(ofs)          (((ofs)-CALLBACK_MCODE_HEAD)/8)
-#define CALLBACK_MAX_SLOT               (CALLBACK_OFS2SLOT(CALLBACK_MCODE_SIZE))
 
-#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS
+#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS32
 
-#define CALLBACK_MCODE_HEAD             24
-#define CALLBACK_SLOT2OFS(slot)         (CALLBACK_MCODE_HEAD + 8*(slot))
-#define CALLBACK_OFS2SLOT(ofs)          (((ofs)-CALLBACK_MCODE_HEAD)/8)
-#define CALLBACK_MAX_SLOT               (CALLBACK_OFS2SLOT(CALLBACK_MCODE_SIZE))
+#define CALLBACK_MCODE_HEAD             20
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS64
+
+#define CALLBACK_MCODE_HEAD             52
 
 #else
 
@@ -81,6 +80,12 @@ static MSize CALLBACK_OFS2SLOT(MSize ofs)
 
 #endif
 
+#ifndef CALLBACK_SLOT2OFS
+#define CALLBACK_SLOT2OFS(slot)         (CALLBACK_MCODE_HEAD + 8*(slot))
+#define CALLBACK_OFS2SLOT(ofs)          (((ofs)-CALLBACK_MCODE_HEAD)/8)
+#define CALLBACK_MAX_SLOT               (CALLBACK_OFS2SLOT(CALLBACK_MCODE_SIZE))
+#endif
+
 /* Convert callback slot number to callback function pointer. */
 static void *callback_slot2ptr(CTState *cts, MSize slot)
 {
@@ -102,9 +107,9 @@ MSize lj_ccallback_ptr2slot(CTState *cts, void *p)
 /* Initialize machine code for callback function pointers. */
 #if LJ_OS_NOJIT
 /* Disabled callback support. */
-#define callback_mcode_init(g, p)       UNUSED(p)
+#define callback_mcode_init(g, p)       (p)
 #elif LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
-static void callback_mcode_init(global_State *g, uint8_t *page)
+static void *callback_mcode_init(global_State *g, uint8_t *page)
 {
   uint8_t *p = page;
   uint8_t *target = (uint8_t *)(void *)lj_vm_ffi_callback;
@@ -119,8 +124,13 @@ static void callback_mcode_init(global_State *g, uint8_t *page)
       /* push ebp/rbp; mov ah, slot>>8; mov ebp, &g. */
       *p++ = XI_PUSH + RID_EBP;
       *p++ = XI_MOVrib | (RID_EAX+4); *p++ = (uint8_t)(slot >> 8);
+#if LJ_GC64
+      *p++ = 0x48; *p++ = XI_MOVri | RID_EBP;
+      *(uint64_t *)p = (uint64_t)(g); p += 8;
+#else
       *p++ = XI_MOVri | RID_EBP;
       *(int32_t *)p = i32ptr(g); p += 4;
+#endif
 #if LJ_64
       /* jmp [rip-pageofs] where lj_vm_ffi_callback is stored. */
       *p++ = XI_GROUP5; *p++ = XM_OFS0 + (XOg_JMP<<3) + RID_EBP;
@@ -133,10 +143,10 @@ static void callback_mcode_init(global_State *g, uint8_t *page)
       *p++ = XI_JMPs; *p++ = (uint8_t)((2+2)*(31-(slot&31)) - 2);
     }
   }
-  lua_assert(p - page <= CALLBACK_MCODE_SIZE);
+  return p;
 }
 #elif LJ_TARGET_ARM
-static void callback_mcode_init(global_State *g, uint32_t *page)
+static void *callback_mcode_init(global_State *g, uint32_t *page)
 {
   uint32_t *p = page;
   void *target = (void *)lj_vm_ffi_callback;
@@ -155,10 +165,30 @@ static void callback_mcode_init(global_State *g, uint32_t *page)
     *p = ARMI_B | ((page-p-2) & 0x00ffffffu);
     p++;
   }
-  lua_assert(p - page <= CALLBACK_MCODE_SIZE);
+  return p;
+}
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+static void *callback_mcode_init(global_State *g, uint32_t *page)
+{
+  uint32_t *p = page;
+  ASMFunction target = lj_vm_ffi_callback;
+  MSize slot;
+  *p++ = A64I_LE(A64I_LDRLx | A64F_D(RID_X11) | A64F_S19(4));
+  *p++ = A64I_LE(A64I_LDRLx | A64F_D(RID_X10) | A64F_S19(5));
+  *p++ = A64I_LE(A64I_BR_AUTH | A64F_N(RID_X11));
+  *p++ = A64I_LE(A64I_NOP);
+  ((ASMFunction *)p)[0] = target;
+  ((void **)p)[1] = g;
+  p += 4;
+  for (slot = 0; slot < CALLBACK_MAX_SLOT; slot++) {
+    *p++ = A64I_LE(A64I_MOVZw | A64F_D(RID_X9) | A64F_U16(slot));
+    *p = A64I_LE(A64I_B | A64F_S26((page-p) & 0x03ffffffu));
+    p++;
+  }
+  return p;
 }
 #elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
-static void callback_mcode_init(global_State *g, uint32_t *page)
+static void *callback_mcode_init(global_State *g, uint32_t *page)
 {
   uint32_t *p = page;
   void *target = (void *)lj_vm_ffi_callback;
@@ -174,30 +204,43 @@ static void callback_mcode_init(global_State *g, uint32_t *page)
     *p = PPCI_B | (((page-p) & 0x00ffffffu) << 2);
     p++;
   }
-  lua_assert(p - page <= CALLBACK_MCODE_SIZE);
+  return p;
 }
 #elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS
-static void callback_mcode_init(global_State *g, uint32_t *page)
+static void *callback_mcode_init(global_State *g, uint32_t *page)
 {
   uint32_t *p = page;
-  void *target = (void *)lj_vm_ffi_callback;
+  uintptr_t target = (uintptr_t)(void *)lj_vm_ffi_callback;
+  uintptr_t ug = (uintptr_t)(void *)g;
   MSize slot;
-  *p++ = MIPSI_SW | MIPSF_T(RID_R1)|MIPSF_S(RID_SP) | 0;
-  *p++ = MIPSI_LUI | MIPSF_T(RID_R3) | (u32ptr(target) >> 16);
-  *p++ = MIPSI_LUI | MIPSF_T(RID_R2) | (u32ptr(g) >> 16);
-  *p++ = MIPSI_ORI | MIPSF_T(RID_R3)|MIPSF_S(RID_R3) |(u32ptr(target)&0xffff);
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPS32
+  *p++ = MIPSI_LUI | MIPSF_T(RID_R3) | (target >> 16);
+  *p++ = MIPSI_LUI | MIPSF_T(RID_R2) | (ug >> 16);
+#else
+  *p++ = MIPSI_LUI  | MIPSF_T(RID_R3) | (target >> 48);
+  *p++ = MIPSI_LUI  | MIPSF_T(RID_R2) | (ug >> 48);
+  *p++ = MIPSI_ORI  | MIPSF_T(RID_R3)|MIPSF_S(RID_R3) | ((target >> 32) & 0xffff);
+  *p++ = MIPSI_ORI  | MIPSF_T(RID_R2)|MIPSF_S(RID_R2) | ((ug >> 32) & 0xffff);
+  *p++ = MIPSI_DSLL | MIPSF_D(RID_R3)|MIPSF_T(RID_R3) | MIPSF_A(16);
+  *p++ = MIPSI_DSLL | MIPSF_D(RID_R2)|MIPSF_T(RID_R2) | MIPSF_A(16);
+  *p++ = MIPSI_ORI  | MIPSF_T(RID_R3)|MIPSF_S(RID_R3) | ((target >> 16) & 0xffff);
+  *p++ = MIPSI_ORI  | MIPSF_T(RID_R2)|MIPSF_S(RID_R2) | ((ug >> 16) & 0xffff);
+  *p++ = MIPSI_DSLL | MIPSF_D(RID_R3)|MIPSF_T(RID_R3) | MIPSF_A(16);
+  *p++ = MIPSI_DSLL | MIPSF_D(RID_R2)|MIPSF_T(RID_R2) | MIPSF_A(16);
+#endif
+  *p++ = MIPSI_ORI  | MIPSF_T(RID_R3)|MIPSF_S(RID_R3) | (target & 0xffff);
   *p++ = MIPSI_JR | MIPSF_S(RID_R3);
-  *p++ = MIPSI_ORI | MIPSF_T(RID_R2)|MIPSF_S(RID_R2) | (u32ptr(g)&0xffff);
+  *p++ = MIPSI_ORI | MIPSF_T(RID_R2)|MIPSF_S(RID_R2) | (ug & 0xffff);
   for (slot = 0; slot < CALLBACK_MAX_SLOT; slot++) {
     *p = MIPSI_B | ((page-p-1) & 0x0000ffffu);
     p++;
     *p++ = MIPSI_LI | MIPSF_T(RID_R1) | slot;
   }
-  lua_assert(p - page <= CALLBACK_MCODE_SIZE);
+  return p;
 }
 #else
 /* Missing support for this architecture. */
-#define callback_mcode_init(g, p)       UNUSED(p)
+#define callback_mcode_init(g, p)       (p)
 #endif
 
 /* -- Machine code management --------------------------------------------- */
@@ -213,6 +256,11 @@ static void callback_mcode_init(global_State *g, uint32_t *page)
 #ifndef MAP_ANONYMOUS
 #define MAP_ANONYMOUS   MAP_ANON
 #endif
+#ifdef PROT_MPROTECT
+#define CCPROT_CREATE   (PROT_MPROTECT(PROT_EXEC))
+#else
+#define CCPROT_CREATE   0
+#endif
 
 #endif
 
@@ -220,15 +268,15 @@ static void callback_mcode_init(global_State *g, uint32_t *page)
 static void callback_mcode_new(CTState *cts)
 {
   size_t sz = (size_t)CALLBACK_MCODE_SIZE;
-  void *p;
+  void *p, *pe;
   if (CALLBACK_MAX_SLOT == 0)
     lj_err_caller(cts->L, LJ_ERR_FFI_CBACKOV);
 #if LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS
-  p = VirtualAlloc(NULL, sz, MEM_RESERVE|MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
+  p = LJ_WIN_VALLOC(NULL, sz, MEM_RESERVE|MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
   if (!p)
     lj_err_caller(cts->L, LJ_ERR_FFI_CBACKOV);
 #elif LJ_TARGET_POSIX
-  p = mmap(NULL, sz, (PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE), MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS,
+  p = mmap(NULL, sz, (PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE|CCPROT_CREATE), MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS,
            -1, 0);
   if (p == MAP_FAILED)
     lj_err_caller(cts->L, LJ_ERR_FFI_CBACKOV);
@@ -237,12 +285,15 @@ static void callback_mcode_new(CTState *cts)
   p = lj_mem_new(cts->L, sz);
 #endif
   cts->cb.mcode = p;
-  callback_mcode_init(cts->g, p);
+  pe = callback_mcode_init(cts->g, p);
+  UNUSED(pe);
+  lj_assertCTS((size_t)((char *)pe - (char *)p) <= sz,
+               "miscalculated CALLBACK_MAX_SLOT");
   lj_mcode_sync(p, (char *)p + sz);
 #if LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS
   {
     DWORD oprot;
-    VirtualProtect(p, sz, PAGE_EXECUTE_READ, &oprot);
+    LJ_WIN_VPROTECT(p, sz, PAGE_EXECUTE_READ, &oprot);
   }
 #elif LJ_TARGET_POSIX
   mprotect(p, sz, (PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC));
@@ -351,33 +402,78 @@ void lj_ccallback_mcode_free(CTState *cts)
     goto done; \
   } CALLBACK_HANDLE_REGARG_FP2
 
-#elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
 
 #define CALLBACK_HANDLE_REGARG \
   if (isfp) { \
-    if (nfpr + 1 <= CCALL_NARG_FPR) { \
-      sp = &cts->cb.fpr[nfpr++]; \
-      cta = ctype_get(cts, CTID_DOUBLE);  /* FPRs always hold doubles. */ \
+    if (nfpr + n <= CCALL_NARG_FPR) { \
+      sp = &cts->cb.fpr[nfpr]; \
+      nfpr += n; \
       goto done; \
+    } else { \
+      nfpr = CCALL_NARG_FPR;  /* Prevent reordering. */ \
     } \
-  } else {  /* Try to pass argument in GPRs. */ \
-    if (n > 1) { \
-      lua_assert(ctype_isinteger(cta->info) && n == 2);  /* int64_t. */ \
-      ngpr = (ngpr + 1u) & ~1u;  /* Align int64_t to regpair. */ \
-    } \
+  } else { \
+    if (!LJ_TARGET_OSX && n > 1) \
+      ngpr = (ngpr + 1u) & ~1u;  /* Align to regpair. */ \
     if (ngpr + n <= maxgpr) { \
       sp = &cts->cb.gpr[ngpr]; \
       ngpr += n; \
       goto done; \
+    } else { \
+      ngpr = CCALL_NARG_GPR;  /* Prevent reordering. */ \
     } \
   }
 
+#elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
+
+#define CALLBACK_HANDLE_GPR \
+  if (n > 1) { \
+    lj_assertCTS(((LJ_ABI_SOFTFP && ctype_isnum(cta->info)) ||  /* double. */ \
+                 ctype_isinteger(cta->info)) && n == 2,  /* int64_t. */ \
+                 "bad GPR type"); \
+    ngpr = (ngpr + 1u) & ~1u;  /* Align int64_t to regpair. */ \
+  } \
+  if (ngpr + n <= maxgpr) { \
+    sp = &cts->cb.gpr[ngpr]; \
+    ngpr += n; \
+    goto done; \
+  }
+
+#if LJ_ABI_SOFTFP
+#define CALLBACK_HANDLE_REGARG \
+  CALLBACK_HANDLE_GPR \
+  UNUSED(isfp);
+#else
+#define CALLBACK_HANDLE_REGARG \
+  if (isfp) { \
+    if (nfpr + 1 <= CCALL_NARG_FPR) { \
+      sp = &cts->cb.fpr[nfpr++]; \
+      cta = ctype_get(cts, CTID_DOUBLE);  /* FPRs always hold doubles. */ \
+      goto done; \
+    } \
+  } else {  /* Try to pass argument in GPRs. */ \
+    CALLBACK_HANDLE_GPR \
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if !LJ_ABI_SOFTFP
 #define CALLBACK_HANDLE_RET \
   if (ctype_isfp(ctr->info) && ctr->size == sizeof(float)) \
     *(double *)dp = *(float *)dp;  /* FPRs always hold doubles. */
+#endif
 
-#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS
+#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS32
 
+#define CALLBACK_HANDLE_GPR \
+  if (n > 1) ngpr = (ngpr + 1u) & ~1u;  /* Align to regpair. */ \
+  if (ngpr + n <= maxgpr) { \
+    sp = &cts->cb.gpr[ngpr]; \
+    ngpr += n; \
+    goto done; \
+  }
+
+#if !LJ_ABI_SOFTFP      /* MIPS32 hard-float */
 #define CALLBACK_HANDLE_REGARG \
   if (isfp && nfpr < CCALL_NARG_FPR) {  /* Try to pass argument in FPRs. */ \
     sp = (void *)((uint8_t *)&cts->cb.fpr[nfpr] + ((LJ_BE && n==1) ? 4 : 0)); \
@@ -385,13 +481,36 @@ void lj_ccallback_mcode_free(CTState *cts)
     goto done; \
   } else {  /* Try to pass argument in GPRs. */ \
     nfpr = CCALL_NARG_FPR; \
-    if (n > 1) ngpr = (ngpr + 1u) & ~1u;  /* Align to regpair. */ \
-    if (ngpr + n <= maxgpr) { \
-      sp = &cts->cb.gpr[ngpr]; \
-      ngpr += n; \
-      goto done; \
-    } \
+    CALLBACK_HANDLE_GPR \
   }
+#else                   /* MIPS32 soft-float */
+#define CALLBACK_HANDLE_REGARG \
+  CALLBACK_HANDLE_GPR \
+  UNUSED(isfp);
+#endif
+
+#define CALLBACK_HANDLE_RET \
+  if (ctype_isfp(ctr->info) && ctr->size == sizeof(float)) \
+    ((float *)dp)[1] = *(float *)dp;
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS64
+
+#if !LJ_ABI_SOFTFP      /* MIPS64 hard-float */
+#define CALLBACK_HANDLE_REGARG \
+  if (ngpr + n <= maxgpr) { \
+    sp = isfp ? (void*) &cts->cb.fpr[ngpr] : (void*) &cts->cb.gpr[ngpr]; \
+    ngpr += n; \
+    goto done; \
+  }
+#else                   /* MIPS64 soft-float */
+#define CALLBACK_HANDLE_REGARG \
+  if (ngpr + n <= maxgpr) { \
+    UNUSED(isfp); \
+    sp = (void*) &cts->cb.gpr[ngpr]; \
+    ngpr += n; \
+    goto done; \
+  }
+#endif
 
 #define CALLBACK_HANDLE_RET \
   if (ctype_isfp(ctr->info) && ctr->size == sizeof(float)) \
@@ -411,6 +530,7 @@ static void callback_conv_args(CTState *cts, lua_State *L)
   int gcsteps = 0;
   CType *ct;
   GCfunc *fn;
+  int fntp;
   MSize ngpr = 0, nsp = 0, maxgpr = CCALL_NARG_GPR;
 #if CCALL_NARG_FPR
   MSize nfpr = 0;
@@ -421,18 +541,27 @@ static void callback_conv_args(CTState *cts, lua_State *L)
 
   if (slot < cts->cb.sizeid && (id = cts->cb.cbid[slot]) != 0) {
     ct = ctype_get(cts, id);
-    rid = ctype_cid(ct->info);
+    rid = ctype_cid(ct->info);  /* Return type. x86: +(spadj<<16). */
     fn = funcV(lj_tab_getint(cts->miscmap, (int32_t)slot));
+    fntp = LJ_TFUNC;
   } else {  /* Must set up frame first, before throwing the error. */
     ct = NULL;
     rid = 0;
     fn = (GCfunc *)L;
+    fntp = LJ_TTHREAD;
+  }
+  /* Continuation returns from callback. */
+  if (LJ_FR2) {
+    (o++)->u64 = LJ_CONT_FFI_CALLBACK;
+    (o++)->u64 = rid;
+  } else {
+    o->u32.lo = LJ_CONT_FFI_CALLBACK;
+    o->u32.hi = rid;
+    o++;
   }
-  o->u32.lo = LJ_CONT_FFI_CALLBACK;  /* Continuation returns from callback. */
-  o->u32.hi = rid;  /* Return type. x86: +(spadj<<16). */
-  o++;
-  setframe_gc(o, obj2gco(fn));
-  setframe_ftsz(o, (int)((char *)(o+1) - (char *)L->base) + FRAME_CONT);
+  setframe_gc(o, obj2gco(fn), fntp);
+  if (LJ_FR2) o++;
+  setframe_ftsz(o, ((char *)(o+1) - (char *)L->base) + FRAME_CONT);
   L->top = L->base = ++o;
   if (!ct)
     lj_err_caller(cts->L, LJ_ERR_FFI_BADCBACK);
@@ -459,7 +588,7 @@ static void callback_conv_args(CTState *cts, lua_State *L)
       CTSize sz;
       int isfp;
       MSize n;
-      lua_assert(ctype_isfield(ctf->info));
+      lj_assertCTS(ctype_isfield(ctf->info), "field expected");
       cta = ctype_rawchild(cts, ctf);
       isfp = ctype_isfp(cta->info);
       sz = (cta->size + CTSIZE_PTR-1) & ~(CTSIZE_PTR-1);
@@ -474,7 +603,11 @@ static void callback_conv_args(CTState *cts, lua_State *L)
       nsp += n;
 
     done:
-      if (LJ_BE && cta->size < CTSIZE_PTR)
+      if (LJ_BE && cta->size < CTSIZE_PTR
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPS64
+          && !(isfp && nsp)
+#endif
+         )
         sp = (void *)((uint8_t *)sp + CTSIZE_PTR-cta->size);
       gcsteps += lj_cconv_tv_ct(cts, cta, 0, o++, sp);
     }
@@ -483,9 +616,14 @@ static void callback_conv_args(CTState *cts, lua_State *L)
   L->top = o;
 #if LJ_TARGET_X86
   /* Store stack adjustment for returns from non-cdecl callbacks. */
-  if (ctype_cconv(ct->info) != CTCC_CDECL)
+  if (ctype_cconv(ct->info) != CTCC_CDECL) {
+#if LJ_FR2
+    (L->base-3)->u64 |= (nsp << (16+2));
+#else
     (L->base-2)->u32.hi |= (nsp << (16+2));
 #endif
+  }
+#endif
   while (gcsteps-- > 0)
     lj_gc_check(L);
 }
@@ -493,7 +631,11 @@ static void callback_conv_args(CTState *cts, lua_State *L)
 /* Convert Lua object to callback result. */
 static void callback_conv_result(CTState *cts, lua_State *L, TValue *o)
 {
+#if LJ_FR2
+  CType *ctr = ctype_raw(cts, (uint16_t)(L->base-3)->u64);
+#else
   CType *ctr = ctype_raw(cts, (uint16_t)(L->base-2)->u32.hi);
+#endif
 #if LJ_TARGET_X86
   cts->cb.gpr[2] = 0;
 #endif
@@ -503,6 +645,10 @@ static void callback_conv_result(CTState *cts, lua_State *L, TValue *o)
     if (ctype_isfp(ctr->info))
       dp = (uint8_t *)&cts->cb.fpr[0];
 #endif
+#if LJ_TARGET_ARM64 && LJ_BE
+    if (ctype_isfp(ctr->info) && ctr->size == sizeof(float))
+      dp = (uint8_t *)&cts->cb.fpr[0].f[1];
+#endif
     lj_cconv_ct_tv(cts, ctr, dp, o, 0);
 #ifdef CALLBACK_HANDLE_RET
     CALLBACK_HANDLE_RET
@@ -516,6 +662,12 @@ static void callback_conv_result(CTState *cts, lua_State *L, TValue *o)
         *(int32_t *)dp = ctr->size == 1 ? (int32_t)*(int8_t *)dp :
                                           (int32_t)*(int16_t *)dp;
     }
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPS64 || (LJ_TARGET_ARM64 && LJ_BE)
+    /* Always sign-extend results to 64 bits. Even a soft-fp 'float'. */
+    if (ctr->size <= 4 &&
+        (LJ_ABI_SOFTFP || ctype_isinteger_or_bool(ctr->info)))
+      *(int64_t *)dp = (int64_t)*(int32_t *)dp;
+#endif
 #if LJ_TARGET_X86
     if (ctype_isfp(ctr->info))
       cts->cb.gpr[2] = ctr->size == sizeof(float) ? 1 : 2;
@@ -528,8 +680,8 @@ lua_State * LJ_FASTCALL lj_ccallback_enter(CTState *cts, void *cf)
 {
   lua_State *L = cts->L;
   global_State *g = cts->g;
-  lua_assert(L != NULL);
-  if (gcref(g->jit_L)) {
+  lj_assertG(L != NULL, "uninitialized cts->L in callback");
+  if (tvref(g->jit_base)) {
     setstrV(L, L->top++, lj_err_str(L, LJ_ERR_FFI_BADCBACK));
     if (g->panic) g->panic(L);
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
@@ -562,9 +714,9 @@ void LJ_FASTCALL lj_ccallback_leave(CTState *cts, TValue *o)
   }
   callback_conv_result(cts, L, o);
   /* Finally drop C frame and continuation frame. */
-  L->cframe = cframe_prev(L->cframe);
-  L->top -= 2;
+  L->top -= 2+2*LJ_FR2;
   L->base = obase;
+  L->cframe = cframe_prev(L->cframe);
   cts->cb.slot = 0;  /* Blacklist C function that called the callback. */
 }
 
@@ -613,7 +765,7 @@ static CType *callback_checkfunc(CTState *cts, CType *ct)
       CType *ctf = ctype_get(cts, fid);
       if (!ctype_isattrib(ctf->info)) {
         CType *cta;
-        lua_assert(ctype_isfield(ctf->info));
+        lj_assertCTS(ctype_isfield(ctf->info), "field expected");
         cta = ctype_rawchild(cts, ctf);
         if (!(ctype_isenum(cta->info) || ctype_isptr(cta->info) ||
               (ctype_isnum(cta->info) && cta->size <= 8)) ||
diff --git a/src/lj_cconv.c b/src/lj_cconv.c
index a5a4e69b..419a8f45 100644
--- a/src/lj_cconv.c
+++ b/src/lj_cconv.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #if LJ_HASFFI
 
 #include "lj_err.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
 #include "lj_ctype.h"
 #include "lj_cdata.h"
@@ -122,19 +123,25 @@ void lj_cconv_ct_ct(CTState *cts, CType *d, CType *s,
   CTInfo dinfo = d->info, sinfo = s->info;
   void *tmpptr;
 
-  lua_assert(!ctype_isenum(dinfo) && !ctype_isenum(sinfo));
-  lua_assert(!ctype_isattrib(dinfo) && !ctype_isattrib(sinfo));
+  lj_assertCTS(!ctype_isenum(dinfo) && !ctype_isenum(sinfo),
+               "unresolved enum");
+  lj_assertCTS(!ctype_isattrib(dinfo) && !ctype_isattrib(sinfo),
+               "unstripped attribute");
 
   if (ctype_type(dinfo) > CT_MAYCONVERT || ctype_type(sinfo) > CT_MAYCONVERT)
     goto err_conv;
 
   /* Some basic sanity checks. */
-  lua_assert(!ctype_isnum(dinfo) || dsize > 0);
-  lua_assert(!ctype_isnum(sinfo) || ssize > 0);
-  lua_assert(!ctype_isbool(dinfo) || dsize == 1 || dsize == 4);
-  lua_assert(!ctype_isbool(sinfo) || ssize == 1 || ssize == 4);
-  lua_assert(!ctype_isinteger(dinfo) || (1u<<lj_fls(dsize)) == dsize);
-  lua_assert(!ctype_isinteger(sinfo) || (1u<<lj_fls(ssize)) == ssize);
+  lj_assertCTS(!ctype_isnum(dinfo) || dsize > 0, "bad size for number type");
+  lj_assertCTS(!ctype_isnum(sinfo) || ssize > 0, "bad size for number type");
+  lj_assertCTS(!ctype_isbool(dinfo) || dsize == 1 || dsize == 4,
+               "bad size for bool type");
+  lj_assertCTS(!ctype_isbool(sinfo) || ssize == 1 || ssize == 4,
+               "bad size for bool type");
+  lj_assertCTS(!ctype_isinteger(dinfo) || (1u<<lj_fls(dsize)) == dsize,
+               "bad size for integer type");
+  lj_assertCTS(!ctype_isinteger(sinfo) || (1u<<lj_fls(ssize)) == ssize,
+               "bad size for integer type");
 
   switch (cconv_idx2(dinfo, sinfo)) {
   /* Destination is a bool. */
@@ -357,7 +364,7 @@ void lj_cconv_ct_ct(CTState *cts, CType *d, CType *s,
     if ((flags & CCF_CAST) || (d->info & CTF_VLA) || d != s)
       goto err_conv;  /* Must be exact same type. */
 copyval:  /* Copy value. */
-    lua_assert(dsize == ssize);
+    lj_assertCTS(dsize == ssize, "value copy with different sizes");
     memcpy(dp, sp, dsize);
     break;
 
@@ -389,7 +396,7 @@ int lj_cconv_tv_ct(CTState *cts, CType *s, CTypeID sid,
         lj_cconv_ct_ct(cts, ctype_get(cts, CTID_DOUBLE), s,
                        (uint8_t *)&o->n, sp, 0);
         /* Numbers are NOT canonicalized here! Beware of uninitialized data. */
-        lua_assert(tvisnum(o));
+        lj_assertCTS(tvisnum(o), "non-canonical NaN passed");
       }
     } else {
       uint32_t b = s->size == 1 ? (*sp != 0) : (*(int *)sp != 0);
@@ -406,7 +413,7 @@ int lj_cconv_tv_ct(CTState *cts, CType *s, CTypeID sid,
     CTSize sz;
   copyval:  /* Copy value. */
     sz = s->size;
-    lua_assert(sz != CTSIZE_INVALID);
+    lj_assertCTS(sz != CTSIZE_INVALID, "value copy with invalid size");
     /* Attributes are stripped, qualifiers are kept (but mostly ignored). */
     cd = lj_cdata_new(cts, ctype_typeid(cts, s), sz);
     setcdataV(cts->L, o, cd);
@@ -421,19 +428,22 @@ int lj_cconv_tv_bf(CTState *cts, CType *s, TValue *o, uint8_t *sp)
   CTInfo info = s->info;
   CTSize pos, bsz;
   uint32_t val;
-  lua_assert(ctype_isbitfield(info));
+  lj_assertCTS(ctype_isbitfield(info), "bitfield expected");
   /* NYI: packed bitfields may cause misaligned reads. */
   switch (ctype_bitcsz(info)) {
   case 4: val = *(uint32_t *)sp; break;
   case 2: val = *(uint16_t *)sp; break;
   case 1: val = *(uint8_t *)sp; break;
-  default: lua_assert(0); val = 0; break;
+  default:
+    lj_assertCTS(0, "bad bitfield container size %d", ctype_bitcsz(info));
+    val = 0;
+    break;
   }
   /* Check if a packed bitfield crosses a container boundary. */
   pos = ctype_bitpos(info);
   bsz = ctype_bitbsz(info);
-  lua_assert(pos < 8*ctype_bitcsz(info));
-  lua_assert(bsz > 0 && bsz <= 8*ctype_bitcsz(info));
+  lj_assertCTS(pos < 8*ctype_bitcsz(info), "bad bitfield position");
+  lj_assertCTS(bsz > 0 && bsz <= 8*ctype_bitcsz(info), "bad bitfield size");
   if (pos + bsz > 8*ctype_bitcsz(info))
     lj_err_caller(cts->L, LJ_ERR_FFI_NYIPACKBIT);
   if (!(info & CTF_BOOL)) {
@@ -448,8 +458,10 @@ int lj_cconv_tv_bf(CTState *cts, CType *s, TValue *o, uint8_t *sp)
         setintV(o, (int32_t)val);
     }
   } else {
-    lua_assert(bsz == 1);
-    setboolV(o, (val >> pos) & 1);
+    uint32_t b = (val >> pos) & 1;
+    lj_assertCTS(bsz == 1, "bad bool bitfield size");
+    setboolV(o, b);
+    setboolV(&cts->g->tmptv2, b);  /* Remember for trace recorder. */
   }
   return 0;  /* No GC step needed. */
 }
@@ -551,7 +563,7 @@ void lj_cconv_ct_tv(CTState *cts, CType *d,
     sid = cdataV(o)->ctypeid;
     s = ctype_get(cts, sid);
     if (ctype_isref(s->info)) {  /* Resolve reference for value. */
-      lua_assert(s->size == CTSIZE_PTR);
+      lj_assertCTS(s->size == CTSIZE_PTR, "ref is not pointer-sized");
       sp = *(void **)sp;
       sid = ctype_cid(s->info);
     }
@@ -571,7 +583,7 @@ void lj_cconv_ct_tv(CTState *cts, CType *d,
       CType *cct = lj_ctype_getfield(cts, d, str, &ofs);
       if (!cct || !ctype_isconstval(cct->info))
         goto err_conv;
-      lua_assert(d->size == 4);
+      lj_assertCTS(d->size == 4, "only 32 bit enum supported");  /* NYI */
       sp = (uint8_t *)&cct->size;
       sid = ctype_cid(cct->info);
     } else if (ctype_isrefarray(d->info)) {  /* Copy string to array. */
@@ -610,8 +622,10 @@ void lj_cconv_ct_tv(CTState *cts, CType *d,
     tmpptr = uddata(ud);
     if (ud->udtype == UDTYPE_IO_FILE)
       tmpptr = *(void **)tmpptr;
+    else if (ud->udtype == UDTYPE_BUFFER)
+      tmpptr = ((SBufExt *)tmpptr)->r;
   } else if (tvislightud(o)) {
-    tmpptr = lightudV(o);
+    tmpptr = lightudV(cts->g, o);
   } else if (tvisfunc(o)) {
     void *p = lj_ccallback_new(cts, d, funcV(o));
     if (p) {
@@ -635,10 +649,10 @@ void lj_cconv_bf_tv(CTState *cts, CType *d, uint8_t *dp, TValue *o)
   CTInfo info = d->info;
   CTSize pos, bsz;
   uint32_t val, mask;
-  lua_assert(ctype_isbitfield(info));
+  lj_assertCTS(ctype_isbitfield(info), "bitfield expected");
   if ((info & CTF_BOOL)) {
     uint8_t tmpbool;
-    lua_assert(ctype_bitbsz(info) == 1);
+    lj_assertCTS(ctype_bitbsz(info) == 1, "bad bool bitfield size");
     lj_cconv_ct_tv(cts, ctype_get(cts, CTID_BOOL), &tmpbool, o, 0);
     val = tmpbool;
   } else {
@@ -647,8 +661,8 @@ void lj_cconv_bf_tv(CTState *cts, CType *d, uint8_t *dp, TValue *o)
   }
   pos = ctype_bitpos(info);
   bsz = ctype_bitbsz(info);
-  lua_assert(pos < 8*ctype_bitcsz(info));
-  lua_assert(bsz > 0 && bsz <= 8*ctype_bitcsz(info));
+  lj_assertCTS(pos < 8*ctype_bitcsz(info), "bad bitfield position");
+  lj_assertCTS(bsz > 0 && bsz <= 8*ctype_bitcsz(info), "bad bitfield size");
   /* Check if a packed bitfield crosses a container boundary. */
   if (pos + bsz > 8*ctype_bitcsz(info))
     lj_err_caller(cts->L, LJ_ERR_FFI_NYIPACKBIT);
@@ -659,7 +673,9 @@ void lj_cconv_bf_tv(CTState *cts, CType *d, uint8_t *dp, TValue *o)
   case 4: *(uint32_t *)dp = (*(uint32_t *)dp & ~mask) | (uint32_t)val; break;
   case 2: *(uint16_t *)dp = (*(uint16_t *)dp & ~mask) | (uint16_t)val; break;
   case 1: *(uint8_t *)dp = (*(uint8_t *)dp & ~mask) | (uint8_t)val; break;
-  default: lua_assert(0); break;
+  default:
+    lj_assertCTS(0, "bad bitfield container size %d", ctype_bitcsz(info));
+    break;
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lj_cconv.h b/src/lj_cconv.h
index 6199448d..9da2c33c 100644
--- a/src/lj_cconv.h
+++ b/src/lj_cconv.h
@@ -27,13 +27,14 @@ enum {
 static LJ_AINLINE uint32_t cconv_idx(CTInfo info)
 {
   uint32_t idx = ((info >> 26) & 15u);  /* Dispatch bits. */
-  lua_assert(ctype_type(info) <= CT_MAYCONVERT);
+  lj_assertX(ctype_type(info) <= CT_MAYCONVERT,
+             "cannot convert ctype %08x", info);
 #if LJ_64
   idx = ((uint32_t)(U64x(f436fff5,fff7f021) >> 4*idx) & 15u);
 #else
   idx = (((idx < 8 ? 0xfff7f021u : 0xf436fff5) >> 4*(idx & 7u)) & 15u);
 #endif
-  lua_assert(idx < 8);
+  lj_assertX(idx < 8, "cannot convert ctype %08x", info);
   return idx;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lj_cdata.c b/src/lj_cdata.c
index 32c69829..77d9730f 100644
--- a/src/lj_cdata.c
+++ b/src/lj_cdata.c
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 
 #include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
-#include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
 #include "lj_ctype.h"
 #include "lj_cconv.h"
@@ -27,20 +26,20 @@ GCcdata *lj_cdata_newref(CTState *cts, const void *p, CTypeID id)
 }
 
 /* Allocate variable-sized or specially aligned C data object. */
-GCcdata *lj_cdata_newv(CTState *cts, CTypeID id, CTSize sz, CTSize align)
+GCcdata *lj_cdata_newv(lua_State *L, CTypeID id, CTSize sz, CTSize align)
 {
   global_State *g;
   MSize extra = sizeof(GCcdataVar) + sizeof(GCcdata) +
                 (align > CT_MEMALIGN ? (1u<<align) - (1u<<CT_MEMALIGN) : 0);
-  char *p = lj_mem_newt(cts->L, extra + sz, char);
+  char *p = lj_mem_newt(L, extra + sz, char);
   uintptr_t adata = (uintptr_t)p + sizeof(GCcdataVar) + sizeof(GCcdata);
   uintptr_t almask = (1u << align) - 1u;
   GCcdata *cd = (GCcdata *)(((adata + almask) & ~almask) - sizeof(GCcdata));
-  lua_assert((char *)cd - p < 65536);
+  lj_assertL((char *)cd - p < 65536, "excessive cdata alignment");
   cdatav(cd)->offset = (uint16_t)((char *)cd - p);
   cdatav(cd)->extra = extra;
   cdatav(cd)->len = sz;
-  g = cts->g;
+  g = G(L);
   setgcrefr(cd->nextgc, g->gc.root);
   setgcref(g->gc.root, obj2gco(cd));
   newwhite(g, obj2gco(cd));
@@ -50,6 +49,15 @@ GCcdata *lj_cdata_newv(CTState *cts, CTypeID id, CTSize sz, CTSize align)
   return cd;
 }
 
+/* Allocate arbitrary C data object. */
+GCcdata *lj_cdata_newx(CTState *cts, CTypeID id, CTSize sz, CTInfo info)
+{
+  if (!(info & CTF_VLA) && ctype_align(info) <= CT_MEMALIGN)
+    return lj_cdata_new(cts, id, sz);
+  else
+    return lj_cdata_newv(cts->L, id, sz, ctype_align(info));
+}
+
 /* Free a C data object. */
 void LJ_FASTCALL lj_cdata_free(global_State *g, GCcdata *cd)
 {
@@ -68,29 +76,30 @@ void LJ_FASTCALL lj_cdata_free(global_State *g, GCcdata *cd)
   } else if (LJ_LIKELY(!cdataisv(cd))) {
     CType *ct = ctype_raw(ctype_ctsG(g), cd->ctypeid);
     CTSize sz = ctype_hassize(ct->info) ? ct->size : CTSIZE_PTR;
-    lua_assert(ctype_hassize(ct->info) || ctype_isfunc(ct->info) ||
-               ctype_isextern(ct->info));
+    lj_assertG(ctype_hassize(ct->info) || ctype_isfunc(ct->info) ||
+               ctype_isextern(ct->info), "free of ctype without a size");
     lj_mem_free(g, cd, sizeof(GCcdata) + sz);
   } else {
     lj_mem_free(g, memcdatav(cd), sizecdatav(cd));
   }
 }
 
-TValue * LJ_FASTCALL lj_cdata_setfin(lua_State *L, GCcdata *cd)
+void lj_cdata_setfin(lua_State *L, GCcdata *cd, GCobj *obj, uint32_t it)
 {
-  global_State *g = G(L);
-  GCtab *t = ctype_ctsG(g)->finalizer;
+  GCtab *t = ctype_ctsG(G(L))->finalizer;
   if (gcref(t->metatable)) {
     /* Add cdata to finalizer table, if still enabled. */
     TValue *tv, tmp;
     setcdataV(L, &tmp, cd);
     lj_gc_anybarriert(L, t);
     tv = lj_tab_set(L, t, &tmp);
-    cd->marked |= LJ_GC_CDATA_FIN;
-    return tv;
-  } else {
-    /* Otherwise return dummy TValue. */
-    return &g->tmptv;
+    if (it == LJ_TNIL) {
+      setnilV(tv);
+      cd->marked &= ~LJ_GC_CDATA_FIN;
+    } else {
+      setgcV(L, tv, obj, it);
+      cd->marked |= LJ_GC_CDATA_FIN;
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -106,7 +115,7 @@ CType *lj_cdata_index(CTState *cts, GCcdata *cd, cTValue *key, uint8_t **pp,
 
   /* Resolve reference for cdata object. */
   if (ctype_isref(ct->info)) {
-    lua_assert(ct->size == CTSIZE_PTR);
+    lj_assertCTS(ct->size == CTSIZE_PTR, "ref is not pointer-sized");
     p = *(uint8_t **)p;
     ct = ctype_child(cts, ct);
   }
@@ -117,13 +126,19 @@ collect_attrib:
     if (ctype_attrib(ct->info) == CTA_QUAL) *qual |= ct->size;
     ct = ctype_child(cts, ct);
   }
-  lua_assert(!ctype_isref(ct->info));  /* Interning rejects refs to refs. */
+  /* Interning rejects refs to refs. */
+  lj_assertCTS(!ctype_isref(ct->info), "bad ref of ref");
 
   if (tvisint(key)) {
     idx = (ptrdiff_t)intV(key);
     goto integer_key;
   } else if (tvisnum(key)) {  /* Numeric key. */
-    idx = LJ_64 ? (ptrdiff_t)numV(key) : (ptrdiff_t)lj_num2int(numV(key));
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+    /* Workaround for MSVC bug. */
+    volatile
+#endif
+    lua_Number n = numV(key);
+    idx = LJ_64 ? (ptrdiff_t)n : (ptrdiff_t)lj_num2int(n);
   integer_key:
     if (ctype_ispointer(ct->info)) {
       CTSize sz = lj_ctype_size(cts, ctype_cid(ct->info));  /* Element size. */
@@ -198,7 +213,8 @@ collect_attrib:
 static void cdata_getconst(CTState *cts, TValue *o, CType *ct)
 {
   CType *ctt = ctype_child(cts, ct);
-  lua_assert(ctype_isinteger(ctt->info) && ctt->size <= 4);
+  lj_assertCTS(ctype_isinteger(ctt->info) && ctt->size <= 4,
+               "only 32 bit const supported");  /* NYI */
   /* Constants are already zero-extended/sign-extended to 32 bits. */
   if ((ctt->info & CTF_UNSIGNED) && (int32_t)ct->size < 0)
     setnumV(o, (lua_Number)(uint32_t)ct->size);
@@ -219,13 +235,14 @@ int lj_cdata_get(CTState *cts, CType *s, TValue *o, uint8_t *sp)
   }
 
   /* Get child type of pointer/array/field. */
-  lua_assert(ctype_ispointer(s->info) || ctype_isfield(s->info));
+  lj_assertCTS(ctype_ispointer(s->info) || ctype_isfield(s->info),
+               "pointer or field expected");
   sid = ctype_cid(s->info);
   s = ctype_get(cts, sid);
 
   /* Resolve reference for field. */
   if (ctype_isref(s->info)) {
-    lua_assert(s->size == CTSIZE_PTR);
+    lj_assertCTS(s->size == CTSIZE_PTR, "ref is not pointer-sized");
     sp = *(uint8_t **)sp;
     sid = ctype_cid(s->info);
     s = ctype_get(cts, sid);
@@ -252,12 +269,13 @@ void lj_cdata_set(CTState *cts, CType *d, uint8_t *dp, TValue *o, CTInfo qual)
   }
 
   /* Get child type of pointer/array/field. */
-  lua_assert(ctype_ispointer(d->info) || ctype_isfield(d->info));
+  lj_assertCTS(ctype_ispointer(d->info) || ctype_isfield(d->info),
+               "pointer or field expected");
   d = ctype_child(cts, d);
 
   /* Resolve reference for field. */
   if (ctype_isref(d->info)) {
-    lua_assert(d->size == CTSIZE_PTR);
+    lj_assertCTS(d->size == CTSIZE_PTR, "ref is not pointer-sized");
     dp = *(uint8_t **)dp;
     d = ctype_child(cts, d);
   }
@@ -272,7 +290,8 @@ void lj_cdata_set(CTState *cts, CType *d, uint8_t *dp, TValue *o, CTInfo qual)
     d = ctype_child(cts, d);
   }
 
-  lua_assert(ctype_hassize(d->info) && !ctype_isvoid(d->info));
+  lj_assertCTS(ctype_hassize(d->info), "store to ctype without size");
+  lj_assertCTS(!ctype_isvoid(d->info), "store to void type");
 
   if (((d->info|qual) & CTF_CONST)) {
   err_const:
diff --git a/src/lj_cdata.h b/src/lj_cdata.h
index 4de5969a..e6ab48ca 100644
--- a/src/lj_cdata.h
+++ b/src/lj_cdata.h
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ static LJ_AINLINE void *cdata_getptr(void *p, CTSize sz)
   if (LJ_64 && sz == 4) {  /* Support 32 bit pointers on 64 bit targets. */
     return ((void *)(uintptr_t)*(uint32_t *)p);
   } else {
-    lua_assert(sz == CTSIZE_PTR);
+    lj_assertX(sz == CTSIZE_PTR, "bad pointer size %d", sz);
     return *(void **)p;
   }
 }
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ static LJ_AINLINE void cdata_setptr(void *p, CTSize sz, const void *v)
   if (LJ_64 && sz == 4) {  /* Support 32 bit pointers on 64 bit targets. */
     *(uint32_t *)p = (uint32_t)(uintptr_t)v;
   } else {
-    lua_assert(sz == CTSIZE_PTR);
+    lj_assertX(sz == CTSIZE_PTR, "bad pointer size %d", sz);
     *(void **)p = (void *)v;
   }
 }
@@ -40,7 +40,8 @@ static LJ_AINLINE GCcdata *lj_cdata_new(CTState *cts, CTypeID id, CTSize sz)
   GCcdata *cd;
 #ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
   CType *ct = ctype_raw(cts, id);
-  lua_assert((ctype_hassize(ct->info) ? ct->size : CTSIZE_PTR) == sz);
+  lj_assertCTS((ctype_hassize(ct->info) ? ct->size : CTSIZE_PTR) == sz,
+               "inconsistent size of fixed-size cdata alloc");
 #endif
   cd = (GCcdata *)lj_mem_newgco(cts->L, sizeof(GCcdata) + sz);
   cd->gct = ~LJ_TCDATA;
@@ -58,11 +59,14 @@ static LJ_AINLINE GCcdata *lj_cdata_new_(lua_State *L, CTypeID id, CTSize sz)
 }
 
 LJ_FUNC GCcdata *lj_cdata_newref(CTState *cts, const void *pp, CTypeID id);
-LJ_FUNC GCcdata *lj_cdata_newv(CTState *cts, CTypeID id, CTSize sz,
+LJ_FUNC GCcdata *lj_cdata_newv(lua_State *L, CTypeID id, CTSize sz,
                                CTSize align);
+LJ_FUNC GCcdata *lj_cdata_newx(CTState *cts, CTypeID id, CTSize sz,
+                               CTInfo info);
 
 LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL lj_cdata_free(global_State *g, GCcdata *cd);
-LJ_FUNCA TValue * LJ_FASTCALL lj_cdata_setfin(lua_State *L, GCcdata *cd);
+LJ_FUNC void lj_cdata_setfin(lua_State *L, GCcdata *cd, GCobj *obj,
+                             uint32_t it);
 
 LJ_FUNC CType *lj_cdata_index(CTState *cts, GCcdata *cd, cTValue *key,
                               uint8_t **pp, CTInfo *qual);
diff --git a/src/lj_clib.c b/src/lj_clib.c
index d8d879a0..513528ce 100644
--- a/src/lj_clib.c
+++ b/src/lj_clib.c
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "lj_cconv.h"
 #include "lj_cdata.h"
 #include "lj_clib.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 
 /* -- OS-specific functions ----------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ static const char *clib_extname(lua_State *L, const char *name)
 #endif
      ) {
     if (!strchr(name, '.')) {
-      name = lj_str_pushf(L, CLIB_SOEXT, name);
+      name = lj_strfmt_pushf(L, CLIB_SOEXT, name);
       L->top--;
 #if LJ_TARGET_CYGWIN
     } else {
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ static const char *clib_extname(lua_State *L, const char *name)
     }
     if (!(name[0] == CLIB_SOPREFIX[0] && name[1] == CLIB_SOPREFIX[1] &&
           name[2] == CLIB_SOPREFIX[2])) {
-      name = lj_str_pushf(L, CLIB_SOPREFIX "%s", name);
+      name = lj_strfmt_pushf(L, CLIB_SOPREFIX "%s", name);
       L->top--;
     }
   }
@@ -158,11 +159,13 @@ BOOL WINAPI GetModuleHandleExA(DWORD, LPCSTR, HMODULE*);
 /* Default libraries. */
 enum {
   CLIB_HANDLE_EXE,
+#if !LJ_TARGET_UWP
   CLIB_HANDLE_DLL,
   CLIB_HANDLE_CRT,
   CLIB_HANDLE_KERNEL32,
   CLIB_HANDLE_USER32,
   CLIB_HANDLE_GDI32,
+#endif
   CLIB_HANDLE_MAX
 };
 
@@ -172,11 +175,19 @@ LJ_NORET LJ_NOINLINE static void clib_error(lua_State *L, const char *fmt,
                                             const char *name)
 {
   DWORD err = GetLastError();
+#if LJ_TARGET_XBOXONE
+  wchar_t wbuf[128];
+  char buf[128*2];
+  if (!FormatMessageW(FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS|FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM,
+                      NULL, err, 0, wbuf, sizeof(wbuf)/sizeof(wchar_t), NULL) ||
+      !WideCharToMultiByte(CP_ACP, 0, wbuf, 128, buf, 128*2, NULL, NULL))
+#else
   char buf[128];
   if (!FormatMessageA(FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS|FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM,
                       NULL, err, 0, buf, sizeof(buf), NULL))
+#endif
     buf[0] = '\0';
-  lj_err_callermsg(L, lj_str_pushf(L, fmt, name, buf));
+  lj_err_callermsg(L, lj_strfmt_pushf(L, fmt, name, buf));
 }
 
 static int clib_needext(const char *s)
@@ -191,7 +202,7 @@ static int clib_needext(const char *s)
 static const char *clib_extname(lua_State *L, const char *name)
 {
   if (clib_needext(name)) {
-    name = lj_str_pushf(L, "%s.dll", name);
+    name = lj_strfmt_pushf(L, "%s.dll", name);
     L->top--;
   }
   return name;
@@ -200,7 +211,7 @@ static const char *clib_extname(lua_State *L, const char *name)
 static void *clib_loadlib(lua_State *L, const char *name, int global)
 {
   DWORD oldwerr = GetLastError();
-  void *h = (void *)LoadLibraryA(clib_extname(L, name));
+  void *h = LJ_WIN_LOADLIBA(clib_extname(L, name));
   if (!h) clib_error(L, "cannot load module " LUA_QS ": %s", name);
   SetLastError(oldwerr);
   UNUSED(global);
@@ -210,6 +221,7 @@ static void *clib_loadlib(lua_State *L, const char *name, int global)
 static void clib_unloadlib(CLibrary *cl)
 {
   if (cl->handle == CLIB_DEFHANDLE) {
+#if !LJ_TARGET_UWP
     MSize i;
     for (i = CLIB_HANDLE_KERNEL32; i < CLIB_HANDLE_MAX; i++) {
       void *h = clib_def_handle[i];
@@ -218,11 +230,16 @@ static void clib_unloadlib(CLibrary *cl)
         FreeLibrary((HINSTANCE)h);
       }
     }
+#endif
   } else if (cl->handle) {
     FreeLibrary((HINSTANCE)cl->handle);
   }
 }
 
+#if LJ_TARGET_UWP
+EXTERN_C IMAGE_DOS_HEADER __ImageBase;
+#endif
+
 static void *clib_getsym(CLibrary *cl, const char *name)
 {
   void *p = NULL;
@@ -231,6 +248,9 @@ static void *clib_getsym(CLibrary *cl, const char *name)
     for (i = 0; i < CLIB_HANDLE_MAX; i++) {
       HINSTANCE h = (HINSTANCE)clib_def_handle[i];
       if (!(void *)h) {  /* Resolve default library handles (once). */
+#if LJ_TARGET_UWP
+        h = (HINSTANCE)&__ImageBase;
+#else
         switch (i) {
         case CLIB_HANDLE_EXE: GetModuleHandleExA(GET_MODULE_HANDLE_EX_FLAG_UNCHANGED_REFCOUNT, NULL, &h); break;
         case CLIB_HANDLE_DLL:
@@ -241,11 +261,12 @@ static void *clib_getsym(CLibrary *cl, const char *name)
           GetModuleHandleExA(GET_MODULE_HANDLE_EX_FLAG_FROM_ADDRESS|GET_MODULE_HANDLE_EX_FLAG_UNCHANGED_REFCOUNT,
                              (const char *)&_fmode, &h);
           break;
-        case CLIB_HANDLE_KERNEL32: h = LoadLibraryA("kernel32.dll"); break;
-        case CLIB_HANDLE_USER32: h = LoadLibraryA("user32.dll"); break;
-        case CLIB_HANDLE_GDI32: h = LoadLibraryA("gdi32.dll"); break;
+        case CLIB_HANDLE_KERNEL32: h = LJ_WIN_LOADLIBA("kernel32.dll"); break;
+        case CLIB_HANDLE_USER32: h = LJ_WIN_LOADLIBA("user32.dll"); break;
+        case CLIB_HANDLE_GDI32: h = LJ_WIN_LOADLIBA("gdi32.dll"); break;
         }
         if (!h) continue;
+#endif
         clib_def_handle[i] = (void *)h;
       }
       p = (void *)GetProcAddress(h, name);
@@ -264,7 +285,7 @@ static void *clib_getsym(CLibrary *cl, const char *name)
 LJ_NORET LJ_NOINLINE static void clib_error(lua_State *L, const char *fmt,
                                             const char *name)
 {
-  lj_err_callermsg(L, lj_str_pushf(L, fmt, name, "no support for this OS"));
+  lj_err_callermsg(L, lj_strfmt_pushf(L, fmt, name, "no support for this OS"));
 }
 
 static void *clib_loadlib(lua_State *L, const char *name, int global)
@@ -329,7 +350,8 @@ TValue *lj_clib_index(lua_State *L, CLibrary *cl, GCstr *name)
       lj_err_callerv(L, LJ_ERR_FFI_NODECL, strdata(name));
     if (ctype_isconstval(ct->info)) {
       CType *ctt = ctype_child(cts, ct);
-      lua_assert(ctype_isinteger(ctt->info) && ctt->size <= 4);
+      lj_assertCTS(ctype_isinteger(ctt->info) && ctt->size <= 4,
+                   "only 32 bit const supported");  /* NYI */
       if ((ctt->info & CTF_UNSIGNED) && (int32_t)ct->size < 0)
         setnumV(tv, (lua_Number)(uint32_t)ct->size);
       else
@@ -341,14 +363,15 @@ TValue *lj_clib_index(lua_State *L, CLibrary *cl, GCstr *name)
 #endif
       void *p = clib_getsym(cl, sym);
       GCcdata *cd;
-      lua_assert(ctype_isfunc(ct->info) || ctype_isextern(ct->info));
+      lj_assertCTS(ctype_isfunc(ct->info) || ctype_isextern(ct->info),
+                   "unexpected ctype %08x in clib", ct->info);
 #if LJ_TARGET_X86 && LJ_ABI_WIN
       /* Retry with decorated name for fastcall/stdcall functions. */
       if (!p && ctype_isfunc(ct->info)) {
         CTInfo cconv = ctype_cconv(ct->info);
         if (cconv == CTCC_FASTCALL || cconv == CTCC_STDCALL) {
           CTSize sz = clib_func_argsize(cts, ct);
-          const char *symd = lj_str_pushf(L,
+          const char *symd = lj_strfmt_pushf(L,
                                cconv == CTCC_FASTCALL ? "@%s@%d" : "_%s@%d",
                                sym, sz);
           L->top--;
diff --git a/src/lj_cparse.c b/src/lj_cparse.c
index f807c5ae..6c3bb2f9 100644
--- a/src/lj_cparse.c
+++ b/src/lj_cparse.c
@@ -9,13 +9,14 @@
 
 #include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
-#include "lj_str.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_ctype.h"
 #include "lj_cparse.h"
 #include "lj_frame.h"
 #include "lj_vm.h"
 #include "lj_char.h"
 #include "lj_strscan.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 
 /*
 ** Important note: this is NOT a validating C parser! This is a minimal
@@ -27,6 +28,30 @@
 ** If in doubt, please check the input against your favorite C compiler.
 */
 
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+#define lj_assertCP(c, ...)     (lj_assertG_(G(cp->L), (c), __VA_ARGS__))
+#else
+#define lj_assertCP(c, ...)     ((void)cp)
+#endif
+
+/* -- Miscellaneous ------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Match string against a C literal. */
+#define cp_str_is(str, k) \
+  ((str)->len == sizeof(k)-1 && !memcmp(strdata(str), k, sizeof(k)-1))
+
+/* Check string against a linear list of matches. */
+int lj_cparse_case(GCstr *str, const char *match)
+{
+  MSize len;
+  int n;
+  for  (n = 0; (len = (MSize)*match++); n++, match += len) {
+    if (str->len == len && !memcmp(match, strdata(str), len))
+      return n;
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+
 /* -- C lexer ------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* C lexer token names. */
@@ -42,13 +67,13 @@ LJ_NORET static void cp_err(CPState *cp, ErrMsg em);
 
 static const char *cp_tok2str(CPState *cp, CPToken tok)
 {
-  lua_assert(tok < CTOK_FIRSTDECL);
+  lj_assertCP(tok < CTOK_FIRSTDECL, "bad CPToken %d", tok);
   if (tok > CTOK_OFS)
     return ctoknames[tok-CTOK_OFS-1];
   else if (!lj_char_iscntrl(tok))
-    return lj_str_pushf(cp->L, "%c", tok);
+    return lj_strfmt_pushf(cp->L, "%c", tok);
   else
-    return lj_str_pushf(cp->L, "char(%d)", tok);
+    return lj_strfmt_pushf(cp->L, "char(%d)", tok);
 }
 
 /* End-of-line? */
@@ -85,24 +110,10 @@ static LJ_NOINLINE CPChar cp_get_bs(CPState *cp)
   return cp_get(cp);
 }
 
-/* Grow save buffer. */
-static LJ_NOINLINE void cp_save_grow(CPState *cp, CPChar c)
-{
-  MSize newsize;
-  if (cp->sb.sz >= CPARSE_MAX_BUF/2)
-    cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_XELEM);
-  newsize = cp->sb.sz * 2;
-  lj_str_resizebuf(cp->L, &cp->sb, newsize);
-  cp->sb.buf[cp->sb.n++] = (char)c;
-}
-
 /* Save character in buffer. */
 static LJ_AINLINE void cp_save(CPState *cp, CPChar c)
 {
-  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(cp->sb.n + 1 > cp->sb.sz))
-    cp_save_grow(cp, c);
-  else
-    cp->sb.buf[cp->sb.n++] = (char)c;
+  lj_buf_putb(&cp->sb, c);
 }
 
 /* Skip line break. Handles "\n", "\r", "\r\n" or "\n\r". */
@@ -122,20 +133,20 @@ LJ_NORET static void cp_errmsg(CPState *cp, CPToken tok, ErrMsg em, ...)
     tokstr = NULL;
   } else if (tok == CTOK_IDENT || tok == CTOK_INTEGER || tok == CTOK_STRING ||
              tok >= CTOK_FIRSTDECL) {
-    if (cp->sb.n == 0) cp_save(cp, '$');
+    if (cp->sb.w == cp->sb.b) cp_save(cp, '$');
     cp_save(cp, '\0');
-    tokstr = cp->sb.buf;
+    tokstr = cp->sb.b;
   } else {
     tokstr = cp_tok2str(cp, tok);
   }
   L = cp->L;
   va_start(argp, em);
-  msg = lj_str_pushvf(L, err2msg(em), argp);
+  msg = lj_strfmt_pushvf(L, err2msg(em), argp);
   va_end(argp);
   if (tokstr)
-    msg = lj_str_pushf(L, err2msg(LJ_ERR_XNEAR), msg, tokstr);
+    msg = lj_strfmt_pushf(L, err2msg(LJ_ERR_XNEAR), msg, tokstr);
   if (cp->linenumber > 1)
-    msg = lj_str_pushf(L, "%s at line %d", msg, cp->linenumber);
+    msg = lj_strfmt_pushf(L, "%s at line %d", msg, cp->linenumber);
   lj_err_callermsg(L, msg);
 }
 
@@ -164,7 +175,8 @@ static CPToken cp_number(CPState *cp)
   TValue o;
   do { cp_save(cp, cp->c); } while (lj_char_isident(cp_get(cp)));
   cp_save(cp, '\0');
-  fmt = lj_strscan_scan((const uint8_t *)cp->sb.buf, &o, STRSCAN_OPT_C);
+  fmt = lj_strscan_scan((const uint8_t *)(cp->sb.b), sbuflen(&cp->sb)-1,
+                        &o, STRSCAN_OPT_C);
   if (fmt == STRSCAN_INT) cp->val.id = CTID_INT32;
   else if (fmt == STRSCAN_U32) cp->val.id = CTID_UINT32;
   else if (!(cp->mode & CPARSE_MODE_SKIP))
@@ -177,7 +189,7 @@ static CPToken cp_number(CPState *cp)
 static CPToken cp_ident(CPState *cp)
 {
   do { cp_save(cp, cp->c); } while (lj_char_isident(cp_get(cp)));
-  cp->str = lj_str_new(cp->L, cp->sb.buf, cp->sb.n);
+  cp->str = lj_buf_str(cp->L, &cp->sb);
   cp->val.id = lj_ctype_getname(cp->cts, &cp->ct, cp->str, cp->tmask);
   if (ctype_type(cp->ct->info) == CT_KW)
     return ctype_cid(cp->ct->info);
@@ -263,11 +275,11 @@ static CPToken cp_string(CPState *cp)
   }
   cp_get(cp);
   if (delim == '"') {
-    cp->str = lj_str_new(cp->L, cp->sb.buf, cp->sb.n);
+    cp->str = lj_buf_str(cp->L, &cp->sb);
     return CTOK_STRING;
   } else {
-    if (cp->sb.n != 1) cp_err_token(cp, '\'');
-    cp->val.i32 = (int32_t)(char)cp->sb.buf[0];
+    if (sbuflen(&cp->sb) != 1) cp_err_token(cp, '\'');
+    cp->val.i32 = (int32_t)(char)*cp->sb.b;
     cp->val.id = CTID_INT32;
     return CTOK_INTEGER;
   }
@@ -296,7 +308,7 @@ static void cp_comment_cpp(CPState *cp)
 /* Lexical scanner for C. Only a minimal subset is implemented. */
 static CPToken cp_next_(CPState *cp)
 {
-  lj_str_resetbuf(&cp->sb);
+  lj_buf_reset(&cp->sb);
   for (;;) {
     if (lj_char_isident(cp->c))
       return lj_char_isdigit(cp->c) ? cp_number(cp) : cp_ident(cp);
@@ -385,9 +397,8 @@ static void cp_init(CPState *cp)
   cp->depth = 0;
   cp->curpack = 0;
   cp->packstack[0] = 255;
-  lj_str_initbuf(&cp->sb);
-  lj_str_resizebuf(cp->L, &cp->sb, LJ_MIN_SBUF);
-  lua_assert(cp->p != NULL);
+  lj_buf_init(cp->L, &cp->sb);
+  lj_assertCP(cp->p != NULL, "uninitialized cp->p");
   cp_get(cp);  /* Read-ahead first char. */
   cp->tok = 0;
   cp->tmask = CPNS_DEFAULT;
@@ -398,7 +409,7 @@ static void cp_init(CPState *cp)
 static void cp_cleanup(CPState *cp)
 {
   global_State *g = G(cp->L);
-  lj_str_freebuf(g, &cp->sb);
+  lj_buf_free(g, &cp->sb);
 }
 
 /* Check and consume optional token. */
@@ -848,12 +859,13 @@ static CTypeID cp_decl_intern(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl)
     /* The cid is already part of info for copies of pointers/functions. */
     idx = ct->next;
     if (ctype_istypedef(info)) {
-      lua_assert(id == 0);
+      lj_assertCP(id == 0, "typedef not at toplevel");
       id = ctype_cid(info);
       /* Always refetch info/size, since struct/enum may have been completed. */
       cinfo = ctype_get(cp->cts, id)->info;
       csize = ctype_get(cp->cts, id)->size;
-      lua_assert(ctype_isstruct(cinfo) || ctype_isenum(cinfo));
+      lj_assertCP(ctype_isstruct(cinfo) || ctype_isenum(cinfo),
+                  "typedef of bad type");
     } else if (ctype_isfunc(info)) {  /* Intern function. */
       CType *fct;
       CTypeID fid;
@@ -886,7 +898,7 @@ static CTypeID cp_decl_intern(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl)
       /* Inherit csize/cinfo from original type. */
     } else {
       if (ctype_isnum(info)) {  /* Handle mode/vector-size attributes. */
-        lua_assert(id == 0);
+        lj_assertCP(id == 0, "number not at toplevel");
         if (!(info & CTF_BOOL)) {
           CTSize msize = ctype_msizeP(decl->attr);
           CTSize vsize = ctype_vsizeP(decl->attr);
@@ -941,7 +953,7 @@ static CTypeID cp_decl_intern(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl)
           info = (info & ~CTF_ALIGN) | (cinfo & CTF_ALIGN);
         info |= (cinfo & CTF_QUAL);  /* Inherit qual. */
       } else {
-        lua_assert(ctype_isvoid(info));
+        lj_assertCP(ctype_isvoid(info), "bad ctype %08x", info);
       }
       csize = size;
       cinfo = info+id;
@@ -953,8 +965,6 @@ static CTypeID cp_decl_intern(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl)
 
 /* -- C declaration parser ------------------------------------------------ */
 
-#define H_(le, be)      LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(0x##le, 0x##be)
-
 /* Reset declaration state to declaration specifier. */
 static void cp_decl_reset(CPDecl *decl)
 {
@@ -1031,7 +1041,7 @@ static void cp_decl_asm(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl)
   if (cp->tok == CTOK_STRING) {
     GCstr *str = cp->str;
     while (cp_next(cp) == CTOK_STRING) {
-      lj_str_pushf(cp->L, "%s%s", strdata(str), strdata(cp->str));
+      lj_strfmt_pushf(cp->L, "%s%s", strdata(str), strdata(cp->str));
       cp->L->top--;
       str = strV(cp->L->top);
     }
@@ -1083,44 +1093,57 @@ static void cp_decl_gccattribute(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl)
     if (cp->tok == CTOK_IDENT) {
       GCstr *attrstr = cp->str;
       cp_next(cp);
-      switch (attrstr->hash) {
-      case H_(64a9208e,8ce14319): case H_(8e6331b2,95a282af):  /* aligned */
+      switch (lj_cparse_case(attrstr,
+                "\007aligned" "\013__aligned__"
+                "\006packed" "\012__packed__"
+                "\004mode" "\010__mode__"
+                "\013vector_size" "\017__vector_size__"
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86
+                "\007regparm" "\013__regparm__"
+                "\005cdecl"  "\011__cdecl__"
+                "\010thiscall" "\014__thiscall__"
+                "\010fastcall" "\014__fastcall__"
+                "\007stdcall" "\013__stdcall__"
+                "\012sseregparm" "\016__sseregparm__"
+#endif
+              )) {
+      case 0: case 1: /* aligned */
         cp_decl_align(cp, decl);
         break;
-      case H_(42eb47de,f0ede26c): case H_(29f48a09,cf383e0c):  /* packed */
+      case 2: case 3: /* packed */
         decl->attr |= CTFP_PACKED;
         break;
-      case H_(0a84eef6,8dfab04c): case H_(995cf92c,d5696591):  /* mode */
+      case 4: case 5: /* mode */
         cp_decl_mode(cp, decl);
         break;
-      case H_(0ab31997,2d5213fa): case H_(bf875611,200e9990):  /* vector_size */
+      case 6: case 7: /* vector_size */
         {
           CTSize vsize = cp_decl_sizeattr(cp);
           if (vsize) CTF_INSERT(decl->attr, VSIZEP, lj_fls(vsize));
         }
         break;
 #if LJ_TARGET_X86
-      case H_(5ad22db8,c689b848): case H_(439150fa,65ea78cb):  /* regparm */
+      case 8: case 9: /* regparm */
         CTF_INSERT(decl->fattr, REGPARM, cp_decl_sizeattr(cp));
         decl->fattr |= CTFP_CCONV;
         break;
-      case H_(18fc0b98,7ff4c074): case H_(4e62abed,0a747424):  /* cdecl */
+      case 10: case 11: /* cdecl */
         CTF_INSERT(decl->fattr, CCONV, CTCC_CDECL);
         decl->fattr |= CTFP_CCONV;
         break;
-      case H_(72b2e41b,494c5a44): case H_(f2356d59,f25fc9bd):  /* thiscall */
+      case 12: case 13: /* thiscall */
         CTF_INSERT(decl->fattr, CCONV, CTCC_THISCALL);
         decl->fattr |= CTFP_CCONV;
         break;
-      case H_(0d0ffc42,ab746f88): case H_(21c54ba1,7f0ca7e3):  /* fastcall */
+      case 14: case 15: /* fastcall */
         CTF_INSERT(decl->fattr, CCONV, CTCC_FASTCALL);
         decl->fattr |= CTFP_CCONV;
         break;
-      case H_(ef76b040,9412e06a): case H_(de56697b,c750e6e1):  /* stdcall */
+      case 16: case 17: /* stdcall */
         CTF_INSERT(decl->fattr, CCONV, CTCC_STDCALL);
         decl->fattr |= CTFP_CCONV;
         break;
-      case H_(ea78b622,f234bd8e): case H_(252ffb06,8d50f34b):  /* sseregparm */
+      case 18: case 19: /* sseregparm */
         decl->fattr |= CTF_SSEREGPARM;
         decl->fattr |= CTFP_CCONV;
         break;
@@ -1152,16 +1175,13 @@ static void cp_decl_msvcattribute(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl)
   while (cp->tok == CTOK_IDENT) {
     GCstr *attrstr = cp->str;
     cp_next(cp);
-    switch (attrstr->hash) {
-    case H_(bc2395fa,98f267f8):  /* align */
+    if (cp_str_is(attrstr, "align")) {
       cp_decl_align(cp, decl);
-      break;
-    default:  /* Ignore all other attributes. */
+    } else {  /* Ignore all other attributes. */
       if (cp_opt(cp, '(')) {
         while (cp->tok != ')' && cp->tok != CTOK_EOF) cp_next(cp);
         cp_check(cp, ')');
       }
-      break;
     }
   }
   cp_check(cp, ')');
@@ -1572,7 +1592,7 @@ end_decl:
         cp_errmsg(cp, cp->tok, LJ_ERR_FFI_DECLSPEC);
       sz = sizeof(int);
     }
-    lua_assert(sz != 0);
+    lj_assertCP(sz != 0, "basic ctype with zero size");
     info += CTALIGN(lj_fls(sz));  /* Use natural alignment. */
     info += (decl->attr & CTF_QUAL);  /* Merge qualifiers. */
     cp_push(decl, info, sz);
@@ -1741,17 +1761,16 @@ static CTypeID cp_decl_abstract(CPState *cp)
 static void cp_pragma(CPState *cp, BCLine pragmaline)
 {
   cp_next(cp);
-  if (cp->tok == CTOK_IDENT &&
-      cp->str->hash == H_(e79b999f,42ca3e85))  {  /* pack */
+  if (cp->tok == CTOK_IDENT && cp_str_is(cp->str, "pack"))  {
     cp_next(cp);
     cp_check(cp, '(');
     if (cp->tok == CTOK_IDENT) {
-      if (cp->str->hash == H_(738e923c,a1b65954)) {  /* push */
+      if (cp_str_is(cp->str, "push")) {
         if (cp->curpack < CPARSE_MAX_PACKSTACK) {
           cp->packstack[cp->curpack+1] = cp->packstack[cp->curpack];
           cp->curpack++;
         }
-      } else if (cp->str->hash == H_(6c71cf27,6c71cf27)) {  /* pop */
+      } else if (cp_str_is(cp->str, "pop")) {
         if (cp->curpack > 0) cp->curpack--;
       } else {
         cp_errmsg(cp, cp->tok, LJ_ERR_XSYMBOL);
@@ -1773,6 +1792,16 @@ static void cp_pragma(CPState *cp, BCLine pragmaline)
   }
 }
 
+/* Handle line number. */
+static void cp_line(CPState *cp, BCLine hashline)
+{
+  BCLine newline = cp->val.u32;
+  /* TODO: Handle file name and include it in error messages. */
+  while (cp->tok != CTOK_EOF && cp->linenumber == hashline)
+    cp_next(cp);
+  cp->linenumber = newline;
+}
+
 /* Parse multiple C declarations of types or extern identifiers. */
 static void cp_decl_multi(CPState *cp)
 {
@@ -1785,12 +1814,21 @@ static void cp_decl_multi(CPState *cp)
       continue;
     }
     if (cp->tok == '#') {  /* Workaround, since we have no preprocessor, yet. */
-      BCLine pragmaline = cp->linenumber;
-      if (!(cp_next(cp) == CTOK_IDENT &&
-            cp->str->hash == H_(f5e6b4f8,1d509107)))  /* pragma */
+      BCLine hashline = cp->linenumber;
+      CPToken tok = cp_next(cp);
+      if (tok == CTOK_INTEGER) {
+        cp_line(cp, hashline);
+        continue;
+      } else if (tok == CTOK_IDENT && cp_str_is(cp->str, "line")) {
+        if (cp_next(cp) != CTOK_INTEGER) cp_err_token(cp, tok);
+        cp_line(cp, hashline);
+        continue;
+      } else if (tok == CTOK_IDENT && cp_str_is(cp->str, "pragma")) {
+        cp_pragma(cp, hashline);
+        continue;
+      } else {
         cp_errmsg(cp, cp->tok, LJ_ERR_XSYMBOL);
-      cp_pragma(cp, pragmaline);
-      continue;
+      }
     }
     scl = cp_decl_spec(cp, &decl, CDF_TYPEDEF|CDF_EXTERN|CDF_STATIC);
     if ((cp->tok == ';' || cp->tok == CTOK_EOF) &&
@@ -1814,7 +1852,7 @@ static void cp_decl_multi(CPState *cp)
           /* Treat both static and extern function declarations as extern. */
           ct = ctype_get(cp->cts, ctypeid);
           /* We always get new anonymous functions (typedefs are copied). */
-          lua_assert(gcref(ct->name) == NULL);
+          lj_assertCP(gcref(ct->name) == NULL, "unexpected named function");
           id = ctypeid;  /* Just name it. */
         } else if ((scl & CDF_STATIC)) {  /* Accept static constants. */
           id = cp_decl_constinit(cp, &ct, ctypeid);
@@ -1856,8 +1894,6 @@ static void cp_decl_single(CPState *cp)
   if (cp->tok != CTOK_EOF) cp_err_token(cp, CTOK_EOF);
 }
 
-#undef H_
-
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
 /* Protected callback for C parser. */
@@ -1873,7 +1909,7 @@ static TValue *cpcparser(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction dummy, void *ud)
     cp_decl_single(cp);
   if (cp->param && cp->param != cp->L->top)
     cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_FFI_NUMPARAM);
-  lua_assert(cp->depth == 0);
+  lj_assertCP(cp->depth == 0, "unbalanced cparser declaration depth");
   return NULL;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lj_cparse.h b/src/lj_cparse.h
index f5268693..42f827a0 100644
--- a/src/lj_cparse.h
+++ b/src/lj_cparse.h
@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@ typedef struct CPState {
 
 LJ_FUNC int lj_cparse(CPState *cp);
 
+LJ_FUNC int lj_cparse_case(GCstr *str, const char *match);
+
 #endif
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_crecord.c b/src/lj_crecord.c
index 63a72aa4..04bc895d 100644
--- a/src/lj_crecord.c
+++ b/src/lj_crecord.c
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@
 #if LJ_HASJIT && LJ_HASFFI
 
 #include "lj_err.h"
-#include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
 #include "lj_frame.h"
 #include "lj_ctype.h"
 #include "lj_cdata.h"
 #include "lj_cparse.h"
 #include "lj_cconv.h"
+#include "lj_carith.h"
 #include "lj_clib.h"
 #include "lj_ccall.h"
 #include "lj_ff.h"
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include "lj_snap.h"
 #include "lj_crecord.h"
 #include "lj_dispatch.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 
 /* Some local macros to save typing. Undef'd at the end. */
 #define IR(ref)                 (&J->cur.ir[(ref)])
@@ -60,7 +61,8 @@ static GCcdata *argv2cdata(jit_State *J, TRef tr, cTValue *o)
 static CTypeID crec_constructor(jit_State *J, GCcdata *cd, TRef tr)
 {
   CTypeID id;
-  lua_assert(tref_iscdata(tr) && cd->ctypeid == CTID_CTYPEID);
+  lj_assertJ(tref_iscdata(tr) && cd->ctypeid == CTID_CTYPEID,
+             "expected CTypeID cdata");
   id = *(CTypeID *)cdataptr(cd);
   tr = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_INT), tr, IRFL_CDATA_INT);
   emitir(IRTG(IR_EQ, IRT_INT), tr, lj_ir_kint(J, (int32_t)id));
@@ -211,7 +213,7 @@ static void crec_copy_emit(jit_State *J, CRecMemList *ml, MSize mlp,
     ml[i].trval = emitir(IRT(IR_XLOAD, ml[i].tp), trsptr, 0);
     ml[i].trofs = trofs;
     i++;
-    rwin += (LJ_SOFTFP && ml[i].tp == IRT_NUM) ? 2 : 1;
+    rwin += (LJ_SOFTFP32 && ml[i].tp == IRT_NUM) ? 2 : 1;
     if (rwin >= CREC_COPY_REGWIN || i >= mlp) {  /* Flush buffered stores. */
       rwin = 0;
       for ( ; j < i; j++) {
@@ -236,13 +238,14 @@ static void crec_copy(jit_State *J, TRef trdst, TRef trsrc, TRef trlen,
     if (len > CREC_COPY_MAXLEN) goto fallback;
     if (ct) {
       CTState *cts = ctype_ctsG(J2G(J));
-      lua_assert(ctype_isarray(ct->info) || ctype_isstruct(ct->info));
+      lj_assertJ(ctype_isarray(ct->info) || ctype_isstruct(ct->info),
+                 "copy of non-aggregate");
       if (ctype_isarray(ct->info)) {
         CType *cct = ctype_rawchild(cts, ct);
         tp = crec_ct2irt(cts, cct);
         if (tp == IRT_CDATA) goto rawcopy;
         step = lj_ir_type_size[tp];
-        lua_assert((len & (step-1)) == 0);
+        lj_assertJ((len & (step-1)) == 0, "copy of fractional size");
       } else if ((ct->info & CTF_UNION)) {
         step = (1u << ctype_align(ct->info));
         goto rawcopy;
@@ -441,7 +444,7 @@ static TRef crec_ct_ct(jit_State *J, CType *d, CType *s, TRef dp, TRef sp,
     /* fallthrough */
   case CCX(I, F):
     if (dt == IRT_CDATA || st == IRT_CDATA) goto err_nyi;
-    sp = emitconv(sp, dsize < 4 ? IRT_INT : dt, st, IRCONV_TRUNC|IRCONV_ANY);
+    sp = emitconv(sp, dsize < 4 ? IRT_INT : dt, st, IRCONV_ANY);
     goto xstore;
   case CCX(I, P):
   case CCX(I, A):
@@ -521,7 +524,7 @@ static TRef crec_ct_ct(jit_State *J, CType *d, CType *s, TRef dp, TRef sp,
     if (st == IRT_CDATA) goto err_nyi;
     /* The signed conversion is cheaper. x64 really has 47 bit pointers. */
     sp = emitconv(sp, (LJ_64 && dsize == 8) ? IRT_I64 : IRT_U32,
-                  st, IRCONV_TRUNC|IRCONV_ANY);
+                  st, IRCONV_ANY);
     goto xstore;
 
   /* Destination is an array. */
@@ -613,10 +616,12 @@ static TRef crec_ct_tv(jit_State *J, CType *d, TRef dp, TRef sp, cTValue *sval)
     sp = lj_ir_kptr(J, NULL);
   } else if (tref_isudata(sp)) {
     GCudata *ud = udataV(sval);
-    if (ud->udtype == UDTYPE_IO_FILE) {
+    if (ud->udtype == UDTYPE_IO_FILE || ud->udtype == UDTYPE_BUFFER) {
       TRef tr = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_U8), sp, IRFL_UDATA_UDTYPE);
-      emitir(IRTGI(IR_EQ), tr, lj_ir_kint(J, UDTYPE_IO_FILE));
-      sp = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_PTR), sp, IRFL_UDATA_FILE);
+      emitir(IRTGI(IR_EQ), tr, lj_ir_kint(J, ud->udtype));
+      sp = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_PTR), sp,
+                  ud->udtype == UDTYPE_IO_FILE ? IRFL_UDATA_FILE :
+                                                 IRFL_SBUF_R);
     } else {
       sp = emitir(IRT(IR_ADD, IRT_PTR), sp, lj_ir_kintp(J, sizeof(GCudata)));
     }
@@ -628,7 +633,8 @@ static TRef crec_ct_tv(jit_State *J, CType *d, TRef dp, TRef sp, cTValue *sval)
       /* Specialize to the name of the enum constant. */
       emitir(IRTG(IR_EQ, IRT_STR), sp, lj_ir_kstr(J, str));
       if (cct && ctype_isconstval(cct->info)) {
-        lua_assert(ctype_child(cts, cct)->size == 4);
+        lj_assertJ(ctype_child(cts, cct)->size == 4,
+                   "only 32 bit const supported");  /* NYI */
         svisnz = (void *)(intptr_t)(ofs != 0);
         sp = lj_ir_kint(J, (int32_t)ofs);
         sid = ctype_cid(cct->info);
@@ -640,12 +646,22 @@ static TRef crec_ct_tv(jit_State *J, CType *d, TRef dp, TRef sp, cTValue *sval)
       sp = emitir(IRT(IR_ADD, IRT_PTR), sp, lj_ir_kintp(J, sizeof(GCstr)));
       sid = CTID_A_CCHAR;
     }
-  } else {  /* NYI: tref_istab(sp), tref_islightud(sp). */
+  } else if (tref_islightud(sp)) {
+#if LJ_64
+    lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_NYICONV);
+#endif
+  } else {  /* NYI: tref_istab(sp). */
     IRType t;
     sid = argv2cdata(J, sp, sval)->ctypeid;
     s = ctype_raw(cts, sid);
     svisnz = cdataptr(cdataV(sval));
-    t = crec_ct2irt(cts, s);
+    if (ctype_isfunc(s->info)) {
+      sid = lj_ctype_intern(cts, CTINFO(CT_PTR, CTALIGN_PTR|sid), CTSIZE_PTR);
+      s = ctype_get(cts, sid);
+      t = IRT_PTR;
+    } else {
+      t = crec_ct2irt(cts, s);
+    }
     if (ctype_isptr(s->info)) {
       sp = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, t), sp, IRFL_CDATA_PTR);
       if (ctype_isref(s->info)) {
@@ -700,6 +716,19 @@ static TRef crec_reassoc_ofs(jit_State *J, TRef tr, ptrdiff_t *ofsp, MSize sz)
   return tr;
 }
 
+/* Tailcall to function. */
+static void crec_tailcall(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd, cTValue *tv)
+{
+  TRef kfunc = lj_ir_kfunc(J, funcV(tv));
+#if LJ_FR2
+  J->base[-2] = kfunc;
+  J->base[-1] = TREF_FRAME;
+#else
+  J->base[-1] = kfunc | TREF_FRAME;
+#endif
+  rd->nres = -1;  /* Pending tailcall. */
+}
+
 /* Record ctype __index/__newindex metamethods. */
 static void crec_index_meta(jit_State *J, CTState *cts, CType *ct,
                             RecordFFData *rd)
@@ -709,8 +738,7 @@ static void crec_index_meta(jit_State *J, CTState *cts, CType *ct,
   if (!tv)
     lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_BADTYPE);
   if (tvisfunc(tv)) {
-    J->base[-1] = lj_ir_kfunc(J, funcV(tv)) | TREF_FRAME;
-    rd->nres = -1;  /* Pending tailcall. */
+    crec_tailcall(J, rd, tv);
   } else if (rd->data == 0 && tvistab(tv) && tref_isstr(J->base[1])) {
     /* Specialize to result of __index lookup. */
     cTValue *o = lj_tab_get(J->L, tabV(tv), &rd->argv[1]);
@@ -727,6 +755,48 @@ static void crec_index_meta(jit_State *J, CTState *cts, CType *ct,
   }
 }
 
+/* Record bitfield load/store. */
+static void crec_index_bf(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd, TRef ptr, CTInfo info)
+{
+  IRType t = IRT_I8 + 2*lj_fls(ctype_bitcsz(info)) + ((info&CTF_UNSIGNED)?1:0);
+  TRef tr = emitir(IRT(IR_XLOAD, t), ptr, 0);
+  CTSize pos = ctype_bitpos(info), bsz = ctype_bitbsz(info), shift = 32 - bsz;
+  lj_assertJ(t <= IRT_U32, "only 32 bit bitfields supported");  /* NYI */
+  if (rd->data == 0) {  /* __index metamethod. */
+    if ((info & CTF_BOOL)) {
+      tr = emitir(IRTI(IR_BAND), tr, lj_ir_kint(J, (int32_t)((1u << pos))));
+      /* Assume not equal to zero. Fixup and emit pending guard later. */
+      lj_ir_set(J, IRTGI(IR_NE), tr, lj_ir_kint(J, 0));
+      J->postproc = LJ_POST_FIXGUARD;
+      tr = TREF_TRUE;
+    } else if (!(info & CTF_UNSIGNED)) {
+      tr = emitir(IRTI(IR_BSHL), tr, lj_ir_kint(J, shift - pos));
+      tr = emitir(IRTI(IR_BSAR), tr, lj_ir_kint(J, shift));
+    } else {
+      lj_assertJ(bsz < 32, "unexpected full bitfield index");
+      tr = emitir(IRTI(IR_BSHR), tr, lj_ir_kint(J, pos));
+      tr = emitir(IRTI(IR_BAND), tr, lj_ir_kint(J, (int32_t)((1u << bsz)-1)));
+      /* We can omit the U32 to NUM conversion, since bsz < 32. */
+    }
+    J->base[0] = tr;
+  } else {  /* __newindex metamethod. */
+    CTState *cts = ctype_ctsG(J2G(J));
+    CType *ct = ctype_get(cts,
+                          (info & CTF_BOOL) ? CTID_BOOL :
+                          (info & CTF_UNSIGNED) ? CTID_UINT32 : CTID_INT32);
+    int32_t mask = (int32_t)(((1u << bsz)-1) << pos);
+    TRef sp = crec_ct_tv(J, ct, 0, J->base[2], &rd->argv[2]);
+    sp = emitir(IRTI(IR_BSHL), sp, lj_ir_kint(J, pos));
+    /* Use of the target type avoids forwarding conversions. */
+    sp = emitir(IRT(IR_BAND, t), sp, lj_ir_kint(J, mask));
+    tr = emitir(IRT(IR_BAND, t), tr, lj_ir_kint(J, (int32_t)~mask));
+    tr = emitir(IRT(IR_BOR, t), tr, sp);
+    emitir(IRT(IR_XSTORE, t), ptr, tr);
+    rd->nres = 0;
+    J->needsnap = 1;
+  }
+}
+
 void LJ_FASTCALL recff_cdata_index(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 {
   TRef idx, ptr = J->base[0];
@@ -801,6 +871,7 @@ again:
       CType *fct;
       fct = lj_ctype_getfield(cts, ct, name, &fofs);
       if (fct) {
+        ofs += (ptrdiff_t)fofs;
         /* Always specialize to the field name. */
         emitir(IRTG(IR_EQ, IRT_STR), idx, lj_ir_kstr(J, name));
         if (ctype_isconstval(fct->info)) {
@@ -812,12 +883,14 @@ again:
           J->base[0] = lj_ir_kint(J, (int32_t)fct->size);
           return;  /* Interpreter will throw for newindex. */
         } else if (ctype_isbitfield(fct->info)) {
-          lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_NYICONV);
+          if (ofs)
+            ptr = emitir(IRT(IR_ADD, IRT_PTR), ptr, lj_ir_kintp(J, ofs));
+          crec_index_bf(J, rd, ptr, fct->info);
+          return;
         } else {
-          lua_assert(ctype_isfield(fct->info));
+          lj_assertJ(ctype_isfield(fct->info), "field expected");
           sid = ctype_cid(fct->info);
         }
-        ofs += (ptrdiff_t)fofs;
       }
     } else if (ctype_iscomplex(ct->info)) {
       if (name->len == 2 &&
@@ -867,21 +940,17 @@ again:
 }
 
 /* Record setting a finalizer. */
-static void crec_finalizer(jit_State *J, TRef trcd, cTValue *fin)
+static void crec_finalizer(jit_State *J, TRef trcd, TRef trfin, cTValue *fin)
 {
-  TRef trlo = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_cdata_setfin, trcd);
-  TRef trhi = emitir(IRT(IR_ADD, IRT_P32), trlo, lj_ir_kint(J, 4));
-  if (LJ_BE) { TRef tmp = trlo; trlo = trhi; trhi = tmp; }
-  if (tvisfunc(fin)) {
-    emitir(IRT(IR_XSTORE, IRT_P32), trlo, lj_ir_kfunc(J, funcV(fin)));
-    emitir(IRTI(IR_XSTORE), trhi, lj_ir_kint(J, LJ_TFUNC));
-  } else if (tviscdata(fin)) {
-    emitir(IRT(IR_XSTORE, IRT_P32), trlo,
-           lj_ir_kgc(J, obj2gco(cdataV(fin)), IRT_CDATA));
-    emitir(IRTI(IR_XSTORE), trhi, lj_ir_kint(J, LJ_TCDATA));
+  if (tvisgcv(fin)) {
+    if (!trfin) trfin = lj_ir_kptr(J, gcval(fin));
+  } else if (tvisnil(fin)) {
+    trfin = lj_ir_kptr(J, NULL);
   } else {
     lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_BADTYPE);
   }
+  lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_cdata_setfin, trcd,
+             trfin, lj_ir_kint(J, (int32_t)itype(fin)));
   J->needsnap = 1;
 }
 
@@ -892,10 +961,8 @@ static void crec_alloc(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd, CTypeID id)
   CTSize sz;
   CTInfo info = lj_ctype_info(cts, id, &sz);
   CType *d = ctype_raw(cts, id);
-  TRef trid;
-  if (!sz || sz > 128 || (info & CTF_VLA) || ctype_align(info) > CT_MEMALIGN)
-    lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_NYICONV);  /* NYI: large/special allocations. */
-  trid = lj_ir_kint(J, id);
+  TRef trcd, trid = lj_ir_kint(J, id);
+  cTValue *fin;
   /* Use special instruction to box pointer or 32/64 bit integer. */
   if (ctype_isptr(info) || (ctype_isinteger(info) && (sz == 4 || sz == 8))) {
     TRef sp = J->base[1] ? crec_ct_tv(J, d, 0, J->base[1], &rd->argv[1]) :
@@ -903,11 +970,36 @@ static void crec_alloc(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd, CTypeID id)
               sz == 4 ? lj_ir_kint(J, 0) :
               (lj_needsplit(J), lj_ir_kint64(J, 0));
     J->base[0] = emitir(IRTG(IR_CNEWI, IRT_CDATA), trid, sp);
+    return;
   } else {
-    TRef trcd = emitir(IRTG(IR_CNEW, IRT_CDATA), trid, TREF_NIL);
-    cTValue *fin;
-    J->base[0] = trcd;
-    if (J->base[1] && !J->base[2] &&
+    TRef trsz = TREF_NIL;
+    if ((info & CTF_VLA)) {  /* Calculate VLA/VLS size at runtime. */
+      CTSize sz0, sz1;
+      if (!J->base[1] || J->base[2])
+        lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_NYICONV);  /* NYI: init VLA/VLS. */
+      trsz = crec_ct_tv(J, ctype_get(cts, CTID_INT32), 0,
+                        J->base[1], &rd->argv[1]);
+      sz0 = lj_ctype_vlsize(cts, d, 0);
+      sz1 = lj_ctype_vlsize(cts, d, 1);
+      trsz = emitir(IRTGI(IR_MULOV), trsz, lj_ir_kint(J, (int32_t)(sz1-sz0)));
+      trsz = emitir(IRTGI(IR_ADDOV), trsz, lj_ir_kint(J, (int32_t)sz0));
+      J->base[1] = 0;  /* Simplify logic below. */
+    } else if (ctype_align(info) > CT_MEMALIGN) {
+      trsz = lj_ir_kint(J, sz);
+    }
+    trcd = emitir(IRTG(IR_CNEW, IRT_CDATA), trid, trsz);
+    if (sz > 128 || (info & CTF_VLA)) {
+      TRef dp;
+      CTSize align;
+    special:  /* Only handle bulk zero-fill for large/VLA/VLS types. */
+      if (J->base[1])
+        lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_NYICONV);  /* NYI: init large/VLA/VLS types. */
+      dp = emitir(IRT(IR_ADD, IRT_PTR), trcd, lj_ir_kintp(J, sizeof(GCcdata)));
+      if (trsz == TREF_NIL) trsz = lj_ir_kint(J, sz);
+      align = ctype_align(info);
+      if (align < CT_MEMALIGN) align = CT_MEMALIGN;
+      crec_fill(J, dp, trsz, lj_ir_kint(J, 0), (1u << align));
+    } else if (J->base[1] && !J->base[2] &&
         !lj_cconv_multi_init(cts, d, &rd->argv[1])) {
       goto single_init;
     } else if (ctype_isarray(d->info)) {
@@ -918,8 +1010,9 @@ static void crec_alloc(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd, CTypeID id)
       TValue *sval = &tv;
       MSize i;
       tv.u64 = 0;
-      if (!(ctype_isnum(dc->info) || ctype_isptr(dc->info)))
-        lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_NYICONV);  /* NYI: init array of aggregates. */
+      if (!(ctype_isnum(dc->info) || ctype_isptr(dc->info)) ||
+          esize * CREC_FILL_MAXUNROLL < sz)
+        goto special;
       for (i = 1, ofs = 0; ofs < sz; ofs += esize) {
         TRef dp = emitir(IRT(IR_ADD, IRT_PTR), trcd,
                          lj_ir_kintp(J, ofs + sizeof(GCcdata)));
@@ -933,8 +1026,26 @@ static void crec_alloc(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd, CTypeID id)
         crec_ct_tv(J, dc, dp, sp, sval);
       }
     } else if (ctype_isstruct(d->info)) {
-      CTypeID fid = d->sib;
+      CTypeID fid;
       MSize i = 1;
+      if (!J->base[1]) {  /* Handle zero-fill of struct-of-NYI. */
+        fid = d->sib;
+        while (fid) {
+          CType *df = ctype_get(cts, fid);
+          fid = df->sib;
+          if (ctype_isfield(df->info)) {
+            CType *dc;
+            if (!gcref(df->name)) continue;  /* Ignore unnamed fields. */
+            dc = ctype_rawchild(cts, df);  /* Field type. */
+            if (!(ctype_isnum(dc->info) || ctype_isptr(dc->info) ||
+                  ctype_isenum(dc->info)))
+              goto special;
+          } else if (!ctype_isconstval(df->info)) {
+            goto special;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      fid = d->sib;
       while (fid) {
         CType *df = ctype_get(cts, fid);
         fid = df->sib;
@@ -981,11 +1092,12 @@ static void crec_alloc(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd, CTypeID id)
         crec_ct_tv(J, d, dp, lj_ir_kint(J, 0), &tv);
       }
     }
-    /* Handle __gc metamethod. */
-    fin = lj_ctype_meta(cts, id, MM_gc);
-    if (fin)
-      crec_finalizer(J, trcd, fin);
   }
+  J->base[0] = trcd;
+  /* Handle __gc metamethod. */
+  fin = lj_ctype_meta(cts, id, MM_gc);
+  if (fin)
+    crec_finalizer(J, trcd, 0, fin);
 }
 
 /* Record argument conversions. */
@@ -1026,7 +1138,7 @@ static TRef crec_call_args(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd,
     if (fid) {  /* Get argument type from field. */
       CType *ctf = ctype_get(cts, fid);
       fid = ctf->sib;
-      lua_assert(ctype_isfield(ctf->info));
+      lj_assertJ(ctype_isfield(ctf->info), "field expected");
       did = ctype_cid(ctf->info);
     } else {
       if (!(ct->info & CTF_VARARG))
@@ -1045,7 +1157,7 @@ static TRef crec_call_args(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd,
         else
           tr = emitconv(tr, IRT_INT, d->size==1 ? IRT_I8 : IRT_I16,IRCONV_SEXT);
       }
-    } else if (LJ_SOFTFP && ctype_isfp(d->info) && d->size > 4) {
+    } else if (LJ_SOFTFP32 && ctype_isfp(d->info) && d->size > 4) {
       lj_needsplit(J);
     }
 #if LJ_TARGET_X86
@@ -1091,20 +1203,20 @@ static void crec_snap_caller(jit_State *J)
   lua_State *L = J->L;
   TValue *base = L->base, *top = L->top;
   const BCIns *pc = J->pc;
-  TRef ftr = J->base[-1];
+  TRef ftr = J->base[-1-LJ_FR2];
   ptrdiff_t delta;
   if (!frame_islua(base-1) || J->framedepth <= 0)
     lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_NYICALL);
-  J->pc = frame_pc(base-1); delta = 1+bc_a(J->pc[-1]);
+  J->pc = frame_pc(base-1); delta = 1+LJ_FR2+bc_a(J->pc[-1]);
   L->top = base; L->base = base - delta;
-  J->base[-1] = TREF_FALSE;
+  J->base[-1-LJ_FR2] = TREF_FALSE;
   J->base -= delta; J->baseslot -= (BCReg)delta;
-  J->maxslot = (BCReg)delta; J->framedepth--;
+  J->maxslot = (BCReg)delta-LJ_FR2; J->framedepth--;
   lj_snap_add(J);
   L->base = base; L->top = top;
   J->framedepth++; J->maxslot = 1;
   J->base += delta; J->baseslot += (BCReg)delta;
-  J->base[-1] = ftr; J->pc = pc;
+  J->base[-1-LJ_FR2] = ftr; J->pc = pc;
 }
 
 /* Record function call. */
@@ -1124,8 +1236,7 @@ static int crec_call(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd, GCcdata *cd)
     TRef tr;
     TValue tv;
     /* Check for blacklisted C functions that might call a callback. */
-    setlightudV(&tv,
-                cdata_getptr(cdataptr(cd), (LJ_64 && tp == IRT_P64) ? 8 : 4));
+    tv.u64 = ((uintptr_t)cdata_getptr(cdataptr(cd), (LJ_64 && tp == IRT_P64) ? 8 : 4) >> 2) | U64x(800000000, 00000000);
     if (tvistrue(lj_tab_get(J->L, cts->miscmap, &tv)))
       lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_BLACKL);
     if (ctype_isvoid(ctr->info)) {
@@ -1196,8 +1307,7 @@ void LJ_FASTCALL recff_cdata_call(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
   tv = lj_ctype_meta(cts, ctype_isptr(ct->info) ? ctype_cid(ct->info) : id, mm);
   if (tv) {
     if (tvisfunc(tv)) {
-      J->base[-1] = lj_ir_kfunc(J, funcV(tv)) | TREF_FRAME;
-      rd->nres = -1;  /* Pending tailcall. */
+      crec_tailcall(J, rd, tv);
       return;
     }
   } else if (mm == MM_new) {
@@ -1238,7 +1348,7 @@ static TRef crec_arith_int64(jit_State *J, TRef *sp, CType **s, MMS mm)
     for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
       IRType st = tref_type(sp[i]);
       if (st == IRT_NUM || st == IRT_FLOAT)
-        sp[i] = emitconv(sp[i], dt, st, IRCONV_TRUNC|IRCONV_ANY);
+        sp[i] = emitconv(sp[i], dt, st, IRCONV_ANY);
       else if (!(st == IRT_I64 || st == IRT_U64))
         sp[i] = emitconv(sp[i], dt, IRT_INT,
                          (s[i]->info & CTF_UNSIGNED) ? 0 : IRCONV_SEXT);
@@ -1307,15 +1417,14 @@ static TRef crec_arith_ptr(jit_State *J, TRef *sp, CType **s, MMS mm)
     CTypeID id;
 #if LJ_64
     if (t == IRT_NUM || t == IRT_FLOAT)
-      tr = emitconv(tr, IRT_INTP, t, IRCONV_TRUNC|IRCONV_ANY);
+      tr = emitconv(tr, IRT_INTP, t, IRCONV_ANY);
     else if (!(t == IRT_I64 || t == IRT_U64))
       tr = emitconv(tr, IRT_INTP, IRT_INT,
                     ((t - IRT_I8) & 1) ? 0 : IRCONV_SEXT);
 #else
     if (!tref_typerange(sp[1], IRT_I8, IRT_U32)) {
       tr = emitconv(tr, IRT_INTP, t,
-                    (t == IRT_NUM || t == IRT_FLOAT) ?
-                    IRCONV_TRUNC|IRCONV_ANY : 0);
+                    (t == IRT_NUM || t == IRT_FLOAT) ? IRCONV_ANY : 0);
     }
 #endif
     tr = emitir(IRT(IR_MUL, IRT_INTP), tr, lj_ir_kintp(J, sz));
@@ -1347,8 +1456,7 @@ static TRef crec_arith_meta(jit_State *J, TRef *sp, CType **s, CTState *cts,
   }
   if (tv) {
     if (tvisfunc(tv)) {
-      J->base[-1] = lj_ir_kfunc(J, funcV(tv)) | TREF_FRAME;
-      rd->nres = -1;  /* Pending tailcall. */
+      crec_tailcall(J, rd, tv);
       return 0;
     }  /* NYI: non-function metamethods. */
   } else if ((MMS)rd->data == MM_eq) {  /* Fallback cdata pointer comparison. */
@@ -1464,8 +1572,7 @@ void LJ_FASTCALL recff_cdata_arith(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
         !irt_isguard(J->guardemit)) {
       const BCIns *pc = frame_contpc(J->L->base-1) - 1;
       if (bc_op(*pc) <= BC_ISNEP) {
-        setframe_pc(&J2G(J)->tmptv, pc);
-        J2G(J)->tmptv.u32.lo = ((tref_istrue(tr) ^ bc_op(*pc)) & 1);
+        J2G(J)->tmptv.u64 = (uint64_t)(uintptr_t)pc;
         J->postproc = LJ_POST_FIXCOMP;
       }
     }
@@ -1654,7 +1761,140 @@ void LJ_FASTCALL recff_ffi_xof(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 void LJ_FASTCALL recff_ffi_gc(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 {
   argv2cdata(J, J->base[0], &rd->argv[0]);
-  crec_finalizer(J, J->base[0], &rd->argv[1]);
+  if (!J->base[1])
+    lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_BADTYPE);
+  crec_finalizer(J, J->base[0], J->base[1], &rd->argv[1]);
+}
+
+/* -- 64 bit bit.* library functions -------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Determine bit operation type from argument type. */
+static CTypeID crec_bit64_type(CTState *cts, cTValue *tv)
+{
+  if (tviscdata(tv)) {
+    CType *ct = lj_ctype_rawref(cts, cdataV(tv)->ctypeid);
+    if (ctype_isenum(ct->info)) ct = ctype_child(cts, ct);
+    if ((ct->info & (CTMASK_NUM|CTF_BOOL|CTF_FP|CTF_UNSIGNED)) ==
+        CTINFO(CT_NUM, CTF_UNSIGNED) && ct->size == 8)
+      return CTID_UINT64;  /* Use uint64_t, since it has the highest rank. */
+    return CTID_INT64;  /* Otherwise use int64_t. */
+  }
+  return 0;  /* Use regular 32 bit ops. */
+}
+
+void LJ_FASTCALL recff_bit64_tobit(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  CTState *cts = ctype_ctsG(J2G(J));
+  TRef tr = crec_ct_tv(J, ctype_get(cts, CTID_INT64), 0,
+                       J->base[0], &rd->argv[0]);
+  if (!tref_isinteger(tr))
+    tr = emitconv(tr, IRT_INT, tref_type(tr), 0);
+  J->base[0] = tr;
+}
+
+int LJ_FASTCALL recff_bit64_unary(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  CTState *cts = ctype_ctsG(J2G(J));
+  CTypeID id = crec_bit64_type(cts, &rd->argv[0]);
+  if (id) {
+    TRef tr = crec_ct_tv(J, ctype_get(cts, id), 0, J->base[0], &rd->argv[0]);
+    tr = emitir(IRT(rd->data, id-CTID_INT64+IRT_I64), tr, 0);
+    J->base[0] = emitir(IRTG(IR_CNEWI, IRT_CDATA), lj_ir_kint(J, id), tr);
+    return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+int LJ_FASTCALL recff_bit64_nary(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  CTState *cts = ctype_ctsG(J2G(J));
+  CTypeID id = 0;
+  MSize i;
+  for (i = 0; J->base[i] != 0; i++) {
+    CTypeID aid = crec_bit64_type(cts, &rd->argv[i]);
+    if (id < aid) id = aid;  /* Determine highest type rank of all arguments. */
+  }
+  if (id) {
+    CType *ct = ctype_get(cts, id);
+    uint32_t ot = IRT(rd->data, id-CTID_INT64+IRT_I64);
+    TRef tr = crec_ct_tv(J, ct, 0, J->base[0], &rd->argv[0]);
+    for (i = 1; J->base[i] != 0; i++) {
+      TRef tr2 = crec_ct_tv(J, ct, 0, J->base[i], &rd->argv[i]);
+      tr = emitir(ot, tr, tr2);
+    }
+    J->base[0] = emitir(IRTG(IR_CNEWI, IRT_CDATA), lj_ir_kint(J, id), tr);
+    return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+int LJ_FASTCALL recff_bit64_shift(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  CTState *cts = ctype_ctsG(J2G(J));
+  CTypeID id;
+  TRef tsh = 0;
+  if (J->base[0] && tref_iscdata(J->base[1])) {
+    tsh = crec_ct_tv(J, ctype_get(cts, CTID_INT64), 0,
+                     J->base[1], &rd->argv[1]);
+    if (!tref_isinteger(tsh))
+      tsh = emitconv(tsh, IRT_INT, tref_type(tsh), 0);
+    J->base[1] = tsh;
+  }
+  id = crec_bit64_type(cts, &rd->argv[0]);
+  if (id) {
+    TRef tr = crec_ct_tv(J, ctype_get(cts, id), 0, J->base[0], &rd->argv[0]);
+    uint32_t op = rd->data;
+    if (!tsh) tsh = lj_opt_narrow_tobit(J, J->base[1]);
+    if (!(op < IR_BROL ? LJ_TARGET_MASKSHIFT : LJ_TARGET_MASKROT) &&
+        !tref_isk(tsh))
+      tsh = emitir(IRTI(IR_BAND), tsh, lj_ir_kint(J, 63));
+#ifdef LJ_TARGET_UNIFYROT
+      if (op == (LJ_TARGET_UNIFYROT == 1 ? IR_BROR : IR_BROL)) {
+        op = LJ_TARGET_UNIFYROT == 1 ? IR_BROL : IR_BROR;
+        tsh = emitir(IRTI(IR_NEG), tsh, tsh);
+      }
+#endif
+    tr = emitir(IRT(op, id-CTID_INT64+IRT_I64), tr, tsh);
+    J->base[0] = emitir(IRTG(IR_CNEWI, IRT_CDATA), lj_ir_kint(J, id), tr);
+    return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+TRef recff_bit64_tohex(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd, TRef hdr)
+{
+  CTState *cts = ctype_ctsG(J2G(J));
+  CTypeID id = crec_bit64_type(cts, &rd->argv[0]);
+  TRef tr, trsf = J->base[1];
+  SFormat sf = (STRFMT_UINT|STRFMT_T_HEX);
+  int32_t n;
+  if (trsf) {
+    CTypeID id2 = 0;
+    n = (int32_t)lj_carith_check64(J->L, 2, &id2);
+    if (id2)
+      trsf = crec_ct_tv(J, ctype_get(cts, CTID_INT32), 0, trsf, &rd->argv[1]);
+    else
+      trsf = lj_opt_narrow_tobit(J, trsf);
+    emitir(IRTGI(IR_EQ), trsf, lj_ir_kint(J, n));  /* Specialize to n. */
+  } else {
+    n = id ? 16 : 8;
+  }
+  if (n < 0) { n = (int32_t)(~n+1u); sf |= STRFMT_F_UPPER; }
+  if ((uint32_t)n > 254) n = 254;
+  sf |= ((SFormat)((n+1)&255) << STRFMT_SH_PREC);
+  if (id) {
+    tr = crec_ct_tv(J, ctype_get(cts, id), 0, J->base[0], &rd->argv[0]);
+    if (n < 16)
+      tr = emitir(IRT(IR_BAND, IRT_U64), tr,
+                  lj_ir_kint64(J, ((uint64_t)1 << 4*n)-1));
+  } else {
+    tr = lj_opt_narrow_tobit(J, J->base[0]);
+    if (n < 8)
+      tr = emitir(IRTI(IR_BAND), tr, lj_ir_kint(J, (int32_t)((1u << 4*n)-1)));
+    tr = emitconv(tr, IRT_U64, IRT_INT, 0);  /* No sign-extension. */
+    lj_needsplit(J);
+  }
+  return lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfxint, hdr, lj_ir_kint(J, sf), tr);
 }
 
 /* -- Miscellaneous library functions ------------------------------------- */
@@ -1678,6 +1918,30 @@ void LJ_FASTCALL lj_crecord_tonumber(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
   }
 }
 
+TRef lj_crecord_loadiu64(jit_State *J, TRef tr, cTValue *o)
+{
+  CTypeID id = argv2cdata(J, tr, o)->ctypeid;
+  if (!(id == CTID_INT64 || id == CTID_UINT64))
+    lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_BADTYPE);
+  lj_needsplit(J);
+  return emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, id == CTID_INT64 ? IRT_I64 : IRT_U64), tr,
+                IRFL_CDATA_INT64);
+}
+
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+TRef lj_crecord_topcvoid(jit_State *J, TRef tr, cTValue *o)
+{
+  CTState *cts = ctype_ctsG(J2G(J));
+  if (!tref_iscdata(tr)) lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_BADTYPE);
+  return crec_ct_tv(J, ctype_get(cts, CTID_P_CVOID), 0, tr, o);
+}
+
+TRef lj_crecord_topuint8(jit_State *J, TRef tr)
+{
+  return emitir(IRTG(IR_CNEWI, IRT_CDATA), lj_ir_kint(J, CTID_P_UINT8), tr);
+}
+#endif
+
 #undef IR
 #undef emitir
 #undef emitconv
diff --git a/src/lj_crecord.h b/src/lj_crecord.h
index e3ba70c1..32973cf4 100644
--- a/src/lj_crecord.h
+++ b/src/lj_crecord.h
@@ -25,7 +25,19 @@ LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL recff_ffi_istype(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd);
 LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL recff_ffi_abi(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd);
 LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL recff_ffi_xof(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd);
 LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL recff_ffi_gc(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd);
+
+LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL recff_bit64_tobit(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd);
+LJ_FUNC int LJ_FASTCALL recff_bit64_unary(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd);
+LJ_FUNC int LJ_FASTCALL recff_bit64_nary(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd);
+LJ_FUNC int LJ_FASTCALL recff_bit64_shift(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd);
+LJ_FUNC TRef recff_bit64_tohex(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd, TRef hdr);
+
 LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL lj_crecord_tonumber(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd);
+LJ_FUNC TRef lj_crecord_loadiu64(jit_State *J, TRef tr, cTValue *o);
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+LJ_FUNC TRef lj_crecord_topcvoid(jit_State *J, TRef tr, cTValue *o);
+LJ_FUNC TRef lj_crecord_topuint8(jit_State *J, TRef tr);
+#endif
 #endif
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_ctype.c b/src/lj_ctype.c
index 872e8cda..8a4a55f8 100644
--- a/src/lj_ctype.c
+++ b/src/lj_ctype.c
@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@
 #include "lj_err.h"
 #include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 #include "lj_ctype.h"
 #include "lj_ccallback.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 
 /* -- C type definitions -------------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -37,6 +39,8 @@
   _("uint64_t",                 UINT64) \
   _("intptr_t",                 INT_PSZ) \
   _("uintptr_t",                UINT_PSZ) \
+  /* From POSIX. */ \
+  _("ssize_t",                  INT_PSZ) \
   /* End of typedef list. */
 
 /* Keywords (only the ones we actually care for). */
@@ -149,7 +153,7 @@ CTypeID lj_ctype_new(CTState *cts, CType **ctp)
 {
   CTypeID id = cts->top;
   CType *ct;
-  lua_assert(cts->L);
+  lj_assertCTS(cts->L, "uninitialized cts->L");
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY(id >= cts->sizetab)) {
     if (id >= CTID_MAX) lj_err_msg(cts->L, LJ_ERR_TABOV);
 #ifdef LUAJIT_CTYPE_CHECK_ANCHOR
@@ -178,7 +182,7 @@ CTypeID lj_ctype_intern(CTState *cts, CTInfo info, CTSize size)
 {
   uint32_t h = ct_hashtype(info, size);
   CTypeID id = cts->hash[h];
-  lua_assert(cts->L);
+  lj_assertCTS(cts->L, "uninitialized cts->L");
   while (id) {
     CType *ct = ctype_get(cts, id);
     if (ct->info == info && ct->size == size)
@@ -306,9 +310,9 @@ CTSize lj_ctype_vlsize(CTState *cts, CType *ct, CTSize nelem)
     }
     ct = ctype_raw(cts, arrid);
   }
-  lua_assert(ctype_isvlarray(ct->info));  /* Must be a VLA. */
+  lj_assertCTS(ctype_isvlarray(ct->info), "VLA expected");
   ct = ctype_rawchild(cts, ct);  /* Get array element. */
-  lua_assert(ctype_hassize(ct->info));
+  lj_assertCTS(ctype_hassize(ct->info), "bad VLA without size");
   /* Calculate actual size of VLA and check for overflow. */
   xsz += (uint64_t)ct->size * nelem;
   return xsz < 0x80000000u ? (CTSize)xsz : CTSIZE_INVALID;
@@ -331,7 +335,8 @@ CTInfo lj_ctype_info(CTState *cts, CTypeID id, CTSize *szp)
     } else {
       if (!(qual & CTFP_ALIGNED)) qual |= (info & CTF_ALIGN);
       qual |= (info & ~(CTF_ALIGN|CTMASK_CID));
-      lua_assert(ctype_hassize(info) || ctype_isfunc(info));
+      lj_assertCTS(ctype_hassize(info) || ctype_isfunc(info),
+                   "ctype without size");
       *szp = ctype_isfunc(info) ? CTSIZE_INVALID : ct->size;
       break;
     }
@@ -544,7 +549,7 @@ static void ctype_repr(CTRepr *ctr, CTypeID id)
       ctype_appc(ctr, ')');
       break;
     default:
-      lua_assert(0);
+      lj_assertG_(ctr->cts->g, 0, "bad ctype %08x", info);
       break;
     }
     ct = ctype_get(ctr->cts, ctype_cid(info));
@@ -588,19 +593,18 @@ GCstr *lj_ctype_repr_int64(lua_State *L, uint64_t n, int isunsigned)
 /* Convert complex to string with 'i' or 'I' suffix. */
 GCstr *lj_ctype_repr_complex(lua_State *L, void *sp, CTSize size)
 {
-  char buf[2*LJ_STR_NUMBUF+2+1];
+  SBuf *sb = lj_buf_tmp_(L);
   TValue re, im;
-  size_t len;
   if (size == 2*sizeof(double)) {
     re.n = *(double *)sp; im.n = ((double *)sp)[1];
   } else {
     re.n = (double)*(float *)sp; im.n = (double)((float *)sp)[1];
   }
-  len = lj_str_bufnum(buf, &re);
-  if (!(im.u32.hi & 0x80000000u) || im.n != im.n) buf[len++] = '+';
-  len += lj_str_bufnum(buf+len, &im);
-  buf[len] = buf[len-1] >= 'a' ? 'I' : 'i';
-  return lj_str_new(L, buf, len+1);
+  lj_strfmt_putfnum(sb, STRFMT_G14, re.n);
+  if (!(im.u32.hi & 0x80000000u) || im.n != im.n) lj_buf_putchar(sb, '+');
+  lj_strfmt_putfnum(sb, STRFMT_G14, im.n);
+  lj_buf_putchar(sb, sb->w[-1] >= 'a' ? 'I' : 'i');
+  return lj_buf_str(L, sb);
 }
 
 /* -- C type state -------------------------------------------------------- */
diff --git a/src/lj_ctype.h b/src/lj_ctype.h
index 0787d800..45e7234e 100644
--- a/src/lj_ctype.h
+++ b/src/lj_ctype.h
@@ -260,10 +260,16 @@ typedef struct CTState {
 
 #define CT_MEMALIGN     3       /* Alignment guaranteed by memory allocator. */
 
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+#define lj_assertCTS(c, ...)    (lj_assertG_(cts->g, (c), __VA_ARGS__))
+#else
+#define lj_assertCTS(c, ...)    ((void)cts)
+#endif
+
 /* -- Predefined types ---------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Target-dependent types. */
-#if LJ_TARGET_PPC || LJ_TARGET_PPCSPE
+#if LJ_TARGET_PPC
 #define CTTYDEFP(_) \
   _(LINT32,             4,      CT_NUM, CTF_LONG|CTALIGN(2))
 #else
@@ -292,6 +298,7 @@ typedef struct CTState {
   _(P_VOID,     CTSIZE_PTR,     CT_PTR, CTALIGN_PTR|CTID_VOID) \
   _(P_CVOID,    CTSIZE_PTR,     CT_PTR, CTALIGN_PTR|CTID_CVOID) \
   _(P_CCHAR,    CTSIZE_PTR,     CT_PTR, CTALIGN_PTR|CTID_CCHAR) \
+  _(P_UINT8,    CTSIZE_PTR,     CT_PTR, CTALIGN_PTR|CTID_UINT8) \
   _(A_CCHAR,            -1,     CT_ARRAY, CTF_CONST|CTALIGN(0)|CTID_CCHAR) \
   _(CTYPEID,            4,      CT_ENUM, CTALIGN(2)|CTID_INT32) \
   CTTYDEFP(_) \
@@ -383,6 +390,16 @@ static LJ_AINLINE CTState *ctype_cts(lua_State *L)
   return cts;
 }
 
+/* Load FFI library on-demand. */
+#define ctype_loadffi(L) \
+  do { \
+    if (!ctype_ctsG(G(L))) { \
+      ptrdiff_t oldtop = (char *)L->top - mref(L->stack, char); \
+      luaopen_ffi(L); \
+      L->top = (TValue *)(mref(L->stack, char) + oldtop); \
+    } \
+  } while (0)
+
 /* Save and restore state of C type table. */
 #define LJ_CTYPE_SAVE(cts)      CTState savects_ = *(cts)
 #define LJ_CTYPE_RESTORE(cts) \
@@ -392,7 +409,8 @@ static LJ_AINLINE CTState *ctype_cts(lua_State *L)
 /* Check C type ID for validity when assertions are enabled. */
 static LJ_AINLINE CTypeID ctype_check(CTState *cts, CTypeID id)
 {
-  lua_assert(id > 0 && id < cts->top); UNUSED(cts);
+  UNUSED(cts);
+  lj_assertCTS(id > 0 && id < cts->top, "bad CTID %d", id);
   return id;
 }
 
@@ -408,8 +426,9 @@ static LJ_AINLINE CType *ctype_get(CTState *cts, CTypeID id)
 /* Get child C type. */
 static LJ_AINLINE CType *ctype_child(CTState *cts, CType *ct)
 {
-  lua_assert(!(ctype_isvoid(ct->info) || ctype_isstruct(ct->info) ||
-             ctype_isbitfield(ct->info)));  /* These don't have children. */
+  lj_assertCTS(!(ctype_isvoid(ct->info) || ctype_isstruct(ct->info) ||
+               ctype_isbitfield(ct->info)),
+               "ctype %08x has no children", ct->info);
   return ctype_get(cts, ctype_cid(ct->info));
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lj_debug.c b/src/lj_debug.c
index e6a8be54..fa189b6e 100644
--- a/src/lj_debug.c
+++ b/src/lj_debug.c
@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
 #include "lj_debug.h"
-#include "lj_str.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
 #include "lj_state.h"
 #include "lj_frame.h"
 #include "lj_bc.h"
-#include "lj_vm.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 #if LJ_HASJIT
 #include "lj_jit.h"
 #endif
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@
 /* Get frame corresponding to a level. */
 cTValue *lj_debug_frame(lua_State *L, int level, int *size)
 {
-  cTValue *frame, *nextframe, *bot = tvref(L->stack);
+  cTValue *frame, *nextframe, *bot = tvref(L->stack)+LJ_FR2;
   /* Traverse frames backwards. */
   for (nextframe = frame = L->base-1; frame > bot; ) {
     if (frame_gc(frame) == obj2gco(L))
-      level++;  /* Skip dummy frames. See lj_meta_call(). */
+      level++;  /* Skip dummy frames. See lj_err_optype_call(). */
     if (level-- == 0) {
       *size = (int)(nextframe - frame);
       return frame;  /* Level found. */
@@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ static BCPos debug_framepc(lua_State *L, GCfunc *fn, cTValue *nextframe)
   const BCIns *ins;
   GCproto *pt;
   BCPos pos;
-  lua_assert(fn->c.gct == ~LJ_TFUNC || fn->c.gct == ~LJ_TTHREAD);
+  lj_assertL(fn->c.gct == ~LJ_TFUNC || fn->c.gct == ~LJ_TTHREAD,
+             "function or frame expected");
   if (!isluafunc(fn)) {  /* Cannot derive a PC for non-Lua functions. */
     return NO_BCPOS;
   } else if (nextframe == NULL) {  /* Lua function on top. */
@@ -87,8 +88,7 @@ static BCPos debug_framepc(lua_State *L, GCfunc *fn, cTValue *nextframe)
         if (frame_islua(f)) {
           f = frame_prevl(f);
         } else {
-          if (frame_isc(f) || (LJ_HASFFI && frame_iscont(f) &&
-                               (f-1)->u32.lo == LJ_CONT_FFI_CALLBACK))
+          if (frame_isc(f) || (frame_iscont(f) && frame_iscont_fficb(f)))
             cf = cframe_raw(cframe_prev(cf));
           f = frame_prevd(f);
         }
@@ -101,9 +101,12 @@ static BCPos debug_framepc(lua_State *L, GCfunc *fn, cTValue *nextframe)
   pos = proto_bcpos(pt, ins) - 1;
 #if LJ_HASJIT
   if (pos > pt->sizebc) {  /* Undo the effects of lj_trace_exit for JLOOP. */
-    GCtrace *T = (GCtrace *)((char *)(ins-1) - offsetof(GCtrace, startins));
-    lua_assert(bc_isret(bc_op(ins[-1])));
-    pos = proto_bcpos(pt, mref(T->startpc, const BCIns));
+    if (bc_isret(bc_op(ins[-1]))) {
+      GCtrace *T = (GCtrace *)((char *)(ins-1) - offsetof(GCtrace, startins));
+      pos = proto_bcpos(pt, mref(T->startpc, const BCIns));
+    } else {
+      pos = NO_BCPOS;  /* Punt in case of stack overflow for stitched trace. */
+    }
   }
 #endif
   return pos;
@@ -135,7 +138,7 @@ static BCLine debug_frameline(lua_State *L, GCfunc *fn, cTValue *nextframe)
   BCPos pc = debug_framepc(L, fn, nextframe);
   if (pc != NO_BCPOS) {
     GCproto *pt = funcproto(fn);
-    lua_assert(pc <= pt->sizebc);
+    lj_assertL(pc <= pt->sizebc, "PC out of range");
     return lj_debug_line(pt, pc);
   }
   return -1;
@@ -143,38 +146,25 @@ static BCLine debug_frameline(lua_State *L, GCfunc *fn, cTValue *nextframe)
 
 /* -- Variable names ------------------------------------------------------ */
 
-/* Read ULEB128 value. */
-static uint32_t debug_read_uleb128(const uint8_t **pp)
-{
-  const uint8_t *p = *pp;
-  uint32_t v = *p++;
-  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(v >= 0x80)) {
-    int sh = 0;
-    v &= 0x7f;
-    do { v |= ((*p & 0x7f) << (sh += 7)); } while (*p++ >= 0x80);
-  }
-  *pp = p;
-  return v;
-}
-
 /* Get name of a local variable from slot number and PC. */
 static const char *debug_varname(const GCproto *pt, BCPos pc, BCReg slot)
 {
-  const uint8_t *p = proto_varinfo(pt);
+  const char *p = (const char *)proto_varinfo(pt);
   if (p) {
     BCPos lastpc = 0;
     for (;;) {
-      const char *name = (const char *)p;
-      uint32_t vn = *p++;
+      const char *name = p;
+      uint32_t vn = *(const uint8_t *)p;
       BCPos startpc, endpc;
       if (vn < VARNAME__MAX) {
         if (vn == VARNAME_END) break;  /* End of varinfo. */
       } else {
-        while (*p++) ;  /* Skip over variable name string. */
+        do { p++; } while (*(const uint8_t *)p);  /* Skip over variable name. */
       }
-      lastpc = startpc = lastpc + debug_read_uleb128(&p);
+      p++;
+      lastpc = startpc = lastpc + lj_buf_ruleb128(&p);
       if (startpc > pc) break;
-      endpc = startpc + debug_read_uleb128(&p);
+      endpc = startpc + lj_buf_ruleb128(&p);
       if (pc < endpc && slot-- == 0) {
         if (vn < VARNAME__MAX) {
 #define VARNAMESTR(name, str)   str "\0"
@@ -199,7 +189,7 @@ static TValue *debug_localname(lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar,
   TValue *nextframe = size ? frame + size : NULL;
   GCfunc *fn = frame_func(frame);
   BCPos pc = debug_framepc(L, fn, nextframe);
-  if (!nextframe) nextframe = L->top;
+  if (!nextframe) nextframe = L->top+LJ_FR2;
   if ((int)slot1 < 0) {  /* Negative slot number is for varargs. */
     if (pc != NO_BCPOS) {
       GCproto *pt = funcproto(fn);
@@ -209,7 +199,7 @@ static TValue *debug_localname(lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar,
           nextframe = frame;
           frame = frame_prevd(frame);
         }
-        if (frame + slot1 < nextframe) {
+        if (frame + slot1+LJ_FR2 < nextframe) {
           *name = "(*vararg)";
           return frame+slot1;
         }
@@ -220,7 +210,7 @@ static TValue *debug_localname(lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar,
   if (pc != NO_BCPOS &&
       (*name = debug_varname(funcproto(fn), pc, slot1-1)) != NULL)
     ;
-  else if (slot1 > 0 && frame + slot1 < nextframe)
+  else if (slot1 > 0 && frame + slot1+LJ_FR2 < nextframe)
     *name = "(*temporary)";
   return frame+slot1;
 }
@@ -229,7 +219,7 @@ static TValue *debug_localname(lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar,
 const char *lj_debug_uvname(GCproto *pt, uint32_t idx)
 {
   const uint8_t *p = proto_uvinfo(pt);
-  lua_assert(idx < pt->sizeuv);
+  lj_assertX(idx < pt->sizeuv, "bad upvalue index");
   if (!p) return "";
   if (idx) while (*p++ || --idx) ;
   return (const char *)p;
@@ -286,7 +276,7 @@ restart:
         *name = strdata(gco2str(proto_kgc(pt, ~(ptrdiff_t)bc_c(ins))));
         if (ip > proto_bc(pt)) {
           BCIns insp = ip[-1];
-          if (bc_op(insp) == BC_MOV && bc_a(insp) == ra+1 &&
+          if (bc_op(insp) == BC_MOV && bc_a(insp) == ra+1+LJ_FR2 &&
               bc_d(insp) == bc_b(ins))
             return "method";
         }
@@ -303,12 +293,12 @@ restart:
 }
 
 /* Deduce function name from caller of a frame. */
-const char *lj_debug_funcname(lua_State *L, TValue *frame, const char **name)
+const char *lj_debug_funcname(lua_State *L, cTValue *frame, const char **name)
 {
-  TValue *pframe;
+  cTValue *pframe;
   GCfunc *fn;
   BCPos pc;
-  if (frame <= tvref(L->stack))
+  if (frame <= tvref(L->stack)+LJ_FR2)
     return NULL;
   if (frame_isvarg(frame))
     frame = frame_prevd(frame);
@@ -334,7 +324,7 @@ const char *lj_debug_funcname(lua_State *L, TValue *frame, const char **name)
 /* -- Source code locations ----------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Generate shortened source name. */
-void lj_debug_shortname(char *out, GCstr *str)
+void lj_debug_shortname(char *out, GCstr *str, BCLine line)
 {
   const char *src = strdata(str);
   if (*src == '=') {
@@ -348,11 +338,11 @@ void lj_debug_shortname(char *out, GCstr *str)
       *out++ = '.'; *out++ = '.'; *out++ = '.';
     }
     strcpy(out, src);
-  } else {  /* Output [string "string"]. */
+  } else {  /* Output [string "string"] or [builtin:name]. */
     size_t len;  /* Length, up to first control char. */
     for (len = 0; len < LUA_IDSIZE-12; len++)
       if (((const unsigned char *)src)[len] < ' ') break;
-    strcpy(out, "[string \""); out += 9;
+    strcpy(out, line == ~(BCLine)0 ? "[builtin:" : "[string \""); out += 9;
     if (src[len] != '\0') {  /* Must truncate? */
       if (len > LUA_IDSIZE-15) len = LUA_IDSIZE-15;
       strncpy(out, src, len); out += len;
@@ -360,7 +350,7 @@ void lj_debug_shortname(char *out, GCstr *str)
     } else {
       strcpy(out, src); out += len;
     }
-    strcpy(out, "\"]");
+    strcpy(out, line == ~(BCLine)0 ? "]" : "\"]");
   }
 }
 
@@ -373,14 +363,15 @@ void lj_debug_addloc(lua_State *L, const char *msg,
     if (isluafunc(fn)) {
       BCLine line = debug_frameline(L, fn, nextframe);
       if (line >= 0) {
+        GCproto *pt = funcproto(fn);
         char buf[LUA_IDSIZE];
-        lj_debug_shortname(buf, proto_chunkname(funcproto(fn)));
-        lj_str_pushf(L, "%s:%d: %s", buf, line, msg);
+        lj_debug_shortname(buf, proto_chunkname(pt), pt->firstline);
+        lj_strfmt_pushf(L, "%s:%d: %s", buf, line, msg);
         return;
       }
     }
   }
-  lj_str_pushf(L, "%s", msg);
+  lj_strfmt_pushf(L, "%s", msg);
 }
 
 /* Push location string for a bytecode position to Lua stack. */
@@ -390,20 +381,22 @@ void lj_debug_pushloc(lua_State *L, GCproto *pt, BCPos pc)
   const char *s = strdata(name);
   MSize i, len = name->len;
   BCLine line = lj_debug_line(pt, pc);
-  if (*s == '@') {
+  if (pt->firstline == ~(BCLine)0) {
+    lj_strfmt_pushf(L, "builtin:%s", s);
+  } else if (*s == '@') {
     s++; len--;
     for (i = len; i > 0; i--)
       if (s[i] == '/' || s[i] == '\\') {
         s += i+1;
         break;
       }
-    lj_str_pushf(L, "%s:%d", s, line);
+    lj_strfmt_pushf(L, "%s:%d", s, line);
   } else if (len > 40) {
-    lj_str_pushf(L, "%p:%d", pt, line);
+    lj_strfmt_pushf(L, "%p:%d", pt, line);
   } else if (*s == '=') {
-    lj_str_pushf(L, "%s:%d", s+1, line);
+    lj_strfmt_pushf(L, "%s:%d", s+1, line);
   } else {
-    lj_str_pushf(L, "\"%s\":%d", s, line);
+    lj_strfmt_pushf(L, "\"%s\":%d", s, line);
   }
 }
 
@@ -451,13 +444,14 @@ int lj_debug_getinfo(lua_State *L, const char *what, lj_Debug *ar, int ext)
   } else {
     uint32_t offset = (uint32_t)ar->i_ci & 0xffff;
     uint32_t size = (uint32_t)ar->i_ci >> 16;
-    lua_assert(offset != 0);
+    lj_assertL(offset != 0, "bad frame offset");
     frame = tvref(L->stack) + offset;
     if (size) nextframe = frame + size;
-    lua_assert(frame <= tvref(L->maxstack) &&
-               (!nextframe || nextframe <= tvref(L->maxstack)));
+    lj_assertL(frame <= tvref(L->maxstack) &&
+               (!nextframe || nextframe <= tvref(L->maxstack)),
+               "broken frame chain");
     fn = frame_func(frame);
-    lua_assert(fn->c.gct == ~LJ_TFUNC);
+    lj_assertL(fn->c.gct == ~LJ_TFUNC, "bad frame function");
   }
   for (; *what; what++) {
     if (*what == 'S') {
@@ -466,7 +460,7 @@ int lj_debug_getinfo(lua_State *L, const char *what, lj_Debug *ar, int ext)
         BCLine firstline = pt->firstline;
         GCstr *name = proto_chunkname(pt);
         ar->source = strdata(name);
-        lj_debug_shortname(ar->short_src, name);
+        lj_debug_shortname(ar->short_src, name, pt->firstline);
         ar->linedefined = (int)firstline;
         ar->lastlinedefined = (int)(firstline + pt->numline);
         ar->what = (firstline || !pt->numline) ? "Lua" : "main";
@@ -556,6 +550,111 @@ LUA_API int lua_getstack(lua_State *L, int level, lua_Debug *ar)
   }
 }
 
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+/* Put the chunkname into a buffer. */
+static int debug_putchunkname(SBuf *sb, GCproto *pt, int pathstrip)
+{
+  GCstr *name = proto_chunkname(pt);
+  const char *p = strdata(name);
+  if (pt->firstline == ~(BCLine)0) {
+    lj_buf_putmem(sb, "[builtin:", 9);
+    lj_buf_putstr(sb, name);
+    lj_buf_putb(sb, ']');
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if (*p == '=' || *p == '@') {
+    MSize len = name->len-1;
+    p++;
+    if (pathstrip) {
+      int i;
+      for (i = len-1; i >= 0; i--)
+        if (p[i] == '/' || p[i] == '\\') {
+          len -= i+1;
+          p = p+i+1;
+          break;
+        }
+    }
+    lj_buf_putmem(sb, p, len);
+  } else {
+    lj_buf_putmem(sb, "[string]", 8);
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/* Put a compact stack dump into a buffer. */
+void lj_debug_dumpstack(lua_State *L, SBuf *sb, const char *fmt, int depth)
+{
+  int level = 0, dir = 1, pathstrip = 1;
+  MSize lastlen = 0;
+  if (depth < 0) { level = ~depth; depth = dir = -1; }  /* Reverse frames. */
+  while (level != depth) {  /* Loop through all frame. */
+    int size;
+    cTValue *frame = lj_debug_frame(L, level, &size);
+    if (frame) {
+      cTValue *nextframe = size ? frame+size : NULL;
+      GCfunc *fn = frame_func(frame);
+      const uint8_t *p = (const uint8_t *)fmt;
+      int c;
+      while ((c = *p++)) {
+        switch (c) {
+        case 'p':  /* Preserve full path. */
+          pathstrip = 0;
+          break;
+        case 'F': case 'f': {  /* Dump function name. */
+          const char *name;
+          const char *what = lj_debug_funcname(L, frame, &name);
+          if (what) {
+            if (c == 'F' && isluafunc(fn)) {  /* Dump module:name for 'F'. */
+              GCproto *pt = funcproto(fn);
+              if (pt->firstline != ~(BCLine)0) {  /* Not a bytecode builtin. */
+                debug_putchunkname(sb, pt, pathstrip);
+                lj_buf_putb(sb, ':');
+              }
+            }
+            lj_buf_putmem(sb, name, (MSize)strlen(name));
+            break;
+          }  /* else: can't derive a name, dump module:line. */
+          }
+          /* fallthrough */
+        case 'l':  /* Dump module:line. */
+          if (isluafunc(fn)) {
+            GCproto *pt = funcproto(fn);
+            if (debug_putchunkname(sb, pt, pathstrip)) {
+              /* Regular Lua function. */
+              BCLine line = c == 'l' ? debug_frameline(L, fn, nextframe) :
+                                       pt->firstline;
+              lj_buf_putb(sb, ':');
+              lj_strfmt_putint(sb, line >= 0 ? line : pt->firstline);
+            }
+          } else if (isffunc(fn)) {  /* Dump numbered builtins. */
+            lj_buf_putmem(sb, "[builtin#", 9);
+            lj_strfmt_putint(sb, fn->c.ffid);
+            lj_buf_putb(sb, ']');
+          } else {  /* Dump C function address. */
+            lj_buf_putb(sb, '@');
+            lj_strfmt_putptr(sb, fn->c.f);
+          }
+          break;
+        case 'Z':  /* Zap trailing separator. */
+          lastlen = sbuflen(sb);
+          break;
+        default:
+          lj_buf_putb(sb, c);
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (dir == 1) {
+      break;
+    } else {
+      level -= size;  /* Reverse frame order: quickly skip missing level. */
+    }
+    level += dir;
+  }
+  if (lastlen)
+    sb->w = sb->b + lastlen;  /* Zap trailing separator. */
+}
+#endif
+
 /* Number of frames for the leading and trailing part of a traceback. */
 #define TRACEBACK_LEVELS1       12
 #define TRACEBACK_LEVELS2       10
diff --git a/src/lj_debug.h b/src/lj_debug.h
index 71f7c6a2..33ac29bc 100644
--- a/src/lj_debug.h
+++ b/src/lj_debug.h
@@ -33,14 +33,18 @@ LJ_FUNC const char *lj_debug_uvnamev(cTValue *o, uint32_t idx, TValue **tvp,
                                      GCobj **op);
 LJ_FUNC const char *lj_debug_slotname(GCproto *pt, const BCIns *pc,
                                       BCReg slot, const char **name);
-LJ_FUNC const char *lj_debug_funcname(lua_State *L, TValue *frame,
+LJ_FUNC const char *lj_debug_funcname(lua_State *L, cTValue *frame,
                                       const char **name);
-LJ_FUNC void lj_debug_shortname(char *out, GCstr *str);
+LJ_FUNC void lj_debug_shortname(char *out, GCstr *str, BCLine line);
 LJ_FUNC void lj_debug_addloc(lua_State *L, const char *msg,
                              cTValue *frame, cTValue *nextframe);
 LJ_FUNC void lj_debug_pushloc(lua_State *L, GCproto *pt, BCPos pc);
 LJ_FUNC int lj_debug_getinfo(lua_State *L, const char *what, lj_Debug *ar,
                              int ext);
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+LJ_FUNC void lj_debug_dumpstack(lua_State *L, SBuf *sb, const char *fmt,
+                                int depth);
+#endif
 
 /* Fixed internal variable names. */
 #define VARNAMEDEF(_) \
diff --git a/src/lj_def.h b/src/lj_def.h
index a5e317cd..88bc6336 100644
--- a/src/lj_def.h
+++ b/src/lj_def.h
@@ -46,10 +46,14 @@ typedef unsigned int uintptr_t;
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 /* Various VM limits. */
-#define LJ_MAX_MEM      0x7fffff00      /* Max. total memory allocation. */
+#define LJ_MAX_MEM32    0x7fffff00      /* Max. 32 bit memory allocation. */
+#define LJ_MAX_MEM64    ((uint64_t)1<<47)  /* Max. 64 bit memory allocation. */
+/* Max. total memory allocation. */
+#define LJ_MAX_MEM      (LJ_GC64 ? LJ_MAX_MEM64 : LJ_MAX_MEM32)
 #define LJ_MAX_ALLOC    LJ_MAX_MEM      /* Max. individual allocation length. */
-#define LJ_MAX_STR      LJ_MAX_MEM      /* Max. string length. */
-#define LJ_MAX_UDATA    LJ_MAX_MEM      /* Max. userdata length. */
+#define LJ_MAX_STR      LJ_MAX_MEM32    /* Max. string length. */
+#define LJ_MAX_BUF      LJ_MAX_MEM32    /* Max. buffer length. */
+#define LJ_MAX_UDATA    LJ_MAX_MEM32    /* Max. userdata length. */
 
 #define LJ_MAX_STRTAB   (1<<26)         /* Max. string table size. */
 #define LJ_MAX_HBITS    26              /* Max. hash bits. */
@@ -57,7 +61,7 @@ typedef unsigned int uintptr_t;
 #define LJ_MAX_ASIZE    ((1<<(LJ_MAX_ABITS-1))+1)  /* Max. array part size. */
 #define LJ_MAX_COLOSIZE 16              /* Max. elems for colocated array. */
 
-#define LJ_MAX_LINE     LJ_MAX_MEM      /* Max. source code line number. */
+#define LJ_MAX_LINE     LJ_MAX_MEM32    /* Max. source code line number. */
 #define LJ_MAX_XLEVEL   200             /* Max. syntactic nesting level. */
 #define LJ_MAX_BCINS    (1<<26)         /* Max. # of bytecode instructions. */
 #define LJ_MAX_SLOTS    250             /* Max. # of slots in a Lua func. */
@@ -65,7 +69,7 @@ typedef unsigned int uintptr_t;
 #define LJ_MAX_UPVAL    60              /* Max. # of upvalues. */
 
 #define LJ_MAX_IDXCHAIN 100             /* __index/__newindex chain limit. */
-#define LJ_STACK_EXTRA  5               /* Extra stack space (metamethods). */
+#define LJ_STACK_EXTRA  (5+2*LJ_FR2)    /* Extra stack space (metamethods). */
 
 #define LJ_NUM_CBPAGE   1               /* Number of FFI callback pages. */
 
@@ -76,7 +80,6 @@ typedef unsigned int uintptr_t;
 #define LJ_MIN_SBUF     32              /* Min. string buffer length. */
 #define LJ_MIN_VECSZ    8               /* Min. size for growable vectors. */
 #define LJ_MIN_IRSZ     32              /* Min. size for growable IR. */
-#define LJ_MIN_K64SZ    16              /* Min. size for chained K64Array. */
 
 /* JIT compiler limits. */
 #define LJ_MAX_JSLOTS   250             /* Max. # of stack slots for a trace. */
@@ -91,6 +94,9 @@ typedef unsigned int uintptr_t;
 #define U64x(hi, lo)    (((uint64_t)0x##hi << 32) + (uint64_t)0x##lo)
 #define i32ptr(p)       ((int32_t)(intptr_t)(void *)(p))
 #define u32ptr(p)       ((uint32_t)(intptr_t)(void *)(p))
+#define i64ptr(p)       ((int64_t)(intptr_t)(void *)(p))
+#define u64ptr(p)       ((uint64_t)(intptr_t)(void *)(p))
+#define igcptr(p)       (LJ_GC64 ? i64ptr(p) : i32ptr(p))
 
 #define checki8(x)      ((x) == (int32_t)(int8_t)(x))
 #define checku8(x)      ((x) == (int32_t)(uint8_t)(x))
@@ -98,7 +104,10 @@ typedef unsigned int uintptr_t;
 #define checku16(x)     ((x) == (int32_t)(uint16_t)(x))
 #define checki32(x)     ((x) == (int32_t)(x))
 #define checku32(x)     ((x) == (uint32_t)(x))
+#define checkptr31(x)   (((uint64_t)(uintptr_t)(x) >> 31) == 0)
 #define checkptr32(x)   ((uintptr_t)(x) == (uint32_t)(uintptr_t)(x))
+#define checkptr47(x)   (((uint64_t)(uintptr_t)(x) >> 47) == 0)
+#define checkptrGC(x)   (LJ_GC64 ? checkptr47((x)) : LJ_64 ? checkptr31((x)) :1)
 
 /* Every half-decent C compiler transforms this into a rotate instruction. */
 #define lj_rol(x, n)    (((x)<<(n)) | ((x)>>(-(int)(n)&(8*sizeof(x)-1))))
@@ -111,7 +120,7 @@ typedef uintptr_t BloomFilter;
 #define bloomset(b, x)  ((b) |= bloombit((x)))
 #define bloomtest(b, x) ((b) & bloombit((x)))
 
-#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__psp2__)
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__) || defined(__psp2__)
 
 #define LJ_NORET        __attribute__((noreturn))
 #define LJ_ALIGN(n)     __attribute__((aligned(n)))
@@ -173,7 +182,7 @@ static LJ_AINLINE uint64_t lj_bswap64(uint64_t x)
 {
   return ((uint64_t)lj_bswap((uint32_t)x)<<32) | lj_bswap((uint32_t)(x>>32));
 }
-#elif (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+#elif (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3) || __clang__
 static LJ_AINLINE uint32_t lj_bswap(uint32_t x)
 {
   return (uint32_t)__builtin_bswap32((int32_t)x);
@@ -329,14 +338,28 @@ static LJ_AINLINE uint32_t lj_getu32(const void *v)
 #define LJ_FUNCA_NORET  LJ_FUNCA LJ_NORET
 #define LJ_ASMF_NORET   LJ_ASMF LJ_NORET
 
-/* Runtime assertions. */
-#ifdef lua_assert
-#define check_exp(c, e)         (lua_assert(c), (e))
-#define api_check(l, e)         lua_assert(e)
+/* Internal assertions. */
+#if defined(LUA_USE_ASSERT) || defined(LUA_USE_APICHECK)
+#define lj_assert_check(g, c, ...) \
+  ((c) ? (void)0 : \
+   (lj_assert_fail((g), __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__, __VA_ARGS__), 0))
+#define lj_checkapi(c, ...)     lj_assert_check(G(L), (c), __VA_ARGS__)
 #else
-#define lua_assert(c)           ((void)0)
+#define lj_checkapi(c, ...)     ((void)L)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+#define lj_assertG_(g, c, ...)  lj_assert_check((g), (c), __VA_ARGS__)
+#define lj_assertG(c, ...)      lj_assert_check(g, (c), __VA_ARGS__)
+#define lj_assertL(c, ...)      lj_assert_check(G(L), (c), __VA_ARGS__)
+#define lj_assertX(c, ...)      lj_assert_check(NULL, (c), __VA_ARGS__)
+#define check_exp(c, e)         (lj_assertX((c), #c), (e))
+#else
+#define lj_assertG_(g, c, ...)  ((void)0)
+#define lj_assertG(c, ...)      ((void)g)
+#define lj_assertL(c, ...)      ((void)L)
+#define lj_assertX(c, ...)      ((void)0)
 #define check_exp(c, e)         (e)
-#define api_check               luai_apicheck
 #endif
 
 /* Static assertions. */
@@ -350,4 +373,9 @@ static LJ_AINLINE uint32_t lj_getu32(const void *v)
   extern void LJ_ASSERT_NAME(__LINE__)(int STATIC_ASSERTION_FAILED[(cond)?1:-1])
 #endif
 
+/* PRNG state. Need this here, details in lj_prng.h. */
+typedef struct PRNGState {
+  uint64_t u[4];
+} PRNGState;
+
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_dispatch.c b/src/lj_dispatch.c
index 8009d289..7b66be7e 100644
--- a/src/lj_dispatch.c
+++ b/src/lj_dispatch.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_func.h"
 #include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "lj_frame.h"
 #include "lj_bc.h"
 #include "lj_ff.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 #if LJ_HASJIT
 #include "lj_jit.h"
 #endif
@@ -25,6 +27,9 @@
 #endif
 #include "lj_trace.h"
 #include "lj_dispatch.h"
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+#include "lj_profile.h"
+#endif
 #include "lj_vm.h"
 #include "luajit.h"
 
@@ -37,6 +42,12 @@ LJ_STATIC_ASSERT(GG_NUM_ASMFF == FF_NUM_ASMFUNC);
 #include <math.h>
 LJ_FUNCA_NORET void LJ_FASTCALL lj_ffh_coroutine_wrap_err(lua_State *L,
                                                           lua_State *co);
+#if !LJ_HASJIT
+#define lj_dispatch_stitch      lj_dispatch_ins
+#endif
+#if !LJ_HASPROFILE
+#define lj_dispatch_profile     lj_dispatch_ins
+#endif
 
 #define GOTFUNC(name)   (ASMFunction)name,
 static const ASMFunction dispatch_got[] = {
@@ -57,6 +68,8 @@ void lj_dispatch_init(GG_State *GG)
   /* The JIT engine is off by default. luaopen_jit() turns it on. */
   disp[BC_FORL] = disp[BC_IFORL];
   disp[BC_ITERL] = disp[BC_IITERL];
+  /* Workaround for stable v2.1 bytecode. TODO: Replace with BC_IITERN. */
+  disp[BC_ITERN] = &lj_vm_IITERN;
   disp[BC_LOOP] = disp[BC_ILOOP];
   disp[BC_FUNCF] = disp[BC_IFUNCF];
   disp[BC_FUNCV] = disp[BC_IFUNCV];
@@ -64,7 +77,7 @@ void lj_dispatch_init(GG_State *GG)
   for (i = 0; i < GG_NUM_ASMFF; i++)
     GG->bcff[i] = BCINS_AD(BC__MAX+i, 0, 0);
 #if LJ_TARGET_MIPS
-  memcpy(GG->got, dispatch_got, LJ_GOT__MAX*4);
+  memcpy(GG->got, dispatch_got, LJ_GOT__MAX*sizeof(ASMFunction *));
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -82,11 +95,12 @@ void lj_dispatch_init_hotcount(global_State *g)
 #endif
 
 /* Internal dispatch mode bits. */
-#define DISPMODE_JIT    0x01    /* JIT compiler on. */
-#define DISPMODE_REC    0x02    /* Recording active. */
+#define DISPMODE_CALL   0x01    /* Override call dispatch. */
+#define DISPMODE_RET    0x02    /* Override return dispatch. */
 #define DISPMODE_INS    0x04    /* Override instruction dispatch. */
-#define DISPMODE_CALL   0x08    /* Override call dispatch. */
-#define DISPMODE_RET    0x10    /* Override return dispatch. */
+#define DISPMODE_JIT    0x10    /* JIT compiler on. */
+#define DISPMODE_REC    0x20    /* Recording active. */
+#define DISPMODE_PROF   0x40    /* Profiling active. */
 
 /* Update dispatch table depending on various flags. */
 void lj_dispatch_update(global_State *g)
@@ -98,24 +112,29 @@ void lj_dispatch_update(global_State *g)
   mode |= G2J(g)->state != LJ_TRACE_IDLE ?
             (DISPMODE_REC|DISPMODE_INS|DISPMODE_CALL) : 0;
 #endif
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+  mode |= (g->hookmask & HOOK_PROFILE) ? (DISPMODE_PROF|DISPMODE_INS) : 0;
+#endif
   mode |= (g->hookmask & (LUA_MASKLINE|LUA_MASKCOUNT)) ? DISPMODE_INS : 0;
   mode |= (g->hookmask & LUA_MASKCALL) ? DISPMODE_CALL : 0;
   mode |= (g->hookmask & LUA_MASKRET) ? DISPMODE_RET : 0;
   if (oldmode != mode) {  /* Mode changed? */
     ASMFunction *disp = G2GG(g)->dispatch;
-    ASMFunction f_forl, f_iterl, f_loop, f_funcf, f_funcv;
+    ASMFunction f_forl, f_iterl, f_itern, f_loop, f_funcf, f_funcv;
     g->dispatchmode = mode;
 
     /* Hotcount if JIT is on, but not while recording. */
     if ((mode & (DISPMODE_JIT|DISPMODE_REC)) == DISPMODE_JIT) {
       f_forl = makeasmfunc(lj_bc_ofs[BC_FORL]);
       f_iterl = makeasmfunc(lj_bc_ofs[BC_ITERL]);
+      f_itern = makeasmfunc(lj_bc_ofs[BC_ITERN]);
       f_loop = makeasmfunc(lj_bc_ofs[BC_LOOP]);
       f_funcf = makeasmfunc(lj_bc_ofs[BC_FUNCF]);
       f_funcv = makeasmfunc(lj_bc_ofs[BC_FUNCV]);
     } else {  /* Otherwise use the non-hotcounting instructions. */
       f_forl = disp[GG_LEN_DDISP+BC_IFORL];
       f_iterl = disp[GG_LEN_DDISP+BC_IITERL];
+      f_itern = &lj_vm_IITERN;
       f_loop = disp[GG_LEN_DDISP+BC_ILOOP];
       f_funcf = makeasmfunc(lj_bc_ofs[BC_IFUNCF]);
       f_funcv = makeasmfunc(lj_bc_ofs[BC_IFUNCV]);
@@ -123,12 +142,13 @@ void lj_dispatch_update(global_State *g)
     /* Init static counting instruction dispatch first (may be copied below). */
     disp[GG_LEN_DDISP+BC_FORL] = f_forl;
     disp[GG_LEN_DDISP+BC_ITERL] = f_iterl;
+    disp[GG_LEN_DDISP+BC_ITERN] = f_itern;
     disp[GG_LEN_DDISP+BC_LOOP] = f_loop;
 
     /* Set dynamic instruction dispatch. */
-    if ((oldmode ^ mode) & (DISPMODE_REC|DISPMODE_INS)) {
+    if ((oldmode ^ mode) & (DISPMODE_PROF|DISPMODE_REC|DISPMODE_INS)) {
       /* Need to update the whole table. */
-      if (!(mode & (DISPMODE_REC|DISPMODE_INS))) {  /* No ins dispatch? */
+      if (!(mode & DISPMODE_INS)) {  /* No ins dispatch? */
         /* Copy static dispatch table to dynamic dispatch table. */
         memcpy(&disp[0], &disp[GG_LEN_DDISP], GG_LEN_SDISP*sizeof(ASMFunction));
         /* Overwrite with dynamic return dispatch. */
@@ -140,15 +160,17 @@ void lj_dispatch_update(global_State *g)
         }
       } else {
         /* The recording dispatch also checks for hooks. */
-        ASMFunction f = (mode & DISPMODE_REC) ? lj_vm_record : lj_vm_inshook;
+        ASMFunction f = (mode & DISPMODE_PROF) ? lj_vm_profhook :
+                        (mode & DISPMODE_REC) ? lj_vm_record : lj_vm_inshook;
         uint32_t i;
         for (i = 0; i < GG_LEN_SDISP; i++)
           disp[i] = f;
       }
-    } else if (!(mode & (DISPMODE_REC|DISPMODE_INS))) {
+    } else if (!(mode & DISPMODE_INS)) {
       /* Otherwise set dynamic counting ins. */
       disp[BC_FORL] = f_forl;
       disp[BC_ITERL] = f_iterl;
+      disp[BC_ITERN] = f_itern;
       disp[BC_LOOP] = f_loop;
       /* Set dynamic return dispatch. */
       if ((mode & DISPMODE_RET)) {
@@ -236,22 +258,15 @@ int luaJIT_setmode(lua_State *L, int idx, int mode)
     } else {
       if (!(mode & LUAJIT_MODE_ON))
         G2J(g)->flags &= ~(uint32_t)JIT_F_ON;
-#if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
-      else if ((G2J(g)->flags & JIT_F_SSE2))
-        G2J(g)->flags |= (uint32_t)JIT_F_ON;
-      else
-        return 0;  /* Don't turn on JIT compiler without SSE2 support. */
-#else
       else
         G2J(g)->flags |= (uint32_t)JIT_F_ON;
-#endif
       lj_dispatch_update(g);
     }
     break;
   case LUAJIT_MODE_FUNC:
   case LUAJIT_MODE_ALLFUNC:
   case LUAJIT_MODE_ALLSUBFUNC: {
-    cTValue *tv = idx == 0 ? frame_prev(L->base-1) :
+    cTValue *tv = idx == 0 ? frame_prev(L->base-1)-LJ_FR2 :
                   idx > 0 ? L->base + (idx-1) : L->top + idx;
     GCproto *pt;
     if ((idx == 0 || tvisfunc(tv)) && isluafunc(&gcval(tv)->fn))
@@ -286,7 +301,7 @@ int luaJIT_setmode(lua_State *L, int idx, int mode)
       if (idx != 0) {
         cTValue *tv = idx > 0 ? L->base + (idx-1) : L->top + idx;
         if (tvislightud(tv))
-          g->wrapf = (lua_CFunction)lightudV(tv);
+          g->wrapf = (lua_CFunction)lightudV(g, tv);
         else
           return 0;  /* Failed. */
       } else {
@@ -352,10 +367,19 @@ static void callhook(lua_State *L, int event, BCLine line)
     /* Top frame, nextframe = NULL. */
     ar.i_ci = (int)((L->base-1) - tvref(L->stack));
     lj_state_checkstack(L, 1+LUA_MINSTACK);
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE && !LJ_PROFILE_SIGPROF
+    lj_profile_hook_enter(g);
+#else
     hook_enter(g);
+#endif
     hookf(L, &ar);
-    lua_assert(hook_active(g));
+    lj_assertG(hook_active(g), "active hook flag removed");
+    setgcref(g->cur_L, obj2gco(L));
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE && !LJ_PROFILE_SIGPROF
+    lj_profile_hook_leave(g);
+#else
     hook_leave(g);
+#endif
   }
 }
 
@@ -368,7 +392,7 @@ static BCReg cur_topslot(GCproto *pt, const BCIns *pc, uint32_t nres)
   if (bc_op(ins) == BC_UCLO)
     ins = pc[bc_j(ins)];
   switch (bc_op(ins)) {
-  case BC_CALLM: case BC_CALLMT: return bc_a(ins) + bc_c(ins) + nres-1+1;
+  case BC_CALLM: case BC_CALLMT: return bc_a(ins) + bc_c(ins) + nres-1+1+LJ_FR2;
   case BC_RETM: return bc_a(ins) + bc_d(ins) + nres-1;
   case BC_TSETM: return bc_a(ins) + nres-1;
   default: return pt->framesize;
@@ -397,7 +421,8 @@ void LJ_FASTCALL lj_dispatch_ins(lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
 #endif
       J->L = L;
       lj_trace_ins(J, pc-1);  /* The interpreter bytecode PC is offset by 1. */
-      lua_assert(L->top - L->base == delta);
+      lj_assertG(L->top - L->base == delta,
+                 "unbalanced stack after tracing of instruction");
     }
   }
 #endif
@@ -457,7 +482,8 @@ ASMFunction LJ_FASTCALL lj_dispatch_call(lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
 #endif
     pc = (const BCIns *)((uintptr_t)pc & ~(uintptr_t)1);
     lj_trace_hot(J, pc);
-    lua_assert(L->top - L->base == delta);
+    lj_assertG(L->top - L->base == delta,
+               "unbalanced stack after hot call");
     goto out;
   } else if (J->state != LJ_TRACE_IDLE &&
              !(g->hookmask & (HOOK_GC|HOOK_VMEVENT))) {
@@ -466,7 +492,8 @@ ASMFunction LJ_FASTCALL lj_dispatch_call(lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
 #endif
     /* Record the FUNC* bytecodes, too. */
     lj_trace_ins(J, pc-1);  /* The interpreter bytecode PC is offset by 1. */
-    lua_assert(L->top - L->base == delta);
+    lj_assertG(L->top - L->base == delta,
+               "unbalanced stack after hot instruction");
   }
 #endif
   if ((g->hookmask & LUA_MASKCALL)) {
@@ -492,3 +519,41 @@ out:
   return makeasmfunc(lj_bc_ofs[op]);  /* Return static dispatch target. */
 }
 
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+/* Stitch a new trace. */
+void LJ_FASTCALL lj_dispatch_stitch(jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc)
+{
+  ERRNO_SAVE
+  lua_State *L = J->L;
+  void *cf = cframe_raw(L->cframe);
+  const BCIns *oldpc = cframe_pc(cf);
+  setcframe_pc(cf, pc);
+  /* Before dispatch, have to bias PC by 1. */
+  L->top = L->base + cur_topslot(curr_proto(L), pc+1, cframe_multres_n(cf));
+  lj_trace_stitch(J, pc-1);  /* Point to the CALL instruction. */
+  setcframe_pc(cf, oldpc);
+  ERRNO_RESTORE
+}
+#endif
+
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+/* Profile dispatch. */
+void LJ_FASTCALL lj_dispatch_profile(lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
+{
+  ERRNO_SAVE
+  GCfunc *fn = curr_func(L);
+  GCproto *pt = funcproto(fn);
+  void *cf = cframe_raw(L->cframe);
+  const BCIns *oldpc = cframe_pc(cf);
+  global_State *g;
+  setcframe_pc(cf, pc);
+  L->top = L->base + cur_topslot(pt, pc, cframe_multres_n(cf));
+  lj_profile_interpreter(L);
+  setcframe_pc(cf, oldpc);
+  g = G(L);
+  setgcref(g->cur_L, obj2gco(L));
+  setvmstate(g, INTERP);
+  ERRNO_RESTORE
+}
+#endif
+
diff --git a/src/lj_dispatch.h b/src/lj_dispatch.h
index b26c6b94..774bc4dc 100644
--- a/src/lj_dispatch.h
+++ b/src/lj_dispatch.h
@@ -14,8 +14,24 @@
 
 #if LJ_TARGET_MIPS
 /* Need our own global offset table for the dreaded MIPS calling conventions. */
+
+#ifndef _LJ_VM_H
+LJ_ASMF int32_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_vm_modi(int32_t a, int32_t b);
+#endif
+
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+#ifndef _LJ_IRCALL_H
+extern double __adddf3(double a, double b);
+extern double __subdf3(double a, double b);
+extern double __muldf3(double a, double b);
+extern double __divdf3(double a, double b);
+#endif
+#define SFGOTDEF(_)     _(sqrt) _(__adddf3) _(__subdf3) _(__muldf3) _(__divdf3)
+#else
+#define SFGOTDEF(_)
+#endif
 #if LJ_HASJIT
-#define JITGOTDEF(_)    _(lj_trace_exit) _(lj_trace_hot)
+#define JITGOTDEF(_)    _(lj_err_trace) _(lj_trace_exit) _(lj_trace_hot)
 #else
 #define JITGOTDEF(_)
 #endif
@@ -28,16 +44,19 @@
 #define GOTDEF(_) \
   _(floor) _(ceil) _(trunc) _(log) _(log10) _(exp) _(sin) _(cos) _(tan) \
   _(asin) _(acos) _(atan) _(sinh) _(cosh) _(tanh) _(frexp) _(modf) _(atan2) \
-  _(pow) _(fmod) _(ldexp) \
-  _(lj_dispatch_call) _(lj_dispatch_ins) _(lj_err_throw) _(lj_err_run) \
+  _(pow) _(fmod) _(ldexp) _(lj_vm_modi) \
+  _(lj_dispatch_call) _(lj_dispatch_ins) _(lj_dispatch_stitch) \
+  _(lj_dispatch_profile) _(lj_err_throw) \
   _(lj_ffh_coroutine_wrap_err) _(lj_func_closeuv) _(lj_func_newL_gc) \
   _(lj_gc_barrieruv) _(lj_gc_step) _(lj_gc_step_fixtop) _(lj_meta_arith) \
   _(lj_meta_call) _(lj_meta_cat) _(lj_meta_comp) _(lj_meta_equal) \
-  _(lj_meta_for) _(lj_meta_len) _(lj_meta_tget) _(lj_meta_tset) \
-  _(lj_state_growstack) _(lj_str_fromnum) _(lj_str_fromnumber) _(lj_str_new) \
-  _(lj_tab_dup) _(lj_tab_get) _(lj_tab_getinth) _(lj_tab_len) _(lj_tab_new) \
-  _(lj_tab_newkey) _(lj_tab_next) _(lj_tab_reasize) \
-  JITGOTDEF(_) FFIGOTDEF(_)
+  _(lj_meta_for) _(lj_meta_istype) _(lj_meta_len) _(lj_meta_tget) \
+  _(lj_meta_tset) _(lj_state_growstack) _(lj_strfmt_number) \
+  _(lj_str_new) _(lj_tab_dup) _(lj_tab_get) _(lj_tab_getinth) _(lj_tab_len) \
+  _(lj_tab_new) _(lj_tab_newkey) _(lj_tab_next) _(lj_tab_reasize) \
+  _(lj_tab_setinth) _(lj_buf_putstr_reverse) _(lj_buf_putstr_lower) \
+  _(lj_buf_putstr_upper) _(lj_buf_tostr) \
+  JITGOTDEF(_) FFIGOTDEF(_) SFGOTDEF(_)
 
 enum {
 #define GOTENUM(name) LJ_GOT_##name,
@@ -60,7 +79,7 @@ typedef uint16_t HotCount;
 #define HOTCOUNT_CALL           1
 
 /* This solves a circular dependency problem -- bump as needed. Sigh. */
-#define GG_NUM_ASMFF    62
+#define GG_NUM_ASMFF    57
 
 #define GG_LEN_DDISP    (BC__MAX + GG_NUM_ASMFF)
 #define GG_LEN_SDISP    BC_FUNCF
@@ -70,7 +89,7 @@ typedef uint16_t HotCount;
 typedef struct GG_State {
   lua_State L;                          /* Main thread. */
   global_State g;                       /* Global state. */
-#if LJ_TARGET_ARM
+#if LJ_TARGET_ARM && !LJ_TARGET_NX
   /* Make g reachable via K12 encoded DISPATCH-relative addressing. */
   uint8_t align1[(16-sizeof(global_State))&15];
 #endif
@@ -80,7 +99,7 @@ typedef struct GG_State {
 #if LJ_HASJIT
   jit_State J;                          /* JIT state. */
   HotCount hotcount[HOTCOUNT_SIZE];     /* Hot counters. */
-#if LJ_TARGET_ARM
+#if LJ_TARGET_ARM && !LJ_TARGET_NX
   /* Ditto for J. */
   uint8_t align2[(16-sizeof(jit_State)-sizeof(HotCount)*HOTCOUNT_SIZE)&15];
 #endif
@@ -96,6 +115,7 @@ typedef struct GG_State {
 #define J2G(J)          (&J2GG(J)->g)
 #define G2J(gl)         (&G2GG(gl)->J)
 #define L2J(L)          (&L2GG(L)->J)
+#define GG_G2J          (GG_OFS(J) - GG_OFS(g))
 #define GG_G2DISP       (GG_OFS(dispatch) - GG_OFS(g))
 #define GG_DISP2G       (GG_OFS(g) - GG_OFS(dispatch))
 #define GG_DISP2J       (GG_OFS(J) - GG_OFS(dispatch))
@@ -117,7 +137,12 @@ LJ_FUNC void lj_dispatch_update(global_State *g);
 /* Instruction dispatch callback for hooks or when recording. */
 LJ_FUNCA void LJ_FASTCALL lj_dispatch_ins(lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc);
 LJ_FUNCA ASMFunction LJ_FASTCALL lj_dispatch_call(lua_State *L, const BCIns*pc);
-LJ_FUNCA void LJ_FASTCALL lj_dispatch_return(lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc);
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+LJ_FUNCA void LJ_FASTCALL lj_dispatch_stitch(jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc);
+#endif
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+LJ_FUNCA void LJ_FASTCALL lj_dispatch_profile(lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc);
+#endif
 
 #if LJ_HASFFI && !defined(_BUILDVM_H)
 /* Save/restore errno and GetLastError() around hooks, exits and recording. */
diff --git a/src/lj_emit_arm.h b/src/lj_emit_arm.h
index d38c8a38..5dcea839 100644
--- a/src/lj_emit_arm.h
+++ b/src/lj_emit_arm.h
@@ -81,7 +81,8 @@ static void emit_m(ASMState *as, ARMIns ai, Reg rm)
 
 static void emit_lsox(ASMState *as, ARMIns ai, Reg rd, Reg rn, int32_t ofs)
 {
-  lua_assert(ofs >= -255 && ofs <= 255);
+  lj_assertA(ofs >= -255 && ofs <= 255,
+             "load/store offset %d out of range", ofs);
   if (ofs < 0) ofs = -ofs; else ai |= ARMI_LS_U;
   *--as->mcp = ai | ARMI_LS_P | ARMI_LSX_I | ARMF_D(rd) | ARMF_N(rn) |
                ((ofs & 0xf0) << 4) | (ofs & 0x0f);
@@ -89,7 +90,8 @@ static void emit_lsox(ASMState *as, ARMIns ai, Reg rd, Reg rn, int32_t ofs)
 
 static void emit_lso(ASMState *as, ARMIns ai, Reg rd, Reg rn, int32_t ofs)
 {
-  lua_assert(ofs >= -4095 && ofs <= 4095);
+  lj_assertA(ofs >= -4095 && ofs <= 4095,
+             "load/store offset %d out of range", ofs);
   /* Combine LDR/STR pairs to LDRD/STRD. */
   if (*as->mcp == (ai|ARMI_LS_P|ARMI_LS_U|ARMF_D(rd^1)|ARMF_N(rn)|(ofs^4)) &&
       (ai & ~(ARMI_LDR^ARMI_STR)) == ARMI_STR && rd != rn &&
@@ -106,7 +108,8 @@ static void emit_lso(ASMState *as, ARMIns ai, Reg rd, Reg rn, int32_t ofs)
 #if !LJ_SOFTFP
 static void emit_vlso(ASMState *as, ARMIns ai, Reg rd, Reg rn, int32_t ofs)
 {
-  lua_assert(ofs >= -1020 && ofs <= 1020 && (ofs&3) == 0);
+  lj_assertA(ofs >= -1020 && ofs <= 1020 && (ofs&3) == 0,
+             "load/store offset %d out of range", ofs);
   if (ofs < 0) ofs = -ofs; else ai |= ARMI_LS_U;
   *--as->mcp = ai | ARMI_LS_P | ARMF_D(rd & 15) | ARMF_N(rn) | (ofs >> 2);
 }
@@ -124,7 +127,7 @@ static int emit_kdelta1(ASMState *as, Reg d, int32_t i)
   while (work) {
     Reg r = rset_picktop(work);
     IRRef ref = regcost_ref(as->cost[r]);
-    lua_assert(r != d);
+    lj_assertA(r != d, "dest reg not free");
     if (emit_canremat(ref)) {
       int32_t delta = i - (ra_iskref(ref) ? ra_krefk(as, ref) : IR(ref)->i);
       uint32_t k = emit_isk12(ARMI_ADD, delta);
@@ -142,13 +145,13 @@ static int emit_kdelta1(ASMState *as, Reg d, int32_t i)
 }
 
 /* Try to find a two step delta relative to another constant. */
-static int emit_kdelta2(ASMState *as, Reg d, int32_t i)
+static int emit_kdelta2(ASMState *as, Reg rd, int32_t i)
 {
   RegSet work = ~as->freeset & RSET_GPR;
   while (work) {
     Reg r = rset_picktop(work);
     IRRef ref = regcost_ref(as->cost[r]);
-    lua_assert(r != d);
+    lj_assertA(r != rd, "dest reg %d not free", rd);
     if (emit_canremat(ref)) {
       int32_t other = ra_iskref(ref) ? ra_krefk(as, ref) : IR(ref)->i;
       if (other) {
@@ -159,8 +162,8 @@ static int emit_kdelta2(ASMState *as, Reg d, int32_t i)
         k2 = emit_isk12(0, delta & (255 << sh));
         k = emit_isk12(0, delta & ~(255 << sh));
         if (k) {
-          emit_dn(as, ARMI_ADD^k2^inv, d, d);
-          emit_dn(as, ARMI_ADD^k^inv, d, r);
+          emit_dn(as, ARMI_ADD^k2^inv, rd, rd);
+          emit_dn(as, ARMI_ADD^k^inv, rd, r);
           return 1;
         }
       }
@@ -171,23 +174,24 @@ static int emit_kdelta2(ASMState *as, Reg d, int32_t i)
 }
 
 /* Load a 32 bit constant into a GPR. */
-static void emit_loadi(ASMState *as, Reg r, int32_t i)
+static void emit_loadi(ASMState *as, Reg rd, int32_t i)
 {
   uint32_t k = emit_isk12(ARMI_MOV, i);
-  lua_assert(rset_test(as->freeset, r) || r == RID_TMP);
+  lj_assertA(rset_test(as->freeset, rd) || rd == RID_TMP,
+             "dest reg %d not free", rd);
   if (k) {
     /* Standard K12 constant. */
-    emit_d(as, ARMI_MOV^k, r);
+    emit_d(as, ARMI_MOV^k, rd);
   } else if ((as->flags & JIT_F_ARMV6T2) && (uint32_t)i < 0x00010000u) {
     /* 16 bit loword constant for ARMv6T2. */
-    emit_d(as, ARMI_MOVW|(i & 0x0fff)|((i & 0xf000)<<4), r);
-  } else if (emit_kdelta1(as, r, i)) {
+    emit_d(as, ARMI_MOVW|(i & 0x0fff)|((i & 0xf000)<<4), rd);
+  } else if (emit_kdelta1(as, rd, i)) {
     /* One step delta relative to another constant. */
   } else if ((as->flags & JIT_F_ARMV6T2)) {
     /* 32 bit hiword/loword constant for ARMv6T2. */
-    emit_d(as, ARMI_MOVT|((i>>16) & 0x0fff)|(((i>>16) & 0xf000)<<4), r);
-    emit_d(as, ARMI_MOVW|(i & 0x0fff)|((i & 0xf000)<<4), r);
-  } else if (emit_kdelta2(as, r, i)) {
+    emit_d(as, ARMI_MOVT|((i>>16) & 0x0fff)|(((i>>16) & 0xf000)<<4), rd);
+    emit_d(as, ARMI_MOVW|(i & 0x0fff)|((i & 0xf000)<<4), rd);
+  } else if (emit_kdelta2(as, rd, i)) {
     /* Two step delta relative to another constant. */
   } else {
     /* Otherwise construct the constant with up to 4 instructions. */
@@ -197,17 +201,17 @@ static void emit_loadi(ASMState *as, Reg r, int32_t i)
       int32_t m = i & (255 << sh);
       i &= ~(255 << sh);
       if (i == 0) {
-        emit_d(as, ARMI_MOV ^ emit_isk12(0, m), r);
+        emit_d(as, ARMI_MOV ^ emit_isk12(0, m), rd);
         break;
       }
-      emit_dn(as, ARMI_ORR ^ emit_isk12(0, m), r, r);
+      emit_dn(as, ARMI_ORR ^ emit_isk12(0, m), rd, rd);
     }
   }
 }
 
-#define emit_loada(as, r, addr)         emit_loadi(as, (r), i32ptr((addr)))
+#define emit_loada(as, rd, addr)        emit_loadi(as, (rd), i32ptr((addr)))
 
-static Reg ra_allock(ASMState *as, int32_t k, RegSet allow);
+static Reg ra_allock(ASMState *as, intptr_t k, RegSet allow);
 
 /* Get/set from constant pointer. */
 static void emit_lsptr(ASMState *as, ARMIns ai, Reg r, void *p)
@@ -219,8 +223,9 @@ static void emit_lsptr(ASMState *as, ARMIns ai, Reg r, void *p)
 
 #if !LJ_SOFTFP
 /* Load a number constant into an FPR. */
-static void emit_loadn(ASMState *as, Reg r, cTValue *tv)
+static void emit_loadk64(ASMState *as, Reg r, IRIns *ir)
 {
+  cTValue *tv = ir_knum(ir);
   int32_t i;
   if ((as->flags & JIT_F_VFPV3) && !tv->u32.lo) {
     uint32_t hi = tv->u32.hi;
@@ -260,7 +265,7 @@ static void emit_branch(ASMState *as, ARMIns ai, MCode *target)
 {
   MCode *p = as->mcp;
   ptrdiff_t delta = (target - p) - 1;
-  lua_assert(((delta + 0x00800000) >> 24) == 0);
+  lj_assertA(((delta + 0x00800000) >> 24) == 0, "branch target out of range");
   *--p = ai | ((uint32_t)delta & 0x00ffffffu);
   as->mcp = p;
 }
@@ -288,7 +293,7 @@ static void emit_call(ASMState *as, void *target)
 static void emit_movrr(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg dst, Reg src)
 {
 #if LJ_SOFTFP
-  lua_assert(!irt_isnum(ir->t)); UNUSED(ir);
+  lj_assertA(!irt_isnum(ir->t), "unexpected FP op"); UNUSED(ir);
 #else
   if (dst >= RID_MAX_GPR) {
     emit_dm(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? ARMI_VMOV_D : ARMI_VMOV_S,
@@ -308,30 +313,30 @@ static void emit_movrr(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg dst, Reg src)
   emit_dm(as, ARMI_MOV, dst, src);
 }
 
-/* Generic load of register from stack slot. */
-static void emit_spload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, int32_t ofs)
+/* Generic load of register with base and (small) offset address. */
+static void emit_loadofs(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, Reg base, int32_t ofs)
 {
 #if LJ_SOFTFP
-  lua_assert(!irt_isnum(ir->t)); UNUSED(ir);
+  lj_assertA(!irt_isnum(ir->t), "unexpected FP op"); UNUSED(ir);
 #else
   if (r >= RID_MAX_GPR)
-    emit_vlso(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? ARMI_VLDR_D : ARMI_VLDR_S, r, RID_SP, ofs);
+    emit_vlso(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? ARMI_VLDR_D : ARMI_VLDR_S, r, base, ofs);
   else
 #endif
-    emit_lso(as, ARMI_LDR, r, RID_SP, ofs);
+    emit_lso(as, ARMI_LDR, r, base, ofs);
 }
 
-/* Generic store of register to stack slot. */
-static void emit_spstore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, int32_t ofs)
+/* Generic store of register with base and (small) offset address. */
+static void emit_storeofs(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, Reg base, int32_t ofs)
 {
 #if LJ_SOFTFP
-  lua_assert(!irt_isnum(ir->t)); UNUSED(ir);
+  lj_assertA(!irt_isnum(ir->t), "unexpected FP op"); UNUSED(ir);
 #else
   if (r >= RID_MAX_GPR)
-    emit_vlso(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? ARMI_VSTR_D : ARMI_VSTR_S, r, RID_SP, ofs);
+    emit_vlso(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? ARMI_VSTR_D : ARMI_VSTR_S, r, base, ofs);
   else
 #endif
-    emit_lso(as, ARMI_STR, r, RID_SP, ofs);
+    emit_lso(as, ARMI_STR, r, base, ofs);
 }
 
 /* Emit an arithmetic/logic operation with a constant operand. */
diff --git a/src/lj_emit_arm64.h b/src/lj_emit_arm64.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..52d010b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lj_emit_arm64.h
@@ -0,0 +1,431 @@
+/*
+** ARM64 instruction emitter.
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+**
+** Contributed by Djordje Kovacevic and Stefan Pejic from RT-RK.com.
+** Sponsored by Cisco Systems, Inc.
+*/
+
+/* -- Constant encoding --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static uint64_t get_k64val(ASMState *as, IRRef ref)
+{
+  IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+  if (ir->o == IR_KINT64) {
+    return ir_kint64(ir)->u64;
+  } else if (ir->o == IR_KGC) {
+    return (uint64_t)ir_kgc(ir);
+  } else if (ir->o == IR_KPTR || ir->o == IR_KKPTR) {
+    return (uint64_t)ir_kptr(ir);
+  } else {
+    lj_assertA(ir->o == IR_KINT || ir->o == IR_KNULL,
+               "bad 64 bit const IR op %d", ir->o);
+    return ir->i;  /* Sign-extended. */
+  }
+}
+
+/* Encode constant in K12 format for data processing instructions. */
+static uint32_t emit_isk12(int64_t n)
+{
+  uint64_t k = n < 0 ? ~(uint64_t)n+1u : (uint64_t)n;
+  uint32_t m = n < 0 ? 0x40000000 : 0;
+  if (k < 0x1000) {
+    return A64I_K12|m|A64F_U12(k);
+  } else if ((k & 0xfff000) == k) {
+    return A64I_K12|m|0x400000|A64F_U12(k>>12);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#define emit_clz64(n)   __builtin_clzll(n)
+#define emit_ctz64(n)   __builtin_ctzll(n)
+
+/* Encode constant in K13 format for logical data processing instructions. */
+static uint32_t emit_isk13(uint64_t n, int is64)
+{
+  int inv = 0, w = 128, lz, tz;
+  if (n & 1) { n = ~n; w = 64; inv = 1; }  /* Avoid wrap-around of ones. */
+  if (!n) return 0;  /* Neither all-zero nor all-ones are allowed. */
+  do {  /* Find the repeat width. */
+    if (is64 && (uint32_t)(n^(n>>32))) break;
+    n = (uint32_t)n;
+    if (!n) return 0;  /* Ditto when passing n=0xffffffff and is64=0. */
+    w = 32; if ((n^(n>>16)) & 0xffff) break;
+    n = n & 0xffff; w = 16; if ((n^(n>>8)) & 0xff) break;
+    n = n & 0xff; w = 8; if ((n^(n>>4)) & 0xf) break;
+    n = n & 0xf; w = 4; if ((n^(n>>2)) & 0x3) break;
+    n = n & 0x3; w = 2;
+  } while (0);
+  lz = emit_clz64(n);
+  tz = emit_ctz64(n);
+  if ((int64_t)(n << lz) >> (lz+tz) != -1ll) return 0; /* Non-contiguous? */
+  if (inv)
+    return A64I_K13 | (((lz-w) & 127) << 16) | (((lz+tz-w-1) & 63) << 10);
+  else
+    return A64I_K13 | ((w-tz) << 16) | (((63-lz-tz-w-w) & 63) << 10);
+}
+
+static uint32_t emit_isfpk64(uint64_t n)
+{
+  uint64_t etop9 = ((n >> 54) & 0x1ff);
+  if ((n << 16) == 0 && (etop9 == 0x100 || etop9 == 0x0ff)) {
+    return (uint32_t)(((n >> 48) & 0x7f) | ((n >> 56) & 0x80));
+  }
+  return ~0u;
+}
+
+/* -- Emit basic instructions --------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void emit_dnma(ASMState *as, A64Ins ai, Reg rd, Reg rn, Reg rm, Reg ra)
+{
+  *--as->mcp = ai | A64F_D(rd) | A64F_N(rn) | A64F_M(rm) | A64F_A(ra);
+}
+
+static void emit_dnm(ASMState *as, A64Ins ai, Reg rd, Reg rn, Reg rm)
+{
+  *--as->mcp = ai | A64F_D(rd) | A64F_N(rn) | A64F_M(rm);
+}
+
+static void emit_dm(ASMState *as, A64Ins ai, Reg rd, Reg rm)
+{
+  *--as->mcp = ai | A64F_D(rd) | A64F_M(rm);
+}
+
+static void emit_dn(ASMState *as, A64Ins ai, Reg rd, Reg rn)
+{
+  *--as->mcp = ai | A64F_D(rd) | A64F_N(rn);
+}
+
+static void emit_nm(ASMState *as, A64Ins ai, Reg rn, Reg rm)
+{
+  *--as->mcp = ai | A64F_N(rn) | A64F_M(rm);
+}
+
+static void emit_d(ASMState *as, A64Ins ai, Reg rd)
+{
+  *--as->mcp = ai | A64F_D(rd);
+}
+
+static void emit_n(ASMState *as, A64Ins ai, Reg rn)
+{
+  *--as->mcp = ai | A64F_N(rn);
+}
+
+static int emit_checkofs(A64Ins ai, int64_t ofs)
+{
+  int scale = (ai >> 30) & 3;
+  if (ofs < 0 || (ofs & ((1<<scale)-1))) {
+    return (ofs >= -256 && ofs <= 255) ? -1 : 0;
+  } else {
+    return (ofs < (4096<<scale)) ? 1 : 0;
+  }
+}
+
+static void emit_lso(ASMState *as, A64Ins ai, Reg rd, Reg rn, int64_t ofs)
+{
+  int ot = emit_checkofs(ai, ofs), sc = (ai >> 30) & 3;
+  lj_assertA(ot, "load/store offset %d out of range", ofs);
+  /* Combine LDR/STR pairs to LDP/STP. */
+  if ((sc == 2 || sc == 3) &&
+      (!(ai & 0x400000) || rd != rn) &&
+      as->mcp != as->mcloop) {
+    uint32_t prev = *as->mcp & ~A64F_D(31);
+    int ofsm = ofs - (1<<sc), ofsp = ofs + (1<<sc);
+    A64Ins aip;
+    if (prev == (ai | A64F_N(rn) | A64F_U12(ofsm>>sc)) ||
+        prev == ((ai^A64I_LS_U) | A64F_N(rn) | A64F_S9(ofsm&0x1ff))) {
+      aip = (A64F_A(rd) | A64F_D(*as->mcp & 31));
+    } else if (prev == (ai | A64F_N(rn) | A64F_U12(ofsp>>sc)) ||
+               prev == ((ai^A64I_LS_U) | A64F_N(rn) | A64F_S9(ofsp&0x1ff))) {
+      aip = (A64F_D(rd) | A64F_A(*as->mcp & 31));
+      ofsm = ofs;
+    } else {
+      goto nopair;
+    }
+    if (ofsm >= (int)((unsigned int)-64<<sc) && ofsm <= (63<<sc)) {
+      *as->mcp = aip | A64F_N(rn) | (((ofsm >> sc) & 0x7f) << 15) |
+        (ai ^ ((ai == A64I_LDRx || ai == A64I_STRx) ? 0x50000000 : 0x90000000));
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+nopair:
+  if (ot == 1)
+    *--as->mcp = ai | A64F_D(rd) | A64F_N(rn) | A64F_U12(ofs >> sc);
+  else
+    *--as->mcp = (ai^A64I_LS_U) | A64F_D(rd) | A64F_N(rn) | A64F_S9(ofs & 0x1ff);
+}
+
+/* -- Emit loads/stores --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Prefer rematerialization of BASE/L from global_State over spills. */
+#define emit_canremat(ref)      ((ref) <= ASMREF_L)
+
+/* Try to find an N-step delta relative to other consts with N < lim. */
+static int emit_kdelta(ASMState *as, Reg rd, uint64_t k, int lim)
+{
+  RegSet work = (~as->freeset & RSET_GPR) | RID2RSET(RID_GL);
+  if (lim <= 1) return 0;  /* Can't beat that. */
+  while (work) {
+    Reg r = rset_picktop(work);
+    IRRef ref = regcost_ref(as->cost[r]);
+    lj_assertA(r != rd, "dest reg %d not free", rd);
+    if (ref < REF_TRUE) {
+      uint64_t kx = ra_iskref(ref) ? (uint64_t)ra_krefk(as, ref) :
+                                     get_k64val(as, ref);
+      int64_t delta = (int64_t)(k - kx);
+      if (delta == 0) {
+        emit_dm(as, A64I_MOVx, rd, r);
+        return 1;
+      } else {
+        uint32_t k12 = emit_isk12(delta < 0 ? (int64_t)(~(uint64_t)delta+1u) : delta);
+        if (k12) {
+          emit_dn(as, (delta < 0 ? A64I_SUBx : A64I_ADDx)^k12, rd, r);
+          return 1;
+        }
+        /* Do other ops or multi-step deltas pay off? Probably not.
+        ** E.g. XOR rarely helps with pointer consts.
+        */
+      }
+    }
+    rset_clear(work, r);
+  }
+  return 0;  /* Failed. */
+}
+
+static void emit_loadk(ASMState *as, Reg rd, uint64_t u64, int is64)
+{
+  int i, zeros = 0, ones = 0, neg;
+  if (!is64) u64 = (int64_t)(int32_t)u64;  /* Sign-extend. */
+  /* Count homogeneous 16 bit fragments. */
+  for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+    uint64_t frag = (u64 >> i*16) & 0xffff;
+    zeros += (frag == 0);
+    ones += (frag == 0xffff);
+  }
+  neg = ones > zeros;  /* Use MOVN if it pays off. */
+  if ((neg ? ones : zeros) < 3) {  /* Need 2+ ins. Try shorter K13 encoding. */
+    uint32_t k13 = emit_isk13(u64, is64);
+    if (k13) {
+      emit_dn(as, (is64|A64I_ORRw)^k13, rd, RID_ZERO);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  if (!emit_kdelta(as, rd, u64, 4 - (neg ? ones : zeros))) {
+    int shift = 0, lshift = 0;
+    uint64_t n64 = neg ? ~u64 : u64;
+    if (n64 != 0) {
+      /* Find first/last fragment to be filled. */
+      shift = (63-emit_clz64(n64)) & ~15;
+      lshift = emit_ctz64(n64) & ~15;
+    }
+    /* MOVK requires the original value (u64). */
+    while (shift > lshift) {
+      uint32_t u16 = (u64 >> shift) & 0xffff;
+      /* Skip fragments that are correctly filled by MOVN/MOVZ. */
+      if (u16 != (neg ? 0xffff : 0))
+        emit_d(as, is64 | A64I_MOVKw | A64F_U16(u16) | A64F_LSL16(shift), rd);
+      shift -= 16;
+    }
+    /* But MOVN needs an inverted value (n64). */
+    emit_d(as, (neg ? A64I_MOVNx : A64I_MOVZx) |
+               A64F_U16((n64 >> lshift) & 0xffff) | A64F_LSL16(lshift), rd);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Load a 32 bit constant into a GPR. */
+#define emit_loadi(as, rd, i)   emit_loadk(as, rd, i, 0)
+
+/* Load a 64 bit constant into a GPR. */
+#define emit_loadu64(as, rd, i) emit_loadk(as, rd, i, A64I_X)
+
+#define emit_loada(as, r, addr) emit_loadu64(as, (r), (uintptr_t)(addr))
+
+#define glofs(as, k) \
+  ((intptr_t)((uintptr_t)(k) - (uintptr_t)&J2GG(as->J)->g))
+#define mcpofs(as, k) \
+  ((intptr_t)((uintptr_t)(k) - (uintptr_t)(as->mcp - 1)))
+#define checkmcpofs(as, k) \
+  (A64F_S_OK(mcpofs(as, k)>>2, 19))
+
+static Reg ra_allock(ASMState *as, intptr_t k, RegSet allow);
+
+/* Get/set from constant pointer. */
+static void emit_lsptr(ASMState *as, A64Ins ai, Reg r, void *p)
+{
+  /* First, check if ip + offset is in range. */
+  if ((ai & 0x00400000) && checkmcpofs(as, p)) {
+    emit_d(as, A64I_LDRLx | A64F_S19(mcpofs(as, p)>>2), r);
+  } else {
+    Reg base = RID_GL;  /* Next, try GL + offset. */
+    int64_t ofs = glofs(as, p);
+    if (!emit_checkofs(ai, ofs)) {  /* Else split up into base reg + offset. */
+      int64_t i64 = i64ptr(p);
+      base = ra_allock(as, (i64 & ~0x7fffull), rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, r));
+      ofs = i64 & 0x7fffull;
+    }
+    emit_lso(as, ai, r, base, ofs);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Load 64 bit IR constant into register. */
+static void emit_loadk64(ASMState *as, Reg r, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  const uint64_t *k = &ir_k64(ir)->u64;
+  int64_t ofs;
+  if (r >= RID_MAX_GPR) {
+    uint32_t fpk = emit_isfpk64(*k);
+    if (fpk != ~0u) {
+      emit_d(as, A64I_FMOV_DI | A64F_FP8(fpk), (r & 31));
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  ofs = glofs(as, k);
+  if (emit_checkofs(A64I_LDRx, ofs)) {
+    emit_lso(as, r >= RID_MAX_GPR ? A64I_LDRd : A64I_LDRx,
+             (r & 31), RID_GL, ofs);
+  } else {
+    if (r >= RID_MAX_GPR) {
+      emit_dn(as, A64I_FMOV_D_R, (r & 31), RID_TMP);
+      r = RID_TMP;
+    }
+    if (checkmcpofs(as, k))
+      emit_d(as, A64I_LDRLx | A64F_S19(mcpofs(as, k)>>2), r);
+    else
+      emit_loadu64(as, r, *k);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Get/set global_State fields. */
+#define emit_getgl(as, r, field) \
+  emit_lsptr(as, A64I_LDRx, (r), (void *)&J2G(as->J)->field)
+#define emit_setgl(as, r, field) \
+  emit_lsptr(as, A64I_STRx, (r), (void *)&J2G(as->J)->field)
+
+/* Trace number is determined from pc of exit instruction. */
+#define emit_setvmstate(as, i)  UNUSED(i)
+
+/* -- Emit control-flow instructions -------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Label for internal jumps. */
+typedef MCode *MCLabel;
+
+/* Return label pointing to current PC. */
+#define emit_label(as)          ((as)->mcp)
+
+static void emit_cond_branch(ASMState *as, A64CC cond, MCode *target)
+{
+  MCode *p = --as->mcp;
+  ptrdiff_t delta = target - p;
+  lj_assertA(A64F_S_OK(delta, 19), "branch target out of range");
+  *p = A64I_BCC | A64F_S19(delta) | cond;
+}
+
+static void emit_branch(ASMState *as, A64Ins ai, MCode *target)
+{
+  MCode *p = --as->mcp;
+  ptrdiff_t delta = target - p;
+  lj_assertA(A64F_S_OK(delta, 26), "branch target out of range");
+  *p = ai | A64F_S26(delta);
+}
+
+static void emit_tnb(ASMState *as, A64Ins ai, Reg r, uint32_t bit, MCode *target)
+{
+  MCode *p = --as->mcp;
+  ptrdiff_t delta = target - p;
+  lj_assertA(bit < 63, "bit number out of range");
+  lj_assertA(A64F_S_OK(delta, 14), "branch target out of range");
+  if (bit > 31) ai |= A64I_X;
+  *p = ai | A64F_BIT(bit & 31) | A64F_S14(delta) | r;
+}
+
+static void emit_cnb(ASMState *as, A64Ins ai, Reg r, MCode *target)
+{
+  MCode *p = --as->mcp;
+  ptrdiff_t delta = target - p;
+  lj_assertA(A64F_S_OK(delta, 19), "branch target out of range");
+  *p = ai | A64F_S19(delta) | r;
+}
+
+#define emit_jmp(as, target)    emit_branch(as, A64I_B, (target))
+
+static void emit_call(ASMState *as, ASMFunction target)
+{
+  MCode *p = --as->mcp;
+#if LJ_ABI_PAUTH
+  char *targetp = ptrauth_auth_data((char *)target,
+                                    ptrauth_key_function_pointer, 0);
+#else
+  char *targetp = (char *)target;
+#endif
+  ptrdiff_t delta = targetp - (char *)p;
+  if (A64F_S_OK(delta>>2, 26)) {
+    *p = A64I_BL | A64F_S26(delta>>2);
+  } else {  /* Target out of range: need indirect call. But don't use R0-R7. */
+    Reg r = ra_allock(as, i64ptr(target),
+                      RSET_RANGE(RID_X8, RID_MAX_GPR)-RSET_FIXED);
+    *p = A64I_BLR_AUTH | A64F_N(r);
+  }
+}
+
+/* -- Emit generic operations --------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Generic move between two regs. */
+static void emit_movrr(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg dst, Reg src)
+{
+  if (dst >= RID_MAX_GPR) {
+    emit_dn(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? A64I_FMOV_D : A64I_FMOV_S,
+            (dst & 31), (src & 31));
+    return;
+  }
+  if (as->mcp != as->mcloop) {  /* Swap early registers for loads/stores. */
+    MCode ins = *as->mcp, swp = (src^dst);
+    if ((ins & 0xbf800000) == 0xb9000000) {
+      if (!((ins ^ (dst << 5)) & 0x000003e0))
+        *as->mcp = ins ^ (swp << 5);  /* Swap N in load/store. */
+      if (!(ins & 0x00400000) && !((ins ^ dst) & 0x0000001f))
+        *as->mcp = ins ^ swp;  /* Swap D in store. */
+    }
+  }
+  emit_dm(as, A64I_MOVx, dst, src);
+}
+
+/* Generic load of register with base and (small) offset address. */
+static void emit_loadofs(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, Reg base, int32_t ofs)
+{
+  if (r >= RID_MAX_GPR)
+    emit_lso(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? A64I_LDRd : A64I_LDRs, (r & 31), base, ofs);
+  else
+    emit_lso(as, irt_is64(ir->t) ? A64I_LDRx : A64I_LDRw, r, base, ofs);
+}
+
+/* Generic store of register with base and (small) offset address. */
+static void emit_storeofs(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, Reg base, int32_t ofs)
+{
+  if (r >= RID_MAX_GPR)
+    emit_lso(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? A64I_STRd : A64I_STRs, (r & 31), base, ofs);
+  else
+    emit_lso(as, irt_is64(ir->t) ? A64I_STRx : A64I_STRw, r, base, ofs);
+}
+
+/* Emit an arithmetic operation with a constant operand. */
+static void emit_opk(ASMState *as, A64Ins ai, Reg dest, Reg src,
+                     int32_t i, RegSet allow)
+{
+  uint32_t k = emit_isk12(i);
+  if (k)
+    emit_dn(as, ai^k, dest, src);
+  else
+    emit_dnm(as, ai, dest, src, ra_allock(as, i, allow));
+}
+
+/* Add offset to pointer. */
+static void emit_addptr(ASMState *as, Reg r, int32_t ofs)
+{
+  if (ofs)
+    emit_opk(as, ofs < 0 ? A64I_SUBx : A64I_ADDx, r, r,
+                 ofs < 0 ? (int32_t)(~(uint32_t)ofs+1u) : ofs,
+                 rset_exclude(RSET_GPR, r));
+}
+
+#define emit_spsub(as, ofs)     emit_addptr(as, RID_SP, -(ofs))
+
diff --git a/src/lj_emit_mips.h b/src/lj_emit_mips.h
index 57a7a7cd..dda9092d 100644
--- a/src/lj_emit_mips.h
+++ b/src/lj_emit_mips.h
@@ -3,6 +3,32 @@
 ** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
 */
 
+#if LJ_64
+static intptr_t get_k64val(ASMState *as, IRRef ref)
+{
+  IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+  if (ir->o == IR_KINT64) {
+    return (intptr_t)ir_kint64(ir)->u64;
+  } else if (ir->o == IR_KGC) {
+    return (intptr_t)ir_kgc(ir);
+  } else if (ir->o == IR_KPTR || ir->o == IR_KKPTR) {
+    return (intptr_t)ir_kptr(ir);
+  } else if (LJ_SOFTFP && ir->o == IR_KNUM) {
+    return (intptr_t)ir_knum(ir)->u64;
+  } else {
+    lj_assertA(ir->o == IR_KINT || ir->o == IR_KNULL,
+               "bad 64 bit const IR op %d", ir->o);
+    return ir->i;  /* Sign-extended. */
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+#if LJ_64
+#define get_kval(as, ref)       get_k64val(as, ref)
+#else
+#define get_kval(as, ref)       (IR((ref))->i)
+#endif
+
 /* -- Emit basic instructions --------------------------------------------- */
 
 static void emit_dst(ASMState *as, MIPSIns mi, Reg rd, Reg rs, Reg rt)
@@ -35,7 +61,7 @@ static void emit_fgh(ASMState *as, MIPSIns mi, Reg rf, Reg rg, Reg rh)
 
 static void emit_rotr(ASMState *as, Reg dest, Reg src, Reg tmp, uint32_t shift)
 {
-  if ((as->flags & JIT_F_MIPS32R2)) {
+  if (LJ_64 || (as->flags & JIT_F_MIPSXXR2)) {
     emit_dta(as, MIPSI_ROTR, dest, src, shift);
   } else {
     emit_dst(as, MIPSI_OR, dest, dest, tmp);
@@ -44,23 +70,32 @@ static void emit_rotr(ASMState *as, Reg dest, Reg src, Reg tmp, uint32_t shift)
   }
 }
 
+#if LJ_64 || LJ_HASBUFFER
+static void emit_tsml(ASMState *as, MIPSIns mi, Reg rt, Reg rs, uint32_t msb,
+                      uint32_t lsb)
+{
+  *--as->mcp = mi | MIPSF_T(rt) | MIPSF_S(rs) | MIPSF_M(msb) | MIPSF_L(lsb);
+}
+#endif
+
 /* -- Emit loads/stores --------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Prefer rematerialization of BASE/L from global_State over spills. */
 #define emit_canremat(ref)      ((ref) <= REF_BASE)
 
 /* Try to find a one step delta relative to another constant. */
-static int emit_kdelta1(ASMState *as, Reg t, int32_t i)
+static int emit_kdelta1(ASMState *as, Reg rd, intptr_t i)
 {
   RegSet work = ~as->freeset & RSET_GPR;
   while (work) {
     Reg r = rset_picktop(work);
     IRRef ref = regcost_ref(as->cost[r]);
-    lua_assert(r != t);
+    lj_assertA(r != rd, "dest reg %d not free", rd);
     if (ref < ASMREF_L) {
-      int32_t delta = i - (ra_iskref(ref) ? ra_krefk(as, ref) : IR(ref)->i);
+      intptr_t delta = (intptr_t)((uintptr_t)i -
+        (uintptr_t)(ra_iskref(ref) ? ra_krefk(as, ref) : get_kval(as, ref)));
       if (checki16(delta)) {
-        emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ADDIU, t, r, delta);
+        emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AADDIU, rd, r, delta);
         return 1;
       }
     }
@@ -76,8 +111,8 @@ static void emit_loadi(ASMState *as, Reg r, int32_t i)
     emit_ti(as, MIPSI_LI, r, i);
   } else {
     if ((i & 0xffff)) {
-      int32_t jgl = i32ptr(J2G(as->J));
-      if ((uint32_t)(i-jgl) < 65536) {
+      intptr_t jgl = (intptr_t)(void *)J2G(as->J);
+      if ((uintptr_t)(i-jgl) < 65536) {
         emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ADDIU, r, RID_JGL, i-jgl-32768);
         return;
       } else if (emit_kdelta1(as, r, i)) {
@@ -92,16 +127,49 @@ static void emit_loadi(ASMState *as, Reg r, int32_t i)
   }
 }
 
+#if LJ_64
+/* Load a 64 bit constant into a GPR. */
+static void emit_loadu64(ASMState *as, Reg r, uint64_t u64)
+{
+  if (checki32((int64_t)u64)) {
+    emit_loadi(as, r, (int32_t)u64);
+  } else {
+    uint64_t delta = u64 - (uint64_t)(void *)J2G(as->J);
+    if (delta < 65536) {
+      emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_DADDIU, r, RID_JGL, (int32_t)(delta-32768));
+    } else if (emit_kdelta1(as, r, (intptr_t)u64)) {
+      return;
+    } else {
+      /* TODO MIPSR6: Use DAHI & DATI. Caveat: sign-extension. */
+      if ((u64 & 0xffff)) {
+        emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ORI, r, r, u64 & 0xffff);
+      }
+      if (((u64 >> 16) & 0xffff)) {
+        emit_dta(as, MIPSI_DSLL, r, r, 16);
+        emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ORI, r, r, (u64 >> 16) & 0xffff);
+        emit_dta(as, MIPSI_DSLL, r, r, 16);
+      } else {
+        emit_dta(as, MIPSI_DSLL32, r, r, 0);
+      }
+      emit_loadi(as, r, (int32_t)(u64 >> 32));
+    }
+    /* TODO: There are probably more optimization opportunities. */
+  }
+}
+
+#define emit_loada(as, r, addr)         emit_loadu64(as, (r), u64ptr((addr)))
+#else
 #define emit_loada(as, r, addr)         emit_loadi(as, (r), i32ptr((addr)))
+#endif
 
-static Reg ra_allock(ASMState *as, int32_t k, RegSet allow);
-static void ra_allockreg(ASMState *as, int32_t k, Reg r);
+static Reg ra_allock(ASMState *as, intptr_t k, RegSet allow);
+static void ra_allockreg(ASMState *as, intptr_t k, Reg r);
 
 /* Get/set from constant pointer. */
 static void emit_lsptr(ASMState *as, MIPSIns mi, Reg r, void *p, RegSet allow)
 {
-  int32_t jgl = i32ptr(J2G(as->J));
-  int32_t i = i32ptr(p);
+  intptr_t jgl = (intptr_t)(J2G(as->J));
+  intptr_t i = (intptr_t)(p);
   Reg base;
   if ((uint32_t)(i-jgl) < 65536) {
     i = i-jgl-32768;
@@ -112,8 +180,24 @@ static void emit_lsptr(ASMState *as, MIPSIns mi, Reg r, void *p, RegSet allow)
   emit_tsi(as, mi, r, base, i);
 }
 
-#define emit_loadn(as, r, tv) \
-  emit_lsptr(as, MIPSI_LDC1, ((r) & 31), (void *)(tv), RSET_GPR)
+#if LJ_64
+static void emit_loadk64(ASMState *as, Reg r, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  const uint64_t *k = &ir_k64(ir)->u64;
+  Reg r64 = r;
+  if (rset_test(RSET_FPR, r)) {
+    r64 = RID_TMP;
+    emit_tg(as, MIPSI_DMTC1, r64, r);
+  }
+  if ((uint32_t)((intptr_t)k-(intptr_t)J2G(as->J)) < 65536)
+    emit_lsptr(as, MIPSI_LD, r64, (void *)k, 0);
+  else
+    emit_loadu64(as, r64, *k);
+}
+#else
+#define emit_loadk64(as, r, ir) \
+  emit_lsptr(as, MIPSI_LDC1, ((r) & 31), (void *)&ir_knum((ir))->u64, RSET_GPR)
+#endif
 
 /* Get/set global_State fields. */
 static void emit_lsglptr(ASMState *as, MIPSIns mi, Reg r, int32_t ofs)
@@ -122,9 +206,9 @@ static void emit_lsglptr(ASMState *as, MIPSIns mi, Reg r, int32_t ofs)
 }
 
 #define emit_getgl(as, r, field) \
-  emit_lsglptr(as, MIPSI_LW, (r), (int32_t)offsetof(global_State, field))
+  emit_lsglptr(as, MIPSI_AL, (r), (int32_t)offsetof(global_State, field))
 #define emit_setgl(as, r, field) \
-  emit_lsglptr(as, MIPSI_SW, (r), (int32_t)offsetof(global_State, field))
+  emit_lsglptr(as, MIPSI_AS, (r), (int32_t)offsetof(global_State, field))
 
 /* Trace number is determined from per-trace exit stubs. */
 #define emit_setvmstate(as, i)          UNUSED(i)
@@ -141,7 +225,7 @@ static void emit_branch(ASMState *as, MIPSIns mi, Reg rs, Reg rt, MCode *target)
 {
   MCode *p = as->mcp;
   ptrdiff_t delta = target - p;
-  lua_assert(((delta + 0x8000) >> 16) == 0);
+  lj_assertA(((delta + 0x8000) >> 16) == 0, "branch target out of range");
   *--p = mi | MIPSF_S(rs) | MIPSF_T(rt) | ((uint32_t)delta & 0xffffu);
   as->mcp = p;
 }
@@ -152,16 +236,31 @@ static void emit_jmp(ASMState *as, MCode *target)
   emit_branch(as, MIPSI_B, RID_ZERO, RID_ZERO, (target));
 }
 
-static void emit_call(ASMState *as, void *target)
+static void emit_call(ASMState *as, void *target, int needcfa)
 {
   MCode *p = as->mcp;
-  *--p = MIPSI_NOP;
-  if ((((uintptr_t)target ^ (uintptr_t)p) >> 28) == 0)
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+  ptrdiff_t delta = (char *)target - (char *)p;
+  if ((((delta>>2) + 0x02000000) >> 26) == 0) {  /* Try compact call first. */
+    *--p = MIPSI_BALC | (((uintptr_t)delta >>2) & 0x03ffffffu);
+    as->mcp = p;
+    return;
+  }
+#endif
+  *--p = MIPSI_NOP;  /* Delay slot. */
+  if ((((uintptr_t)target ^ (uintptr_t)p) >> 28) == 0) {
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+    *--p = (((uintptr_t)target & 1) ? MIPSI_JALX : MIPSI_JAL) |
+           (((uintptr_t)target >>2) & 0x03ffffffu);
+#else
     *--p = MIPSI_JAL | (((uintptr_t)target >>2) & 0x03ffffffu);
-  else  /* Target out of range: need indirect call. */
+#endif
+  } else {  /* Target out of range: need indirect call. */
     *--p = MIPSI_JALR | MIPSF_S(RID_CFUNCADDR);
+    needcfa = 1;
+  }
   as->mcp = p;
-  ra_allockreg(as, i32ptr(target), RID_CFUNCADDR);
+  if (needcfa) ra_allockreg(as, (intptr_t)target, RID_CFUNCADDR);
 }
 
 /* -- Emit generic operations --------------------------------------------- */
@@ -178,32 +277,32 @@ static void emit_movrr(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg dst, Reg src)
     emit_fg(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? MIPSI_MOV_D : MIPSI_MOV_S, dst, src);
 }
 
-/* Generic load of register from stack slot. */
-static void emit_spload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, int32_t ofs)
+/* Generic load of register with base and (small) offset address. */
+static void emit_loadofs(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, Reg base, int32_t ofs)
 {
   if (r < RID_MAX_GPR)
-    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_LW, r, RID_SP, ofs);
+    emit_tsi(as, irt_is64(ir->t) ? MIPSI_LD : MIPSI_LW, r, base, ofs);
   else
     emit_tsi(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? MIPSI_LDC1 : MIPSI_LWC1,
-             (r & 31), RID_SP, ofs);
+             (r & 31), base, ofs);
 }
 
-/* Generic store of register to stack slot. */
-static void emit_spstore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, int32_t ofs)
+/* Generic store of register with base and (small) offset address. */
+static void emit_storeofs(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, Reg base, int32_t ofs)
 {
   if (r < RID_MAX_GPR)
-    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_SW, r, RID_SP, ofs);
+    emit_tsi(as, irt_is64(ir->t) ? MIPSI_SD : MIPSI_SW, r, base, ofs);
   else
     emit_tsi(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? MIPSI_SDC1 : MIPSI_SWC1,
-             (r&31), RID_SP, ofs);
+             (r&31), base, ofs);
 }
 
 /* Add offset to pointer. */
 static void emit_addptr(ASMState *as, Reg r, int32_t ofs)
 {
   if (ofs) {
-    lua_assert(checki16(ofs));
-    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_ADDIU, r, r, ofs);
+    lj_assertA(checki16(ofs), "offset %d out of range", ofs);
+    emit_tsi(as, MIPSI_AADDIU, r, r, ofs);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lj_emit_ppc.h b/src/lj_emit_ppc.h
index 62462ade..c34dcbe2 100644
--- a/src/lj_emit_ppc.h
+++ b/src/lj_emit_ppc.h
@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@ static void emit_rot(ASMState *as, PPCIns pi, Reg ra, Reg rs,
 
 static void emit_slwi(ASMState *as, Reg ra, Reg rs, int32_t n)
 {
-  lua_assert(n >= 0 && n < 32);
+  lj_assertA(n >= 0 && n < 32, "shift out or range");
   emit_rot(as, PPCI_RLWINM, ra, rs, n, 0, 31-n);
 }
 
 static void emit_rotlwi(ASMState *as, Reg ra, Reg rs, int32_t n)
 {
-  lua_assert(n >= 0 && n < 32);
+  lj_assertA(n >= 0 && n < 32, "shift out or range");
   emit_rot(as, PPCI_RLWINM, ra, rs, n, 0, 31);
 }
 
@@ -57,17 +57,17 @@ static void emit_rotlwi(ASMState *as, Reg ra, Reg rs, int32_t n)
 #define emit_canremat(ref)      ((ref) <= REF_BASE)
 
 /* Try to find a one step delta relative to another constant. */
-static int emit_kdelta1(ASMState *as, Reg t, int32_t i)
+static int emit_kdelta1(ASMState *as, Reg rd, int32_t i)
 {
   RegSet work = ~as->freeset & RSET_GPR;
   while (work) {
     Reg r = rset_picktop(work);
     IRRef ref = regcost_ref(as->cost[r]);
-    lua_assert(r != t);
+    lj_assertA(r != rd, "dest reg %d not free", rd);
     if (ref < ASMREF_L) {
       int32_t delta = i - (ra_iskref(ref) ? ra_krefk(as, ref) : IR(ref)->i);
       if (checki16(delta)) {
-        emit_tai(as, PPCI_ADDI, t, r, delta);
+        emit_tai(as, PPCI_ADDI, rd, r, delta);
         return 1;
       }
     }
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ static void emit_loadi(ASMState *as, Reg r, int32_t i)
 
 #define emit_loada(as, r, addr)         emit_loadi(as, (r), i32ptr((addr)))
 
-static Reg ra_allock(ASMState *as, int32_t k, RegSet allow);
+static Reg ra_allock(ASMState *as, intptr_t k, RegSet allow);
 
 /* Get/set from constant pointer. */
 static void emit_lsptr(ASMState *as, PPCIns pi, Reg r, void *p, RegSet allow)
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ static void emit_lsptr(ASMState *as, PPCIns pi, Reg r, void *p, RegSet allow)
   emit_tai(as, pi, r, base, i);
 }
 
-#define emit_loadn(as, r, tv) \
-  emit_lsptr(as, PPCI_LFD, ((r) & 31), (void *)(tv), RSET_GPR)
+#define emit_loadk64(as, r, ir) \
+  emit_lsptr(as, PPCI_LFD, ((r) & 31), (void *)&ir_knum((ir))->u64, RSET_GPR)
 
 /* Get/set global_State fields. */
 static void emit_lsglptr(ASMState *as, PPCIns pi, Reg r, int32_t ofs)
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ static void emit_condbranch(ASMState *as, PPCIns pi, PPCCC cc, MCode *target)
 {
   MCode *p = --as->mcp;
   ptrdiff_t delta = (char *)target - (char *)p;
-  lua_assert(((delta + 0x8000) >> 16) == 0);
+  lj_assertA(((delta + 0x8000) >> 16) == 0, "branch target out of range");
   pi ^= (delta & 0x8000) * (PPCF_Y/0x8000);
   *p = pi | PPCF_CC(cc) | ((uint32_t)delta & 0xffffu);
 }
@@ -186,22 +186,22 @@ static void emit_movrr(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg dst, Reg src)
     emit_fb(as, PPCI_FMR, dst, src);
 }
 
-/* Generic load of register from stack slot. */
-static void emit_spload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, int32_t ofs)
+/* Generic load of register with base and (small) offset address. */
+static void emit_loadofs(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, Reg base, int32_t ofs)
 {
   if (r < RID_MAX_GPR)
-    emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, r, RID_SP, ofs);
+    emit_tai(as, PPCI_LWZ, r, base, ofs);
   else
-    emit_fai(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? PPCI_LFD : PPCI_LFS, r, RID_SP, ofs);
+    emit_fai(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? PPCI_LFD : PPCI_LFS, r, base, ofs);
 }
 
-/* Generic store of register to stack slot. */
-static void emit_spstore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, int32_t ofs)
+/* Generic store of register with base and (small) offset address. */
+static void emit_storeofs(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, Reg base, int32_t ofs)
 {
   if (r < RID_MAX_GPR)
-    emit_tai(as, PPCI_STW, r, RID_SP, ofs);
+    emit_tai(as, PPCI_STW, r, base, ofs);
   else
-    emit_fai(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? PPCI_STFD : PPCI_STFS, r, RID_SP, ofs);
+    emit_fai(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? PPCI_STFD : PPCI_STFS, r, base, ofs);
 }
 
 /* Emit a compare (for equality) with a constant operand. */
diff --git a/src/lj_emit_x86.h b/src/lj_emit_x86.h
index 0e26ad52..d215402c 100644
--- a/src/lj_emit_x86.h
+++ b/src/lj_emit_x86.h
@@ -13,10 +13,17 @@
       if (rex != 0x40) *--(p) = rex; }
 #define FORCE_REX               0x200
 #define REX_64                  (FORCE_REX|0x080000)
+#define VEX_64                  0x800000
 #else
 #define REXRB(p, rr, rb)        ((void)0)
 #define FORCE_REX               0
 #define REX_64                  0
+#define VEX_64                  0
+#endif
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define REX_GC64                REX_64
+#else
+#define REX_GC64                0
 #endif
 
 #define emit_i8(as, i)          (*--as->mcp = (MCode)(i))
@@ -31,7 +38,14 @@ static LJ_AINLINE MCode *emit_op(x86Op xo, Reg rr, Reg rb, Reg rx,
                                  MCode *p, int delta)
 {
   int n = (int8_t)xo;
-#if defined(__GNUC__)
+  if (n == -60) {  /* VEX-encoded instruction */
+#if LJ_64
+    xo ^= (((rr>>1)&4)+((rx>>2)&2)+((rb>>3)&1))<<13;
+#endif
+    *(uint32_t *)(p+delta-5) = (uint32_t)xo;
+    return p+delta-5;
+  }
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
   if (__builtin_constant_p(xo) && n == -2)
     p[delta-2] = (MCode)(xo >> 24);
   else if (__builtin_constant_p(xo) && n == -3)
@@ -78,33 +92,24 @@ static void emit_rr(ASMState *as, x86Op xo, Reg r1, Reg r2)
 /* [addr] is sign-extended in x64 and must be in lower 2G (not 4G). */
 static int32_t ptr2addr(const void *p)
 {
-  lua_assert((uintptr_t)p < (uintptr_t)0x80000000);
+  lj_assertX((uintptr_t)p < (uintptr_t)0x80000000, "pointer outside 2G range");
   return i32ptr(p);
 }
 #else
 #define ptr2addr(p)     (i32ptr((p)))
 #endif
 
-/* op r, [addr] */
-static void emit_rma(ASMState *as, x86Op xo, Reg rr, const void *addr)
-{
-  MCode *p = as->mcp;
-  *(int32_t *)(p-4) = ptr2addr(addr);
-#if LJ_64
-  p[-5] = MODRM(XM_SCALE1, RID_ESP, RID_EBP);
-  as->mcp = emit_opm(xo, XM_OFS0, rr, RID_ESP, p, -5);
-#else
-  as->mcp = emit_opm(xo, XM_OFS0, rr, RID_EBP, p, -4);
-#endif
-}
-
 /* op r, [base+ofs] */
 static void emit_rmro(ASMState *as, x86Op xo, Reg rr, Reg rb, int32_t ofs)
 {
   MCode *p = as->mcp;
   x86Mode mode;
   if (ra_hasreg(rb)) {
-    if (ofs == 0 && (rb&7) != RID_EBP) {
+    if (LJ_GC64 && rb == RID_RIP) {
+      mode = XM_OFS0;
+      p -= 4;
+      *(int32_t *)p = ofs;
+    } else if (ofs == 0 && (rb&7) != RID_EBP) {
       mode = XM_OFS0;
     } else if (checki8(ofs)) {
       *--p = (MCode)ofs;
@@ -202,6 +207,11 @@ static void emit_mrm(ASMState *as, x86Op xo, Reg rr, Reg rb)
       *--p = MODRM(XM_SCALE1, RID_ESP, RID_EBP);
       rb = RID_ESP;
 #endif
+    } else if (LJ_GC64 && rb == RID_RIP) {
+      lj_assertA(as->mrm.idx == RID_NONE, "RIP-rel mrm cannot have index");
+      mode = XM_OFS0;
+      p -= 4;
+      *(int32_t *)p = as->mrm.ofs;
     } else {
       if (as->mrm.ofs == 0 && (rb&7) != RID_EBP) {
         mode = XM_OFS0;
@@ -241,10 +251,6 @@ static void emit_gmrmi(ASMState *as, x86Group xg, Reg rb, int32_t i)
 
 /* -- Emit loads/stores --------------------------------------------------- */
 
-/* Instruction selection for XMM moves. */
-#define XMM_MOVRR(as)   ((as->flags & JIT_F_SPLIT_XMM) ? XO_MOVSD : XO_MOVAPS)
-#define XMM_MOVRM(as)   ((as->flags & JIT_F_SPLIT_XMM) ? XO_MOVLPD : XO_MOVSD)
-
 /* mov [base+ofs], i */
 static void emit_movmroi(ASMState *as, Reg base, int32_t ofs, int32_t i)
 {
@@ -259,8 +265,8 @@ static void emit_movmroi(ASMState *as, Reg base, int32_t ofs, int32_t i)
 /* Get/set global_State fields. */
 #define emit_opgl(as, xo, r, field) \
   emit_rma(as, (xo), (r), (void *)&J2G(as->J)->field)
-#define emit_getgl(as, r, field)        emit_opgl(as, XO_MOV, (r), field)
-#define emit_setgl(as, r, field)        emit_opgl(as, XO_MOVto, (r), field)
+#define emit_getgl(as, r, field) emit_opgl(as, XO_MOV, (r)|REX_GC64, field)
+#define emit_setgl(as, r, field) emit_opgl(as, XO_MOVto, (r)|REX_GC64, field)
 
 #define emit_setvmstate(as, i) \
   (emit_i32(as, i), emit_opgl(as, XO_MOVmi, 0, vmstate))
@@ -285,9 +291,21 @@ static void emit_loadi(ASMState *as, Reg r, int32_t i)
   }
 }
 
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define dispofs(as, k) \
+  ((intptr_t)((uintptr_t)(k) - (uintptr_t)J2GG(as->J)->dispatch))
+#define mcpofs(as, k) \
+  ((intptr_t)((uintptr_t)(k) - (uintptr_t)as->mcp))
+#define mctopofs(as, k) \
+  ((intptr_t)((uintptr_t)(k) - (uintptr_t)as->mctop))
+/* mov r, addr */
+#define emit_loada(as, r, addr) \
+  emit_loadu64(as, (r), (uintptr_t)(addr))
+#else
 /* mov r, addr */
 #define emit_loada(as, r, addr) \
   emit_loadi(as, (r), ptr2addr((addr)))
+#endif
 
 #if LJ_64
 /* mov r, imm64 or shorter 32 bit extended load. */
@@ -299,6 +317,15 @@ static void emit_loadu64(ASMState *as, Reg r, uint64_t u64)
     MCode *p = as->mcp;
     *(int32_t *)(p-4) = (int32_t)u64;
     as->mcp = emit_opm(XO_MOVmi, XM_REG, REX_64, r, p, -4);
+#if LJ_GC64
+  } else if (checki32(dispofs(as, u64))) {
+    emit_rmro(as, XO_LEA, r|REX_64, RID_DISPATCH, (int32_t)dispofs(as, u64));
+  } else if (checki32(mcpofs(as, u64)) && checki32(mctopofs(as, u64))) {
+    /* Since as->realign assumes the code size doesn't change, check
+    ** RIP-relative addressing reachability for both as->mcp and as->mctop.
+    */
+    emit_rmro(as, XO_LEA, r|REX_64, RID_RIP, (int32_t)mcpofs(as, u64));
+#endif
   } else {  /* Full-size 64 bit load. */
     MCode *p = as->mcp;
     *(uint64_t *)(p-8) = u64;
@@ -310,13 +337,90 @@ static void emit_loadu64(ASMState *as, Reg r, uint64_t u64)
 }
 #endif
 
-/* movsd r, [&tv->n] / xorps r, r */
-static void emit_loadn(ASMState *as, Reg r, cTValue *tv)
+/* op r, [addr] */
+static void emit_rma(ASMState *as, x86Op xo, Reg rr, const void *addr)
 {
-  if (tvispzero(tv))  /* Use xor only for +0. */
-    emit_rr(as, XO_XORPS, r, r);
-  else
-    emit_rma(as, XMM_MOVRM(as), r, &tv->n);
+#if LJ_GC64
+  if (checki32(dispofs(as, addr))) {
+    emit_rmro(as, xo, rr, RID_DISPATCH, (int32_t)dispofs(as, addr));
+  } else if (checki32(mcpofs(as, addr)) && checki32(mctopofs(as, addr))) {
+    emit_rmro(as, xo, rr, RID_RIP, (int32_t)mcpofs(as, addr));
+  } else if (!checki32((intptr_t)addr)) {
+    Reg ra = (rr & 15);
+    if (xo != XO_MOV) {
+      /* We can't allocate a register here. Use and restore DISPATCH. Ugly. */
+      uint64_t dispaddr = (uintptr_t)J2GG(as->J)->dispatch;
+      uint8_t i8 = xo == XO_GROUP3b ? *as->mcp++ : 0;
+      ra = RID_DISPATCH;
+      if (checku32(dispaddr)) {
+        emit_loadi(as, ra, (int32_t)dispaddr);
+      } else {  /* Full-size 64 bit load. */
+        MCode *p = as->mcp;
+        *(uint64_t *)(p-8) = dispaddr;
+        p[-9] = (MCode)(XI_MOVri+(ra&7));
+        p[-10] = 0x48 + ((ra>>3)&1);
+        p -= 10;
+        as->mcp = p;
+      }
+      if (xo == XO_GROUP3b) emit_i8(as, i8);
+    }
+    emit_rmro(as, xo, rr, ra, 0);
+    emit_loadu64(as, ra, (uintptr_t)addr);
+  } else
+#endif
+  {
+    MCode *p = as->mcp;
+    *(int32_t *)(p-4) = ptr2addr(addr);
+#if LJ_64
+    p[-5] = MODRM(XM_SCALE1, RID_ESP, RID_EBP);
+    as->mcp = emit_opm(xo, XM_OFS0, rr, RID_ESP, p, -5);
+#else
+    as->mcp = emit_opm(xo, XM_OFS0, rr, RID_EBP, p, -4);
+#endif
+  }
+}
+
+/* Load 64 bit IR constant into register. */
+static void emit_loadk64(ASMState *as, Reg r, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  Reg r64;
+  x86Op xo;
+  const uint64_t *k = &ir_k64(ir)->u64;
+  if (rset_test(RSET_FPR, r)) {
+    r64 = r;
+    xo = XO_MOVSD;
+  } else {
+    r64 = r | REX_64;
+    xo = XO_MOV;
+  }
+  if (*k == 0) {
+    emit_rr(as, rset_test(RSET_FPR, r) ? XO_XORPS : XO_ARITH(XOg_XOR), r, r);
+#if LJ_GC64
+  } else if (checki32((intptr_t)k) || checki32(dispofs(as, k)) ||
+             (checki32(mcpofs(as, k)) && checki32(mctopofs(as, k)))) {
+    emit_rma(as, xo, r64, k);
+  } else {
+    if (ir->i) {
+      lj_assertA(*k == *(uint64_t*)(as->mctop - ir->i),
+                 "bad interned 64 bit constant");
+    } else if (as->curins <= as->stopins && rset_test(RSET_GPR, r)) {
+      emit_loadu64(as, r, *k);
+      return;
+    } else {
+      /* If all else fails, add the FP constant at the MCode area bottom. */
+      while ((uintptr_t)as->mcbot & 7) *as->mcbot++ = XI_INT3;
+      *(uint64_t *)as->mcbot = *k;
+      ir->i = (int32_t)(as->mctop - as->mcbot);
+      as->mcbot += 8;
+      as->mclim = as->mcbot + MCLIM_REDZONE;
+      lj_mcode_commitbot(as->J, as->mcbot);
+    }
+    emit_rmro(as, xo, r64, RID_RIP, (int32_t)mcpofs(as, as->mctop - ir->i));
+#else
+  } else {
+    emit_rma(as, xo, r64, k);
+#endif
+  }
 }
 
 /* -- Emit control-flow instructions -------------------------------------- */
@@ -330,7 +434,7 @@ static void emit_sjmp(ASMState *as, MCLabel target)
 {
   MCode *p = as->mcp;
   ptrdiff_t delta = target - p;
-  lua_assert(delta == (int8_t)delta);
+  lj_assertA(delta == (int8_t)delta, "short jump target out of range");
   p[-1] = (MCode)(int8_t)delta;
   p[-2] = XI_JMPs;
   as->mcp = p - 2;
@@ -342,7 +446,7 @@ static void emit_sjcc(ASMState *as, int cc, MCLabel target)
 {
   MCode *p = as->mcp;
   ptrdiff_t delta = target - p;
-  lua_assert(delta == (int8_t)delta);
+  lj_assertA(delta == (int8_t)delta, "short jump target out of range");
   p[-1] = (MCode)(int8_t)delta;
   p[-2] = (MCode)(XI_JCCs+(cc&15));
   as->mcp = p - 2;
@@ -368,10 +472,11 @@ static void emit_sfixup(ASMState *as, MCLabel source)
 #define emit_label(as)          ((as)->mcp)
 
 /* Compute relative 32 bit offset for jump and call instructions. */
-static LJ_AINLINE int32_t jmprel(MCode *p, MCode *target)
+static LJ_AINLINE int32_t jmprel(jit_State *J, MCode *p, MCode *target)
 {
   ptrdiff_t delta = target - p;
-  lua_assert(delta == (int32_t)delta);
+  UNUSED(J);
+  lj_assertJ(delta == (int32_t)delta, "jump target out of range");
   return (int32_t)delta;
 }
 
@@ -379,7 +484,7 @@ static LJ_AINLINE int32_t jmprel(MCode *p, MCode *target)
 static void emit_jcc(ASMState *as, int cc, MCode *target)
 {
   MCode *p = as->mcp;
-  *(int32_t *)(p-4) = jmprel(p, target);
+  *(int32_t *)(p-4) = jmprel(as->J, p, target);
   p[-5] = (MCode)(XI_JCCn+(cc&15));
   p[-6] = 0x0f;
   as->mcp = p - 6;
@@ -389,7 +494,7 @@ static void emit_jcc(ASMState *as, int cc, MCode *target)
 static void emit_jmp(ASMState *as, MCode *target)
 {
   MCode *p = as->mcp;
-  *(int32_t *)(p-4) = jmprel(p, target);
+  *(int32_t *)(p-4) = jmprel(as->J, p, target);
   p[-5] = XI_JMP;
   as->mcp = p - 5;
 }
@@ -406,7 +511,7 @@ static void emit_call_(ASMState *as, MCode *target)
     return;
   }
 #endif
-  *(int32_t *)(p-4) = jmprel(p, target);
+  *(int32_t *)(p-4) = jmprel(as->J, p, target);
   p[-5] = XI_CALL;
   as->mcp = p - 5;
 }
@@ -418,8 +523,10 @@ static void emit_call_(ASMState *as, MCode *target)
 /* Use 64 bit operations to handle 64 bit IR types. */
 #if LJ_64
 #define REX_64IR(ir, r)         ((r) + (irt_is64((ir)->t) ? REX_64 : 0))
+#define VEX_64IR(ir, r)         ((r) + (irt_is64((ir)->t) ? VEX_64 : 0))
 #else
 #define REX_64IR(ir, r)         (r)
+#define VEX_64IR(ir, r)         (r)
 #endif
 
 /* Generic move between two regs. */
@@ -429,35 +536,32 @@ static void emit_movrr(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg dst, Reg src)
   if (dst < RID_MAX_GPR)
     emit_rr(as, XO_MOV, REX_64IR(ir, dst), src);
   else
-    emit_rr(as, XMM_MOVRR(as), dst, src);
+    emit_rr(as, XO_MOVAPS, dst, src);
 }
 
-/* Generic load of register from stack slot. */
-static void emit_spload(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, int32_t ofs)
+/* Generic load of register with base and (small) offset address. */
+static void emit_loadofs(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, Reg base, int32_t ofs)
 {
   if (r < RID_MAX_GPR)
-    emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, REX_64IR(ir, r), RID_ESP, ofs);
+    emit_rmro(as, XO_MOV, REX_64IR(ir, r), base, ofs);
   else
-    emit_rmro(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? XMM_MOVRM(as) : XO_MOVSS, r, RID_ESP, ofs);
+    emit_rmro(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? XO_MOVSD : XO_MOVSS, r, base, ofs);
 }
 
-/* Generic store of register to stack slot. */
-static void emit_spstore(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, int32_t ofs)
+/* Generic store of register with base and (small) offset address. */
+static void emit_storeofs(ASMState *as, IRIns *ir, Reg r, Reg base, int32_t ofs)
 {
   if (r < RID_MAX_GPR)
-    emit_rmro(as, XO_MOVto, REX_64IR(ir, r), RID_ESP, ofs);
+    emit_rmro(as, XO_MOVto, REX_64IR(ir, r), base, ofs);
   else
-    emit_rmro(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? XO_MOVSDto : XO_MOVSSto, r, RID_ESP, ofs);
+    emit_rmro(as, irt_isnum(ir->t) ? XO_MOVSDto : XO_MOVSSto, r, base, ofs);
 }
 
 /* Add offset to pointer. */
 static void emit_addptr(ASMState *as, Reg r, int32_t ofs)
 {
   if (ofs) {
-    if ((as->flags & JIT_F_LEA_AGU))
-      emit_rmro(as, XO_LEA, r, r, ofs);
-    else
-      emit_gri(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_ADD), r, ofs);
+    emit_gri(as, XG_ARITHi(XOg_ADD), r|REX_GC64, ofs);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lj_err.c b/src/lj_err.c
index 4a2d6bbd..6e50cbee 100644
--- a/src/lj_err.c
+++ b/src/lj_err.c
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "lj_ff.h"
 #include "lj_trace.h"
 #include "lj_vm.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 
 /*
 ** LuaJIT can either use internal or external frame unwinding:
@@ -28,12 +29,18 @@
 ** Pros and Cons:
 **
 ** - EXT requires unwind tables for *all* functions on the C stack between
-**   the pcall/catch and the error/throw. This is the default on x64,
-**   but needs to be manually enabled on x86/PPC for non-C++ code.
+**   the pcall/catch and the error/throw. C modules used by Lua code can
+**   throw errors, so these need to have unwind tables, too. Transitively
+**   this applies to all system libraries used by C modules -- at least
+**   when they have callbacks which may throw an error.
 **
-** - INT is faster when actually throwing errors (but this happens rarely).
+** - INT is faster when actually throwing errors, but this happens rarely.
 **   Setting up error handlers is zero-cost in any case.
 **
+** - INT needs to save *all* callee-saved registers when entering the
+**   interpreter. EXT only needs to save those actually used inside the
+**   interpreter. JIT-compiled code may need to save some more.
+**
 ** - EXT provides full interoperability with C++ exceptions. You can throw
 **   Lua errors or C++ exceptions through a mix of Lua frames and C++ frames.
 **   C++ destructors are called as needed. C++ exceptions caught by pcall
@@ -45,27 +52,38 @@
 **   the wrapper function feature. Lua errors thrown through C++ frames
 **   cannot be caught by C++ code and C++ destructors are not run.
 **
-** EXT is the default on x64 systems, INT is the default on all other systems.
+** - EXT can handle errors from internal helper functions that are called
+**   from JIT-compiled code (except for Windows/x86 and 32 bit ARM).
+**   INT has no choice but to call the panic handler, if this happens.
+**   Note: this is mainly relevant for out-of-memory errors.
+**
+** EXT is the default on all systems where the toolchain produces unwind
+** tables by default (*). This is hard-coded and/or detected in src/Makefile.
+** You can thwart the detection with: TARGET_XCFLAGS=-DLUAJIT_UNWIND_INTERNAL
+**
+** INT is the default on all other systems.
+**
+** EXT can be manually enabled for toolchains that are able to produce
+** conforming unwind tables:
+**   "TARGET_XCFLAGS=-funwind-tables -DLUAJIT_UNWIND_EXTERNAL"
+** As explained above, *all* C code used directly or indirectly by LuaJIT
+** must be compiled with -funwind-tables (or -fexceptions). C++ code must
+** *not* be compiled with -fno-exceptions.
+**
+** If you're unsure whether error handling inside the VM works correctly,
+** try running this and check whether it prints "OK":
 **
-** EXT can be manually enabled on POSIX systems using GCC and DWARF2 stack
-** unwinding with -DLUAJIT_UNWIND_EXTERNAL. *All* C code must be compiled
-** with -funwind-tables (or -fexceptions). This includes LuaJIT itself (set
-** TARGET_CFLAGS), all of your C/Lua binding code, all loadable C modules
-** and all C libraries that have callbacks which may be used to call back
-** into Lua. C++ code must *not* be compiled with -fno-exceptions.
+**   luajit -e "print(select(2, load('OK')):match('OK'))"
 **
-** EXT cannot be enabled on WIN32 since system exceptions use code-driven SEH.
-** EXT is mandatory on WIN64 since the calling convention has an abundance
-** of callee-saved registers (rbx, rbp, rsi, rdi, r12-r15, xmm6-xmm15).
-** The POSIX/x64 interpreter only saves r12/r13 for INT (e.g. PS4).
+** (*) Originally, toolchains only generated unwind tables for C++ code. For
+** interoperability reasons, this can be manually enabled for plain C code,
+** too (with -funwind-tables). With the introduction of the x64 architecture,
+** the corresponding POSIX and Windows ABIs mandated unwind tables for all
+** code. Over the following years most desktop and server platforms have
+** enabled unwind tables by default on all architectures. OTOH mobile and
+** embedded platforms do not consistently mandate unwind tables.
 */
 
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && (LJ_TARGET_X64 || defined(LUAJIT_UNWIND_EXTERNAL)) && !LJ_NO_UNWIND
-#define LJ_UNWIND_EXT   1
-#elif LJ_TARGET_X64 && LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS
-#define LJ_UNWIND_EXT   1
-#endif
-
 /* -- Error messages ------------------------------------------------------ */
 
 /* Error message strings. */
@@ -98,14 +116,14 @@ static void *err_unwind(lua_State *L, void *stopcf, int errcode)
       TValue *top = restorestack(L, -nres);
       if (frame < top) {  /* Frame reached? */
         if (errcode) {
-          L->cframe = cframe_prev(cf);
           L->base = frame+1;
+          L->cframe = cframe_prev(cf);
           unwindstack(L, top);
         }
         return cf;
       }
     }
-    if (frame <= tvref(L->stack))
+    if (frame <= tvref(L->stack)+LJ_FR2)
       break;
     switch (frame_typep(frame)) {
     case FRAME_LUA:  /* Lua frame. */
@@ -113,14 +131,12 @@ static void *err_unwind(lua_State *L, void *stopcf, int errcode)
       frame = frame_prevl(frame);
       break;
     case FRAME_C:  /* C frame. */
-#if LJ_HASFFI
     unwind_c:
-#endif
 #if LJ_UNWIND_EXT
       if (errcode) {
-        L->cframe = cframe_prev(cf);
         L->base = frame_prevd(frame) + 1;
-        unwindstack(L, frame);
+        L->cframe = cframe_prev(cf);
+        unwindstack(L, frame - LJ_FR2);
       } else if (cf != stopcf) {
         cf = cframe_prev(cf);
         frame = frame_prevd(frame);
@@ -143,16 +159,14 @@ static void *err_unwind(lua_State *L, void *stopcf, int errcode)
         return cf;
       }
       if (errcode) {
-        L->cframe = cframe_prev(cf);
         L->base = frame_prevd(frame) + 1;
-        unwindstack(L, frame);
+        L->cframe = cframe_prev(cf);
+        unwindstack(L, frame - LJ_FR2);
       }
       return cf;
     case FRAME_CONT:  /* Continuation frame. */
-#if LJ_HASFFI
-      if ((frame-1)->u32.lo == LJ_CONT_FFI_CALLBACK)
+      if (frame_iscont_fficb(frame))
         goto unwind_c;
-#endif
       /* fallthrough */
     case FRAME_VARG:  /* Vararg frame. */
       frame = frame_prevd(frame);
@@ -166,8 +180,8 @@ static void *err_unwind(lua_State *L, void *stopcf, int errcode)
         }
         if (frame_typep(frame) == FRAME_PCALL)
           hook_leave(G(L));
-        L->cframe = cf;
         L->base = frame_prevd(frame) + 1;
+        L->cframe = cf;
         unwindstack(L, L->base);
       }
       return (void *)((intptr_t)cf | CFRAME_UNWIND_FF);
@@ -175,8 +189,8 @@ static void *err_unwind(lua_State *L, void *stopcf, int errcode)
   }
   /* No C frame. */
   if (errcode) {
+    L->base = tvref(L->stack)+1+LJ_FR2;
     L->cframe = NULL;
-    L->base = tvref(L->stack)+1;
     unwindstack(L, L->base);
     if (G(L)->panic)
       G(L)->panic(L);
@@ -187,33 +201,206 @@ static void *err_unwind(lua_State *L, void *stopcf, int errcode)
 
 /* -- External frame unwinding -------------------------------------------- */
 
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && !LJ_NO_UNWIND && !LJ_ABI_WIN
+#if LJ_ABI_WIN
 
 /*
-** We have to use our own definitions instead of the mandatory (!) unwind.h,
-** since various OS, distros and compilers mess up the header installation.
+** Someone in Redmond owes me several days of my life. A lot of this is
+** undocumented or just plain wrong on MSDN. Some of it can be gathered
+** from 3rd party docs or must be found by trial-and-error. They really
+** don't want you to write your own language-specific exception handler
+** or to interact gracefully with MSVC. :-(
+**
+** Apparently MSVC doesn't call C++ destructors for foreign exceptions
+** unless you compile your C++ code with /EHa. Unfortunately this means
+** catch (...) also catches things like access violations. The use of
+** _set_se_translator doesn't really help, because it requires /EHa, too.
 */
 
-typedef struct _Unwind_Exception
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#include <windows.h>
+
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86
+typedef void *UndocumentedDispatcherContext;  /* Unused on x86. */
+#else
+/* Taken from: http://www.nynaeve.net/?p=99 */
+typedef struct UndocumentedDispatcherContext {
+  ULONG64 ControlPc;
+  ULONG64 ImageBase;
+  PRUNTIME_FUNCTION FunctionEntry;
+  ULONG64 EstablisherFrame;
+  ULONG64 TargetIp;
+  PCONTEXT ContextRecord;
+  void (*LanguageHandler)(void);
+  PVOID HandlerData;
+  PUNWIND_HISTORY_TABLE HistoryTable;
+  ULONG ScopeIndex;
+  ULONG Fill0;
+} UndocumentedDispatcherContext;
+#endif
+
+/* Another wild guess. */
+extern void __DestructExceptionObject(EXCEPTION_RECORD *rec, int nothrow);
+
+#if LJ_TARGET_X64 && defined(MINGW_SDK_INIT)
+/* Workaround for broken MinGW64 declaration. */
+VOID RtlUnwindEx_FIXED(PVOID,PVOID,PVOID,PVOID,PVOID,PVOID) asm("RtlUnwindEx");
+#define RtlUnwindEx RtlUnwindEx_FIXED
+#endif
+
+#define LJ_MSVC_EXCODE          ((DWORD)0xe06d7363)
+#define LJ_GCC_EXCODE           ((DWORD)0x20474343)
+
+#define LJ_EXCODE               ((DWORD)0xe24c4a00)
+#define LJ_EXCODE_MAKE(c)       (LJ_EXCODE | (DWORD)(c))
+#define LJ_EXCODE_CHECK(cl)     (((cl) ^ LJ_EXCODE) <= 0xff)
+#define LJ_EXCODE_ERRCODE(cl)   ((int)((cl) & 0xff))
+
+/* Windows exception handler for interpreter frame. */
+LJ_FUNCA int lj_err_unwind_win(EXCEPTION_RECORD *rec,
+  void *f, CONTEXT *ctx, UndocumentedDispatcherContext *dispatch)
 {
-  uint64_t exclass;
-  void (*excleanup)(int, struct _Unwind_Exception *);
-  uintptr_t p1, p2;
-} __attribute__((__aligned__)) _Unwind_Exception;
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86
+  void *cf = (char *)f - CFRAME_OFS_SEH;
+#else
+  void *cf = f;
+#endif
+  lua_State *L = cframe_L(cf);
+  int errcode = LJ_EXCODE_CHECK(rec->ExceptionCode) ?
+                LJ_EXCODE_ERRCODE(rec->ExceptionCode) : LUA_ERRRUN;
+  if ((rec->ExceptionFlags & 6)) {  /* EH_UNWINDING|EH_EXIT_UNWIND */
+    /* Unwind internal frames. */
+    err_unwind(L, cf, errcode);
+  } else {
+    void *cf2 = err_unwind(L, cf, 0);
+    if (cf2) {  /* We catch it, so start unwinding the upper frames. */
+      if (rec->ExceptionCode == LJ_MSVC_EXCODE ||
+          rec->ExceptionCode == LJ_GCC_EXCODE) {
+#if !LJ_TARGET_CYGWIN
+        __DestructExceptionObject(rec, 1);
+#endif
+        setstrV(L, L->top++, lj_err_str(L, LJ_ERR_ERRCPP));
+      } else if (!LJ_EXCODE_CHECK(rec->ExceptionCode)) {
+        /* Don't catch access violations etc. */
+        return 1;  /* ExceptionContinueSearch */
+      }
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86
+      UNUSED(ctx);
+      UNUSED(dispatch);
+      /* Call all handlers for all lower C frames (including ourselves) again
+      ** with EH_UNWINDING set. Then call the specified function, passing cf
+      ** and errcode.
+      */
+      lj_vm_rtlunwind(cf, (void *)rec,
+        (cframe_unwind_ff(cf2) && errcode != LUA_YIELD) ?
+        (void *)lj_vm_unwind_ff : (void *)lj_vm_unwind_c, errcode);
+      /* lj_vm_rtlunwind does not return. */
+#else
+      /* Unwind the stack and call all handlers for all lower C frames
+      ** (including ourselves) again with EH_UNWINDING set. Then set
+      ** stack pointer = cf, result = errcode and jump to the specified target.
+      */
+      RtlUnwindEx(cf, (void *)((cframe_unwind_ff(cf2) && errcode != LUA_YIELD) ?
+                               lj_vm_unwind_ff_eh :
+                               lj_vm_unwind_c_eh),
+                  rec, (void *)(uintptr_t)errcode, ctx, dispatch->HistoryTable);
+      /* RtlUnwindEx should never return. */
+#endif
+    }
+  }
+  return 1;  /* ExceptionContinueSearch */
+}
+
+#if LJ_UNWIND_JIT
+
+#if LJ_TARGET_X64
+#define CONTEXT_REG_PC  Rip
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+#define CONTEXT_REG_PC  Pc
+#else
+#error "NYI: Windows arch-specific unwinder for JIT-compiled code"
+#endif
+
+/* Windows unwinder for JIT-compiled code. */
+static void err_unwind_win_jit(global_State *g, int errcode)
+{
+  CONTEXT ctx;
+  UNWIND_HISTORY_TABLE hist;
+
+  memset(&hist, 0, sizeof(hist));
+  RtlCaptureContext(&ctx);
+  while (1) {
+    DWORD64 frame, base, addr = ctx.CONTEXT_REG_PC;
+    void *hdata;
+    PRUNTIME_FUNCTION func = RtlLookupFunctionEntry(addr, &base, &hist);
+    if (!func) {  /* Found frame without .pdata: must be JIT-compiled code. */
+      ExitNo exitno;
+      uintptr_t stub = lj_trace_unwind(G2J(g), (uintptr_t)(addr - sizeof(MCode)), &exitno);
+      if (stub) {  /* Jump to side exit to unwind the trace. */
+        ctx.CONTEXT_REG_PC = stub;
+        G2J(g)->exitcode = errcode;
+        RtlRestoreContext(&ctx, NULL);  /* Does not return. */
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    RtlVirtualUnwind(UNW_FLAG_NHANDLER, base, addr, func,
+                     &ctx, &hdata, &frame, NULL);
+    if (!addr) break;
+  }
+  /* Unwinding failed, if we end up here. */
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Raise Windows exception. */
+static void err_raise_ext(global_State *g, int errcode)
+{
+#if LJ_UNWIND_JIT
+  if (tvref(g->jit_base)) {
+    err_unwind_win_jit(g, errcode);
+    return;  /* Unwinding failed. */
+  }
+#elif LJ_HASJIT
+  /* Cannot catch on-trace errors for Windows/x86 SEH. Unwind to interpreter. */
+  setmref(g->jit_base, NULL);
+#endif
+  UNUSED(g);
+  RaiseException(LJ_EXCODE_MAKE(errcode), 1 /* EH_NONCONTINUABLE */, 0, NULL);
+}
+
+#elif !LJ_NO_UNWIND && (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__))
+
+/*
+** We have to use our own definitions instead of the mandatory (!) unwind.h,
+** since various OS, distros and compilers mess up the header installation.
+*/
 
 typedef struct _Unwind_Context _Unwind_Context;
 
 #define _URC_OK                 0
+#define _URC_FATAL_PHASE2_ERROR 2
 #define _URC_FATAL_PHASE1_ERROR 3
 #define _URC_HANDLER_FOUND      6
 #define _URC_INSTALL_CONTEXT    7
 #define _URC_CONTINUE_UNWIND    8
 #define _URC_FAILURE            9
 
+#define LJ_UEXCLASS             0x4c55414a49543200ULL   /* LUAJIT2\0 */
+#define LJ_UEXCLASS_MAKE(c)     (LJ_UEXCLASS | (uint64_t)(c))
+#define LJ_UEXCLASS_CHECK(cl)   (((cl) ^ LJ_UEXCLASS) <= 0xff)
+#define LJ_UEXCLASS_ERRCODE(cl) ((int)((cl) & 0xff))
+
 #if !LJ_TARGET_ARM
 
+typedef struct _Unwind_Exception
+{
+  uint64_t exclass;
+  void (*excleanup)(int, struct _Unwind_Exception *);
+  uintptr_t p1, p2;
+} __attribute__((__aligned__)) _Unwind_Exception;
+#define UNWIND_EXCEPTION_TYPE   _Unwind_Exception
+
 extern uintptr_t _Unwind_GetCFA(_Unwind_Context *);
 extern void _Unwind_SetGR(_Unwind_Context *, int, uintptr_t);
+extern uintptr_t _Unwind_GetIP(_Unwind_Context *);
 extern void _Unwind_SetIP(_Unwind_Context *, uintptr_t);
 extern void _Unwind_DeleteException(_Unwind_Exception *);
 extern int _Unwind_RaiseException(_Unwind_Exception *);
@@ -223,11 +410,6 @@ extern int _Unwind_RaiseException(_Unwind_Exception *);
 #define _UA_HANDLER_FRAME       4
 #define _UA_FORCE_UNWIND        8
 
-#define LJ_UEXCLASS             0x4c55414a49543200ULL   /* LUAJIT2\0 */
-#define LJ_UEXCLASS_MAKE(c)     (LJ_UEXCLASS | (uint64_t)(c))
-#define LJ_UEXCLASS_CHECK(cl)   (((cl) ^ LJ_UEXCLASS) <= 0xff)
-#define LJ_UEXCLASS_ERRCODE(cl) ((int)((cl) & 0xff))
-
 /* DWARF2 personality handler referenced from interpreter .eh_frame. */
 LJ_FUNCA int lj_err_unwind_dwarf(int version, int actions,
   uint64_t uexclass, _Unwind_Exception *uex, _Unwind_Context *ctx)
@@ -236,7 +418,6 @@ LJ_FUNCA int lj_err_unwind_dwarf(int version, int actions,
   lua_State *L;
   if (version != 1)
     return _URC_FATAL_PHASE1_ERROR;
-  UNUSED(uexclass);
   cf = (void *)_Unwind_GetCFA(ctx);
   L = cframe_L(cf);
   if ((actions & _UA_SEARCH_PHASE)) {
@@ -263,10 +444,10 @@ LJ_FUNCA int lj_err_unwind_dwarf(int version, int actions,
     if ((actions & _UA_FORCE_UNWIND)) {
       return _URC_CONTINUE_UNWIND;
     } else if (cf) {
+      ASMFunction ip;
       _Unwind_SetGR(ctx, LJ_TARGET_EHRETREG, errcode);
-      _Unwind_SetIP(ctx, (uintptr_t)(cframe_unwind_ff(cf) ?
-                                     lj_vm_unwind_ff_eh :
-                                     lj_vm_unwind_c_eh));
+      ip = cframe_unwind_ff(cf) ? lj_vm_unwind_ff_eh : lj_vm_unwind_c_eh;
+      _Unwind_SetIP(ctx, (uintptr_t)lj_ptr_strip(ip));
       return _URC_INSTALL_CONTEXT;
     }
 #if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
@@ -284,27 +465,170 @@ LJ_FUNCA int lj_err_unwind_dwarf(int version, int actions,
     ** it on non-x64 because the interpreter restores all callee-saved regs.
     */
     lj_err_throw(L, errcode);
+#if LJ_TARGET_X64
+#error "Broken build system -- only use the provided Makefiles!"
+#endif
 #endif
   }
   return _URC_CONTINUE_UNWIND;
 }
 
-#if LJ_UNWIND_EXT
-static __thread _Unwind_Exception static_uex;
+#if LJ_UNWIND_EXT && defined(LUA_USE_ASSERT)
+struct dwarf_eh_bases { void *tbase, *dbase, *func; };
+extern const void *_Unwind_Find_FDE(void *pc, struct dwarf_eh_bases *bases);
 
-/* Raise DWARF2 exception. */
-static void err_raise_ext(int errcode)
+/* Verify that external error handling actually has a chance to work. */
+void lj_err_verify(void)
 {
-  static_uex.exclass = LJ_UEXCLASS_MAKE(errcode);
-  static_uex.excleanup = NULL;
-  _Unwind_RaiseException(&static_uex);
+#if !LJ_TARGET_OSX
+  /* Check disabled on MacOS due to brilliant software engineering at Apple. */
+  struct dwarf_eh_bases ehb;
+  lj_assertX(_Unwind_Find_FDE((void *)lj_err_throw, &ehb), "broken build: external frame unwinding enabled, but missing -funwind-tables");
+#endif
+  /* Check disabled, because of broken Fedora/ARM64. See #722.
+  lj_assertX(_Unwind_Find_FDE((void *)_Unwind_RaiseException, &ehb), "broken build: external frame unwinding enabled, but system libraries have no unwind tables");
+  */
 }
 #endif
 
+#if LJ_UNWIND_JIT
+/* DWARF2 personality handler for JIT-compiled code. */
+static int err_unwind_jit(int version, int actions,
+  uint64_t uexclass, _Unwind_Exception *uex, _Unwind_Context *ctx)
+{
+  /* NYI: FFI C++ exception interoperability. */
+  if (version != 1 || !LJ_UEXCLASS_CHECK(uexclass))
+    return _URC_FATAL_PHASE1_ERROR;
+  if ((actions & _UA_SEARCH_PHASE)) {
+    return _URC_HANDLER_FOUND;
+  }
+  if ((actions & _UA_CLEANUP_PHASE)) {
+    global_State *g = *(global_State **)(uex+1);
+    ExitNo exitno;
+    uintptr_t addr = _Unwind_GetIP(ctx);  /* Return address _after_ call. */
+    uintptr_t stub = lj_trace_unwind(G2J(g), addr - sizeof(MCode), &exitno);
+    lj_assertG(tvref(g->jit_base), "unexpected throw across mcode frame");
+    if (stub) {  /* Jump to side exit to unwind the trace. */
+      G2J(g)->exitcode = LJ_UEXCLASS_ERRCODE(uexclass);
+#ifdef LJ_TARGET_MIPS
+      _Unwind_SetGR(ctx, 4, stub);
+      _Unwind_SetGR(ctx, 5, exitno);
+      _Unwind_SetIP(ctx, (uintptr_t)(void *)lj_vm_unwind_stub);
 #else
+      _Unwind_SetIP(ctx, stub);
+#endif
+      return _URC_INSTALL_CONTEXT;
+    }
+    return _URC_FATAL_PHASE2_ERROR;
+  }
+  return _URC_FATAL_PHASE1_ERROR;
+}
 
-extern void _Unwind_DeleteException(void *);
-extern int __gnu_unwind_frame (void *, _Unwind_Context *);
+/* DWARF2 template frame info for JIT-compiled code.
+**
+** After copying the template to the start of the mcode segment,
+** the frame handler function and the code size is patched.
+** The frame handler always installs a new context to jump to the exit,
+** so don't bother to add any unwind opcodes.
+*/
+static const uint8_t err_frame_jit_template[] = {
+#if LJ_BE
+  0,0,0,
+#endif
+  LJ_64 ? 0x1c : 0x14,  /* CIE length. */
+#if LJ_LE
+  0,0,0,
+#endif
+  0,0,0,0, 1, 'z','P','R',0,  /* CIE mark, CIE version, augmentation. */
+  1, LJ_64 ? 0x78 : 0x7c, LJ_TARGET_EHRAREG,  /* Code/data align, RA. */
+#if LJ_64
+  10, 0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0x1b,  /* Aug. data ABS handler, PCREL|SDATA4 code. */
+  0,0,0,0,0,  /* Alignment. */
+#else
+  6, 0, 0,0,0,0, 0x1b,  /* Aug. data ABS handler, PCREL|SDATA4 code. */
+  0,  /* Alignment. */
+#endif
+#if LJ_BE
+  0,0,0,
+#endif
+  LJ_64 ? 0x14 : 0x10,  /* FDE length. */
+  0,0,0,
+  LJ_64 ? 0x24 : 0x1c,  /* CIE offset. */
+  0,0,0,
+  LJ_64 ? 0x14 : 0x10,  /* Code offset. After Final FDE. */
+#if LJ_LE
+  0,0,0,
+#endif
+  0,0,0,0, 0, 0,0,0, /* Code size, augmentation length, alignment. */
+#if LJ_64
+  0,0,0,0,  /* Alignment. */
+#endif
+  0,0,0,0  /* Final FDE. */
+};
+
+#define ERR_FRAME_JIT_OFS_HANDLER       0x12
+#define ERR_FRAME_JIT_OFS_FDE           (LJ_64 ? 0x20 : 0x18)
+#define ERR_FRAME_JIT_OFS_CODE_SIZE     (LJ_64 ? 0x2c : 0x24)
+#if LJ_TARGET_OSX
+#define ERR_FRAME_JIT_OFS_REGISTER      ERR_FRAME_JIT_OFS_FDE
+#else
+#define ERR_FRAME_JIT_OFS_REGISTER      0
+#endif
+
+extern void __register_frame(const void *);
+extern void __deregister_frame(const void *);
+
+uint8_t *lj_err_register_mcode(void *base, size_t sz, uint8_t *info)
+{
+  ASMFunction handler = (ASMFunction)err_unwind_jit;
+  memcpy(info, err_frame_jit_template, sizeof(err_frame_jit_template));
+#if LJ_ABI_PAUTH
+#if LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+  handler = ptrauth_auth_and_resign(handler,
+    ptrauth_key_function_pointer, 0,
+    ptrauth_key_process_independent_code, info + ERR_FRAME_JIT_OFS_HANDLER);
+#else
+#error "missing pointer authentication support for this architecture"
+#endif
+#endif
+  memcpy(info + ERR_FRAME_JIT_OFS_HANDLER, &handler, sizeof(handler));
+  *(uint32_t *)(info + ERR_FRAME_JIT_OFS_CODE_SIZE) =
+    (uint32_t)(sz - sizeof(err_frame_jit_template) - (info - (uint8_t *)base));
+  __register_frame(info + ERR_FRAME_JIT_OFS_REGISTER);
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+  {
+    struct dwarf_eh_bases ehb;
+    lj_assertX(_Unwind_Find_FDE(info + sizeof(err_frame_jit_template)+1, &ehb),
+               "bad JIT unwind table registration");
+  }
+#endif
+  return info + sizeof(err_frame_jit_template);
+}
+
+void lj_err_deregister_mcode(void *base, size_t sz, uint8_t *info)
+{
+  UNUSED(base); UNUSED(sz);
+  __deregister_frame(info + ERR_FRAME_JIT_OFS_REGISTER);
+}
+#endif
+
+#else /* LJ_TARGET_ARM */
+
+#define _US_VIRTUAL_UNWIND_FRAME        0
+#define _US_UNWIND_FRAME_STARTING       1
+#define _US_ACTION_MASK                 3
+#define _US_FORCE_UNWIND                8
+
+typedef struct _Unwind_Control_Block _Unwind_Control_Block;
+#define UNWIND_EXCEPTION_TYPE   _Unwind_Control_Block
+
+struct _Unwind_Control_Block {
+  uint64_t exclass;
+  uint32_t misc[20];
+};
+
+extern int _Unwind_RaiseException(_Unwind_Control_Block *);
+extern int __gnu_unwind_frame(_Unwind_Control_Block *, _Unwind_Context *);
 extern int _Unwind_VRS_Set(_Unwind_Context *, int, uint32_t, int, void *);
 extern int _Unwind_VRS_Get(_Unwind_Context *, int, uint32_t, int, void *);
 
@@ -320,126 +644,98 @@ static inline void _Unwind_SetGR(_Unwind_Context *ctx, int r, uint32_t v)
   _Unwind_VRS_Set(ctx, 0, r, 0, &v);
 }
 
-#define _US_VIRTUAL_UNWIND_FRAME        0
-#define _US_UNWIND_FRAME_STARTING       1
-#define _US_ACTION_MASK                 3
-#define _US_FORCE_UNWIND                8
+extern void lj_vm_unwind_ext(void);
 
 /* ARM unwinder personality handler referenced from interpreter .ARM.extab. */
-LJ_FUNCA int lj_err_unwind_arm(int state, void *ucb, _Unwind_Context *ctx)
+LJ_FUNCA int lj_err_unwind_arm(int state, _Unwind_Control_Block *ucb,
+                               _Unwind_Context *ctx)
 {
   void *cf = (void *)_Unwind_GetGR(ctx, 13);
   lua_State *L = cframe_L(cf);
-  if ((state & _US_ACTION_MASK) == _US_VIRTUAL_UNWIND_FRAME) {
-    setstrV(L, L->top++, lj_err_str(L, LJ_ERR_ERRCPP));
+  int errcode;
+
+  switch ((state & _US_ACTION_MASK)) {
+  case _US_VIRTUAL_UNWIND_FRAME:
+    if ((state & _US_FORCE_UNWIND)) break;
     return _URC_HANDLER_FOUND;
-  }
-  if ((state&(_US_ACTION_MASK|_US_FORCE_UNWIND)) == _US_UNWIND_FRAME_STARTING) {
-    _Unwind_DeleteException(ucb);
-    _Unwind_SetGR(ctx, 15, (uint32_t)(void *)lj_err_throw);
-    _Unwind_SetGR(ctx, 0, (uint32_t)L);
-    _Unwind_SetGR(ctx, 1, (uint32_t)LUA_ERRRUN);
+  case _US_UNWIND_FRAME_STARTING:
+    if (LJ_UEXCLASS_CHECK(ucb->exclass)) {
+      errcode = LJ_UEXCLASS_ERRCODE(ucb->exclass);
+    } else {
+      errcode = LUA_ERRRUN;
+      setstrV(L, L->top++, lj_err_str(L, LJ_ERR_ERRCPP));
+    }
+    cf = err_unwind(L, cf, errcode);
+    if ((state & _US_FORCE_UNWIND) || cf == NULL) break;
+    _Unwind_SetGR(ctx, 15, (uint32_t)lj_vm_unwind_ext);
+    _Unwind_SetGR(ctx, 0, (uint32_t)ucb);
+    _Unwind_SetGR(ctx, 1, (uint32_t)errcode);
+    _Unwind_SetGR(ctx, 2, cframe_unwind_ff(cf) ?
+                            (uint32_t)lj_vm_unwind_ff_eh :
+                            (uint32_t)lj_vm_unwind_c_eh);
     return _URC_INSTALL_CONTEXT;
+  default:
+    return _URC_FAILURE;
   }
   if (__gnu_unwind_frame(ucb, ctx) != _URC_OK)
     return _URC_FAILURE;
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+  /* We should never get here unless this is a forced unwind aka backtrace. */
+  if (_Unwind_GetGR(ctx, 0) == 0xff33aa77) {
+    _Unwind_SetGR(ctx, 0, 0xff33aa88);
+  }
+#endif
   return _URC_CONTINUE_UNWIND;
 }
 
-#endif
+#if LJ_UNWIND_EXT && defined(LUA_USE_ASSERT)
+typedef int (*_Unwind_Trace_Fn)(_Unwind_Context *, void *);
+extern int _Unwind_Backtrace(_Unwind_Trace_Fn, void *);
 
-#elif LJ_TARGET_X64 && LJ_ABI_WIN
+static int err_verify_bt(_Unwind_Context *ctx, int *got)
+{
+  if (_Unwind_GetGR(ctx, 0) == 0xff33aa88) { *got = 2; }
+  else if (*got == 0) { *got = 1; _Unwind_SetGR(ctx, 0, 0xff33aa77); }
+  return _URC_OK;
+}
+
+/* Verify that external error handling actually has a chance to work. */
+void lj_err_verify(void)
+{
+  int got = 0;
+  _Unwind_Backtrace((_Unwind_Trace_Fn)err_verify_bt, &got);
+  lj_assertX(got == 2, "broken build: external frame unwinding enabled, but missing -funwind-tables");
+}
+#endif
 
 /*
-** Someone in Redmond owes me several days of my life. A lot of this is
-** undocumented or just plain wrong on MSDN. Some of it can be gathered
-** from 3rd party docs or must be found by trial-and-error. They really
-** don't want you to write your own language-specific exception handler
-** or to interact gracefully with MSVC. :-(
+** Note: LJ_UNWIND_JIT is not implemented for 32 bit ARM.
 **
-** Apparently MSVC doesn't call C++ destructors for foreign exceptions
-** unless you compile your C++ code with /EHa. Unfortunately this means
-** catch (...) also catches things like access violations. The use of
-** _set_se_translator doesn't really help, because it requires /EHa, too.
+** The quirky ARM unwind API doesn't have __register_frame().
+** A potential workaround might involve _Unwind_Backtrace.
+** But most 32 bit ARM targets don't qualify for LJ_UNWIND_EXT, anyway,
+** since they are built without unwind tables by default.
 */
 
-#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
-#include <windows.h>
+#endif /* LJ_TARGET_ARM */
 
-/* Taken from: http://www.nynaeve.net/?p=99 */
-typedef struct UndocumentedDispatcherContext {
-  ULONG64 ControlPc;
-  ULONG64 ImageBase;
-  PRUNTIME_FUNCTION FunctionEntry;
-  ULONG64 EstablisherFrame;
-  ULONG64 TargetIp;
-  PCONTEXT ContextRecord;
-  void (*LanguageHandler)(void);
-  PVOID HandlerData;
-  PUNWIND_HISTORY_TABLE HistoryTable;
-  ULONG ScopeIndex;
-  ULONG Fill0;
-} UndocumentedDispatcherContext;
-
-/* Another wild guess. */
-extern void __DestructExceptionObject(EXCEPTION_RECORD *rec, int nothrow);
-
-#ifdef MINGW_SDK_INIT
-/* Workaround for broken MinGW64 declaration. */
-VOID RtlUnwindEx_FIXED(PVOID,PVOID,PVOID,PVOID,PVOID,PVOID) asm("RtlUnwindEx");
-#define RtlUnwindEx RtlUnwindEx_FIXED
-#endif
-
-#define LJ_MSVC_EXCODE          ((DWORD)0xe06d7363)
-#define LJ_GCC_EXCODE           ((DWORD)0x20474343)
 
-#define LJ_EXCODE               ((DWORD)0xe24c4a00)
-#define LJ_EXCODE_MAKE(c)       (LJ_EXCODE | (DWORD)(c))
-#define LJ_EXCODE_CHECK(cl)     (((cl) ^ LJ_EXCODE) <= 0xff)
-#define LJ_EXCODE_ERRCODE(cl)   ((int)((cl) & 0xff))
+#if LJ_UNWIND_EXT
+static __thread struct {
+  UNWIND_EXCEPTION_TYPE ex;
+  global_State *g;
+} static_uex;
 
-/* Win64 exception handler for interpreter frame. */
-LJ_FUNCA EXCEPTION_DISPOSITION lj_err_unwind_win64(EXCEPTION_RECORD *rec,
-  void *cf, CONTEXT *ctx, UndocumentedDispatcherContext *dispatch)
+/* Raise external exception. */
+static void err_raise_ext(global_State *g, int errcode)
 {
-  lua_State *L = cframe_L(cf);
-  int errcode = LJ_EXCODE_CHECK(rec->ExceptionCode) ?
-                LJ_EXCODE_ERRCODE(rec->ExceptionCode) : LUA_ERRRUN;
-  if ((rec->ExceptionFlags & 6)) {  /* EH_UNWINDING|EH_EXIT_UNWIND */
-    /* Unwind internal frames. */
-    err_unwind(L, cf, errcode);
-  } else {
-    void *cf2 = err_unwind(L, cf, 0);
-    if (cf2) {  /* We catch it, so start unwinding the upper frames. */
-      if (rec->ExceptionCode == LJ_MSVC_EXCODE ||
-          rec->ExceptionCode == LJ_GCC_EXCODE) {
-#if LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS
-        __DestructExceptionObject(rec, 1);
-#endif
-        setstrV(L, L->top++, lj_err_str(L, LJ_ERR_ERRCPP));
-      } else if (!LJ_EXCODE_CHECK(rec->ExceptionCode)) {
-        /* Don't catch access violations etc. */
-        return ExceptionContinueSearch;
-      }
-      /* Unwind the stack and call all handlers for all lower C frames
-      ** (including ourselves) again with EH_UNWINDING set. Then set
-      ** rsp = cf, rax = errcode and jump to the specified target.
-      */
-      RtlUnwindEx(cf, (void *)((cframe_unwind_ff(cf2) && errcode != LUA_YIELD) ?
-                               lj_vm_unwind_ff_eh :
-                               lj_vm_unwind_c_eh),
-                  rec, (void *)(uintptr_t)errcode, ctx, dispatch->HistoryTable);
-      /* RtlUnwindEx should never return. */
-    }
-  }
-  return ExceptionContinueSearch;
+  memset(&static_uex, 0, sizeof(static_uex));
+  static_uex.ex.exclass = LJ_UEXCLASS_MAKE(errcode);
+  static_uex.g = g;
+  _Unwind_RaiseException(&static_uex.ex);
 }
 
-/* Raise Windows exception. */
-static void err_raise_ext(int errcode)
-{
-  RaiseException(LJ_EXCODE_MAKE(errcode), 1 /* EH_NONCONTINUABLE */, 0, NULL);
-}
+#endif
 
 #endif
 
@@ -450,22 +746,23 @@ LJ_NOINLINE void LJ_FASTCALL lj_err_throw(lua_State *L, int errcode)
 {
   global_State *g = G(L);
   lj_trace_abort(g);
-  setgcrefnull(g->jit_L);
-  L->status = 0;
+  L->status = LUA_OK;
 #if LJ_UNWIND_EXT
-  err_raise_ext(errcode);
+  err_raise_ext(g, errcode);
   /*
   ** A return from this function signals a corrupt C stack that cannot be
   ** unwound. We have no choice but to call the panic function and exit.
   **
   ** Usually this is caused by a C function without unwind information.
-  ** This should never happen on x64, but may happen if you've manually
-  ** enabled LUAJIT_UNWIND_EXTERNAL and forgot to recompile *every*
-  ** non-C++ file with -funwind-tables.
+  ** This may happen if you've manually enabled LUAJIT_UNWIND_EXTERNAL
+  ** and forgot to recompile *every* non-C++ file with -funwind-tables.
   */
   if (G(L)->panic)
     G(L)->panic(L);
 #else
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+  setmref(g->jit_base, NULL);
+#endif
   {
     void *cf = err_unwind(L, NULL, errcode);
     if (cframe_unwind_ff(cf))
@@ -488,6 +785,10 @@ LJ_NOINLINE void lj_err_mem(lua_State *L)
 {
   if (L->status == LUA_ERRERR+1)  /* Don't touch the stack during lua_open. */
     lj_vm_unwind_c(L->cframe, LUA_ERRMEM);
+  if (LJ_HASJIT) {
+    TValue *base = tvref(G(L)->jit_base);
+    if (base) L->base = base;
+  }
   if (curr_funcisL(L)) L->top = curr_topL(L);
   setstrV(L, L->top++, lj_err_str(L, LJ_ERR_ERRMEM));
   lj_err_throw(L, LUA_ERRMEM);
@@ -496,7 +797,7 @@ LJ_NOINLINE void lj_err_mem(lua_State *L)
 /* Find error function for runtime errors. Requires an extra stack traversal. */
 static ptrdiff_t finderrfunc(lua_State *L)
 {
-  cTValue *frame = L->base-1, *bot = tvref(L->stack);
+  cTValue *frame = L->base-1, *bot = tvref(L->stack)+LJ_FR2;
   void *cf = L->cframe;
   while (frame > bot && cf) {
     while (cframe_nres(cframe_raw(cf)) < 0) {  /* cframe without frame? */
@@ -520,10 +821,8 @@ static ptrdiff_t finderrfunc(lua_State *L)
       frame = frame_prevd(frame);
       break;
     case FRAME_CONT:
-#if LJ_HASFFI
-      if ((frame-1)->u32.lo == LJ_CONT_FFI_CALLBACK)
+      if (frame_iscont_fficb(frame))
         cf = cframe_prev(cf);
-#endif
       frame = frame_prevd(frame);
       break;
     case FRAME_CP:
@@ -535,11 +834,11 @@ static ptrdiff_t finderrfunc(lua_State *L)
       break;
     case FRAME_PCALL:
     case FRAME_PCALLH:
-      if (frame_ftsz(frame) >= (ptrdiff_t)(2*sizeof(TValue)))  /* xpcall? */
-        return savestack(L, frame-1);  /* Point to xpcall's errorfunc. */
+      if (frame_func(frame_prevd(frame))->c.ffid == FF_xpcall)
+        return savestack(L, frame_prevd(frame)+1);  /* xpcall's errorfunc. */
       return 0;
     default:
-      lua_assert(0);
+      lj_assertL(0, "bad frame type");
       return 0;
     }
   }
@@ -549,7 +848,7 @@ static ptrdiff_t finderrfunc(lua_State *L)
 /* Runtime error. */
 LJ_NOINLINE void LJ_FASTCALL lj_err_run(lua_State *L)
 {
-  ptrdiff_t ef = finderrfunc(L);
+  ptrdiff_t ef = (LJ_HASJIT && tvref(G(L)->jit_base)) ? 0 : finderrfunc(L);
   if (ef) {
     TValue *errfunc = restorestack(L, ef);
     TValue *top = L->top;
@@ -559,22 +858,37 @@ LJ_NOINLINE void LJ_FASTCALL lj_err_run(lua_State *L)
       lj_err_throw(L, LUA_ERRERR);
     }
     L->status = LUA_ERRERR;
-    copyTV(L, top, top-1);
+    copyTV(L, top+LJ_FR2, top-1);
     copyTV(L, top-1, errfunc);
+    if (LJ_FR2) setnilV(top++);
     L->top = top+1;
     lj_vm_call(L, top, 1+1);  /* Stack: |errfunc|msg| -> |msg| */
   }
   lj_err_throw(L, LUA_ERRRUN);
 }
 
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+LJ_NOINLINE void LJ_FASTCALL lj_err_trace(lua_State *L, int errcode)
+{
+  if (errcode == LUA_ERRRUN)
+    lj_err_run(L);
+  else
+    lj_err_throw(L, errcode);
+}
+#endif
+
 /* Formatted runtime error message. */
 LJ_NORET LJ_NOINLINE static void err_msgv(lua_State *L, ErrMsg em, ...)
 {
   const char *msg;
   va_list argp;
   va_start(argp, em);
+  if (LJ_HASJIT) {
+    TValue *base = tvref(G(L)->jit_base);
+    if (base) L->base = base;
+  }
   if (curr_funcisL(L)) L->top = curr_topL(L);
-  msg = lj_str_pushvf(L, err2msg(em), argp);
+  msg = lj_strfmt_pushvf(L, err2msg(em), argp);
   va_end(argp);
   lj_debug_addloc(L, msg, L->base-1, NULL);
   lj_err_run(L);
@@ -592,11 +906,11 @@ LJ_NOINLINE void lj_err_lex(lua_State *L, GCstr *src, const char *tok,
 {
   char buff[LUA_IDSIZE];
   const char *msg;
-  lj_debug_shortname(buff, src);
-  msg = lj_str_pushvf(L, err2msg(em), argp);
-  msg = lj_str_pushf(L, "%s:%d: %s", buff, line, msg);
+  lj_debug_shortname(buff, src, line);
+  msg = lj_strfmt_pushvf(L, err2msg(em), argp);
+  msg = lj_strfmt_pushf(L, "%s:%d: %s", buff, line, msg);
   if (tok)
-    lj_str_pushf(L, err2msg(LJ_ERR_XNEAR), msg, tok);
+    lj_strfmt_pushf(L, err2msg(LJ_ERR_XNEAR), msg, tok);
   lj_err_throw(L, LUA_ERRSYNTAX);
 }
 
@@ -635,8 +949,9 @@ LJ_NOINLINE void lj_err_optype_call(lua_State *L, TValue *o)
   const BCIns *pc = cframe_Lpc(L);
   if (((ptrdiff_t)pc & FRAME_TYPE) != FRAME_LUA) {
     const char *tname = lj_typename(o);
+    setframe_gc(o, obj2gco(L), LJ_TTHREAD);
+    if (LJ_FR2) o++;
     setframe_pc(o, pc);
-    setframe_gc(o, obj2gco(L));
     L->top = L->base = o+1;
     err_msgv(L, LJ_ERR_BADCALL, tname);
   }
@@ -646,28 +961,27 @@ LJ_NOINLINE void lj_err_optype_call(lua_State *L, TValue *o)
 /* Error in context of caller. */
 LJ_NOINLINE void lj_err_callermsg(lua_State *L, const char *msg)
 {
-  TValue *frame = L->base-1;
-  TValue *pframe = NULL;
-  if (frame_islua(frame)) {
-    pframe = frame_prevl(frame);
-  } else if (frame_iscont(frame)) {
+  TValue *frame = NULL, *pframe = NULL;
+  if (!(LJ_HASJIT && tvref(G(L)->jit_base))) {
+    frame = L->base-1;
+    if (frame_islua(frame)) {
+      pframe = frame_prevl(frame);
+    } else if (frame_iscont(frame)) {
+      if (frame_iscont_fficb(frame)) {
+        pframe = frame;
+        frame = NULL;
+      } else {
+        pframe = frame_prevd(frame);
 #if LJ_HASFFI
-    if ((frame-1)->u32.lo == LJ_CONT_FFI_CALLBACK) {
-      pframe = frame;
-      frame = NULL;
-    } else
+        /* Remove frame for FFI metamethods. */
+        if (frame_func(frame)->c.ffid >= FF_ffi_meta___index &&
+            frame_func(frame)->c.ffid <= FF_ffi_meta___tostring) {
+          L->base = pframe+1;
+          L->top = frame;
+          setcframe_pc(cframe_raw(L->cframe), frame_contpc(frame));
+        }
 #endif
-    {
-      pframe = frame_prevd(frame);
-#if LJ_HASFFI
-      /* Remove frame for FFI metamethods. */
-      if (frame_func(frame)->c.ffid >= FF_ffi_meta___index &&
-          frame_func(frame)->c.ffid <= FF_ffi_meta___tostring) {
-        L->base = pframe+1;
-        L->top = frame;
-        setcframe_pc(cframe_raw(L->cframe), frame_contpc(frame));
       }
-#endif
     }
   }
   lj_debug_addloc(L, msg, pframe, frame);
@@ -680,7 +994,7 @@ LJ_NOINLINE void lj_err_callerv(lua_State *L, ErrMsg em, ...)
   const char *msg;
   va_list argp;
   va_start(argp, em);
-  msg = lj_str_pushvf(L, err2msg(em), argp);
+  msg = lj_strfmt_pushvf(L, err2msg(em), argp);
   va_end(argp);
   lj_err_callermsg(L, msg);
 }
@@ -700,9 +1014,9 @@ LJ_NORET LJ_NOINLINE static void err_argmsg(lua_State *L, int narg,
   if (narg < 0 && narg > LUA_REGISTRYINDEX)
     narg = (int)(L->top - L->base) + narg + 1;
   if (ftype && ftype[3] == 'h' && --narg == 0)  /* Check for "method". */
-    msg = lj_str_pushf(L, err2msg(LJ_ERR_BADSELF), fname, msg);
+    msg = lj_strfmt_pushf(L, err2msg(LJ_ERR_BADSELF), fname, msg);
   else
-    msg = lj_str_pushf(L, err2msg(LJ_ERR_BADARG), narg, fname, msg);
+    msg = lj_strfmt_pushf(L, err2msg(LJ_ERR_BADARG), narg, fname, msg);
   lj_err_callermsg(L, msg);
 }
 
@@ -712,7 +1026,7 @@ LJ_NOINLINE void lj_err_argv(lua_State *L, int narg, ErrMsg em, ...)
   const char *msg;
   va_list argp;
   va_start(argp, em);
-  msg = lj_str_pushvf(L, err2msg(em), argp);
+  msg = lj_strfmt_pushvf(L, err2msg(em), argp);
   va_end(argp);
   err_argmsg(L, narg, msg);
 }
@@ -742,7 +1056,7 @@ LJ_NOINLINE void lj_err_argtype(lua_State *L, int narg, const char *xname)
     TValue *o = narg < 0 ? L->top + narg : L->base + narg-1;
     tname = o < L->top ? lj_typename(o) : lj_obj_typename[0];
   }
-  msg = lj_str_pushf(L, err2msg(LJ_ERR_BADTYPE), xname, tname);
+  msg = lj_strfmt_pushf(L, err2msg(LJ_ERR_BADTYPE), xname, tname);
   err_argmsg(L, narg, msg);
 }
 
@@ -792,7 +1106,7 @@ LUALIB_API int luaL_error(lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...)
   const char *msg;
   va_list argp;
   va_start(argp, fmt);
-  msg = lj_str_pushvf(L, fmt, argp);
+  msg = lj_strfmt_pushvf(L, fmt, argp);
   va_end(argp);
   lj_err_callermsg(L, msg);
   return 0;  /* unreachable */
diff --git a/src/lj_err.h b/src/lj_err.h
index 321719a9..8768fefd 100644
--- a/src/lj_err.h
+++ b/src/lj_err.h
@@ -23,7 +23,10 @@ LJ_DATA const char *lj_err_allmsg;
 LJ_FUNC GCstr *lj_err_str(lua_State *L, ErrMsg em);
 LJ_FUNCA_NORET void LJ_FASTCALL lj_err_throw(lua_State *L, int errcode);
 LJ_FUNC_NORET void lj_err_mem(lua_State *L);
-LJ_FUNCA_NORET void LJ_FASTCALL lj_err_run(lua_State *L);
+LJ_FUNC_NORET void LJ_FASTCALL lj_err_run(lua_State *L);
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+LJ_FUNCA_NORET void LJ_FASTCALL lj_err_trace(lua_State *L, int errcode);
+#endif
 LJ_FUNC_NORET void lj_err_msg(lua_State *L, ErrMsg em);
 LJ_FUNC_NORET void lj_err_lex(lua_State *L, GCstr *src, const char *tok,
                               BCLine line, ErrMsg em, va_list argp);
@@ -38,4 +41,18 @@ LJ_FUNC_NORET void lj_err_argv(lua_State *L, int narg, ErrMsg em, ...);
 LJ_FUNC_NORET void lj_err_argtype(lua_State *L, int narg, const char *xname);
 LJ_FUNC_NORET void lj_err_argt(lua_State *L, int narg, int tt);
 
+#if LJ_UNWIND_JIT && !LJ_ABI_WIN
+LJ_FUNC uint8_t *lj_err_register_mcode(void *base, size_t sz, uint8_t *info);
+LJ_FUNC void lj_err_deregister_mcode(void *base, size_t sz, uint8_t *info);
+#else
+#define lj_err_register_mcode(base, sz, info)   (info)
+#define lj_err_deregister_mcode(base, sz, info) UNUSED(base)
+#endif
+
+#if LJ_UNWIND_EXT && !LJ_ABI_WIN && defined(LUA_USE_ASSERT)
+LJ_FUNC void lj_err_verify(void);
+#else
+#define lj_err_verify()         ((void)0)
+#endif
+
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_errmsg.h b/src/lj_errmsg.h
index 9c695ce5..127c06da 100644
--- a/src/lj_errmsg.h
+++ b/src/lj_errmsg.h
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ ERRDEF(PROTMT,	"cannot change a protected metatable")
 ERRDEF(UNPACK,  "too many results to unpack")
 ERRDEF(RDRSTR,  "reader function must return a string")
 ERRDEF(PRTOSTR, LUA_QL("tostring") " must return a string to " LUA_QL("print"))
+ERRDEF(NUMRNG,  "number out of range")
 ERRDEF(IDXRNG,  "index out of range")
 ERRDEF(BASERNG, "base out of range")
 ERRDEF(LVLRNG,  "level out of range")
@@ -96,18 +97,12 @@ ERRDEF(STRPATX,	"pattern too complex")
 ERRDEF(STRCAPI, "invalid capture index")
 ERRDEF(STRCAPN, "too many captures")
 ERRDEF(STRCAPU, "unfinished capture")
-ERRDEF(STRFMTO, "invalid option " LUA_QL("%%%c") " to " LUA_QL("format"))
-ERRDEF(STRFMTR, "invalid format (repeated flags)")
-ERRDEF(STRFMTW, "invalid format (width or precision too long)")
+ERRDEF(STRFMT,  "invalid option " LUA_QS " to " LUA_QL("format"))
 ERRDEF(STRGSRV, "invalid replacement value (a %s)")
 ERRDEF(BADMODN, "name conflict for module " LUA_QS)
 #if LJ_HASJIT
 ERRDEF(JITPROT, "runtime code generation failed, restricted kernel?")
-#if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
-ERRDEF(NOJIT,   "JIT compiler disabled, CPU does not support SSE2")
-#else
 ERRDEF(NOJIT,   "JIT compiler disabled")
-#endif
 #elif defined(LJ_ARCH_NOJIT)
 ERRDEF(NOJIT,   "no JIT compiler for this architecture (yet)")
 #else
@@ -118,7 +113,6 @@ ERRDEF(JITOPT,	"unknown or malformed optimization flag " LUA_QS)
 /* Lexer/parser errors. */
 ERRDEF(XMODE,   "attempt to load chunk with wrong mode")
 ERRDEF(XNEAR,   "%s near " LUA_QS)
-ERRDEF(XELEM,   "lexical element too long")
 ERRDEF(XLINES,  "chunk has too many lines")
 ERRDEF(XLEVELS, "chunk has too many syntax levels")
 ERRDEF(XNUMBER, "malformed number")
@@ -186,6 +180,19 @@ ERRDEF(FFI_NYIPACKBIT,	"NYI: packed bit fields")
 ERRDEF(FFI_NYICALL,     "NYI: cannot call this C function (yet)")
 #endif
 
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+/* String buffer errors. */
+ERRDEF(BUFFER_SELF,     "cannot put buffer into itself")
+ERRDEF(BUFFER_BADOPT,   "bad options table")
+ERRDEF(BUFFER_BADENC,   "cannot serialize " LUA_QS)
+ERRDEF(BUFFER_BADDEC,   "cannot deserialize tag 0x%02x")
+ERRDEF(BUFFER_BADDICTX, "cannot deserialize dictionary index %d")
+ERRDEF(BUFFER_DEPTH,    "too deep to serialize")
+ERRDEF(BUFFER_DUPKEY,   "duplicate table key")
+ERRDEF(BUFFER_EOB,      "unexpected end of buffer")
+ERRDEF(BUFFER_LEFTOV,   "left-over data in buffer")
+#endif
+
 #undef ERRDEF
 
 /* Detecting unused error messages:
diff --git a/src/lj_ffrecord.c b/src/lj_ffrecord.c
index 4127fe81..8ebf4165 100644
--- a/src/lj_ffrecord.c
+++ b/src/lj_ffrecord.c
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #if LJ_HASJIT
 
 #include "lj_err.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
 #include "lj_frame.h"
@@ -27,6 +28,8 @@
 #include "lj_dispatch.h"
 #include "lj_vm.h"
 #include "lj_strscan.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
+#include "lj_serialize.h"
 
 /* Some local macros to save typing. Undef'd at the end. */
 #define IR(ref)                 (&J->cur.ir[(ref)])
@@ -79,10 +82,7 @@ static GCstr *argv2str(jit_State *J, TValue *o)
     GCstr *s;
     if (!tvisnumber(o))
       lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_BADTYPE);
-    if (tvisint(o))
-      s = lj_str_fromint(J->L, intV(o));
-    else
-      s = lj_str_fromnum(J->L, &o->n);
+    s = lj_strfmt_number(J->L, o);
     setstrV(J->L, o, s);
     return s;
   }
@@ -98,27 +98,102 @@ static ptrdiff_t results_wanted(jit_State *J)
     return -1;
 }
 
-/* Throw error for unsupported variant of fast function. */
-LJ_NORET static void recff_nyiu(jit_State *J)
+/* Trace stitching: add continuation below frame to start a new trace. */
+static void recff_stitch(jit_State *J)
 {
-  setfuncV(J->L, &J->errinfo, J->fn);
-  lj_trace_err_info(J, LJ_TRERR_NYIFFU);
+  ASMFunction cont = lj_cont_stitch;
+  lua_State *L = J->L;
+  TValue *base = L->base;
+  BCReg nslot = J->maxslot + 1 + LJ_FR2;
+  TValue *nframe = base + 1 + LJ_FR2;
+  const BCIns *pc = frame_pc(base-1);
+  TValue *pframe = frame_prevl(base-1);
+
+  /* Check for this now. Throwing in lj_record_stop messes up the stack. */
+  if (J->cur.nsnap >= (MSize)J->param[JIT_P_maxsnap])
+    lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_SNAPOV);
+
+  /* Move func + args up in Lua stack and insert continuation. */
+  memmove(&base[1], &base[-1-LJ_FR2], sizeof(TValue)*nslot);
+  setframe_ftsz(nframe, ((char *)nframe - (char *)pframe) + FRAME_CONT);
+  setcont(base-LJ_FR2, cont);
+  setframe_pc(base, pc);
+  setnilV(base-1-LJ_FR2);  /* Incorrect, but rec_check_slots() won't run anymore. */
+  L->base += 2 + LJ_FR2;
+  L->top += 2 + LJ_FR2;
+
+  /* Ditto for the IR. */
+  memmove(&J->base[1], &J->base[-1-LJ_FR2], sizeof(TRef)*nslot);
+#if LJ_FR2
+  J->base[2] = TREF_FRAME;
+  J->base[-1] = lj_ir_k64(J, IR_KNUM, u64ptr(contptr(cont)));
+  J->base[0] = lj_ir_k64(J, IR_KNUM, u64ptr(pc)) | TREF_CONT;
+#else
+  J->base[0] = lj_ir_kptr(J, contptr(cont)) | TREF_CONT;
+#endif
+  J->ktrace = tref_ref((J->base[-1-LJ_FR2] = lj_ir_ktrace(J)));
+  J->base += 2 + LJ_FR2;
+  J->baseslot += 2 + LJ_FR2;
+  J->framedepth++;
+
+  lj_record_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_STITCH, 0);
+
+  /* Undo Lua stack changes. */
+  memmove(&base[-1-LJ_FR2], &base[1], sizeof(TValue)*nslot);
+  setframe_pc(base-1, pc);
+  L->base -= 2 + LJ_FR2;
+  L->top -= 2 + LJ_FR2;
 }
 
-/* Fallback handler for all fast functions that are not recorded (yet). */
+/* Fallback handler for fast functions that are not recorded (yet). */
 static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_nyi(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 {
-  setfuncV(J->L, &J->errinfo, J->fn);
-  lj_trace_err_info(J, LJ_TRERR_NYIFF);
-  UNUSED(rd);
+  if (J->cur.nins < (IRRef)J->param[JIT_P_minstitch] + REF_BASE) {
+    lj_trace_err_info(J, LJ_TRERR_TRACEUV);
+  } else {
+    /* Can only stitch from Lua call. */
+    if (J->framedepth && frame_islua(J->L->base-1)) {
+      BCOp op = bc_op(*frame_pc(J->L->base-1));
+      /* Stitched trace cannot start with *M op with variable # of args. */
+      if (!(op == BC_CALLM || op == BC_CALLMT ||
+            op == BC_RETM || op == BC_TSETM)) {
+        switch (J->fn->c.ffid) {
+        case FF_error:
+        case FF_debug_sethook:
+        case FF_jit_flush:
+          break;  /* Don't stitch across special builtins. */
+        default:
+          recff_stitch(J);  /* Use trace stitching. */
+          rd->nres = -1;
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    /* Otherwise stop trace and return to interpreter. */
+    lj_record_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_RETURN, 0);
+    rd->nres = -1;
+  }
 }
 
-/* C functions can have arbitrary side-effects and are not recorded (yet). */
-static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_c(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+/* Fallback handler for unsupported variants of fast functions. */
+#define recff_nyiu      recff_nyi
+
+/* Must stop the trace for classic C functions with arbitrary side-effects. */
+#define recff_c         recff_nyi
+
+/* Emit BUFHDR for the global temporary buffer. */
+static TRef recff_bufhdr(jit_State *J)
 {
-  setfuncV(J->L, &J->errinfo, J->fn);
-  lj_trace_err_info(J, LJ_TRERR_NYICF);
-  UNUSED(rd);
+  return emitir(IRT(IR_BUFHDR, IRT_PGC),
+                lj_ir_kptr(J, &J2G(J)->tmpbuf), IRBUFHDR_RESET);
+}
+
+/* Emit TMPREF. */
+static TRef recff_tmpref(jit_State *J, TRef tr, int mode)
+{
+  if (!LJ_DUALNUM && tref_isinteger(tr))
+    tr = emitir(IRTN(IR_CONV), tr, IRCONV_NUM_INT);
+  return emitir(IRT(IR_TMPREF, IRT_PGC), tr, mode);
 }
 
 /* -- Base library fast functions ----------------------------------------- */
@@ -135,7 +210,7 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_type(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
   uint32_t t;
   if (tvisnumber(&rd->argv[0]))
     t = ~LJ_TNUMX;
-  else if (LJ_64 && tvislightud(&rd->argv[0]))
+  else if (LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64 && tvislightud(&rd->argv[0]))
     t = ~LJ_TLIGHTUD;
   else
     t = ~itype(&rd->argv[0]);
@@ -167,7 +242,7 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_setmetatable(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
     ix.tab = tr;
     copyTV(J->L, &ix.tabv, &rd->argv[0]);
     lj_record_mm_lookup(J, &ix, MM_metatable); /* Guard for no __metatable. */
-    fref = emitir(IRT(IR_FREF, IRT_P32), tr, IRFL_TAB_META);
+    fref = emitir(IRT(IR_FREF, IRT_PGC), tr, IRFL_TAB_META);
     mtref = tref_isnil(mt) ? lj_ir_knull(J, IRT_TAB) : mt;
     emitir(IRT(IR_FSTORE, IRT_TAB), fref, mtref);
     if (!tref_isnil(mt))
@@ -220,7 +295,7 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_rawlen(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
   if (tref_isstr(tr))
     J->base[0] = emitir(IRTI(IR_FLOAD), tr, IRFL_STR_LEN);
   else if (tref_istab(tr))
-    J->base[0] = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_tab_len, tr);
+    J->base[0] = emitir(IRTI(IR_ALEN), tr, TREF_NIL);
   /* else: Interpreter will throw. */
   UNUSED(rd);
 }
@@ -233,9 +308,9 @@ int32_t lj_ffrecord_select_mode(jit_State *J, TRef tr, TValue *tv)
     if (strV(tv)->len == 1) {
       emitir(IRTG(IR_EQ, IRT_STR), tr, lj_ir_kstr(J, strV(tv)));
     } else {
-      TRef trptr = emitir(IRT(IR_STRREF, IRT_P32), tr, lj_ir_kint(J, 0));
+      TRef trptr = emitir(IRT(IR_STRREF, IRT_PGC), tr, lj_ir_kint(J, 0));
       TRef trchar = emitir(IRT(IR_XLOAD, IRT_U8), trptr, IRXLOAD_READONLY);
-      emitir(IRTG(IR_EQ, IRT_INT), trchar, lj_ir_kint(J, '#'));
+      emitir(IRTGI(IR_EQ), trchar, lj_ir_kint(J, '#'));
     }
     return 0;
   } else {  /* select(n, ...) */
@@ -263,7 +338,8 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_select(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
           J->base[i] = J->base[start+i];
       }  /* else: Interpreter will throw. */
     } else {
-      recff_nyiu(J);
+      recff_nyiu(J, rd);
+      return;
     }
   }  /* else: Interpreter will throw. */
 }
@@ -274,14 +350,18 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_tonumber(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
   TRef base = J->base[1];
   if (tr && !tref_isnil(base)) {
     base = lj_opt_narrow_toint(J, base);
-    if (!tref_isk(base) || IR(tref_ref(base))->i != 10)
-      recff_nyiu(J);
+    if (!tref_isk(base) || IR(tref_ref(base))->i != 10) {
+      recff_nyiu(J, rd);
+      return;
+    }
   }
   if (tref_isnumber_str(tr)) {
     if (tref_isstr(tr)) {
       TValue tmp;
-      if (!lj_strscan_num(strV(&rd->argv[0]), &tmp))
-        recff_nyiu(J);  /* Would need an inverted STRTO for this case. */
+      if (!lj_strscan_num(strV(&rd->argv[0]), &tmp)) {
+        recff_nyiu(J, rd);  /* Would need an inverted STRTO for this case. */
+        return;
+      }
       tr = emitir(IRTG(IR_STRTO, IRT_NUM), tr, 0);
     }
 #if LJ_HASFFI
@@ -313,10 +393,10 @@ static int recff_metacall(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd, MMS mm)
     int errcode;
     TValue argv0;
     /* Temporarily insert metamethod below object. */
-    J->base[1] = J->base[0];
+    J->base[1+LJ_FR2] = J->base[0];
     J->base[0] = ix.mobj;
     copyTV(J->L, &argv0, &rd->argv[0]);
-    copyTV(J->L, &rd->argv[1], &rd->argv[0]);
+    copyTV(J->L, &rd->argv[1+LJ_FR2], &rd->argv[0]);
     copyTV(J->L, &rd->argv[0], &ix.mobjv);
     /* Need to protect lj_record_tailcall because it may throw. */
     errcode = lj_vm_cpcall(J->L, NULL, J, recff_metacall_cp);
@@ -336,13 +416,15 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_tostring(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
   if (tref_isstr(tr)) {
     /* Ignore __tostring in the string base metatable. */
     /* Pass on result in J->base[0]. */
-  } else if (!recff_metacall(J, rd, MM_tostring)) {
+  } else if (tr && !recff_metacall(J, rd, MM_tostring)) {
     if (tref_isnumber(tr)) {
-      J->base[0] = emitir(IRT(IR_TOSTR, IRT_STR), tr, 0);
+      J->base[0] = emitir(IRT(IR_TOSTR, IRT_STR), tr,
+                          tref_isnum(tr) ? IRTOSTR_NUM : IRTOSTR_INT);
     } else if (tref_ispri(tr)) {
-      J->base[0] = lj_ir_kstr(J, strV(&J->fn->c.upvalue[tref_type(tr)]));
+      J->base[0] = lj_ir_kstr(J, lj_strfmt_obj(J->L, &rd->argv[0]));
     } else {
-      recff_nyiu(J);
+      recff_nyiu(J, rd);
+      return;
     }
   }
 }
@@ -364,15 +446,15 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_ipairs_aux(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
   }  /* else: Interpreter will throw. */
 }
 
-static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_ipairs(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_xpairs(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 {
   TRef tr = J->base[0];
   if (!((LJ_52 || (LJ_HASFFI && tref_iscdata(tr))) &&
-        recff_metacall(J, rd, MM_ipairs))) {
+        recff_metacall(J, rd, MM_pairs + rd->data))) {
     if (tref_istab(tr)) {
       J->base[0] = lj_ir_kfunc(J, funcV(&J->fn->c.upvalue[0]));
       J->base[1] = tr;
-      J->base[2] = lj_ir_kint(J, 0);
+      J->base[2] = rd->data ? lj_ir_kint(J, 0) : TREF_NIL;
       rd->nres = 3;
     }  /* else: Interpreter will throw. */
   }
@@ -381,8 +463,13 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_ipairs(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_pcall(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 {
   if (J->maxslot >= 1) {
+#if LJ_FR2
+    /* Shift function arguments up. */
+    memmove(J->base + 1, J->base, sizeof(TRef) * J->maxslot);
+#endif
     lj_record_call(J, 0, J->maxslot - 1);
     rd->nres = -1;  /* Pending call. */
+    J->needsnap = 1;  /* Start catching on-trace errors. */
   }  /* else: Interpreter will throw. */
 }
 
@@ -406,6 +493,10 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_xpcall(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
     copyTV(J->L, &argv1, &rd->argv[1]);
     copyTV(J->L, &rd->argv[0], &argv1);
     copyTV(J->L, &rd->argv[1], &argv0);
+#if LJ_FR2
+    /* Shift function arguments up. */
+    memmove(J->base + 2, J->base + 1, sizeof(TRef) * (J->maxslot-1));
+#endif
     /* Need to protect lj_record_call because it may throw. */
     errcode = lj_vm_cpcall(J->L, NULL, J, recff_xpcall_cp);
     /* Always undo Lua stack swap to avoid confusing the interpreter. */
@@ -414,15 +505,62 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_xpcall(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
     if (errcode)
       lj_err_throw(J->L, errcode);  /* Propagate errors. */
     rd->nres = -1;  /* Pending call. */
+    J->needsnap = 1;  /* Start catching on-trace errors. */
   }  /* else: Interpreter will throw. */
 }
 
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_getfenv(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef tr = J->base[0];
+  /* Only support getfenv(0) for now. */
+  if (tref_isint(tr) && tref_isk(tr) && IR(tref_ref(tr))->i == 0) {
+    TRef trl = emitir(IRT(IR_LREF, IRT_THREAD), 0, 0);
+    J->base[0] = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_TAB), trl, IRFL_THREAD_ENV);
+    return;
+  }
+  recff_nyiu(J, rd);
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_next(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+#if LJ_BE
+  /* YAGNI: Disabled on big-endian due to issues with lj_vm_next,
+  ** IR_HIOP, RID_RETLO/RID_RETHI and ra_destpair.
+  */
+  recff_nyi(J, rd);
+#else
+  TRef tab = J->base[0];
+  if (tref_istab(tab)) {
+    RecordIndex ix;
+    cTValue *keyv;
+    ix.tab = tab;
+    if (tref_isnil(J->base[1])) {  /* Shortcut for start of traversal. */
+      ix.key = lj_ir_kint(J, 0);
+      keyv = niltvg(J2G(J));
+    } else {
+      TRef tmp = recff_tmpref(J, J->base[1], IRTMPREF_IN1);
+      ix.key = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_tab_keyindex, tab, tmp);
+      keyv = &rd->argv[1];
+    }
+    copyTV(J->L, &ix.tabv, &rd->argv[0]);
+    ix.keyv.u32.lo = lj_tab_keyindex(tabV(&ix.tabv), keyv);
+    /* Omit the value, if not used by the caller. */
+    ix.idxchain = (J->framedepth && frame_islua(J->L->base-1) &&
+                   bc_b(frame_pc(J->L->base-1)[-1])-1 < 2);
+    ix.mobj = 0;  /* We don't need the next index. */
+    rd->nres = lj_record_next(J, &ix);
+    J->base[0] = ix.key;
+    J->base[1] = ix.val;
+  }  /* else: Interpreter will throw. */
+#endif
+}
+
 /* -- Math library fast functions ----------------------------------------- */
 
 static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_math_abs(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 {
   TRef tr = lj_ir_tonum(J, J->base[0]);
-  J->base[0] = emitir(IRTN(IR_ABS), tr, lj_ir_knum_abs(J));
+  J->base[0] = emitir(IRTN(IR_ABS), tr, lj_ir_ksimd(J, LJ_KSIMD_ABS));
   UNUSED(rd);
 }
 
@@ -475,7 +613,7 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_math_atan2(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 {
   TRef tr = lj_ir_tonum(J, J->base[0]);
   TRef tr2 = lj_ir_tonum(J, J->base[1]);
-  J->base[0] = emitir(IRTN(IR_ATAN2), tr, tr2);
+  J->base[0] = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_atan2, tr, tr2);
   UNUSED(rd);
 }
 
@@ -492,55 +630,16 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_math_ldexp(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
   UNUSED(rd);
 }
 
-/* Record math.asin, math.acos, math.atan. */
-static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_math_atrig(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
-{
-  TRef y = lj_ir_tonum(J, J->base[0]);
-  TRef x = lj_ir_knum_one(J);
-  uint32_t ffid = rd->data;
-  if (ffid != FF_math_atan) {
-    TRef tmp = emitir(IRTN(IR_MUL), y, y);
-    tmp = emitir(IRTN(IR_SUB), x, tmp);
-    tmp = emitir(IRTN(IR_FPMATH), tmp, IRFPM_SQRT);
-    if (ffid == FF_math_asin) { x = tmp; } else { x = y; y = tmp; }
-  }
-  J->base[0] = emitir(IRTN(IR_ATAN2), y, x);
-}
-
-static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_math_htrig(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_math_call(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 {
   TRef tr = lj_ir_tonum(J, J->base[0]);
   J->base[0] = emitir(IRTN(IR_CALLN), tr, rd->data);
 }
 
-static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_math_modf(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
-{
-  TRef tr = J->base[0];
-  if (tref_isinteger(tr)) {
-    J->base[0] = tr;
-    J->base[1] = lj_ir_kint(J, 0);
-  } else {
-    TRef trt;
-    tr = lj_ir_tonum(J, tr);
-    trt = emitir(IRTN(IR_FPMATH), tr, IRFPM_TRUNC);
-    J->base[0] = trt;
-    J->base[1] = emitir(IRTN(IR_SUB), tr, trt);
-  }
-  rd->nres = 2;
-}
-
-static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_math_degrad(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
-{
-  TRef tr = lj_ir_tonum(J, J->base[0]);
-  TRef trm = lj_ir_knum(J, numV(&J->fn->c.upvalue[0]));
-  J->base[0] = emitir(IRTN(IR_MUL), tr, trm);
-  UNUSED(rd);
-}
-
 static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_math_pow(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 {
-  J->base[0] = lj_opt_narrow_pow(J, J->base[0], J->base[1],
-                                 &rd->argv[0], &rd->argv[1]);
+  J->base[0] = lj_opt_narrow_arith(J, J->base[0], J->base[1],
+                                   &rd->argv[0], &rd->argv[1], IR_POW);
   UNUSED(rd);
 }
 
@@ -567,7 +666,7 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_math_random(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
   GCudata *ud = udataV(&J->fn->c.upvalue[0]);
   TRef tr, one;
   lj_ir_kgc(J, obj2gco(ud), IRT_UDATA);  /* Prevent collection. */
-  tr = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_math_random_step, lj_ir_kptr(J, uddata(ud)));
+  tr = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_prng_u64d, lj_ir_kptr(J, uddata(ud)));
   one = lj_ir_knum_one(J);
   tr = emitir(IRTN(IR_SUB), tr, one);
   if (J->base[0]) {
@@ -591,48 +690,105 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_math_random(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 
 /* -- Bit library fast functions ------------------------------------------ */
 
-/* Record unary bit.tobit, bit.bnot, bit.bswap. */
+/* Record bit.tobit. */
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_bit_tobit(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef tr = J->base[0];
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  if (tref_iscdata(tr)) { recff_bit64_tobit(J, rd); return; }
+#endif
+  J->base[0] = lj_opt_narrow_tobit(J, tr);
+  UNUSED(rd);
+}
+
+/* Record unary bit.bnot, bit.bswap. */
 static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_bit_unary(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 {
-  TRef tr = lj_opt_narrow_tobit(J, J->base[0]);
-  J->base[0] = (rd->data == IR_TOBIT) ? tr : emitir(IRTI(rd->data), tr, 0);
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  if (recff_bit64_unary(J, rd))
+    return;
+#endif
+  J->base[0] = emitir(IRTI(rd->data), lj_opt_narrow_tobit(J, J->base[0]), 0);
 }
 
 /* Record N-ary bit.band, bit.bor, bit.bxor. */
 static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_bit_nary(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 {
-  TRef tr = lj_opt_narrow_tobit(J, J->base[0]);
-  uint32_t op = rd->data;
-  BCReg i;
-  for (i = 1; J->base[i] != 0; i++)
-    tr = emitir(IRTI(op), tr, lj_opt_narrow_tobit(J, J->base[i]));
-  J->base[0] = tr;
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  if (recff_bit64_nary(J, rd))
+    return;
+#endif
+  {
+    TRef tr = lj_opt_narrow_tobit(J, J->base[0]);
+    uint32_t ot = IRTI(rd->data);
+    BCReg i;
+    for (i = 1; J->base[i] != 0; i++)
+      tr = emitir(ot, tr, lj_opt_narrow_tobit(J, J->base[i]));
+    J->base[0] = tr;
+  }
 }
 
 /* Record bit shifts. */
 static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_bit_shift(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 {
-  TRef tr = lj_opt_narrow_tobit(J, J->base[0]);
-  TRef tsh = lj_opt_narrow_tobit(J, J->base[1]);
-  IROp op = (IROp)rd->data;
-  if (!(op < IR_BROL ? LJ_TARGET_MASKSHIFT : LJ_TARGET_MASKROT) &&
-      !tref_isk(tsh))
-    tsh = emitir(IRTI(IR_BAND), tsh, lj_ir_kint(J, 31));
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  if (recff_bit64_shift(J, rd))
+    return;
+#endif
+  {
+    TRef tr = lj_opt_narrow_tobit(J, J->base[0]);
+    TRef tsh = lj_opt_narrow_tobit(J, J->base[1]);
+    IROp op = (IROp)rd->data;
+    if (!(op < IR_BROL ? LJ_TARGET_MASKSHIFT : LJ_TARGET_MASKROT) &&
+        !tref_isk(tsh))
+      tsh = emitir(IRTI(IR_BAND), tsh, lj_ir_kint(J, 31));
 #ifdef LJ_TARGET_UNIFYROT
-  if (op == (LJ_TARGET_UNIFYROT == 1 ? IR_BROR : IR_BROL)) {
-    op = LJ_TARGET_UNIFYROT == 1 ? IR_BROL : IR_BROR;
-    tsh = emitir(IRTI(IR_NEG), tsh, tsh);
+    if (op == (LJ_TARGET_UNIFYROT == 1 ? IR_BROR : IR_BROL)) {
+      op = LJ_TARGET_UNIFYROT == 1 ? IR_BROL : IR_BROR;
+      tsh = emitir(IRTI(IR_NEG), tsh, tsh);
+    }
+#endif
+    J->base[0] = emitir(IRTI(op), tr, tsh);
   }
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_bit_tohex(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  TRef hdr = recff_bufhdr(J);
+  TRef tr = recff_bit64_tohex(J, rd, hdr);
+  J->base[0] = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFSTR, IRT_STR), tr, hdr);
+#else
+  recff_nyiu(J, rd);  /* Don't bother working around this NYI. */
 #endif
-  J->base[0] = emitir(IRTI(op), tr, tsh);
 }
 
 /* -- String library fast functions --------------------------------------- */
 
-static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_string_len(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+/* Specialize to relative starting position for string. */
+static TRef recff_string_start(jit_State *J, GCstr *s, int32_t *st, TRef tr,
+                               TRef trlen, TRef tr0)
 {
-  J->base[0] = emitir(IRTI(IR_FLOAD), lj_ir_tostr(J, J->base[0]), IRFL_STR_LEN);
-  UNUSED(rd);
+  int32_t start = *st;
+  if (start < 0) {
+    emitir(IRTGI(IR_LT), tr, tr0);
+    tr = emitir(IRTI(IR_ADD), trlen, tr);
+    start = start + (int32_t)s->len;
+    emitir(start < 0 ? IRTGI(IR_LT) : IRTGI(IR_GE), tr, tr0);
+    if (start < 0) {
+      tr = tr0;
+      start = 0;
+    }
+  } else if (start == 0) {
+    emitir(IRTGI(IR_EQ), tr, tr0);
+    tr = tr0;
+  } else {
+    tr = emitir(IRTI(IR_ADD), tr, lj_ir_kint(J, -1));
+    emitir(IRTGI(IR_GE), tr, tr0);
+    start--;
+  }
+  *st = start;
+  return tr;
 }
 
 /* Handle string.byte (rd->data = 0) and string.sub (rd->data = 1). */
@@ -679,39 +835,21 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_string_range(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
   } else if ((MSize)end <= str->len) {
     emitir(IRTGI(IR_ULE), trend, trlen);
   } else {
-    emitir(IRTGI(IR_GT), trend, trlen);
+    emitir(IRTGI(IR_UGT), trend, trlen);
     end = (int32_t)str->len;
     trend = trlen;
   }
-  if (start < 0) {
-    emitir(IRTGI(IR_LT), trstart, tr0);
-    trstart = emitir(IRTI(IR_ADD), trlen, trstart);
-    start = start+(int32_t)str->len;
-    emitir(start < 0 ? IRTGI(IR_LT) : IRTGI(IR_GE), trstart, tr0);
-    if (start < 0) {
-      trstart = tr0;
-      start = 0;
-    }
-  } else {
-    if (start == 0) {
-      emitir(IRTGI(IR_EQ), trstart, tr0);
-      trstart = tr0;
-    } else {
-      trstart = emitir(IRTI(IR_ADD), trstart, lj_ir_kint(J, -1));
-      emitir(IRTGI(IR_GE), trstart, tr0);
-      start--;
-    }
-  }
+  trstart = recff_string_start(J, str, &start, trstart, trlen, tr0);
   if (rd->data) {  /* Return string.sub result. */
     if (end - start >= 0) {
       /* Also handle empty range here, to avoid extra traces. */
       TRef trptr, trslen = emitir(IRTI(IR_SUB), trend, trstart);
       emitir(IRTGI(IR_GE), trslen, tr0);
-      trptr = emitir(IRT(IR_STRREF, IRT_P32), trstr, trstart);
+      trptr = emitir(IRT(IR_STRREF, IRT_PGC), trstr, trstart);
       J->base[0] = emitir(IRT(IR_SNEW, IRT_STR), trptr, trslen);
     } else {  /* Range underflow: return empty string. */
       emitir(IRTGI(IR_LT), trend, trstart);
-      J->base[0] = lj_ir_kstr(J, lj_str_new(J->L, strdata(str), 0));
+      J->base[0] = lj_ir_kstr(J, &J2G(J)->strempty);
     }
   } else {  /* Return string.byte result(s). */
     ptrdiff_t i, len = end - start;
@@ -723,7 +861,7 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_string_range(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
       rd->nres = len;
       for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
         TRef tmp = emitir(IRTI(IR_ADD), trstart, lj_ir_kint(J, (int32_t)i));
-        tmp = emitir(IRT(IR_STRREF, IRT_P32), trstr, tmp);
+        tmp = emitir(IRT(IR_STRREF, IRT_PGC), trstr, tmp);
         J->base[i] = emitir(IRT(IR_XLOAD, IRT_U8), tmp, IRXLOAD_READONLY);
       }
     } else {  /* Empty range or range underflow: return no results. */
@@ -733,48 +871,535 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_string_range(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
   }
 }
 
-/* -- Table library fast functions ---------------------------------------- */
-
-static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_table_getn(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_string_char(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 {
-  if (tref_istab(J->base[0]))
-    J->base[0] = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_tab_len, J->base[0]);
-  /* else: Interpreter will throw. */
+  TRef k255 = lj_ir_kint(J, 255);
+  BCReg i;
+  for (i = 0; J->base[i] != 0; i++) {  /* Convert char values to strings. */
+    TRef tr = lj_opt_narrow_toint(J, J->base[i]);
+    emitir(IRTGI(IR_ULE), tr, k255);
+    J->base[i] = emitir(IRT(IR_TOSTR, IRT_STR), tr, IRTOSTR_CHAR);
+  }
+  if (i > 1) {  /* Concatenate the strings, if there's more than one. */
+    TRef hdr = recff_bufhdr(J), tr = hdr;
+    for (i = 0; J->base[i] != 0; i++)
+      tr = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFPUT, IRT_PGC), tr, J->base[i]);
+    J->base[0] = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFSTR, IRT_STR), tr, hdr);
+  } else if (i == 0) {
+    J->base[0] = lj_ir_kstr(J, &J2G(J)->strempty);
+  }
   UNUSED(rd);
 }
 
-static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_table_remove(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_string_rep(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 {
-  TRef tab = J->base[0];
-  rd->nres = 0;
-  if (tref_istab(tab)) {
-    if (tref_isnil(J->base[1])) {  /* Simple pop: t[#t] = nil */
-      TRef trlen = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_tab_len, tab);
-      GCtab *t = tabV(&rd->argv[0]);
-      MSize len = lj_tab_len(t);
-      emitir(IRTGI(len ? IR_NE : IR_EQ), trlen, lj_ir_kint(J, 0));
-      if (len) {
-        RecordIndex ix;
-        ix.tab = tab;
-        ix.key = trlen;
-        settabV(J->L, &ix.tabv, t);
-        setintV(&ix.keyv, len);
-        ix.idxchain = 0;
-        if (results_wanted(J) != 0) {  /* Specialize load only if needed. */
-          ix.val = 0;
-          J->base[0] = lj_record_idx(J, &ix);  /* Load previous value. */
-          rd->nres = 1;
-          /* Assumes ix.key/ix.tab is not modified for raw lj_record_idx(). */
+  TRef str = lj_ir_tostr(J, J->base[0]);
+  TRef rep = lj_opt_narrow_toint(J, J->base[1]);
+  TRef hdr, tr, str2 = 0;
+  if (!tref_isnil(J->base[2])) {
+    TRef sep = lj_ir_tostr(J, J->base[2]);
+    int32_t vrep = argv2int(J, &rd->argv[1]);
+    emitir(IRTGI(vrep > 1 ? IR_GT : IR_LE), rep, lj_ir_kint(J, 1));
+    if (vrep > 1) {
+      TRef hdr2 = recff_bufhdr(J);
+      TRef tr2 = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFPUT, IRT_PGC), hdr2, sep);
+      tr2 = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFPUT, IRT_PGC), tr2, str);
+      str2 = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFSTR, IRT_STR), tr2, hdr2);
+    }
+  }
+  tr = hdr = recff_bufhdr(J);
+  if (str2) {
+    tr = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFPUT, IRT_PGC), tr, str);
+    str = str2;
+    rep = emitir(IRTI(IR_ADD), rep, lj_ir_kint(J, -1));
+  }
+  tr = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_buf_putstr_rep, tr, str, rep);
+  J->base[0] = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFSTR, IRT_STR), tr, hdr);
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_string_op(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef str = lj_ir_tostr(J, J->base[0]);
+  TRef hdr = recff_bufhdr(J);
+  TRef tr = lj_ir_call(J, rd->data, hdr, str);
+  J->base[0] = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFSTR, IRT_STR), tr, hdr);
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_string_find(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef trstr = lj_ir_tostr(J, J->base[0]);
+  TRef trpat = lj_ir_tostr(J, J->base[1]);
+  TRef trlen = emitir(IRTI(IR_FLOAD), trstr, IRFL_STR_LEN);
+  TRef tr0 = lj_ir_kint(J, 0);
+  TRef trstart;
+  GCstr *str = argv2str(J, &rd->argv[0]);
+  GCstr *pat = argv2str(J, &rd->argv[1]);
+  int32_t start;
+  J->needsnap = 1;
+  if (tref_isnil(J->base[2])) {
+    trstart = lj_ir_kint(J, 1);
+    start = 1;
+  } else {
+    trstart = lj_opt_narrow_toint(J, J->base[2]);
+    start = argv2int(J, &rd->argv[2]);
+  }
+  trstart = recff_string_start(J, str, &start, trstart, trlen, tr0);
+  if ((MSize)start <= str->len) {
+    emitir(IRTGI(IR_ULE), trstart, trlen);
+  } else {
+    emitir(IRTGI(IR_UGT), trstart, trlen);
+#if LJ_52
+    J->base[0] = TREF_NIL;
+    return;
+#else
+    trstart = trlen;
+    start = str->len;
+#endif
+  }
+  /* Fixed arg or no pattern matching chars? (Specialized to pattern string.) */
+  if ((J->base[2] && tref_istruecond(J->base[3])) ||
+      (emitir(IRTG(IR_EQ, IRT_STR), trpat, lj_ir_kstr(J, pat)),
+       !lj_str_haspattern(pat))) {  /* Search for fixed string. */
+    TRef trsptr = emitir(IRT(IR_STRREF, IRT_PGC), trstr, trstart);
+    TRef trpptr = emitir(IRT(IR_STRREF, IRT_PGC), trpat, tr0);
+    TRef trslen = emitir(IRTI(IR_SUB), trlen, trstart);
+    TRef trplen = emitir(IRTI(IR_FLOAD), trpat, IRFL_STR_LEN);
+    TRef tr = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_str_find, trsptr, trpptr, trslen, trplen);
+    TRef trp0 = lj_ir_kkptr(J, NULL);
+    if (lj_str_find(strdata(str)+(MSize)start, strdata(pat),
+                    str->len-(MSize)start, pat->len)) {
+      TRef pos;
+      emitir(IRTG(IR_NE, IRT_PGC), tr, trp0);
+      /* Recompute offset. trsptr may not point into trstr after folding. */
+      pos = emitir(IRTI(IR_ADD), emitir(IRTI(IR_SUB), tr, trsptr), trstart);
+      J->base[0] = emitir(IRTI(IR_ADD), pos, lj_ir_kint(J, 1));
+      J->base[1] = emitir(IRTI(IR_ADD), pos, trplen);
+      rd->nres = 2;
+    } else {
+      emitir(IRTG(IR_EQ, IRT_PGC), tr, trp0);
+      J->base[0] = TREF_NIL;
+    }
+  } else {  /* Search for pattern. */
+    recff_nyiu(J, rd);
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
+static void recff_format(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd, TRef hdr, int sbufx)
+{
+  ptrdiff_t arg = sbufx;
+  TRef tr = hdr, trfmt = lj_ir_tostr(J, J->base[arg]);
+  GCstr *fmt = argv2str(J, &rd->argv[arg]);
+  FormatState fs;
+  SFormat sf;
+  /* Specialize to the format string. */
+  emitir(IRTG(IR_EQ, IRT_STR), trfmt, lj_ir_kstr(J, fmt));
+  lj_strfmt_init(&fs, strdata(fmt), fmt->len);
+  while ((sf = lj_strfmt_parse(&fs)) != STRFMT_EOF) {  /* Parse format. */
+    TRef tra = sf == STRFMT_LIT ? 0 : J->base[++arg];
+    TRef trsf = lj_ir_kint(J, (int32_t)sf);
+    IRCallID id;
+    switch (STRFMT_TYPE(sf)) {
+    case STRFMT_LIT:
+      tr = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFPUT, IRT_PGC), tr,
+                  lj_ir_kstr(J, lj_str_new(J->L, fs.str, fs.len)));
+      break;
+    case STRFMT_INT:
+      id = IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfnum_int;
+    handle_int:
+      if (!tref_isinteger(tra)) {
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+        if (tref_iscdata(tra)) {
+          tra = lj_crecord_loadiu64(J, tra, &rd->argv[arg]);
+          tr = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfxint, tr, trsf, tra);
+          break;
         }
-        ix.val = TREF_NIL;
-        lj_record_idx(J, &ix);  /* Remove value. */
+#endif
+        goto handle_num;
+      }
+      if (sf == STRFMT_INT) { /* Shortcut for plain %d. */
+        tr = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFPUT, IRT_PGC), tr,
+                    emitir(IRT(IR_TOSTR, IRT_STR), tra, IRTOSTR_INT));
+      } else {
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+        tra = emitir(IRT(IR_CONV, IRT_U64), tra,
+                     (IRT_INT|(IRT_U64<<5)|IRCONV_SEXT));
+        tr = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfxint, tr, trsf, tra);
+        lj_needsplit(J);
+#else
+        recff_nyiu(J, rd);  /* Don't bother working around this NYI. */
+        return;
+#endif
       }
-    } else {  /* Complex case: remove in the middle. */
-      recff_nyiu(J);
+      break;
+    case STRFMT_UINT:
+      id = IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfnum_uint;
+      goto handle_int;
+    case STRFMT_NUM:
+      id = IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfnum;
+    handle_num:
+      tra = lj_ir_tonum(J, tra);
+      tr = lj_ir_call(J, id, tr, trsf, tra);
+      if (LJ_SOFTFP32) lj_needsplit(J);
+      break;
+    case STRFMT_STR:
+      if (!tref_isstr(tra)) {
+        recff_nyiu(J, rd);  /* NYI: __tostring and non-string types for %s. */
+        /* NYI: also buffers. */
+        return;
+      }
+      if (sf == STRFMT_STR)  /* Shortcut for plain %s. */
+        tr = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFPUT, IRT_PGC), tr, tra);
+      else if ((sf & STRFMT_T_QUOTED))
+        tr = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putquoted, tr, tra);
+      else
+        tr = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfstr, tr, trsf, tra);
+      break;
+    case STRFMT_CHAR:
+      tra = lj_opt_narrow_toint(J, tra);
+      if (sf == STRFMT_CHAR)  /* Shortcut for plain %c. */
+        tr = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFPUT, IRT_PGC), tr,
+                    emitir(IRT(IR_TOSTR, IRT_STR), tra, IRTOSTR_CHAR));
+      else
+        tr = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfchar, tr, trsf, tra);
+      break;
+    case STRFMT_PTR:  /* NYI */
+    case STRFMT_ERR:
+    default:
+      recff_nyiu(J, rd);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  if (sbufx) {
+    emitir(IRT(IR_USE, IRT_NIL), tr, 0);
+  } else {
+    J->base[0] = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFSTR, IRT_STR), tr, hdr);
+  }
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_string_format(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  recff_format(J, rd, recff_bufhdr(J), 0);
+}
+
+/* -- Buffer library fast functions --------------------------------------- */
+
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+
+static LJ_AINLINE TRef recff_sbufx_get_L(jit_State *J, TRef ud)
+{
+  return emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_PGC), ud, IRFL_SBUF_L);
+}
+
+static LJ_AINLINE void recff_sbufx_set_L(jit_State *J, TRef ud, TRef val)
+{
+  TRef fref = emitir(IRT(IR_FREF, IRT_PGC), ud, IRFL_SBUF_L);
+  emitir(IRT(IR_FSTORE, IRT_PGC), fref, val);
+}
+
+static LJ_AINLINE TRef recff_sbufx_get_ptr(jit_State *J, TRef ud, IRFieldID fl)
+{
+  return emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_PTR), ud, fl);
+}
+
+static LJ_AINLINE void recff_sbufx_set_ptr(jit_State *J, TRef ud, IRFieldID fl, TRef val)
+{
+  TRef fref = emitir(IRT(IR_FREF, IRT_PTR), ud, fl);
+  emitir(IRT(IR_FSTORE, IRT_PTR), fref, val);
+}
+
+static LJ_AINLINE TRef recff_sbufx_len(jit_State *J, TRef trr, TRef trw)
+{
+  TRef len = emitir(IRT(IR_SUB, IRT_INTP), trw, trr);
+  if (LJ_64)
+    len = emitir(IRTI(IR_CONV), len, (IRT_INT<<5)|IRT_INTP|IRCONV_NONE);
+  return len;
+}
+
+/* Emit typecheck for string buffer. */
+static TRef recff_sbufx_check(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd, ptrdiff_t arg)
+{
+  TRef trtype, ud = J->base[arg];
+  if (!tvisbuf(&rd->argv[arg])) lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_BADTYPE);
+  trtype = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_U8), ud, IRFL_UDATA_UDTYPE);
+  emitir(IRTGI(IR_EQ), trtype, lj_ir_kint(J, UDTYPE_BUFFER));
+  J->needsnap = 1;
+  return ud;
+}
+
+/* Emit BUFHDR for write to extended string buffer. */
+static TRef recff_sbufx_write(jit_State *J, TRef ud)
+{
+  TRef trbuf = emitir(IRT(IR_ADD, IRT_PGC), ud, lj_ir_kint(J, sizeof(GCudata)));
+  return emitir(IRT(IR_BUFHDR, IRT_PGC), trbuf, IRBUFHDR_WRITE);
+}
+
+/* Check for integer in range for the buffer API. */
+static TRef recff_sbufx_checkint(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd, ptrdiff_t arg)
+{
+  TRef tr = J->base[arg];
+  TRef trlim = lj_ir_kint(J, LJ_MAX_BUF);
+  if (tref_isinteger(tr)) {
+    emitir(IRTGI(IR_ULE), tr, trlim);
+  } else if (tref_isnum(tr)) {
+    tr = emitir(IRTI(IR_CONV), tr, IRCONV_INT_NUM|IRCONV_ANY);
+    emitir(IRTGI(IR_ULE), tr, trlim);
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  } else if (tref_iscdata(tr)) {
+    tr = lj_crecord_loadiu64(J, tr, &rd->argv[arg]);
+    emitir(IRTG(IR_ULE, IRT_U64), tr, lj_ir_kint64(J, LJ_MAX_BUF));
+    tr = emitir(IRTI(IR_CONV), tr, (IRT_INT<<5)|IRT_I64|IRCONV_NONE);
+#else
+    UNUSED(rd);
+#endif
+  } else {
+    lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_BADTYPE);
+  }
+  return tr;
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_buffer_method_reset(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef ud = recff_sbufx_check(J, rd, 0);
+  SBufExt *sbx = bufV(&rd->argv[0]);
+  int iscow = (int)sbufiscow(sbx);
+  TRef trl = recff_sbufx_get_L(J, ud);
+  TRef trcow = emitir(IRT(IR_BAND, IRT_IGC), trl, lj_ir_kint(J, SBUF_FLAG_COW));
+  TRef zero = lj_ir_kint(J, 0);
+  emitir(IRTG(iscow ? IR_NE : IR_EQ, IRT_IGC), trcow, zero);
+  if (iscow) {
+    trl = emitir(IRT(IR_BXOR, IRT_IGC), trl,
+                 LJ_GC64 ? lj_ir_kint64(J, SBUF_FLAG_COW) :
+                           lj_ir_kint(J, SBUF_FLAG_COW));
+    recff_sbufx_set_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_W, zero);
+    recff_sbufx_set_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_E, zero);
+    recff_sbufx_set_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_B, zero);
+    recff_sbufx_set_L(J, ud, trl);
+    emitir(IRT(IR_FSTORE, IRT_PGC),
+           emitir(IRT(IR_FREF, IRT_PGC), ud, IRFL_SBUF_REF), zero);
+    recff_sbufx_set_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_R, zero);
+  } else {
+    TRef trb = recff_sbufx_get_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_B);
+    recff_sbufx_set_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_W, trb);
+    recff_sbufx_set_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_R, trb);
+  }
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_buffer_method_skip(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef ud = recff_sbufx_check(J, rd, 0);
+  TRef trr = recff_sbufx_get_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_R);
+  TRef trw = recff_sbufx_get_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_W);
+  TRef len = recff_sbufx_len(J, trr, trw);
+  TRef trn = recff_sbufx_checkint(J, rd, 1);
+  len = emitir(IRTI(IR_MIN), len, trn);
+  trr = emitir(IRT(IR_ADD, IRT_PTR), trr, len);
+  recff_sbufx_set_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_R, trr);
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_buffer_method_set(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef ud = recff_sbufx_check(J, rd, 0);
+  TRef trbuf = recff_sbufx_write(J, ud);
+  TRef tr = J->base[1];
+  if (tref_isstr(tr)) {
+    TRef trp = emitir(IRT(IR_STRREF, IRT_PGC), tr, lj_ir_kint(J, 0));
+    TRef len = emitir(IRTI(IR_FLOAD), tr, IRFL_STR_LEN);
+    lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_bufx_set, trbuf, trp, len, tr);
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  } else if (tref_iscdata(tr)) {
+    TRef trp = lj_crecord_topcvoid(J, tr, &rd->argv[1]);
+    TRef len = recff_sbufx_checkint(J, rd, 2);
+    lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_bufx_set, trbuf, trp, len, tr);
+#endif
+  }  /* else: Interpreter will throw. */
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_buffer_method_put(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef ud = recff_sbufx_check(J, rd, 0);
+  TRef trbuf = recff_sbufx_write(J, ud);
+  TRef tr;
+  ptrdiff_t arg;
+  if (!J->base[1]) return;
+  for (arg = 1; (tr = J->base[arg]); arg++) {
+    if (tref_isudata(tr)) {
+      TRef ud2 = recff_sbufx_check(J, rd, arg);
+      emitir(IRTG(IR_NE, IRT_PGC), ud, ud2);
+    }
+  }
+  for (arg = 1; (tr = J->base[arg]); arg++) {
+    if (tref_isstr(tr)) {
+      trbuf = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFPUT, IRT_PGC), trbuf, tr);
+    } else if (tref_isnumber(tr)) {
+      trbuf = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFPUT, IRT_PGC), trbuf,
+                     emitir(IRT(IR_TOSTR, IRT_STR), tr,
+                            tref_isnum(tr) ? IRTOSTR_NUM : IRTOSTR_INT));
+    } else if (tref_isudata(tr)) {
+      TRef trr = recff_sbufx_get_ptr(J, tr, IRFL_SBUF_R);
+      TRef trw = recff_sbufx_get_ptr(J, tr, IRFL_SBUF_W);
+      TRef len = recff_sbufx_len(J, trr, trw);
+      trbuf = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_buf_putmem, trbuf, trr, len);
+    } else {
+      recff_nyiu(J, rd);
+    }
+  }
+  emitir(IRT(IR_USE, IRT_NIL), trbuf, 0);
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_buffer_method_putf(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef ud = recff_sbufx_check(J, rd, 0);
+  TRef trbuf = recff_sbufx_write(J, ud);
+  recff_format(J, rd, trbuf, 1);
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_buffer_method_get(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef ud = recff_sbufx_check(J, rd, 0);
+  TRef trr = recff_sbufx_get_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_R);
+  TRef trw = recff_sbufx_get_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_W);
+  TRef tr;
+  ptrdiff_t arg;
+  if (!J->base[1]) { J->base[1] = TREF_NIL; J->base[2] = 0; }
+  for (arg = 0; (tr = J->base[arg+1]); arg++) {
+    if (!tref_isnil(tr)) {
+      J->base[arg+1] = recff_sbufx_checkint(J, rd, arg+1);
     }
+  }
+  for (arg = 0; (tr = J->base[arg+1]); arg++) {
+    TRef len = recff_sbufx_len(J, trr, trw);
+    if (tref_isnil(tr)) {
+      J->base[arg] = emitir(IRT(IR_XSNEW, IRT_STR), trr, len);
+      trr = trw;
+    } else {
+      TRef tru;
+      len = emitir(IRTI(IR_MIN), len, tr);
+      tru = emitir(IRT(IR_ADD, IRT_PTR), trr, len);
+      J->base[arg] = emitir(IRT(IR_XSNEW, IRT_STR), trr, len);
+      trr = tru;  /* Doing the ADD before the SNEW generates better code. */
+    }
+    recff_sbufx_set_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_R, trr);
+  }
+  rd->nres = arg;
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_buffer_method___tostring(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef ud = recff_sbufx_check(J, rd, 0);
+  TRef trr = recff_sbufx_get_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_R);
+  TRef trw = recff_sbufx_get_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_W);
+  J->base[0] = emitir(IRT(IR_XSNEW, IRT_STR), trr, recff_sbufx_len(J, trr, trw));
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_buffer_method___len(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef ud = recff_sbufx_check(J, rd, 0);
+  TRef trr = recff_sbufx_get_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_R);
+  TRef trw = recff_sbufx_get_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_W);
+  J->base[0] = recff_sbufx_len(J, trr, trw);
+}
+
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_buffer_method_putcdata(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef ud = recff_sbufx_check(J, rd, 0);
+  TRef trbuf = recff_sbufx_write(J, ud);
+  TRef tr = lj_crecord_topcvoid(J, J->base[1], &rd->argv[1]);
+  TRef len = recff_sbufx_checkint(J, rd, 2);
+  trbuf = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_buf_putmem, trbuf, tr, len);
+  emitir(IRT(IR_USE, IRT_NIL), trbuf, 0);
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_buffer_method_reserve(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef ud = recff_sbufx_check(J, rd, 0);
+  TRef trbuf = recff_sbufx_write(J, ud);
+  TRef trsz = recff_sbufx_checkint(J, rd, 1);
+  J->base[1] = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_bufx_more, trbuf, trsz);
+  J->base[0] = lj_crecord_topuint8(J, recff_sbufx_get_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_W));
+  rd->nres = 2;
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_buffer_method_commit(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef ud = recff_sbufx_check(J, rd, 0);
+  TRef len = recff_sbufx_checkint(J, rd, 1);
+  TRef trw = recff_sbufx_get_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_W);
+  TRef tre = recff_sbufx_get_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_E);
+  TRef left = emitir(IRT(IR_SUB, IRT_INTP), tre, trw);
+  if (LJ_64)
+    left = emitir(IRTI(IR_CONV), left, (IRT_INT<<5)|IRT_INTP|IRCONV_NONE);
+  emitir(IRTGI(IR_ULE), len, left);
+  trw = emitir(IRT(IR_ADD, IRT_PTR), trw, len);
+  recff_sbufx_set_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_W, trw);
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_buffer_method_ref(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef ud = recff_sbufx_check(J, rd, 0);
+  TRef trr = recff_sbufx_get_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_R);
+  TRef trw = recff_sbufx_get_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_W);
+  J->base[0] = lj_crecord_topuint8(J, trr);
+  J->base[1] = recff_sbufx_len(J, trr, trw);
+  rd->nres = 2;
+}
+#endif
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_buffer_method_encode(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef ud = recff_sbufx_check(J, rd, 0);
+  TRef trbuf = recff_sbufx_write(J, ud);
+  TRef tmp = recff_tmpref(J, J->base[1], IRTMPREF_IN1);
+  lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_serialize_put, trbuf, tmp);
+  /* No IR_USE needed, since the call is a store. */
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_buffer_method_decode(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef ud = recff_sbufx_check(J, rd, 0);
+  TRef trbuf = recff_sbufx_write(J, ud);
+  TRef tmp = recff_tmpref(J, TREF_NIL, IRTMPREF_OUT1);
+  TRef trr = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_serialize_get, trbuf, tmp);
+  IRType t = (IRType)lj_serialize_peektype(bufV(&rd->argv[0]));
+  /* No IR_USE needed, since the call is a store. */
+  J->base[0] = lj_record_vload(J, tmp, 0, t);
+  /* The sbx->r store must be after the VLOAD type check, in case it fails. */
+  recff_sbufx_set_ptr(J, ud, IRFL_SBUF_R, trr);
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_buffer_encode(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef tmp = recff_tmpref(J, J->base[0], IRTMPREF_IN1);
+  J->base[0] = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_serialize_encode, tmp);
+  /* IR_USE needed for IR_CALLA, because the encoder may throw non-OOM. */
+  emitir(IRT(IR_USE, IRT_NIL), J->base[0], 0);
+  UNUSED(rd);
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_buffer_decode(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  if (tvisstr(&rd->argv[0])) {
+    GCstr *str = strV(&rd->argv[0]);
+    SBufExt sbx;
+    IRType t;
+    TRef tmp = recff_tmpref(J, TREF_NIL, IRTMPREF_OUT1);
+    TRef tr = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_serialize_decode, tmp, J->base[0]);
+    /* IR_USE needed for IR_CALLA, because the decoder may throw non-OOM.
+    ** That's why IRCALL_lj_serialize_decode needs a fake INT result.
+    */
+    emitir(IRT(IR_USE, IRT_NIL), tr, 0);
+    memset(&sbx, 0, sizeof(SBufExt));
+    lj_bufx_set_cow(J->L, &sbx, strdata(str), str->len);
+    t = (IRType)lj_serialize_peektype(&sbx);
+    J->base[0] = lj_record_vload(J, tmp, 0, t);
   }  /* else: Interpreter will throw. */
 }
 
+#endif
+
+/* -- Table library fast functions ---------------------------------------- */
+
 static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_table_insert(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
 {
   RecordIndex ix;
@@ -783,7 +1408,7 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_table_insert(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
   rd->nres = 0;
   if (tref_istab(ix.tab) && ix.val) {
     if (!J->base[2]) {  /* Simple push: t[#t+1] = v */
-      TRef trlen = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_tab_len, ix.tab);
+      TRef trlen = emitir(IRTI(IR_ALEN), ix.tab, TREF_NIL);
       GCtab *t = tabV(&rd->argv[0]);
       ix.key = emitir(IRTI(IR_ADD), trlen, lj_ir_kint(J, 1));
       settabV(J->L, &ix.tabv, t);
@@ -791,11 +1416,49 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_table_insert(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
       ix.idxchain = 0;
       lj_record_idx(J, &ix);  /* Set new value. */
     } else {  /* Complex case: insert in the middle. */
-      recff_nyiu(J);
+      recff_nyiu(J, rd);
+      return;
     }
   }  /* else: Interpreter will throw. */
 }
 
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_table_concat(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef tab = J->base[0];
+  if (tref_istab(tab)) {
+    TRef sep = !tref_isnil(J->base[1]) ?
+               lj_ir_tostr(J, J->base[1]) : lj_ir_knull(J, IRT_STR);
+    TRef tri = (J->base[1] && !tref_isnil(J->base[2])) ?
+               lj_opt_narrow_toint(J, J->base[2]) : lj_ir_kint(J, 1);
+    TRef tre = (J->base[1] && J->base[2] && !tref_isnil(J->base[3])) ?
+               lj_opt_narrow_toint(J, J->base[3]) :
+               emitir(IRTI(IR_ALEN), tab, TREF_NIL);
+    TRef hdr = recff_bufhdr(J);
+    TRef tr = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_buf_puttab, hdr, tab, sep, tri, tre);
+    emitir(IRTG(IR_NE, IRT_PTR), tr, lj_ir_kptr(J, NULL));
+    J->base[0] = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFSTR, IRT_STR), tr, hdr);
+  }  /* else: Interpreter will throw. */
+  UNUSED(rd);
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_table_new(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef tra = lj_opt_narrow_toint(J, J->base[0]);
+  TRef trh = lj_opt_narrow_toint(J, J->base[1]);
+  J->base[0] = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_tab_new_ah, tra, trh);
+  UNUSED(rd);
+}
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_table_clear(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  TRef tr = J->base[0];
+  if (tref_istab(tr)) {
+    rd->nres = 0;
+    lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_tab_clear, tr);
+    J->needsnap = 1;
+  }  /* else: Interpreter will throw. */
+}
+
 /* -- I/O library fast functions ------------------------------------------ */
 
 /* Get FILE* for I/O function. Any I/O error aborts recording, so there's
@@ -805,8 +1468,7 @@ static TRef recff_io_fp(jit_State *J, TRef *udp, int32_t id)
 {
   TRef tr, ud, fp;
   if (id) {  /* io.func() */
-    tr = lj_ir_kptr(J, &J2G(J)->gcroot[id]);
-    ud = emitir(IRT(IR_XLOAD, IRT_UDATA), tr, 0);
+    ud = lj_ir_ggfload(J, IRT_UDATA, GG_OFS(g.gcroot[id]));
   } else {  /* fp:method() */
     ud = J->base[0];
     if (!tref_isudata(ud))
@@ -828,10 +1490,13 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_io_write(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
   ptrdiff_t i = rd->data == 0 ? 1 : 0;
   for (; J->base[i]; i++) {
     TRef str = lj_ir_tostr(J, J->base[i]);
-    TRef buf = emitir(IRT(IR_STRREF, IRT_P32), str, zero);
+    TRef buf = emitir(IRT(IR_STRREF, IRT_PGC), str, zero);
     TRef len = emitir(IRTI(IR_FLOAD), str, IRFL_STR_LEN);
     if (tref_isk(len) && IR(tref_ref(len))->i == 1) {
-      TRef tr = emitir(IRT(IR_XLOAD, IRT_U8), buf, IRXLOAD_READONLY);
+      IRIns *irs = IR(tref_ref(str));
+      TRef tr = (irs->o == IR_TOSTR && irs->op2 == IRTOSTR_CHAR) ?
+                irs->op1 :
+                emitir(IRT(IR_XLOAD, IRT_U8), buf, IRXLOAD_READONLY);
       tr = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_fputc, tr, fp);
       if (results_wanted(J) != 0)  /* Check result only if not ignored. */
         emitir(IRTGI(IR_NE), tr, lj_ir_kint(J, -1));
@@ -853,6 +1518,28 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_io_flush(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
   J->base[0] = TREF_TRUE;
 }
 
+/* -- Debug library fast functions ---------------------------------------- */
+
+static void LJ_FASTCALL recff_debug_getmetatable(jit_State *J, RecordFFData *rd)
+{
+  GCtab *mt;
+  TRef mtref;
+  TRef tr = J->base[0];
+  if (tref_istab(tr)) {
+    mt = tabref(tabV(&rd->argv[0])->metatable);
+    mtref = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_TAB), tr, IRFL_TAB_META);
+  } else if (tref_isudata(tr)) {
+    mt = tabref(udataV(&rd->argv[0])->metatable);
+    mtref = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_TAB), tr, IRFL_UDATA_META);
+  } else {
+    mt = tabref(basemt_obj(J2G(J), &rd->argv[0]));
+    J->base[0] = mt ? lj_ir_ktab(J, mt) : TREF_NIL;
+    return;
+  }
+  emitir(IRTG(mt ? IR_NE : IR_EQ, IRT_TAB), mtref, lj_ir_knull(J, IRT_TAB));
+  J->base[0] = mt ? mtref : TREF_NIL;
+}
+
 /* -- Record calls to fast functions -------------------------------------- */
 
 #include "lj_recdef.h"
diff --git a/src/lj_frame.h b/src/lj_frame.h
index 35cbb4ea..bb7dda63 100644
--- a/src/lj_frame.h
+++ b/src/lj_frame.h
@@ -11,7 +11,16 @@
 
 /* -- Lua stack frame ----------------------------------------------------- */
 
-/* Frame type markers in callee function slot (callee base-1). */
+/* Frame type markers in LSB of PC (4-byte aligned) or delta (8-byte aligned:
+**
+**    PC  00  Lua frame
+** delta 001  C frame
+** delta 010  Continuation frame
+** delta 011  Lua vararg frame
+** delta 101  cpcall() frame
+** delta 110  ff pcall() frame
+** delta 111  ff pcall() frame with active hook
+*/
 enum {
   FRAME_LUA, FRAME_C, FRAME_CONT, FRAME_VARG,
   FRAME_LUAP, FRAME_CP, FRAME_PCALL, FRAME_PCALLH
@@ -21,9 +30,47 @@ enum {
 #define FRAME_TYPEP             (FRAME_TYPE|FRAME_P)
 
 /* Macros to access and modify Lua frames. */
+#if LJ_FR2
+/* Two-slot frame info, required for 64 bit PC/GCRef:
+**
+**                   base-2  base-1      |  base  base+1 ...
+**                  [func   PC/delta/ft] | [slots ...]
+**                  ^-- frame            | ^-- base   ^-- top
+**
+** Continuation frames:
+**
+**   base-4  base-3  base-2  base-1      |  base  base+1 ...
+**  [cont      PC ] [func   PC/delta/ft] | [slots ...]
+**                  ^-- frame            | ^-- base   ^-- top
+*/
+#define frame_gc(f)             (gcval((f)-1))
+#define frame_ftsz(f)           ((ptrdiff_t)(f)->ftsz)
+#define frame_pc(f)             ((const BCIns *)frame_ftsz(f))
+#define setframe_gc(f, p, tp)   (setgcVraw((f), (p), (tp)))
+#define setframe_ftsz(f, sz)    ((f)->ftsz = (sz))
+#define setframe_pc(f, pc)      ((f)->ftsz = (int64_t)(intptr_t)(pc))
+#else
+/* One-slot frame info, sufficient for 32 bit PC/GCRef:
+**
+**              base-1              |  base  base+1 ...
+**              lo     hi           |
+**             [func | PC/delta/ft] | [slots ...]
+**             ^-- frame            | ^-- base   ^-- top
+**
+** Continuation frames:
+**
+**  base-2      base-1              |  base  base+1 ...
+**  lo     hi   lo     hi           |
+** [cont | PC] [func | PC/delta/ft] | [slots ...]
+**             ^-- frame            | ^-- base   ^-- top
+*/
 #define frame_gc(f)             (gcref((f)->fr.func))
-#define frame_func(f)           (&frame_gc(f)->fn)
-#define frame_ftsz(f)           ((f)->fr.tp.ftsz)
+#define frame_ftsz(f)           ((ptrdiff_t)(f)->fr.tp.ftsz)
+#define frame_pc(f)             (mref((f)->fr.tp.pcr, const BCIns))
+#define setframe_gc(f, p, tp)   (setgcref((f)->fr.func, (p)), UNUSED(tp))
+#define setframe_ftsz(f, sz)    ((f)->fr.tp.ftsz = (int32_t)(sz))
+#define setframe_pc(f, pc)      (setmref((f)->fr.tp.pcr, (pc)))
+#endif
 
 #define frame_type(f)           (frame_ftsz(f) & FRAME_TYPE)
 #define frame_typep(f)          (frame_ftsz(f) & FRAME_TYPEP)
@@ -33,33 +80,53 @@ enum {
 #define frame_isvarg(f)         (frame_typep(f) == FRAME_VARG)
 #define frame_ispcall(f)        ((frame_ftsz(f) & 6) == FRAME_PCALL)
 
-#define frame_pc(f)             (mref((f)->fr.tp.pcr, const BCIns))
+#define frame_func(f)           (&frame_gc(f)->fn)
+#define frame_delta(f)          (frame_ftsz(f) >> 3)
+#define frame_sized(f)          (frame_ftsz(f) & ~FRAME_TYPEP)
+
+enum { LJ_CONT_TAILCALL, LJ_CONT_FFI_CALLBACK };  /* Special continuations. */
+
+#if LJ_FR2
+#define frame_contpc(f)         (frame_pc((f)-2))
+#define frame_contv(f)          (((f)-3)->u64)
+#else
 #define frame_contpc(f)         (frame_pc((f)-1))
-#if LJ_64
+#define frame_contv(f)          (((f)-1)->u32.lo)
+#endif
+#if LJ_FR2
+#define frame_contf(f)          ((ASMFunction)(uintptr_t)((f)-3)->u64)
+#elif LJ_64
 #define frame_contf(f) \
   ((ASMFunction)(void *)((intptr_t)lj_vm_asm_begin + \
                          (intptr_t)(int32_t)((f)-1)->u32.lo))
 #else
 #define frame_contf(f)          ((ASMFunction)gcrefp(((f)-1)->gcr, void))
 #endif
-#define frame_delta(f)          (frame_ftsz(f) >> 3)
-#define frame_sized(f)          (frame_ftsz(f) & ~FRAME_TYPEP)
+#define frame_iscont_fficb(f) \
+  (LJ_HASFFI && frame_contv(f) == LJ_CONT_FFI_CALLBACK)
 
-#define frame_prevl(f)          ((f) - (1+bc_a(frame_pc(f)[-1])))
+#define frame_prevl(f)          ((f) - (1+LJ_FR2+bc_a(frame_pc(f)[-1])))
 #define frame_prevd(f)          ((TValue *)((char *)(f) - frame_sized(f)))
 #define frame_prev(f)           (frame_islua(f)?frame_prevl(f):frame_prevd(f))
 /* Note: this macro does not skip over FRAME_VARG. */
 
-#define setframe_pc(f, pc)      (setmref((f)->fr.tp.pcr, (pc)))
-#define setframe_ftsz(f, sz)    ((f)->fr.tp.ftsz = (sz))
-#define setframe_gc(f, p)       (setgcref((f)->fr.func, (p)))
-
 /* -- C stack frame ------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Macros to access and modify the C stack frame chain. */
 
 /* These definitions must match with the arch-specific *.dasc files. */
 #if LJ_TARGET_X86
+#if LJ_ABI_WIN
+#define CFRAME_OFS_ERRF         (19*4)
+#define CFRAME_OFS_NRES         (18*4)
+#define CFRAME_OFS_PREV         (17*4)
+#define CFRAME_OFS_L            (16*4)
+#define CFRAME_OFS_SEH          (9*4)
+#define CFRAME_OFS_PC           (6*4)
+#define CFRAME_OFS_MULTRES      (5*4)
+#define CFRAME_SIZE             (16*4)
+#define CFRAME_SHIFT_MULTRES    0
+#else
 #define CFRAME_OFS_ERRF         (15*4)
 #define CFRAME_OFS_NRES         (14*4)
 #define CFRAME_OFS_PREV         (13*4)
@@ -68,24 +135,41 @@ enum {
 #define CFRAME_OFS_MULTRES      (5*4)
 #define CFRAME_SIZE             (12*4)
 #define CFRAME_SHIFT_MULTRES    0
+#endif
 #elif LJ_TARGET_X64
 #if LJ_ABI_WIN
 #define CFRAME_OFS_PREV         (13*8)
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define CFRAME_OFS_PC           (12*8)
+#define CFRAME_OFS_L            (11*8)
+#define CFRAME_OFS_ERRF         (21*4)
+#define CFRAME_OFS_NRES         (20*4)
+#define CFRAME_OFS_MULTRES      (8*4)
+#else
 #define CFRAME_OFS_PC           (25*4)
 #define CFRAME_OFS_L            (24*4)
 #define CFRAME_OFS_ERRF         (23*4)
 #define CFRAME_OFS_NRES         (22*4)
 #define CFRAME_OFS_MULTRES      (21*4)
+#endif
 #define CFRAME_SIZE             (10*8)
 #define CFRAME_SIZE_JIT         (CFRAME_SIZE + 9*16 + 4*8)
 #define CFRAME_SHIFT_MULTRES    0
 #else
 #define CFRAME_OFS_PREV         (4*8)
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define CFRAME_OFS_PC           (3*8)
+#define CFRAME_OFS_L            (2*8)
+#define CFRAME_OFS_ERRF         (3*4)
+#define CFRAME_OFS_NRES         (2*4)
+#define CFRAME_OFS_MULTRES      (0*4)
+#else
 #define CFRAME_OFS_PC           (7*4)
 #define CFRAME_OFS_L            (6*4)
 #define CFRAME_OFS_ERRF         (5*4)
 #define CFRAME_OFS_NRES         (4*4)
 #define CFRAME_OFS_MULTRES      (1*4)
+#endif
 #if LJ_NO_UNWIND
 #define CFRAME_SIZE             (12*8)
 #else
@@ -107,6 +191,15 @@ enum {
 #define CFRAME_SIZE             64
 #endif
 #define CFRAME_SHIFT_MULTRES    3
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+#define CFRAME_OFS_ERRF         36
+#define CFRAME_OFS_NRES         40
+#define CFRAME_OFS_PREV         0
+#define CFRAME_OFS_L            16
+#define CFRAME_OFS_PC           8
+#define CFRAME_OFS_MULTRES      32
+#define CFRAME_SIZE             208
+#define CFRAME_SHIFT_MULTRES    3
 #elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
 #if LJ_TARGET_XBOX360
 #define CFRAME_OFS_ERRF         424
@@ -117,7 +210,7 @@ enum {
 #define CFRAME_OFS_MULTRES      408
 #define CFRAME_SIZE             384
 #define CFRAME_SHIFT_MULTRES    3
-#elif LJ_ARCH_PPC64
+#elif LJ_ARCH_PPC32ON64
 #define CFRAME_OFS_ERRF         472
 #define CFRAME_OFS_NRES         468
 #define CFRAME_OFS_PREV         448
@@ -133,26 +226,43 @@ enum {
 #define CFRAME_OFS_L            36
 #define CFRAME_OFS_PC           32
 #define CFRAME_OFS_MULTRES      28
-#define CFRAME_SIZE             272
+#define CFRAME_SIZE             (LJ_ARCH_HASFPU ? 272 : 128)
 #define CFRAME_SHIFT_MULTRES    3
 #endif
-#elif LJ_TARGET_PPCSPE
-#define CFRAME_OFS_ERRF         28
-#define CFRAME_OFS_NRES         24
-#define CFRAME_OFS_PREV         20
-#define CFRAME_OFS_L            16
-#define CFRAME_OFS_PC           12
-#define CFRAME_OFS_MULTRES      8
-#define CFRAME_SIZE             184
-#define CFRAME_SHIFT_MULTRES    3
-#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS
+#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS32
+#if LJ_ARCH_HASFPU
 #define CFRAME_OFS_ERRF         124
 #define CFRAME_OFS_NRES         120
 #define CFRAME_OFS_PREV         116
 #define CFRAME_OFS_L            112
+#define CFRAME_SIZE             112
+#else
+#define CFRAME_OFS_ERRF         76
+#define CFRAME_OFS_NRES         72
+#define CFRAME_OFS_PREV         68
+#define CFRAME_OFS_L            64
+#define CFRAME_SIZE             64
+#endif
 #define CFRAME_OFS_PC           20
 #define CFRAME_OFS_MULTRES      16
-#define CFRAME_SIZE             112
+#define CFRAME_SHIFT_MULTRES    3
+#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS64
+#if LJ_ARCH_HASFPU
+#define CFRAME_OFS_ERRF         188
+#define CFRAME_OFS_NRES         184
+#define CFRAME_OFS_PREV         176
+#define CFRAME_OFS_L            168
+#define CFRAME_OFS_PC           160
+#define CFRAME_SIZE             192
+#else
+#define CFRAME_OFS_ERRF         124
+#define CFRAME_OFS_NRES         120
+#define CFRAME_OFS_PREV         112
+#define CFRAME_OFS_L            104
+#define CFRAME_OFS_PC           96
+#define CFRAME_SIZE             128
+#endif
+#define CFRAME_OFS_MULTRES      0
 #define CFRAME_SHIFT_MULTRES    3
 #else
 #error "Missing CFRAME_* definitions for this architecture"
diff --git a/src/lj_func.c b/src/lj_func.c
index 4ac47875..6a537649 100644
--- a/src/lj_func.c
+++ b/src/lj_func.c
@@ -24,9 +24,11 @@ void LJ_FASTCALL lj_func_freeproto(global_State *g, GCproto *pt)
 
 /* -- Upvalues ------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
-static void unlinkuv(GCupval *uv)
+static void unlinkuv(global_State *g, GCupval *uv)
 {
-  lua_assert(uvprev(uvnext(uv)) == uv && uvnext(uvprev(uv)) == uv);
+  UNUSED(g);
+  lj_assertG(uvprev(uvnext(uv)) == uv && uvnext(uvprev(uv)) == uv,
+             "broken upvalue chain");
   setgcrefr(uvnext(uv)->prev, uv->prev);
   setgcrefr(uvprev(uv)->next, uv->next);
 }
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ static GCupval *func_finduv(lua_State *L, TValue *slot)
   GCupval *uv;
   /* Search the sorted list of open upvalues. */
   while (gcref(*pp) != NULL && uvval((p = gco2uv(gcref(*pp)))) >= slot) {
-    lua_assert(!p->closed && uvval(p) != &p->tv);
+    lj_assertG(!p->closed && uvval(p) != &p->tv, "closed upvalue in chain");
     if (uvval(p) == slot) {  /* Found open upvalue pointing to same slot? */
       if (isdead(g, obj2gco(p)))  /* Resurrect it, if it's dead. */
         flipwhite(obj2gco(p));
@@ -61,7 +63,8 @@ static GCupval *func_finduv(lua_State *L, TValue *slot)
   setgcrefr(uv->next, g->uvhead.next);
   setgcref(uvnext(uv)->prev, obj2gco(uv));
   setgcref(g->uvhead.next, obj2gco(uv));
-  lua_assert(uvprev(uvnext(uv)) == uv && uvnext(uvprev(uv)) == uv);
+  lj_assertG(uvprev(uvnext(uv)) == uv && uvnext(uvprev(uv)) == uv,
+             "broken upvalue chain");
   return uv;
 }
 
@@ -84,12 +87,13 @@ void LJ_FASTCALL lj_func_closeuv(lua_State *L, TValue *level)
   while (gcref(L->openupval) != NULL &&
          uvval((uv = gco2uv(gcref(L->openupval)))) >= level) {
     GCobj *o = obj2gco(uv);
-    lua_assert(!isblack(o) && !uv->closed && uvval(uv) != &uv->tv);
+    lj_assertG(!isblack(o), "bad black upvalue");
+    lj_assertG(!uv->closed && uvval(uv) != &uv->tv, "closed upvalue in chain");
     setgcrefr(L->openupval, uv->nextgc);  /* No longer in open list. */
     if (isdead(g, o)) {
       lj_func_freeuv(g, uv);
     } else {
-      unlinkuv(uv);
+      unlinkuv(g, uv);
       lj_gc_closeuv(g, uv);
     }
   }
@@ -98,7 +102,7 @@ void LJ_FASTCALL lj_func_closeuv(lua_State *L, TValue *level)
 void LJ_FASTCALL lj_func_freeuv(global_State *g, GCupval *uv)
 {
   if (!uv->closed)
-    unlinkuv(uv);
+    unlinkuv(g, uv);
   lj_mem_freet(g, uv);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lj_gc.c b/src/lj_gc.c
index 06484f6f..c3a0c258 100644
--- a/src/lj_gc.c
+++ b/src/lj_gc.c
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 #include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
 #include "lj_func.h"
@@ -24,7 +25,9 @@
 #include "lj_cdata.h"
 #endif
 #include "lj_trace.h"
+#include "lj_dispatch.h"
 #include "lj_vm.h"
+#include "lj_vmevent.h"
 
 #define GCSTEPSIZE      1024u
 #define GCSWEEPMAX      40
@@ -40,7 +43,8 @@
 
 /* Mark a TValue (if needed). */
 #define gc_marktv(g, tv) \
-  { lua_assert(!tvisgcv(tv) || (~itype(tv) == gcval(tv)->gch.gct)); \
+  { lj_assertG(!tvisgcv(tv) || (~itype(tv) == gcval(tv)->gch.gct), \
+               "TValue and GC type mismatch"); \
     if (tviswhite(tv)) gc_mark(g, gcV(tv)); }
 
 /* Mark a GCobj (if needed). */
@@ -54,21 +58,32 @@
 static void gc_mark(global_State *g, GCobj *o)
 {
   int gct = o->gch.gct;
-  lua_assert(iswhite(o) && !isdead(g, o));
+  lj_assertG(iswhite(o), "mark of non-white object");
+  lj_assertG(!isdead(g, o), "mark of dead object");
   white2gray(o);
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY(gct == ~LJ_TUDATA)) {
     GCtab *mt = tabref(gco2ud(o)->metatable);
     gray2black(o);  /* Userdata are never gray. */
     if (mt) gc_markobj(g, mt);
     gc_markobj(g, tabref(gco2ud(o)->env));
+    if (LJ_HASBUFFER && gco2ud(o)->udtype == UDTYPE_BUFFER) {
+      SBufExt *sbx = (SBufExt *)uddata(gco2ud(o));
+      if (sbufiscow(sbx) && gcref(sbx->cowref))
+        gc_markobj(g, gcref(sbx->cowref));
+      if (gcref(sbx->dict_str))
+        gc_markobj(g, gcref(sbx->dict_str));
+      if (gcref(sbx->dict_mt))
+        gc_markobj(g, gcref(sbx->dict_mt));
+    }
   } else if (LJ_UNLIKELY(gct == ~LJ_TUPVAL)) {
     GCupval *uv = gco2uv(o);
     gc_marktv(g, uvval(uv));
     if (uv->closed)
       gray2black(o);  /* Closed upvalues are never gray. */
   } else if (gct != ~LJ_TSTR && gct != ~LJ_TCDATA) {
-    lua_assert(gct == ~LJ_TFUNC || gct == ~LJ_TTAB ||
-               gct == ~LJ_TTHREAD || gct == ~LJ_TPROTO);
+    lj_assertG(gct == ~LJ_TFUNC || gct == ~LJ_TTAB ||
+               gct == ~LJ_TTHREAD || gct == ~LJ_TPROTO || gct == ~LJ_TTRACE,
+               "bad GC type %d", gct);
     setgcrefr(o->gch.gclist, g->gc.gray);
     setgcref(g->gc.gray, o);
   }
@@ -101,7 +116,8 @@ static void gc_mark_uv(global_State *g)
 {
   GCupval *uv;
   for (uv = uvnext(&g->uvhead); uv != &g->uvhead; uv = uvnext(uv)) {
-    lua_assert(uvprev(uvnext(uv)) == uv && uvnext(uvprev(uv)) == uv);
+    lj_assertG(uvprev(uvnext(uv)) == uv && uvnext(uvprev(uv)) == uv,
+               "broken upvalue chain");
     if (isgray(obj2gco(uv)))
       gc_marktv(g, uvval(uv));
   }
@@ -196,7 +212,7 @@ static int gc_traverse_tab(global_State *g, GCtab *t)
     for (i = 0; i <= hmask; i++) {
       Node *n = &node[i];
       if (!tvisnil(&n->val)) {  /* Mark non-empty slot. */
-        lua_assert(!tvisnil(&n->key));
+        lj_assertG(!tvisnil(&n->key), "mark of nil key in non-empty slot");
         if (!(weak & LJ_GC_WEAKKEY)) gc_marktv(g, &n->key);
         if (!(weak & LJ_GC_WEAKVAL)) gc_marktv(g, &n->val);
       }
@@ -211,7 +227,8 @@ static void gc_traverse_func(global_State *g, GCfunc *fn)
   gc_markobj(g, tabref(fn->c.env));
   if (isluafunc(fn)) {
     uint32_t i;
-    lua_assert(fn->l.nupvalues <= funcproto(fn)->sizeuv);
+    lj_assertG(fn->l.nupvalues <= funcproto(fn)->sizeuv,
+               "function upvalues out of range");
     gc_markobj(g, funcproto(fn));
     for (i = 0; i < fn->l.nupvalues; i++)  /* Mark Lua function upvalues. */
       gc_markobj(g, &gcref(fn->l.uvptr[i])->uv);
@@ -227,7 +244,7 @@ static void gc_traverse_func(global_State *g, GCfunc *fn)
 static void gc_marktrace(global_State *g, TraceNo traceno)
 {
   GCobj *o = obj2gco(traceref(G2J(g), traceno));
-  lua_assert(traceno != G2J(g)->cur.traceno);
+  lj_assertG(traceno != G2J(g)->cur.traceno, "active trace escaped");
   if (iswhite(o)) {
     white2gray(o);
     setgcrefr(o->gch.gclist, g->gc.gray);
@@ -244,6 +261,8 @@ static void gc_traverse_trace(global_State *g, GCtrace *T)
     IRIns *ir = &T->ir[ref];
     if (ir->o == IR_KGC)
       gc_markobj(g, ir_kgc(ir));
+    if (irt_is64(ir->t) && ir->o != IR_KNULL)
+      ref++;
   }
   if (T->link) gc_marktrace(g, T->link);
   if (T->nextroot) gc_marktrace(g, T->nextroot);
@@ -274,12 +293,12 @@ static MSize gc_traverse_frames(global_State *g, lua_State *th)
 {
   TValue *frame, *top = th->top-1, *bot = tvref(th->stack);
   /* Note: extra vararg frame not skipped, marks function twice (harmless). */
-  for (frame = th->base-1; frame > bot; frame = frame_prev(frame)) {
+  for (frame = th->base-1; frame > bot+LJ_FR2; frame = frame_prev(frame)) {
     GCfunc *fn = frame_func(frame);
     TValue *ftop = frame;
     if (isluafunc(fn)) ftop += funcproto(fn)->framesize;
     if (ftop > top) top = ftop;
-    gc_markobj(g, fn);  /* Need to mark hidden function (or L). */
+    if (!LJ_FR2) gc_markobj(g, fn);  /* Need to mark hidden function (or L). */
   }
   top++;  /* Correct bias of -1 (frame == base-1). */
   if (top > tvref(th->maxstack)) top = tvref(th->maxstack);
@@ -290,7 +309,7 @@ static MSize gc_traverse_frames(global_State *g, lua_State *th)
 static void gc_traverse_thread(global_State *g, lua_State *th)
 {
   TValue *o, *top = th->top;
-  for (o = tvref(th->stack)+1; o < top; o++)
+  for (o = tvref(th->stack)+1+LJ_FR2; o < top; o++)
     gc_marktv(g, o);
   if (g->gc.state == GCSatomic) {
     top = tvref(th->stack) + th->stacksize;
@@ -306,7 +325,7 @@ static size_t propagatemark(global_State *g)
 {
   GCobj *o = gcref(g->gc.gray);
   int gct = o->gch.gct;
-  lua_assert(isgray(o));
+  lj_assertG(isgray(o), "propagation of non-gray object");
   gray2black(o);
   setgcrefr(g->gc.gray, o->gch.gclist);  /* Remove from gray list. */
   if (LJ_LIKELY(gct == ~LJ_TTAB)) {
@@ -338,7 +357,7 @@ static size_t propagatemark(global_State *g)
     return ((sizeof(GCtrace)+7)&~7) + (T->nins-T->nk)*sizeof(IRIns) +
            T->nsnap*sizeof(SnapShot) + T->nsnapmap*sizeof(SnapEntry);
 #else
-    lua_assert(0);
+    lj_assertG(0, "bad GC type %d", gct);
     return 0;
 #endif
   }
@@ -355,15 +374,6 @@ static size_t gc_propagate_gray(global_State *g)
 
 /* -- Sweep phase --------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-/* Try to shrink some common data structures. */
-static void gc_shrink(global_State *g, lua_State *L)
-{
-  if (g->strnum <= (g->strmask >> 2) && g->strmask > LJ_MIN_STRTAB*2-1)
-    lj_str_resize(L, g->strmask >> 1);  /* Shrink string table. */
-  if (g->tmpbuf.sz > LJ_MIN_SBUF*2)
-    lj_str_resizebuf(L, &g->tmpbuf, g->tmpbuf.sz >> 1);  /* Shrink temp buf. */
-}
-
 /* Type of GC free functions. */
 typedef void (LJ_FASTCALL *GCFreeFunc)(global_State *g, GCobj *o);
 
@@ -389,7 +399,7 @@ static const GCFreeFunc gc_freefunc[] = {
 };
 
 /* Full sweep of a GC list. */
-#define gc_fullsweep(g, p)      gc_sweep(g, (p), LJ_MAX_MEM)
+#define gc_fullsweep(g, p)      gc_sweep(g, (p), ~(uint32_t)0)
 
 /* Partial sweep of a GC list. */
 static GCRef *gc_sweep(global_State *g, GCRef *p, uint32_t lim)
@@ -401,11 +411,13 @@ static GCRef *gc_sweep(global_State *g, GCRef *p, uint32_t lim)
     if (o->gch.gct == ~LJ_TTHREAD)  /* Need to sweep open upvalues, too. */
       gc_fullsweep(g, &gco2th(o)->openupval);
     if (((o->gch.marked ^ LJ_GC_WHITES) & ow)) {  /* Black or current white? */
-      lua_assert(!isdead(g, o) || (o->gch.marked & LJ_GC_FIXED));
+      lj_assertG(!isdead(g, o) || (o->gch.marked & LJ_GC_FIXED),
+                 "sweep of undead object");
       makewhite(g, o);  /* Value is alive, change to the current white. */
       p = &o->gch.nextgc;
     } else {  /* Otherwise value is dead, free it. */
-      lua_assert(isdead(g, o) || ow == LJ_GC_SFIXED);
+      lj_assertG(isdead(g, o) || ow == LJ_GC_SFIXED,
+                 "sweep of unlive object");
       setgcrefr(*p, o->gch.nextgc);
       if (o == gcref(g->gc.root))
         setgcrefr(g->gc.root, o->gch.nextgc);  /* Adjust list anchor. */
@@ -415,6 +427,32 @@ static GCRef *gc_sweep(global_State *g, GCRef *p, uint32_t lim)
   return p;
 }
 
+/* Sweep one string interning table chain. Preserves hashalg bit. */
+static void gc_sweepstr(global_State *g, GCRef *chain)
+{
+  /* Mask with other white and LJ_GC_FIXED. Or LJ_GC_SFIXED on shutdown. */
+  int ow = otherwhite(g);
+  uintptr_t u = gcrefu(*chain);
+  GCRef q;
+  GCRef *p = &q;
+  GCobj *o;
+  setgcrefp(q, (u & ~(uintptr_t)1));
+  while ((o = gcref(*p)) != NULL) {
+    if (((o->gch.marked ^ LJ_GC_WHITES) & ow)) {  /* Black or current white? */
+      lj_assertG(!isdead(g, o) || (o->gch.marked & LJ_GC_FIXED),
+                 "sweep of undead string");
+      makewhite(g, o);  /* String is alive, change to the current white. */
+      p = &o->gch.nextgc;
+    } else {  /* Otherwise string is dead, free it. */
+      lj_assertG(isdead(g, o) || ow == LJ_GC_SFIXED,
+                 "sweep of unlive string");
+      setgcrefr(*p, o->gch.nextgc);
+      lj_str_free(g, gco2str(o));
+    }
+  }
+  setgcrefp(*chain, (gcrefu(q) | (u & 1)));
+}
+
 /* Check whether we can clear a key or a value slot from a table. */
 static int gc_mayclear(cTValue *o, int val)
 {
@@ -432,11 +470,12 @@ static int gc_mayclear(cTValue *o, int val)
 }
 
 /* Clear collected entries from weak tables. */
-static void gc_clearweak(GCobj *o)
+static void gc_clearweak(global_State *g, GCobj *o)
 {
+  UNUSED(g);
   while (o) {
     GCtab *t = gco2tab(o);
-    lua_assert((t->marked & LJ_GC_WEAK));
+    lj_assertG((t->marked & LJ_GC_WEAK), "clear of non-weak table");
     if ((t->marked & LJ_GC_WEAKVAL)) {
       MSize i, asize = t->asize;
       for (i = 0; i < asize; i++) {
@@ -467,21 +506,29 @@ static void gc_call_finalizer(global_State *g, lua_State *L,
 {
   /* Save and restore lots of state around the __gc callback. */
   uint8_t oldh = hook_save(g);
-  MSize oldt = g->gc.threshold;
+  GCSize oldt = g->gc.threshold;
   int errcode;
   TValue *top;
   lj_trace_abort(g);
-  top = L->top;
-  L->top = top+2;
   hook_entergc(g);  /* Disable hooks and new traces during __gc. */
+  if (LJ_HASPROFILE && (oldh & HOOK_PROFILE)) lj_dispatch_update(g);
   g->gc.threshold = LJ_MAX_MEM;  /* Prevent GC steps. */
-  copyTV(L, top, mo);
-  setgcV(L, top+1, o, ~o->gch.gct);
-  errcode = lj_vm_pcall(L, top+1, 1+0, -1);  /* Stack: |mo|o| -> | */
+  top = L->top;
+  copyTV(L, top++, mo);
+  if (LJ_FR2) setnilV(top++);
+  setgcV(L, top, o, ~o->gch.gct);
+  L->top = top+1;
+  errcode = lj_vm_pcall(L, top, 1+0, -1);  /* Stack: |mo|o| -> | */
   hook_restore(g, oldh);
+  if (LJ_HASPROFILE && (oldh & HOOK_PROFILE)) lj_dispatch_update(g);
   g->gc.threshold = oldt;  /* Restore GC threshold. */
-  if (errcode)
-    lj_err_throw(L, errcode);  /* Propagate errors. */
+  if (errcode) {
+    ptrdiff_t errobj = savestack(L, L->top-1);  /* Stack may be resized. */
+    lj_vmevent_send(L, ERRFIN,
+      copyTV(L, L->top++, restorestack(L, errobj));
+    );
+    L->top--;
+  }
 }
 
 /* Finalize one userdata or cdata object from the mmudata list. */
@@ -490,7 +537,7 @@ static void gc_finalize(lua_State *L)
   global_State *g = G(L);
   GCobj *o = gcnext(gcref(g->gc.mmudata));
   cTValue *mo;
-  lua_assert(gcref(g->jit_L) == NULL);  /* Must not be called on trace. */
+  lj_assertG(tvref(g->jit_base) == NULL, "finalizer called on trace");
   /* Unchain from list of userdata to be finalized. */
   if (o == gcref(g->gc.mmudata))
     setgcrefnull(g->gc.mmudata);
@@ -565,9 +612,9 @@ void lj_gc_freeall(global_State *g)
   /* Free everything, except super-fixed objects (the main thread). */
   g->gc.currentwhite = LJ_GC_WHITES | LJ_GC_SFIXED;
   gc_fullsweep(g, &g->gc.root);
-  strmask = g->strmask;
+  strmask = g->str.mask;
   for (i = 0; i <= strmask; i++)  /* Free all string hash chains. */
-    gc_fullsweep(g, &g->strhash[i]);
+    gc_sweepstr(g, &g->str.tab[i]);
 }
 
 /* -- Collector ----------------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -582,7 +629,7 @@ static void atomic(global_State *g, lua_State *L)
 
   setgcrefr(g->gc.gray, g->gc.weak);  /* Empty the list of weak tables. */
   setgcrefnull(g->gc.weak);
-  lua_assert(!iswhite(obj2gco(mainthread(g))));
+  lj_assertG(!iswhite(obj2gco(mainthread(g))), "main thread turned white");
   gc_markobj(g, L);  /* Mark running thread. */
   gc_traverse_curtrace(g);  /* Traverse current trace. */
   gc_mark_gcroot(g);  /* Mark GC roots (again). */
@@ -597,13 +644,15 @@ static void atomic(global_State *g, lua_State *L)
   udsize += gc_propagate_gray(g);  /* And propagate the marks. */
 
   /* All marking done, clear weak tables. */
-  gc_clearweak(gcref(g->gc.weak));
+  gc_clearweak(g, gcref(g->gc.weak));
+
+  lj_buf_shrink(L, &g->tmpbuf);  /* Shrink temp buffer. */
 
   /* Prepare for sweep phase. */
   g->gc.currentwhite = (uint8_t)otherwhite(g);  /* Flip current white. */
   g->strempty.marked = g->gc.currentwhite;
   setmref(g->gc.sweep, &g->gc.root);
-  g->gc.estimate = g->gc.total - (MSize)udsize;  /* Initial estimate. */
+  g->gc.estimate = g->gc.total - (GCSize)udsize;  /* Initial estimate. */
 }
 
 /* GC state machine. Returns a cost estimate for each step performed. */
@@ -620,28 +669,29 @@ static size_t gc_onestep(lua_State *L)
     g->gc.state = GCSatomic;  /* End of mark phase. */
     return 0;
   case GCSatomic:
-    if (gcref(g->jit_L))  /* Don't run atomic phase on trace. */
+    if (tvref(g->jit_base))  /* Don't run atomic phase on trace. */
       return LJ_MAX_MEM;
     atomic(g, L);
     g->gc.state = GCSsweepstring;  /* Start of sweep phase. */
     g->gc.sweepstr = 0;
     return 0;
   case GCSsweepstring: {
-    MSize old = g->gc.total;
-    gc_fullsweep(g, &g->strhash[g->gc.sweepstr++]);  /* Sweep one chain. */
-    if (g->gc.sweepstr > g->strmask)
+    GCSize old = g->gc.total;
+    gc_sweepstr(g, &g->str.tab[g->gc.sweepstr++]);  /* Sweep one chain. */
+    if (g->gc.sweepstr > g->str.mask)
       g->gc.state = GCSsweep;  /* All string hash chains sweeped. */
-    lua_assert(old >= g->gc.total);
+    lj_assertG(old >= g->gc.total, "sweep increased memory");
     g->gc.estimate -= old - g->gc.total;
     return GCSWEEPCOST;
     }
   case GCSsweep: {
-    MSize old = g->gc.total;
+    GCSize old = g->gc.total;
     setmref(g->gc.sweep, gc_sweep(g, mref(g->gc.sweep, GCRef), GCSWEEPMAX));
-    lua_assert(old >= g->gc.total);
+    lj_assertG(old >= g->gc.total, "sweep increased memory");
     g->gc.estimate -= old - g->gc.total;
     if (gcref(*mref(g->gc.sweep, GCRef)) == NULL) {
-      gc_shrink(g, L);
+      if (g->str.num <= (g->str.mask >> 2) && g->str.mask > LJ_MIN_STRTAB*2-1)
+        lj_str_resize(L, g->str.mask >> 1);  /* Shrink string table. */
       if (gcref(g->gc.mmudata)) {  /* Need any finalizations? */
         g->gc.state = GCSfinalize;
 #if LJ_HASFFI
@@ -656,9 +706,12 @@ static size_t gc_onestep(lua_State *L)
     }
   case GCSfinalize:
     if (gcref(g->gc.mmudata) != NULL) {
-      if (gcref(g->jit_L))  /* Don't call finalizers on trace. */
+      GCSize old = g->gc.total;
+      if (tvref(g->jit_base))  /* Don't call finalizers on trace. */
         return LJ_MAX_MEM;
       gc_finalize(L);  /* Finalize one userdata object. */
+      if (old >= g->gc.total && g->gc.estimate > old - g->gc.total)
+        g->gc.estimate -= old - g->gc.total;
       if (g->gc.estimate > GCFINALIZECOST)
         g->gc.estimate -= GCFINALIZECOST;
       return GCFINALIZECOST;
@@ -670,7 +723,7 @@ static size_t gc_onestep(lua_State *L)
     g->gc.debt = 0;
     return 0;
   default:
-    lua_assert(0);
+    lj_assertG(0, "bad GC state");
     return 0;
   }
 }
@@ -679,7 +732,7 @@ static size_t gc_onestep(lua_State *L)
 int LJ_FASTCALL lj_gc_step(lua_State *L)
 {
   global_State *g = G(L);
-  MSize lim;
+  GCSize lim;
   int32_t ostate = g->vmstate;
   setvmstate(g, GC);
   lim = (GCSTEPSIZE/100) * g->gc.stepmul;
@@ -688,13 +741,13 @@ int LJ_FASTCALL lj_gc_step(lua_State *L)
   if (g->gc.total > g->gc.threshold)
     g->gc.debt += g->gc.total - g->gc.threshold;
   do {
-    lim -= (MSize)gc_onestep(L);
+    lim -= (GCSize)gc_onestep(L);
     if (g->gc.state == GCSpause) {
       g->gc.threshold = (g->gc.estimate/100) * g->gc.pause;
       g->vmstate = ostate;
       return 1;  /* Finished a GC cycle. */
     }
-  } while ((int32_t)lim > 0);
+  } while (sizeof(lim) == 8 ? ((int64_t)lim > 0) : ((int32_t)lim > 0));
   if (g->gc.debt < GCSTEPSIZE) {
     g->gc.threshold = g->gc.total + GCSTEPSIZE;
     g->vmstate = ostate;
@@ -718,8 +771,8 @@ void LJ_FASTCALL lj_gc_step_fixtop(lua_State *L)
 /* Perform multiple GC steps. Called from JIT-compiled code. */
 int LJ_FASTCALL lj_gc_step_jit(global_State *g, MSize steps)
 {
-  lua_State *L = gco2th(gcref(g->jit_L));
-  L->base = mref(G(L)->jit_base, TValue);
+  lua_State *L = gco2th(gcref(g->cur_L));
+  L->base = tvref(G(L)->jit_base);
   L->top = curr_topL(L);
   while (steps-- > 0 && lj_gc_step(L) == 0)
     ;
@@ -744,7 +797,8 @@ void lj_gc_fullgc(lua_State *L)
   }
   while (g->gc.state == GCSsweepstring || g->gc.state == GCSsweep)
     gc_onestep(L);  /* Finish sweep. */
-  lua_assert(g->gc.state == GCSfinalize || g->gc.state == GCSpause);
+  lj_assertG(g->gc.state == GCSfinalize || g->gc.state == GCSpause,
+             "bad GC state");
   /* Now perform a full GC. */
   g->gc.state = GCSpause;
   do { gc_onestep(L); } while (g->gc.state != GCSpause);
@@ -757,9 +811,11 @@ void lj_gc_fullgc(lua_State *L)
 /* Move the GC propagation frontier forward. */
 void lj_gc_barrierf(global_State *g, GCobj *o, GCobj *v)
 {
-  lua_assert(isblack(o) && iswhite(v) && !isdead(g, v) && !isdead(g, o));
-  lua_assert(g->gc.state != GCSfinalize && g->gc.state != GCSpause);
-  lua_assert(o->gch.gct != ~LJ_TTAB);
+  lj_assertG(isblack(o) && iswhite(v) && !isdead(g, v) && !isdead(g, o),
+             "bad object states for forward barrier");
+  lj_assertG(g->gc.state != GCSfinalize && g->gc.state != GCSpause,
+             "bad GC state");
+  lj_assertG(o->gch.gct != ~LJ_TTAB, "barrier object is not a table");
   /* Preserve invariant during propagation. Otherwise it doesn't matter. */
   if (g->gc.state == GCSpropagate || g->gc.state == GCSatomic)
     gc_mark(g, v);  /* Move frontier forward. */
@@ -796,7 +852,8 @@ void lj_gc_closeuv(global_State *g, GCupval *uv)
         lj_gc_barrierf(g, o, gcV(&uv->tv));
     } else {
       makewhite(g, o);  /* Make it white, i.e. sweep the upvalue. */
-      lua_assert(g->gc.state != GCSfinalize && g->gc.state != GCSpause);
+      lj_assertG(g->gc.state != GCSfinalize && g->gc.state != GCSpause,
+                 "bad GC state");
     }
   }
 }
@@ -813,27 +870,29 @@ void lj_gc_barriertrace(global_State *g, uint32_t traceno)
 /* -- Allocator ----------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Call pluggable memory allocator to allocate or resize a fragment. */
-void *lj_mem_realloc(lua_State *L, void *p, MSize osz, MSize nsz)
+void *lj_mem_realloc(lua_State *L, void *p, GCSize osz, GCSize nsz)
 {
   global_State *g = G(L);
-  lua_assert((osz == 0) == (p == NULL));
+  lj_assertG((osz == 0) == (p == NULL), "realloc API violation");
   p = g->allocf(g->allocd, p, osz, nsz);
   if (p == NULL && nsz > 0)
     lj_err_mem(L);
-  lua_assert((nsz == 0) == (p == NULL));
-  lua_assert(checkptr32(p));
+  lj_assertG((nsz == 0) == (p == NULL), "allocf API violation");
+  lj_assertG(checkptrGC(p),
+             "allocated memory address %p outside required range", p);
   g->gc.total = (g->gc.total - osz) + nsz;
   return p;
 }
 
 /* Allocate new GC object and link it to the root set. */
-void * LJ_FASTCALL lj_mem_newgco(lua_State *L, MSize size)
+void * LJ_FASTCALL lj_mem_newgco(lua_State *L, GCSize size)
 {
   global_State *g = G(L);
   GCobj *o = (GCobj *)g->allocf(g->allocd, NULL, 0, size);
   if (o == NULL)
     lj_err_mem(L);
-  lua_assert(checkptr32(o));
+  lj_assertG(checkptrGC(o),
+             "allocated memory address %p outside required range", o);
   g->gc.total += size;
   setgcrefr(o->gch.nextgc, g->gc.root);
   setgcref(g->gc.root, o);
diff --git a/src/lj_gc.h b/src/lj_gc.h
index 8c8ed336..3ed790ca 100644
--- a/src/lj_gc.h
+++ b/src/lj_gc.h
@@ -81,8 +81,10 @@ LJ_FUNC void lj_gc_barriertrace(global_State *g, uint32_t traceno);
 static LJ_AINLINE void lj_gc_barrierback(global_State *g, GCtab *t)
 {
   GCobj *o = obj2gco(t);
-  lua_assert(isblack(o) && !isdead(g, o));
-  lua_assert(g->gc.state != GCSfinalize && g->gc.state != GCSpause);
+  lj_assertG(isblack(o) && !isdead(g, o),
+             "bad object states for backward barrier");
+  lj_assertG(g->gc.state != GCSfinalize && g->gc.state != GCSpause,
+             "bad GC state");
   black2gray(o);
   setgcrefr(t->gclist, g->gc.grayagain);
   setgcref(g->gc.grayagain, o);
@@ -107,8 +109,8 @@ static LJ_AINLINE void lj_gc_barrierback(global_State *g, GCtab *t)
       lj_gc_barrierf(G(L), obj2gco(p), obj2gco(o)); }
 
 /* Allocator. */
-LJ_FUNC void *lj_mem_realloc(lua_State *L, void *p, MSize osz, MSize nsz);
-LJ_FUNC void * LJ_FASTCALL lj_mem_newgco(lua_State *L, MSize size);
+LJ_FUNC void *lj_mem_realloc(lua_State *L, void *p, GCSize osz, GCSize nsz);
+LJ_FUNC void * LJ_FASTCALL lj_mem_newgco(lua_State *L, GCSize size);
 LJ_FUNC void *lj_mem_grow(lua_State *L, void *p,
                           MSize *szp, MSize lim, MSize esz);
 
@@ -116,13 +118,13 @@ LJ_FUNC void *lj_mem_grow(lua_State *L, void *p,
 
 static LJ_AINLINE void lj_mem_free(global_State *g, void *p, size_t osize)
 {
-  g->gc.total -= (MSize)osize;
+  g->gc.total -= (GCSize)osize;
   g->allocf(g->allocd, p, osize, 0);
 }
 
-#define lj_mem_newvec(L, n, t)  ((t *)lj_mem_new(L, (MSize)((n)*sizeof(t))))
+#define lj_mem_newvec(L, n, t)  ((t *)lj_mem_new(L, (GCSize)((n)*sizeof(t))))
 #define lj_mem_reallocvec(L, p, on, n, t) \
-  ((p) = (t *)lj_mem_realloc(L, p, (on)*sizeof(t), (MSize)((n)*sizeof(t))))
+  ((p) = (t *)lj_mem_realloc(L, p, (on)*sizeof(t), (GCSize)((n)*sizeof(t))))
 #define lj_mem_growvec(L, p, n, m, t) \
   ((p) = (t *)lj_mem_grow(L, (p), &(n), (m), (MSize)sizeof(t)))
 #define lj_mem_freevec(g, p, n, t)      lj_mem_free(g, (p), (n)*sizeof(t))
diff --git a/src/lj_gdbjit.c b/src/lj_gdbjit.c
index 01f51ba7..e8a66635 100644
--- a/src/lj_gdbjit.c
+++ b/src/lj_gdbjit.c
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 #include "lj_err.h"
 #include "lj_debug.h"
 #include "lj_frame.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 #include "lj_jit.h"
 #include "lj_dispatch.h"
 
@@ -294,6 +296,9 @@ enum {
 #elif LJ_TARGET_ARM
   DW_REG_SP = 13,
   DW_REG_RA = 14,
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+  DW_REG_SP = 31,
+  DW_REG_RA = 30,
 #elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
   DW_REG_SP = 1,
   DW_REG_RA = 65,
@@ -358,7 +363,7 @@ static const ELFheader elfhdr_template = {
   .eosabi = 12,
 #elif defined(__DragonFly__)
   .eosabi = 0,
-#elif (defined(__sun__) && defined(__svr4__))
+#elif LJ_TARGET_SOLARIS
   .eosabi = 6,
 #else
   .eosabi = 0,
@@ -372,6 +377,8 @@ static const ELFheader elfhdr_template = {
   .machine = 62,
 #elif LJ_TARGET_ARM
   .machine = 40,
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+  .machine = 183,
 #elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
   .machine = 20,
 #elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS
@@ -428,16 +435,6 @@ static void gdbjit_catnum(GDBJITctx *ctx, uint32_t n)
   *ctx->p++ = '0' + n;
 }
 
-/* Add a ULEB128 value. */
-static void gdbjit_uleb128(GDBJITctx *ctx, uint32_t v)
-{
-  uint8_t *p = ctx->p;
-  for (; v >= 0x80; v >>= 7)
-    *p++ = (uint8_t)((v & 0x7f) | 0x80);
-  *p++ = (uint8_t)v;
-  ctx->p = p;
-}
-
 /* Add a SLEB128 value. */
 static void gdbjit_sleb128(GDBJITctx *ctx, int32_t v)
 {
@@ -454,7 +451,7 @@ static void gdbjit_sleb128(GDBJITctx *ctx, int32_t v)
 #define DU16(x)         (*(uint16_t *)p = (x), p += 2)
 #define DU32(x)         (*(uint32_t *)p = (x), p += 4)
 #define DADDR(x)        (*(uintptr_t *)p = (x), p += sizeof(uintptr_t))
-#define DUV(x)          (ctx->p = p, gdbjit_uleb128(ctx, (x)), p = ctx->p)
+#define DUV(x)          (p = (uint8_t *)lj_strfmt_wuleb128((char *)p, (x)))
 #define DSV(x)          (ctx->p = p, gdbjit_sleb128(ctx, (x)), p = ctx->p)
 #define DSTR(str)       (ctx->p = p, gdbjit_strz(ctx, (str)), p = ctx->p)
 #define DALIGNNOP(s)    while ((uintptr_t)p & ((s)-1)) *p++ = DW_CFA_nop
@@ -564,13 +561,20 @@ static void LJ_FASTCALL gdbjit_ehframe(GDBJITctx *ctx)
     DB(DW_CFA_offset|DW_REG_15); DUV(4);
     DB(DW_CFA_offset|DW_REG_14); DUV(5);
     /* Extra registers saved for JIT-compiled code. */
-    DB(DW_CFA_offset|DW_REG_13); DUV(9);
-    DB(DW_CFA_offset|DW_REG_12); DUV(10);
+    DB(DW_CFA_offset|DW_REG_13); DUV(LJ_GC64 ? 10 : 9);
+    DB(DW_CFA_offset|DW_REG_12); DUV(LJ_GC64 ? 11 : 10);
 #elif LJ_TARGET_ARM
     {
       int i;
       for (i = 11; i >= 4; i--) { DB(DW_CFA_offset|i); DUV(2+(11-i)); }
     }
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+    {
+      int i;
+      DB(DW_CFA_offset|31); DUV(2);
+      for (i = 28; i >= 19; i--) { DB(DW_CFA_offset|i); DUV(3+(28-i)); }
+      for (i = 15; i >= 8; i--) { DB(DW_CFA_offset|32|i); DUV(28-i); }
+    }
 #elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
     {
       int i;
@@ -720,13 +724,27 @@ static void gdbjit_buildobj(GDBJITctx *ctx)
   SECTALIGN(ctx->p, sizeof(uintptr_t));
   gdbjit_initsect(ctx, GDBJIT_SECT_eh_frame, gdbjit_ehframe);
   ctx->objsize = (size_t)((char *)ctx->p - (char *)obj);
-  lua_assert(ctx->objsize < sizeof(GDBJITobj));
+  lj_assertX(ctx->objsize < sizeof(GDBJITobj), "GDBJITobj overflow");
 }
 
 #undef SECTALIGN
 
 /* -- Interface to GDB JIT API -------------------------------------------- */
 
+static int gdbjit_lock;
+
+static void gdbjit_lock_acquire()
+{
+  while (__sync_lock_test_and_set(&gdbjit_lock, 1)) {
+    /* Just spin; futexes or pthreads aren't worth the portability cost. */
+  }
+}
+
+static void gdbjit_lock_release()
+{
+  __sync_lock_release(&gdbjit_lock);
+}
+
 /* Add new entry to GDB JIT symbol chain. */
 static void gdbjit_newentry(lua_State *L, GDBJITctx *ctx)
 {
@@ -738,6 +756,7 @@ static void gdbjit_newentry(lua_State *L, GDBJITctx *ctx)
   ctx->T->gdbjit_entry = (void *)eo;
   /* Link new entry to chain and register it. */
   eo->entry.prev_entry = NULL;
+  gdbjit_lock_acquire();
   eo->entry.next_entry = __jit_debug_descriptor.first_entry;
   if (eo->entry.next_entry)
     eo->entry.next_entry->prev_entry = &eo->entry;
@@ -747,6 +766,7 @@ static void gdbjit_newentry(lua_State *L, GDBJITctx *ctx)
   __jit_debug_descriptor.relevant_entry = &eo->entry;
   __jit_debug_descriptor.action_flag = GDBJIT_REGISTER;
   __jit_debug_register_code();
+  gdbjit_lock_release();
 }
 
 /* Add debug info for newly compiled trace and notify GDB. */
@@ -762,7 +782,8 @@ void lj_gdbjit_addtrace(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T)
   ctx.spadjp = CFRAME_SIZE_JIT +
                (MSize)(parent ? traceref(J, parent)->spadjust : 0);
   ctx.spadj = CFRAME_SIZE_JIT + T->spadjust;
-  lua_assert(startpc >= proto_bc(pt) && startpc < proto_bc(pt) + pt->sizebc);
+  lj_assertJ(startpc >= proto_bc(pt) && startpc < proto_bc(pt) + pt->sizebc,
+             "start PC out of range");
   ctx.lineno = lj_debug_line(pt, proto_bcpos(pt, startpc));
   ctx.filename = proto_chunknamestr(pt);
   if (*ctx.filename == '@' || *ctx.filename == '=')
@@ -778,6 +799,7 @@ void lj_gdbjit_deltrace(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T)
 {
   GDBJITentryobj *eo = (GDBJITentryobj *)T->gdbjit_entry;
   if (eo) {
+    gdbjit_lock_acquire();
     if (eo->entry.prev_entry)
       eo->entry.prev_entry->next_entry = eo->entry.next_entry;
     else
@@ -787,6 +809,7 @@ void lj_gdbjit_deltrace(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T)
     __jit_debug_descriptor.relevant_entry = &eo->entry;
     __jit_debug_descriptor.action_flag = GDBJIT_UNREGISTER;
     __jit_debug_register_code();
+    gdbjit_lock_release();
     lj_mem_free(J2G(J), eo, eo->sz);
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/lj_ir.c b/src/lj_ir.c
index cad40292..631b7cbc 100644
--- a/src/lj_ir.c
+++ b/src/lj_ir.c
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #if LJ_HASJIT
 
 #include "lj_gc.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
 #include "lj_ir.h"
@@ -29,14 +30,16 @@
 #endif
 #include "lj_vm.h"
 #include "lj_strscan.h"
-#include "lj_lib.h"
+#include "lj_serialize.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
+#include "lj_prng.h"
 
 /* Some local macros to save typing. Undef'd at the end. */
 #define IR(ref)                 (&J->cur.ir[(ref)])
 #define fins                    (&J->fold.ins)
 
 /* Pass IR on to next optimization in chain (FOLD). */
-#define emitir(ot, a, b)        (lj_ir_set(J, (ot), (a), (b)), lj_opt_fold(J))
+#define emitir(ot, a, b)        (lj_ir_set(J, (ot), (a), (b)), lj_opt_fold(J))
 
 /* -- IR tables ----------------------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -88,8 +91,9 @@ static void lj_ir_growbot(jit_State *J)
 {
   IRIns *baseir = J->irbuf + J->irbotlim;
   MSize szins = J->irtoplim - J->irbotlim;
-  lua_assert(szins != 0);
-  lua_assert(J->cur.nk == J->irbotlim);
+  lj_assertJ(szins != 0, "zero IR size");
+  lj_assertJ(J->cur.nk == J->irbotlim || J->cur.nk-1 == J->irbotlim,
+             "unexpected IR growth");
   if (J->cur.nins + (szins >> 1) < J->irtoplim) {
     /* More than half of the buffer is free on top: shift up by a quarter. */
     MSize ofs = szins >> 2;
@@ -143,6 +147,17 @@ TRef lj_ir_call(jit_State *J, IRCallID id, ...)
   return emitir(CCI_OPTYPE(ci), tr, id);
 }
 
+/* Load field of type t from GG_State + offset. Must be 32 bit aligned. */
+TRef lj_ir_ggfload(jit_State *J, IRType t, uintptr_t ofs)
+{
+  lj_assertJ((ofs & 3) == 0, "unaligned GG_State field offset");
+  ofs >>= 2;
+  lj_assertJ(ofs >= IRFL__MAX && ofs <= 0x3ff,
+             "GG_State field offset breaks 10 bit FOLD key limit");
+  lj_ir_set(J, IRT(IR_FLOAD, t), REF_NIL, ofs);
+  return lj_opt_fold(J);
+}
+
 /* -- Interning of constants ---------------------------------------------- */
 
 /*
@@ -163,6 +178,24 @@ static LJ_AINLINE IRRef ir_nextk(jit_State *J)
   return ref;
 }
 
+/* Get ref of next 64 bit IR constant and optionally grow IR.
+** Note: this may invalidate all IRIns *!
+*/
+static LJ_AINLINE IRRef ir_nextk64(jit_State *J)
+{
+  IRRef ref = J->cur.nk - 2;
+  lj_assertJ(J->state != LJ_TRACE_ASM, "bad JIT state");
+  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(ref < J->irbotlim)) lj_ir_growbot(J);
+  J->cur.nk = ref;
+  return ref;
+}
+
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define ir_nextkgc ir_nextk64
+#else
+#define ir_nextkgc ir_nextk
+#endif
+
 /* Intern int32_t constant. */
 TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_ir_kint(jit_State *J, int32_t k)
 {
@@ -182,79 +215,21 @@ found:
   return TREF(ref, IRT_INT);
 }
 
-/* The MRef inside the KNUM/KINT64 IR instructions holds the address of the
-** 64 bit constant. The constants themselves are stored in a chained array
-** and shared across traces.
-**
-** Rationale for choosing this data structure:
-** - The address of the constants is embedded in the generated machine code
-**   and must never move. A resizable array or hash table wouldn't work.
-** - Most apps need very few non-32 bit integer constants (less than a dozen).
-** - Linear search is hard to beat in terms of speed and low complexity.
-*/
-typedef struct K64Array {
-  MRef next;                    /* Pointer to next list. */
-  MSize numk;                   /* Number of used elements in this array. */
-  TValue k[LJ_MIN_K64SZ];       /* Array of constants. */
-} K64Array;
-
-/* Free all chained arrays. */
-void lj_ir_k64_freeall(jit_State *J)
-{
-  K64Array *k;
-  for (k = mref(J->k64, K64Array); k; ) {
-    K64Array *next = mref(k->next, K64Array);
-    lj_mem_free(J2G(J), k, sizeof(K64Array));
-    k = next;
-  }
-}
-
-/* Find 64 bit constant in chained array or add it. */
-cTValue *lj_ir_k64_find(jit_State *J, uint64_t u64)
-{
-  K64Array *k, *kp = NULL;
-  TValue *ntv;
-  MSize idx;
-  /* Search for the constant in the whole chain of arrays. */
-  for (k = mref(J->k64, K64Array); k; k = mref(k->next, K64Array)) {
-    kp = k;  /* Remember previous element in list. */
-    for (idx = 0; idx < k->numk; idx++) {  /* Search one array. */
-      TValue *tv = &k->k[idx];
-      if (tv->u64 == u64)  /* Needed for +-0/NaN/absmask. */
-        return tv;
-    }
-  }
-  /* Constant was not found, need to add it. */
-  if (!(kp && kp->numk < LJ_MIN_K64SZ)) {  /* Allocate a new array. */
-    K64Array *kn = lj_mem_newt(J->L, sizeof(K64Array), K64Array);
-    setmref(kn->next, NULL);
-    kn->numk = 0;
-    if (kp)
-      setmref(kp->next, kn);  /* Chain to the end of the list. */
-    else
-      setmref(J->k64, kn);  /* Link first array. */
-    kp = kn;
-  }
-  ntv = &kp->k[kp->numk++];  /* Add to current array. */
-  ntv->u64 = u64;
-  return ntv;
-}
-
-/* Intern 64 bit constant, given by its address. */
-TRef lj_ir_k64(jit_State *J, IROp op, cTValue *tv)
+/* Intern 64 bit constant, given by its 64 bit pattern. */
+TRef lj_ir_k64(jit_State *J, IROp op, uint64_t u64)
 {
   IRIns *ir, *cir = J->cur.ir;
   IRRef ref;
   IRType t = op == IR_KNUM ? IRT_NUM : IRT_I64;
   for (ref = J->chain[op]; ref; ref = cir[ref].prev)
-    if (ir_k64(&cir[ref]) == tv)
+    if (ir_k64(&cir[ref])->u64 == u64)
       goto found;
-  ref = ir_nextk(J);
+  ref = ir_nextk64(J);
   ir = IR(ref);
-  lua_assert(checkptr32(tv));
-  setmref(ir->ptr, tv);
+  ir[1].tv.u64 = u64;
   ir->t.irt = t;
   ir->o = op;
+  ir->op12 = 0;
   ir->prev = J->chain[op];
   J->chain[op] = (IRRef1)ref;
 found:
@@ -264,13 +239,13 @@ found:
 /* Intern FP constant, given by its 64 bit pattern. */
 TRef lj_ir_knum_u64(jit_State *J, uint64_t u64)
 {
-  return lj_ir_k64(J, IR_KNUM, lj_ir_k64_find(J, u64));
+  return lj_ir_k64(J, IR_KNUM, u64);
 }
 
 /* Intern 64 bit integer constant. */
 TRef lj_ir_kint64(jit_State *J, uint64_t u64)
 {
-  return lj_ir_k64(J, IR_KINT64, lj_ir_k64_find(J, u64));
+  return lj_ir_k64(J, IR_KINT64, u64);
 }
 
 /* Check whether a number is int and return it. -0 is NOT considered an int. */
@@ -305,14 +280,15 @@ TRef lj_ir_kgc(jit_State *J, GCobj *o, IRType t)
 {
   IRIns *ir, *cir = J->cur.ir;
   IRRef ref;
-  lua_assert(!isdead(J2G(J), o));
+  lj_assertJ(!isdead(J2G(J), o), "interning of dead GC object");
   for (ref = J->chain[IR_KGC]; ref; ref = cir[ref].prev)
     if (ir_kgc(&cir[ref]) == o)
       goto found;
-  ref = ir_nextk(J);
+  ref = ir_nextkgc(J);
   ir = IR(ref);
   /* NOBARRIER: Current trace is a GC root. */
-  setgcref(ir->gcr, o);
+  ir->op12 = 0;
+  setgcref(ir[LJ_GC64].gcr, o);
   ir->t.irt = (uint8_t)t;
   ir->o = IR_KGC;
   ir->prev = J->chain[IR_KGC];
@@ -321,24 +297,44 @@ found:
   return TREF(ref, t);
 }
 
-/* Intern 32 bit pointer constant. */
+/* Allocate GCtrace constant placeholder (no interning). */
+TRef lj_ir_ktrace(jit_State *J)
+{
+  IRRef ref = ir_nextkgc(J);
+  IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+  lj_assertJ(irt_toitype_(IRT_P64) == LJ_TTRACE, "mismatched type mapping");
+  ir->t.irt = IRT_P64;
+  ir->o = LJ_GC64 ? IR_KNUM : IR_KNULL;  /* Not IR_KGC yet, but same size. */
+  ir->op12 = 0;
+  ir->prev = 0;
+  return TREF(ref, IRT_P64);
+}
+
+/* Intern pointer constant. */
 TRef lj_ir_kptr_(jit_State *J, IROp op, void *ptr)
 {
   IRIns *ir, *cir = J->cur.ir;
   IRRef ref;
-  lua_assert((void *)(intptr_t)i32ptr(ptr) == ptr);
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
+  lj_assertJ((void *)(uintptr_t)u32ptr(ptr) == ptr, "out-of-range GC pointer");
+#endif
   for (ref = J->chain[op]; ref; ref = cir[ref].prev)
-    if (mref(cir[ref].ptr, void) == ptr)
+    if (ir_kptr(&cir[ref]) == ptr)
       goto found;
+#if LJ_GC64
+  ref = ir_nextk64(J);
+#else
   ref = ir_nextk(J);
+#endif
   ir = IR(ref);
-  setmref(ir->ptr, ptr);
-  ir->t.irt = IRT_P32;
+  ir->op12 = 0;
+  setmref(ir[LJ_GC64].ptr, ptr);
+  ir->t.irt = IRT_PGC;
   ir->o = op;
   ir->prev = J->chain[op];
   J->chain[op] = (IRRef1)ref;
 found:
-  return TREF(ref, IRT_P32);
+  return TREF(ref, IRT_PGC);
 }
 
 /* Intern typed NULL constant. */
@@ -367,7 +363,8 @@ TRef lj_ir_kslot(jit_State *J, TRef key, IRRef slot)
   IRRef2 op12 = IRREF2((IRRef1)key, (IRRef1)slot);
   IRRef ref;
   /* Const part is not touched by CSE/DCE, so 0-65535 is ok for IRMlit here. */
-  lua_assert(tref_isk(key) && slot == (IRRef)(IRRef1)slot);
+  lj_assertJ(tref_isk(key) && slot == (IRRef)(IRRef1)slot,
+             "out-of-range key/slot");
   for (ref = J->chain[IR_KSLOT]; ref; ref = cir[ref].prev)
     if (cir[ref].op12 == op12)
       goto found;
@@ -388,14 +385,15 @@ found:
 void lj_ir_kvalue(lua_State *L, TValue *tv, const IRIns *ir)
 {
   UNUSED(L);
-  lua_assert(ir->o != IR_KSLOT);  /* Common mistake. */
+  lj_assertL(ir->o != IR_KSLOT, "unexpected KSLOT");  /* Common mistake. */
   switch (ir->o) {
-  case IR_KPRI: setitype(tv, irt_toitype(ir->t)); break;
+  case IR_KPRI: setpriV(tv, irt_toitype(ir->t)); break;
   case IR_KINT: setintV(tv, ir->i); break;
   case IR_KGC: setgcV(L, tv, ir_kgc(ir), irt_toitype(ir->t)); break;
-  case IR_KPTR: case IR_KKPTR: case IR_KNULL:
-    setlightudV(tv, mref(ir->ptr, void));
+  case IR_KPTR: case IR_KKPTR:
+    setnumV(tv, (lua_Number)(uintptr_t)ir_kptr(ir));
     break;
+  case IR_KNULL: setintV(tv, 0); break;
   case IR_KNUM: setnumV(tv, ir_knum(ir)->n); break;
 #if LJ_HASFFI
   case IR_KINT64: {
@@ -405,7 +403,7 @@ void lj_ir_kvalue(lua_State *L, TValue *tv, const IRIns *ir)
     break;
     }
 #endif
-  default: lua_assert(0); break;
+  default: lj_assertL(0, "bad IR constant op %d", ir->o); break;
   }
 }
 
@@ -443,7 +441,8 @@ TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_ir_tostr(jit_State *J, TRef tr)
   if (!tref_isstr(tr)) {
     if (!tref_isnumber(tr))
       lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_BADTYPE);
-    tr = emitir(IRT(IR_TOSTR, IRT_STR), tr, 0);
+    tr = emitir(IRT(IR_TOSTR, IRT_STR), tr,
+                tref_isnum(tr) ? IRTOSTR_NUM : IRTOSTR_INT);
   }
   return tr;
 }
@@ -464,7 +463,7 @@ int lj_ir_numcmp(lua_Number a, lua_Number b, IROp op)
   case IR_UGE: return !(a < b);
   case IR_ULE: return !(a > b);
   case IR_UGT: return !(a <= b);
-  default: lua_assert(0); return 0;
+  default: lj_assertX(0, "bad IR op %d", op); return 0;
   }
 }
 
@@ -477,7 +476,7 @@ int lj_ir_strcmp(GCstr *a, GCstr *b, IROp op)
   case IR_GE: return (res >= 0);
   case IR_LE: return (res <= 0);
   case IR_GT: return (res > 0);
-  default: lua_assert(0); return 0;
+  default: lj_assertX(0, "bad IR op %d", op); return 0;
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lj_ir.h b/src/lj_ir.h
index 9fd4e275..b32bd095 100644
--- a/src/lj_ir.h
+++ b/src/lj_ir.h
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
   _(USE,        S , ref, ___) \
   _(PHI,        S , ref, ref) \
   _(RENAME,     S , ref, lit) \
+  _(PROF,       S , ___, ___) \
   \
   /* Constants. */ \
   _(KPRI,       N , ___, ___) \
@@ -74,7 +75,6 @@
   _(NEG,        N , ref, ref) \
   \
   _(ABS,        N , ref, ref) \
-  _(ATAN2,      N , ref, ref) \
   _(LDEXP,      N , ref, ref) \
   _(MIN,        C , ref, ref) \
   _(MAX,        C , ref, ref) \
@@ -95,7 +95,9 @@
   _(UREFO,      LW, ref, lit) \
   _(UREFC,      LW, ref, lit) \
   _(FREF,       R , ref, lit) \
+  _(TMPREF,     S , ref, lit) \
   _(STRREF,     N , ref, ref) \
+  _(LREF,       L , ___, ___) \
   \
   /* Loads and Stores. These must be in the same order. */ \
   _(ALOAD,      L , ref, ___) \
@@ -104,7 +106,8 @@
   _(FLOAD,      L , ref, lit) \
   _(XLOAD,      L , ref, lit) \
   _(SLOAD,      L , lit, lit) \
-  _(VLOAD,      L , ref, ___) \
+  _(VLOAD,      L , ref, lit) \
+  _(ALEN,       L , ref, ref) \
   \
   _(ASTORE,     S , ref, ref) \
   _(HSTORE,     S , ref, ref) \
@@ -120,6 +123,11 @@
   _(CNEW,       AW, ref, ref) \
   _(CNEWI,      NW, ref, ref)  /* CSE is ok, not marked as A. */ \
   \
+  /* Buffer operations. */ \
+  _(BUFHDR,     L , ref, lit) \
+  _(BUFPUT,     LW, ref, ref) \
+  _(BUFSTR,     AW, ref, ref) \
+  \
   /* Barriers. */ \
   _(TBAR,       S , ref, ___) \
   _(OBAR,       S , ref, ref) \
@@ -128,12 +136,13 @@
   /* Type conversions. */ \
   _(CONV,       N , ref, lit) \
   _(TOBIT,      N , ref, ref) \
-  _(TOSTR,      N , ref, ___) \
+  _(TOSTR,      N , ref, lit) \
   _(STRTO,      N , ref, ___) \
   \
   /* Calls. */ \
-  _(CALLN,      N , ref, lit) \
-  _(CALLL,      L , ref, lit) \
+  _(CALLN,      NW, ref, lit) \
+  _(CALLA,      AW, ref, lit) \
+  _(CALLL,      LW, ref, lit) \
   _(CALLS,      S , ref, lit) \
   _(CALLXS,     S , ref, ref) \
   _(CARG,       N , ref, ref) \
@@ -170,8 +179,7 @@ LJ_STATIC_ASSERT((int)IR_XLOAD + IRDELTA_L2S == (int)IR_XSTORE);
 /* FPMATH sub-functions. ORDER FPM. */
 #define IRFPMDEF(_) \
   _(FLOOR) _(CEIL) _(TRUNC)  /* Must be first and in this order. */ \
-  _(SQRT) _(EXP) _(EXP2) _(LOG) _(LOG2) _(LOG10) \
-  _(SIN) _(COS) _(TAN) \
+  _(SQRT) _(LOG) _(LOG2) \
   _(OTHER)
 
 typedef enum {
@@ -186,6 +194,8 @@ IRFPMDEF(FPMENUM)
   _(STR_LEN,    offsetof(GCstr, len)) \
   _(FUNC_ENV,   offsetof(GCfunc, l.env)) \
   _(FUNC_PC,    offsetof(GCfunc, l.pc)) \
+  _(FUNC_FFID,  offsetof(GCfunc, l.ffid)) \
+  _(THREAD_ENV, offsetof(lua_State, env)) \
   _(TAB_META,   offsetof(GCtab, metatable)) \
   _(TAB_ARRAY,  offsetof(GCtab, array)) \
   _(TAB_NODE,   offsetof(GCtab, node)) \
@@ -195,9 +205,15 @@ IRFPMDEF(FPMENUM)
   _(UDATA_META, offsetof(GCudata, metatable)) \
   _(UDATA_UDTYPE, offsetof(GCudata, udtype)) \
   _(UDATA_FILE, sizeof(GCudata)) \
+  _(SBUF_W,     sizeof(GCudata) + offsetof(SBufExt, w)) \
+  _(SBUF_E,     sizeof(GCudata) + offsetof(SBufExt, e)) \
+  _(SBUF_B,     sizeof(GCudata) + offsetof(SBufExt, b)) \
+  _(SBUF_L,     sizeof(GCudata) + offsetof(SBufExt, L)) \
+  _(SBUF_REF,   sizeof(GCudata) + offsetof(SBufExt, cowref)) \
+  _(SBUF_R,     sizeof(GCudata) + offsetof(SBufExt, r)) \
   _(CDATA_CTYPEID, offsetof(GCcdata, ctypeid)) \
   _(CDATA_PTR,  sizeof(GCcdata)) \
-  _(CDATA_INT, sizeof(GCcdata)) \
+  _(CDATA_INT,  sizeof(GCcdata)) \
   _(CDATA_INT64, sizeof(GCcdata)) \
   _(CDATA_INT64_4, sizeof(GCcdata) + 4)
 
@@ -208,18 +224,29 @@ IRFLDEF(FLENUM)
   IRFL__MAX
 } IRFieldID;
 
+/* TMPREF mode bits, stored in op2. */
+#define IRTMPREF_IN1            0x01    /* First input value. */
+#define IRTMPREF_OUT1           0x02    /* First output value. */
+#define IRTMPREF_OUT2           0x04    /* Second output value. */
+
 /* SLOAD mode bits, stored in op2. */
 #define IRSLOAD_PARENT          0x01    /* Coalesce with parent trace. */
-#define IRSLOAD_FRAME           0x02    /* Load hiword of frame. */
+#define IRSLOAD_FRAME           0x02    /* Load 32 bits of ftsz. */
 #define IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK       0x04    /* Needs type check. */
 #define IRSLOAD_CONVERT         0x08    /* Number to integer conversion. */
 #define IRSLOAD_READONLY        0x10    /* Read-only, omit slot store. */
 #define IRSLOAD_INHERIT         0x20    /* Inherited by exits/side traces. */
+#define IRSLOAD_KEYINDEX        0x40    /* Table traversal key index. */
 
-/* XLOAD mode, stored in op2. */
-#define IRXLOAD_READONLY        1       /* Load from read-only data. */
-#define IRXLOAD_VOLATILE        2       /* Load from volatile data. */
-#define IRXLOAD_UNALIGNED       4       /* Unaligned load. */
+/* XLOAD mode bits, stored in op2. */
+#define IRXLOAD_READONLY        0x01    /* Load from read-only data. */
+#define IRXLOAD_VOLATILE        0x02    /* Load from volatile data. */
+#define IRXLOAD_UNALIGNED       0x04    /* Unaligned load. */
+
+/* BUFHDR mode, stored in op2. */
+#define IRBUFHDR_RESET          0       /* Reset buffer. */
+#define IRBUFHDR_APPEND         1       /* Append to buffer. */
+#define IRBUFHDR_WRITE          2       /* Write to string buffer. */
 
 /* CONV mode, stored in op2. */
 #define IRCONV_SRCMASK          0x001f  /* Source IRType. */
@@ -227,7 +254,6 @@ IRFLDEF(FLENUM)
 #define IRCONV_DSH              5
 #define IRCONV_NUM_INT          ((IRT_NUM<<IRCONV_DSH)|IRT_INT)
 #define IRCONV_INT_NUM          ((IRT_INT<<IRCONV_DSH)|IRT_NUM)
-#define IRCONV_TRUNC            0x0400  /* Truncate number to integer. */
 #define IRCONV_SEXT             0x0800  /* Sign-extend integer to integer. */
 #define IRCONV_MODEMASK         0x0fff
 #define IRCONV_CONVMASK         0xf000
@@ -237,6 +263,12 @@ IRFLDEF(FLENUM)
 #define IRCONV_ANY    (1<<IRCONV_CSH)   /* Any FP number is ok. */
 #define IRCONV_INDEX  (2<<IRCONV_CSH)   /* Check + special backprop rules. */
 #define IRCONV_CHECK  (3<<IRCONV_CSH)   /* Number checked for integerness. */
+#define IRCONV_NONE   IRCONV_ANY        /* INT|*64 no conv, but change type. */
+
+/* TOSTR mode, stored in op2. */
+#define IRTOSTR_INT             0       /* Convert integer to string. */
+#define IRTOSTR_NUM             1       /* Convert number to string. */
+#define IRTOSTR_CHAR            2       /* Convert char value to string. */
 
 /* -- IR operands --------------------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -276,7 +308,9 @@ LJ_DATA const uint8_t lj_ir_mode[IR__MAX+1];
 
 /* -- IR instruction types ------------------------------------------------ */
 
-/* Map of itypes to non-negative numbers. ORDER LJ_T.
+#define IRTSIZE_PGC             (LJ_GC64 ? 8 : 4)
+
+/* Map of itypes to non-negative numbers and their sizes. ORDER LJ_T.
 ** LJ_TUPVAL/LJ_TTRACE never appear in a TValue. Use these itypes for
 ** IRT_P32 and IRT_P64, which never escape the IR.
 ** The various integers are only used in the IR and can only escape to
@@ -284,12 +318,13 @@ LJ_DATA const uint8_t lj_ir_mode[IR__MAX+1];
 ** contiguous and next to IRT_NUM (see the typerange macros below).
 */
 #define IRTDEF(_) \
-  _(NIL, 4) _(FALSE, 4) _(TRUE, 4) _(LIGHTUD, LJ_64 ? 8 : 4) _(STR, 4) \
-  _(P32, 4) _(THREAD, 4) _(PROTO, 4) _(FUNC, 4) _(P64, 8) _(CDATA, 4) \
-  _(TAB, 4) _(UDATA, 4) \
+  _(NIL, 4) _(FALSE, 4) _(TRUE, 4) _(LIGHTUD, LJ_64 ? 8 : 4) \
+  _(STR, IRTSIZE_PGC) _(P32, 4) _(THREAD, IRTSIZE_PGC) _(PROTO, IRTSIZE_PGC) \
+  _(FUNC, IRTSIZE_PGC) _(P64, 8) _(CDATA, IRTSIZE_PGC) _(TAB, IRTSIZE_PGC) \
+  _(UDATA, IRTSIZE_PGC) \
   _(FLOAT, 4) _(NUM, 8) _(I8, 1) _(U8, 1) _(I16, 2) _(U16, 2) \
   _(INT, 4) _(U32, 4) _(I64, 8) _(U64, 8) \
-  _(SOFTFP, 4)  /* There is room for 9 more types. */
+  _(SOFTFP, 4)  /* There is room for 8 more types. */
 
 /* IR result type and flags (8 bit). */
 typedef enum {
@@ -300,6 +335,8 @@ IRTDEF(IRTENUM)
 
   /* Native pointer type and the corresponding integer type. */
   IRT_PTR = LJ_64 ? IRT_P64 : IRT_P32,
+  IRT_PGC = LJ_GC64 ? IRT_P64 : IRT_P32,
+  IRT_IGC = LJ_GC64 ? IRT_I64 : IRT_INT,
   IRT_INTP = LJ_64 ? IRT_I64 : IRT_INT,
   IRT_UINTP = LJ_64 ? IRT_U64 : IRT_U32,
 
@@ -353,7 +390,14 @@ typedef struct IRType1 { uint8_t irt; } IRType1;
 #define irt_isaddr(t)           (irt_typerange((t), IRT_LIGHTUD, IRT_UDATA))
 #define irt_isint64(t)          (irt_typerange((t), IRT_I64, IRT_U64))
 
-#if LJ_64
+#if LJ_GC64
+/* Include IRT_NIL, so IR(ASMREF_L) (aka REF_NIL) is considered 64 bit. */
+#define IRT_IS64 \
+  ((1u<<IRT_NUM)|(1u<<IRT_I64)|(1u<<IRT_U64)|(1u<<IRT_P64)|\
+   (1u<<IRT_LIGHTUD)|(1u<<IRT_STR)|(1u<<IRT_THREAD)|(1u<<IRT_PROTO)|\
+   (1u<<IRT_FUNC)|(1u<<IRT_CDATA)|(1u<<IRT_TAB)|(1u<<IRT_UDATA)|\
+   (1u<<IRT_NIL))
+#elif LJ_64
 #define IRT_IS64 \
   ((1u<<IRT_NUM)|(1u<<IRT_I64)|(1u<<IRT_U64)|(1u<<IRT_P64)|(1u<<IRT_LIGHTUD))
 #else
@@ -374,7 +418,7 @@ static LJ_AINLINE IRType itype2irt(const TValue *tv)
     return IRT_INT;
   else if (tvisnum(tv))
     return IRT_NUM;
-#if LJ_64
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
   else if (tvislightud(tv))
     return IRT_LIGHTUD;
 #endif
@@ -384,11 +428,12 @@ static LJ_AINLINE IRType itype2irt(const TValue *tv)
 
 static LJ_AINLINE uint32_t irt_toitype_(IRType t)
 {
-  lua_assert(!LJ_64 || t != IRT_LIGHTUD);
+  lj_assertX(!LJ_64 || LJ_GC64 || t != IRT_LIGHTUD,
+             "no plain type tag for lightuserdata");
   if (LJ_DUALNUM && t > IRT_NUM) {
     return LJ_TISNUM;
   } else {
-    lua_assert(t <= IRT_NUM);
+    lj_assertX(t <= IRT_NUM, "no plain type tag for IR type %d", t);
     return ~(uint32_t)t;
   }
 }
@@ -451,6 +496,7 @@ typedef uint32_t TRef;
 #define TREF_REFMASK            0x0000ffff
 #define TREF_FRAME              0x00010000
 #define TREF_CONT               0x00020000
+#define TREF_KEYINDEX           0x00100000
 
 #define TREF(ref, t)            ((TRef)((ref) + ((t)<<24)))
 
@@ -464,6 +510,7 @@ typedef uint32_t TRef;
 #define tref_isnil(tr)          (tref_istype((tr), IRT_NIL))
 #define tref_isfalse(tr)        (tref_istype((tr), IRT_FALSE))
 #define tref_istrue(tr)         (tref_istype((tr), IRT_TRUE))
+#define tref_islightud(tr)      (tref_istype((tr), IRT_LIGHTUD))
 #define tref_isstr(tr)          (tref_istype((tr), IRT_STR))
 #define tref_isfunc(tr)         (tref_istype((tr), IRT_FUNC))
 #define tref_iscdata(tr)        (tref_istype((tr), IRT_CDATA))
@@ -496,7 +543,9 @@ typedef uint32_t TRef;
 ** +-------+-------+---+---+---+---+
 ** |  op1  |  op2  | t | o | r | s |
 ** +-------+-------+---+---+---+---+
-** |  op12/i/gco   |   ot  | prev  | (alternative fields in union)
+** |  op12/i/gco32 |   ot  | prev  | (alternative fields in union)
+** +-------+-------+---+---+---+---+
+** |  TValue/gco64                 | (2nd IR slot for 64 bit constants)
 ** +---------------+-------+-------+
 **        32           16      16
 **
@@ -524,21 +573,27 @@ typedef union IRIns {
     )
   };
   int32_t i;            /* 32 bit signed integer literal (overlaps op12). */
-  GCRef gcr;            /* GCobj constant (overlaps op12). */
-  MRef ptr;             /* Pointer constant (overlaps op12). */
+  GCRef gcr;            /* GCobj constant (overlaps op12 or entire slot). */
+  MRef ptr;             /* Pointer constant (overlaps op12 or entire slot). */
+  TValue tv;            /* TValue constant (overlaps entire slot). */
 } IRIns;
 
-#define ir_kgc(ir)      check_exp((ir)->o == IR_KGC, gcref((ir)->gcr))
+#define ir_isk64(ir) \
+  ((ir)->o == IR_KNUM || (ir)->o == IR_KINT64 || \
+   (LJ_GC64 && \
+    ((ir)->o == IR_KGC || (ir)->o == IR_KPTR || (ir)->o == IR_KKPTR)))
+
+#define ir_kgc(ir)      check_exp((ir)->o == IR_KGC, gcref((ir)[LJ_GC64].gcr))
 #define ir_kstr(ir)     (gco2str(ir_kgc((ir))))
 #define ir_ktab(ir)     (gco2tab(ir_kgc((ir))))
 #define ir_kfunc(ir)    (gco2func(ir_kgc((ir))))
 #define ir_kcdata(ir)   (gco2cd(ir_kgc((ir))))
-#define ir_knum(ir)     check_exp((ir)->o == IR_KNUM, mref((ir)->ptr, cTValue))
-#define ir_kint64(ir)   check_exp((ir)->o == IR_KINT64, mref((ir)->ptr,cTValue))
-#define ir_k64(ir) \
-  check_exp((ir)->o == IR_KNUM || (ir)->o == IR_KINT64, mref((ir)->ptr,cTValue))
+#define ir_knum(ir)     check_exp((ir)->o == IR_KNUM, &(ir)[1].tv)
+#define ir_kint64(ir)   check_exp((ir)->o == IR_KINT64, &(ir)[1].tv)
+#define ir_k64(ir)      check_exp(ir_isk64(ir), &(ir)[1].tv)
 #define ir_kptr(ir) \
-  check_exp((ir)->o == IR_KPTR || (ir)->o == IR_KKPTR, mref((ir)->ptr, void))
+  check_exp((ir)->o == IR_KPTR || (ir)->o == IR_KKPTR, \
+    mref((ir)[LJ_GC64].ptr, void))
 
 /* A store or any other op with a non-weak guard has a side-effect. */
 static LJ_AINLINE int ir_sideeff(IRIns *ir)
diff --git a/src/lj_ircall.h b/src/lj_ircall.h
index 4e99b8b5..569134e9 100644
--- a/src/lj_ircall.h
+++ b/src/lj_ircall.h
@@ -16,22 +16,26 @@ typedef struct CCallInfo {
   uint32_t flags;               /* Number of arguments and flags. */
 } CCallInfo;
 
-#define CCI_NARGS(ci)           ((ci)->flags & 0xff)    /* Extract # of args. */
+#define CCI_NARGS(ci)           ((ci)->flags & 0xff)    /* # of args. */
 #define CCI_NARGS_MAX           32                      /* Max. # of args. */
 
 #define CCI_OTSHIFT             16
 #define CCI_OPTYPE(ci)          ((ci)->flags >> CCI_OTSHIFT)  /* Get op/type. */
+#define CCI_TYPE(ci)            (((ci)->flags>>CCI_OTSHIFT) & IRT_TYPE)
 #define CCI_OPSHIFT             24
 #define CCI_OP(ci)              ((ci)->flags >> CCI_OPSHIFT)  /* Get op. */
 
 #define CCI_CALL_N              (IR_CALLN << CCI_OPSHIFT)
+#define CCI_CALL_A              (IR_CALLA << CCI_OPSHIFT)
 #define CCI_CALL_L              (IR_CALLL << CCI_OPSHIFT)
 #define CCI_CALL_S              (IR_CALLS << CCI_OPSHIFT)
 #define CCI_CALL_FN             (CCI_CALL_N|CCI_CC_FASTCALL)
+#define CCI_CALL_FA             (CCI_CALL_A|CCI_CC_FASTCALL)
 #define CCI_CALL_FL             (CCI_CALL_L|CCI_CC_FASTCALL)
 #define CCI_CALL_FS             (CCI_CALL_S|CCI_CC_FASTCALL)
 
 /* C call info flags. */
+#define CCI_T                   (IRT_GUARD << CCI_OTSHIFT)  /* May throw. */
 #define CCI_L                   0x0100  /* Implicit L arg. */
 #define CCI_CASTU64             0x0200  /* Cast u64 result to number. */
 #define CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER        0x0400  /* Does not clobber any FPRs. */
@@ -45,6 +49,17 @@ typedef struct CCallInfo {
 #define CCI_CC_FASTCALL         0x2000  /* Fastcall calling convention. */
 #define CCI_CC_STDCALL          0x3000  /* Stdcall calling convention. */
 
+/* Extra args for SOFTFP, SPLIT 64 bit. */
+#define CCI_XARGS_SHIFT         14
+#define CCI_XARGS(ci)           (((ci)->flags >> CCI_XARGS_SHIFT) & 3)
+#define CCI_XA                  (1u << CCI_XARGS_SHIFT)
+
+#if LJ_SOFTFP32 || (LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI)
+#define CCI_XNARGS(ci)          (CCI_NARGS((ci)) + CCI_XARGS((ci)))
+#else
+#define CCI_XNARGS(ci)          CCI_NARGS((ci))
+#endif
+
 /* Helpers for conditional function definitions. */
 #define IRCALLCOND_ANY(x)               x
 
@@ -66,6 +81,18 @@ typedef struct CCallInfo {
 #define IRCALLCOND_SOFTFP_FFI(x)        NULL
 #endif
 
+#if LJ_SOFTFP && LJ_TARGET_MIPS
+#define IRCALLCOND_SOFTFP_MIPS(x)       x
+#else
+#define IRCALLCOND_SOFTFP_MIPS(x)       NULL
+#endif
+
+#if LJ_SOFTFP && LJ_TARGET_MIPS64
+#define IRCALLCOND_SOFTFP_MIPS64(x)     x
+#else
+#define IRCALLCOND_SOFTFP_MIPS64(x)     NULL
+#endif
+
 #define LJ_NEED_FP64    (LJ_TARGET_ARM || LJ_TARGET_PPC || LJ_TARGET_MIPS)
 
 #if LJ_HASFFI && (LJ_SOFTFP || LJ_NEED_FP64)
@@ -86,93 +113,158 @@ typedef struct CCallInfo {
 #define IRCALLCOND_FFI32(x)             NULL
 #endif
 
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+#define IRCALLCOND_BUFFER(x)            x
+#else
+#define IRCALLCOND_BUFFER(x)            NULL
+#endif
+
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER && LJ_HASFFI
+#define IRCALLCOND_BUFFFI(x)            x
+#else
+#define IRCALLCOND_BUFFFI(x)            NULL
+#endif
+
 #if LJ_SOFTFP
-#define ARG1_FP         2       /* Treat as 2 32 bit arguments. */
+#define XA_FP           CCI_XA
+#define XA2_FP          (CCI_XA+CCI_XA)
 #else
-#define ARG1_FP         1
+#define XA_FP           0
+#define XA2_FP          0
+#endif
+
+#if LJ_SOFTFP32
+#define XA_FP32         CCI_XA
+#define XA2_FP32        (CCI_XA+CCI_XA)
+#else
+#define XA_FP32         0
+#define XA2_FP32        0
 #endif
 
 #if LJ_32
-#define ARG2_64         4       /* Treat as 4 32 bit arguments. */
+#define XA_64           CCI_XA
+#define XA2_64          (CCI_XA+CCI_XA)
 #else
-#define ARG2_64         2
+#define XA_64           0
+#define XA2_64          0
 #endif
 
 /* Function definitions for CALL* instructions. */
 #define IRCALLDEF(_) \
   _(ANY,        lj_str_cmp,             2,  FN, INT, CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
-  _(ANY,        lj_str_new,             3,   S, STR, CCI_L) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_str_find,            4,   N, PGC, 0) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_str_new,             3,   S, STR, CCI_L|CCI_T) \
   _(ANY,        lj_strscan_num,         2,  FN, INT, 0) \
-  _(ANY,        lj_str_fromint,         2,  FN, STR, CCI_L) \
-  _(ANY,        lj_str_fromnum,         2,  FN, STR, CCI_L) \
-  _(ANY,        lj_tab_new1,            2,  FS, TAB, CCI_L) \
-  _(ANY,        lj_tab_dup,             2,  FS, TAB, CCI_L) \
-  _(ANY,        lj_tab_newkey,          3,   S, P32, CCI_L) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_strfmt_int,          2,  FN, STR, CCI_L|CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_strfmt_num,          2,  FN, STR, CCI_L|CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_strfmt_char,         2,  FN, STR, CCI_L|CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_strfmt_putint,       2,  FL, PGC, CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_strfmt_putnum,       2,  FL, PGC, CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_strfmt_putquoted,    2,  FL, PGC, CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_strfmt_putfxint,     3,   L, PGC, XA_64|CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_strfmt_putfnum_int,  3,   L, PGC, XA_FP|CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_strfmt_putfnum_uint, 3,   L, PGC, XA_FP|CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_strfmt_putfnum,      3,   L, PGC, XA_FP|CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_strfmt_putfstr,      3,   L, PGC, CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_strfmt_putfchar,     3,   L, PGC, CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_buf_putmem,          3,   S, PGC, CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_buf_putstr,          2,  FL, PGC, CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_buf_putchar,         2,  FL, PGC, CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_buf_putstr_reverse,  2,  FL, PGC, CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_buf_putstr_lower,    2,  FL, PGC, CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_buf_putstr_upper,    2,  FL, PGC, CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_buf_putstr_rep,      3,   L, PGC, CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_buf_puttab,          5,   L, PGC, CCI_T) \
+  _(BUFFER,     lj_bufx_set,            4,   S, NIL, 0) \
+  _(BUFFFI,     lj_bufx_more,           2,  FS, INT, CCI_T) \
+  _(BUFFER,     lj_serialize_put,       2,  FS, PGC, CCI_T) \
+  _(BUFFER,     lj_serialize_get,       2,  FS, PTR, CCI_T) \
+  _(BUFFER,     lj_serialize_encode,    2,  FA, STR, CCI_L|CCI_T) \
+  _(BUFFER,     lj_serialize_decode,    3,   A, INT, CCI_L|CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_buf_tostr,           1,  FL, STR, CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_tab_new_ah,          3,   A, TAB, CCI_L|CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_tab_new1,            2,  FA, TAB, CCI_L|CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_tab_dup,             2,  FA, TAB, CCI_L|CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_tab_clear,           1,  FS, NIL, 0) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_tab_newkey,          3,   S, PGC, CCI_L|CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_tab_keyindex,        2,  FL, INT, 0) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_vm_next,             2,  FL, PTR, 0) \
   _(ANY,        lj_tab_len,             1,  FL, INT, 0) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_tab_len_hint,        2,  FL, INT, 0) \
   _(ANY,        lj_gc_step_jit,         2,  FS, NIL, CCI_L) \
   _(ANY,        lj_gc_barrieruv,        2,  FS, NIL, 0) \
-  _(ANY,        lj_mem_newgco,          2,  FS, P32, CCI_L) \
-  _(ANY,        lj_math_random_step, 1, FS, NUM, CCI_CASTU64) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_mem_newgco,          2,  FA, PGC, CCI_L|CCI_T) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_prng_u64d,           1,  FS, NUM, CCI_CASTU64) \
   _(ANY,        lj_vm_modi,             2,  FN, INT, 0) \
-  _(ANY,        sinh,                   ARG1_FP,  N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(ANY,        cosh,                   ARG1_FP,  N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(ANY,        tanh,                   ARG1_FP,  N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(ANY,        fputc,                  2,  S, INT, 0) \
-  _(ANY,        fwrite,                 4,  S, INT, 0) \
-  _(ANY,        fflush,                 1,  S, INT, 0) \
+  _(ANY,        log10,                  1,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(ANY,        exp,                    1,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(ANY,        sin,                    1,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(ANY,        cos,                    1,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(ANY,        tan,                    1,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(ANY,        asin,                   1,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(ANY,        acos,                   1,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(ANY,        atan,                   1,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(ANY,        sinh,                   1,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(ANY,        cosh,                   1,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(ANY,        tanh,                   1,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(ANY,        fputc,                  2,   S, INT, 0) \
+  _(ANY,        fwrite,                 4,   S, INT, 0) \
+  _(ANY,        fflush,                 1,   S, INT, 0) \
   /* ORDER FPM */ \
-  _(FPMATH,     lj_vm_floor,            ARG1_FP,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(FPMATH,     lj_vm_ceil,             ARG1_FP,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(FPMATH,     lj_vm_trunc,            ARG1_FP,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(FPMATH,     sqrt,                   ARG1_FP,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(FPMATH,     exp,                    ARG1_FP,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(FPMATH,     lj_vm_exp2,             ARG1_FP,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(FPMATH,     log,                    ARG1_FP,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(FPMATH,     lj_vm_log2,             ARG1_FP,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(FPMATH,     log10,                  ARG1_FP,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(FPMATH,     sin,                    ARG1_FP,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(FPMATH,     cos,                    ARG1_FP,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(FPMATH,     tan,                    ARG1_FP,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(FPMATH,     lj_vm_powi,             ARG1_FP+1, N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(FPMATH,     pow,                    ARG1_FP*2, N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(FPMATH,     atan2,                  ARG1_FP*2, N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(FPMATH,     ldexp,                  ARG1_FP+1, N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(SOFTFP,     lj_vm_tobit,            2,   N, INT, 0) \
-  _(SOFTFP,     softfp_add,             4,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(SOFTFP,     softfp_sub,             4,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(SOFTFP,     softfp_mul,             4,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(SOFTFP,     softfp_div,             4,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(SOFTFP,     softfp_cmp,             4,   N, NIL, 0) \
+  _(FPMATH,     lj_vm_floor,            1,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(FPMATH,     lj_vm_ceil,             1,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(FPMATH,     lj_vm_trunc,            1,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(FPMATH,     sqrt,                   1,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(ANY,        log,                    1,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(ANY,        lj_vm_log2,             1,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(ANY,        pow,                    2,   N, NUM, XA2_FP) \
+  _(ANY,        atan2,                  2,   N, NUM, XA2_FP) \
+  _(ANY,        ldexp,                  2,   N, NUM, XA_FP) \
+  _(SOFTFP,     lj_vm_tobit,            1,   N, INT, XA_FP32) \
+  _(SOFTFP,     softfp_add,             2,   N, NUM, XA2_FP32) \
+  _(SOFTFP,     softfp_sub,             2,   N, NUM, XA2_FP32) \
+  _(SOFTFP,     softfp_mul,             2,   N, NUM, XA2_FP32) \
+  _(SOFTFP,     softfp_div,             2,   N, NUM, XA2_FP32) \
+  _(SOFTFP,     softfp_cmp,             2,   N, NIL, XA2_FP32) \
   _(SOFTFP,     softfp_i2d,             1,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(SOFTFP,     softfp_d2i,             2,   N, INT, 0) \
+  _(SOFTFP,     softfp_d2i,             1,   N, INT, XA_FP32) \
+  _(SOFTFP_MIPS, lj_vm_sfmin,           2,   N, NUM, XA2_FP32) \
+  _(SOFTFP_MIPS, lj_vm_sfmax,           2,   N, NUM, XA2_FP32) \
+  _(SOFTFP_MIPS64, lj_vm_tointg,        1,   N, INT, 0) \
   _(SOFTFP_FFI, softfp_ui2d,            1,   N, NUM, 0) \
   _(SOFTFP_FFI, softfp_f2d,             1,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(SOFTFP_FFI, softfp_d2ui,            2,   N, INT, 0) \
-  _(SOFTFP_FFI, softfp_d2f,             2,   N, FLOAT, 0) \
+  _(SOFTFP_FFI, softfp_d2ui,            1,   N, INT, XA_FP32) \
+  _(SOFTFP_FFI, softfp_d2f,             1,   N, FLOAT, XA_FP32) \
   _(SOFTFP_FFI, softfp_i2f,             1,   N, FLOAT, 0) \
   _(SOFTFP_FFI, softfp_ui2f,            1,   N, FLOAT, 0) \
   _(SOFTFP_FFI, softfp_f2i,             1,   N, INT, 0) \
   _(SOFTFP_FFI, softfp_f2ui,            1,   N, INT, 0) \
-  _(FP64_FFI,   fp64_l2d,               2,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(FP64_FFI,   fp64_ul2d,              2,   N, NUM, 0) \
-  _(FP64_FFI,   fp64_l2f,               2,   N, FLOAT, 0) \
-  _(FP64_FFI,   fp64_ul2f,              2,   N, FLOAT, 0) \
-  _(FP64_FFI,   fp64_d2l,               ARG1_FP,   N, I64, 0) \
-  _(FP64_FFI,   fp64_d2ul,              ARG1_FP,   N, U64, 0) \
+  _(FP64_FFI,   fp64_l2d,               1,   N, NUM, XA_64) \
+  _(FP64_FFI,   fp64_ul2d,              1,   N, NUM, XA_64) \
+  _(FP64_FFI,   fp64_l2f,               1,   N, FLOAT, XA_64) \
+  _(FP64_FFI,   fp64_ul2f,              1,   N, FLOAT, XA_64) \
+  _(FP64_FFI,   fp64_d2l,               1,   N, I64, XA_FP) \
+  _(FP64_FFI,   fp64_d2ul,              1,   N, U64, XA_FP) \
   _(FP64_FFI,   fp64_f2l,               1,   N, I64, 0) \
   _(FP64_FFI,   fp64_f2ul,              1,   N, U64, 0) \
-  _(FFI,        lj_carith_divi64,       ARG2_64,   N, I64, CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
-  _(FFI,        lj_carith_divu64,       ARG2_64,   N, U64, CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
-  _(FFI,        lj_carith_modi64,       ARG2_64,   N, I64, CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
-  _(FFI,        lj_carith_modu64,       ARG2_64,   N, U64, CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
-  _(FFI,        lj_carith_powi64,       ARG2_64,   N, I64, CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
-  _(FFI,        lj_carith_powu64,       ARG2_64,   N, U64, CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
-  _(FFI,        lj_cdata_setfin,        2,        FN, P32, CCI_L) \
-  _(FFI,        strlen,                 1,         L, INTP, 0) \
-  _(FFI,        memcpy,                 3,         S, PTR, 0) \
-  _(FFI,        memset,                 3,         S, PTR, 0) \
-  _(FFI,        lj_vm_errno,            0,         S, INT, CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
-  _(FFI32,      lj_carith_mul64,        ARG2_64,   N, I64, CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER)
+  _(FFI,        lj_carith_divi64,       2,   N, I64, XA2_64|CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
+  _(FFI,        lj_carith_divu64,       2,   N, U64, XA2_64|CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
+  _(FFI,        lj_carith_modi64,       2,   N, I64, XA2_64|CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
+  _(FFI,        lj_carith_modu64,       2,   N, U64, XA2_64|CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
+  _(FFI,        lj_carith_powi64,       2,   N, I64, XA2_64|CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
+  _(FFI,        lj_carith_powu64,       2,   N, U64, XA2_64|CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
+  _(FFI,        lj_cdata_newv,          4,   S, CDATA, CCI_L) \
+  _(FFI,        lj_cdata_setfin,        4,   S, NIL, CCI_L) \
+  _(FFI,        strlen,                 1,   L, INTP, 0) \
+  _(FFI,        memcpy,                 3,   S, PTR, 0) \
+  _(FFI,        memset,                 3,   S, PTR, 0) \
+  _(FFI,        lj_vm_errno,            0,   S, INT, CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
+  _(FFI32,      lj_carith_mul64,        2,   N, I64, XA2_64|CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
+  _(FFI32,      lj_carith_shl64,        2,   N, U64, XA_64|CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
+  _(FFI32,      lj_carith_shr64,        2,   N, U64, XA_64|CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
+  _(FFI32,      lj_carith_sar64,        2,   N, U64, XA_64|CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
+  _(FFI32,      lj_carith_rol64,        2,   N, U64, XA_64|CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
+  _(FFI32,      lj_carith_ror64,        2,   N, U64, XA_64|CCI_NOFPRCLOBBER) \
   \
   /* End of list. */
 
@@ -220,6 +312,22 @@ LJ_DATA const CCallInfo lj_ir_callinfo[IRCALL__MAX+1];
 #define fp64_f2l __aeabi_f2lz
 #define fp64_f2ul __aeabi_f2ulz
 #endif
+#elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS || LJ_TARGET_PPC
+#define softfp_add __adddf3
+#define softfp_sub __subdf3
+#define softfp_mul __muldf3
+#define softfp_div __divdf3
+#define softfp_cmp __ledf2
+#define softfp_i2d __floatsidf
+#define softfp_d2i __fixdfsi
+#define softfp_ui2d __floatunsidf
+#define softfp_f2d __extendsfdf2
+#define softfp_d2ui __fixunsdfsi
+#define softfp_d2f __truncdfsf2
+#define softfp_i2f __floatsisf
+#define softfp_ui2f __floatunsisf
+#define softfp_f2i __fixsfsi
+#define softfp_f2ui __fixunssfsi
 #else
 #error "Missing soft-float definitions for target architecture"
 #endif
@@ -240,10 +348,14 @@ extern float softfp_ui2f(uint32_t a);
 extern int32_t softfp_f2i(float a);
 extern uint32_t softfp_f2ui(float a);
 #endif
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPS
+extern double lj_vm_sfmin(double a, double b);
+extern double lj_vm_sfmax(double a, double b);
+#endif
 #endif
 
 #if LJ_HASFFI && LJ_NEED_FP64 && !(LJ_TARGET_ARM && LJ_SOFTFP)
-#ifdef __GNUC__
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
 #define fp64_l2d __floatdidf
 #define fp64_ul2d __floatundidf
 #define fp64_l2f __floatdisf
diff --git a/src/lj_iropt.h b/src/lj_iropt.h
index 9aa03abc..458a5511 100644
--- a/src/lj_iropt.h
+++ b/src/lj_iropt.h
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ static LJ_AINLINE IRRef lj_ir_nextins(jit_State *J)
   return ref;
 }
 
+LJ_FUNC TRef lj_ir_ggfload(jit_State *J, IRType t, uintptr_t ofs);
+
 /* Interning of constants. */
 LJ_FUNC TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_ir_kint(jit_State *J, int32_t k);
-LJ_FUNC void lj_ir_k64_freeall(jit_State *J);
-LJ_FUNC TRef lj_ir_k64(jit_State *J, IROp op, cTValue *tv);
-LJ_FUNC cTValue *lj_ir_k64_find(jit_State *J, uint64_t u64);
+LJ_FUNC TRef lj_ir_k64(jit_State *J, IROp op, uint64_t u64);
 LJ_FUNC TRef lj_ir_knum_u64(jit_State *J, uint64_t u64);
 LJ_FUNC TRef lj_ir_knumint(jit_State *J, lua_Number n);
 LJ_FUNC TRef lj_ir_kint64(jit_State *J, uint64_t u64);
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ LJ_FUNC TRef lj_ir_kgc(jit_State *J, GCobj *o, IRType t);
 LJ_FUNC TRef lj_ir_kptr_(jit_State *J, IROp op, void *ptr);
 LJ_FUNC TRef lj_ir_knull(jit_State *J, IRType t);
 LJ_FUNC TRef lj_ir_kslot(jit_State *J, TRef key, IRRef slot);
+LJ_FUNC TRef lj_ir_ktrace(jit_State *J);
 
 #if LJ_64
 #define lj_ir_kintp(J, k)       lj_ir_kint64(J, (uint64_t)(k))
@@ -74,8 +75,8 @@ static LJ_AINLINE TRef lj_ir_knum(jit_State *J, lua_Number n)
 #define lj_ir_knum_tobit(J)     lj_ir_knum_u64(J, U64x(43380000,00000000))
 
 /* Special 128 bit SIMD constants. */
-#define lj_ir_knum_abs(J)       lj_ir_k64(J, IR_KNUM, LJ_KSIMD(J, LJ_KSIMD_ABS))
-#define lj_ir_knum_neg(J)       lj_ir_k64(J, IR_KNUM, LJ_KSIMD(J, LJ_KSIMD_NEG))
+#define lj_ir_ksimd(J, idx) \
+  lj_ir_ggfload(J, IRT_NUM, (uintptr_t)LJ_KSIMD(J, idx) - (uintptr_t)J2GG(J))
 
 /* Access to constants. */
 LJ_FUNC void lj_ir_kvalue(lua_State *L, TValue *tv, const IRIns *ir);
@@ -119,10 +120,11 @@ LJ_FUNC TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_hload(jit_State *J);
 LJ_FUNC TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_uload(jit_State *J);
 LJ_FUNC TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_fload(jit_State *J);
 LJ_FUNC TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_xload(jit_State *J);
-LJ_FUNC TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_tab_len(jit_State *J);
+LJ_FUNC TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_alen(jit_State *J);
 LJ_FUNC TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_hrefk(jit_State *J);
 LJ_FUNC int LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_href_nokey(jit_State *J);
 LJ_FUNC int LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_tptr(jit_State *J, IRRef lim);
+LJ_FUNC int LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_sbuf(jit_State *J, IRRef lim);
 LJ_FUNC int lj_opt_fwd_wasnonnil(jit_State *J, IROpT loadop, IRRef xref);
 
 /* Dead-store elimination. */
@@ -143,13 +145,12 @@ LJ_FUNC TRef lj_opt_narrow_arith(jit_State *J, TRef rb, TRef rc,
                                  TValue *vb, TValue *vc, IROp op);
 LJ_FUNC TRef lj_opt_narrow_unm(jit_State *J, TRef rc, TValue *vc);
 LJ_FUNC TRef lj_opt_narrow_mod(jit_State *J, TRef rb, TRef rc, TValue *vb, TValue *vc);
-LJ_FUNC TRef lj_opt_narrow_pow(jit_State *J, TRef rb, TRef rc, TValue *vb, TValue *vc);
 LJ_FUNC IRType lj_opt_narrow_forl(jit_State *J, cTValue *forbase);
 
 /* Optimization passes. */
 LJ_FUNC void lj_opt_dce(jit_State *J);
 LJ_FUNC int lj_opt_loop(jit_State *J);
-#if LJ_SOFTFP || (LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI)
+#if LJ_SOFTFP32 || (LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI)
 LJ_FUNC void lj_opt_split(jit_State *J);
 #else
 #define lj_opt_split(J)         UNUSED(J)
diff --git a/src/lj_jit.h b/src/lj_jit.h
index 66aa9aad..19810639 100644
--- a/src/lj_jit.h
+++ b/src/lj_jit.h
@@ -7,75 +7,91 @@
 #define _LJ_JIT_H
 
 #include "lj_obj.h"
+#if LJ_HASJIT
 #include "lj_ir.h"
 
-/* JIT engine flags. */
+/* -- JIT engine flags ---------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* General JIT engine flags. 4 bits. */
 #define JIT_F_ON                0x00000001
 
-/* CPU-specific JIT engine flags. */
+/* CPU-specific JIT engine flags. 12 bits. Flags and strings must match. */
+#define JIT_F_CPU               0x00000010
+
 #if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
-#define JIT_F_CMOV              0x00000010
-#define JIT_F_SSE2              0x00000020
-#define JIT_F_SSE3              0x00000040
-#define JIT_F_SSE4_1            0x00000080
-#define JIT_F_P4                0x00000100
-#define JIT_F_PREFER_IMUL       0x00000200
-#define JIT_F_SPLIT_XMM         0x00000400
-#define JIT_F_LEA_AGU           0x00000800
-
-/* Names for the CPU-specific flags. Must match the order above. */
-#define JIT_F_CPU_FIRST         JIT_F_CMOV
-#define JIT_F_CPUSTRING         "\4CMOV\4SSE2\4SSE3\6SSE4.1\2P4\3AMD\2K8\4ATOM"
+
+#define JIT_F_SSE3              (JIT_F_CPU << 0)
+#define JIT_F_SSE4_1            (JIT_F_CPU << 1)
+#define JIT_F_BMI2              (JIT_F_CPU << 2)
+
+
+#define JIT_F_CPUSTRING         "\4SSE3\6SSE4.1\4BMI2"
+
 #elif LJ_TARGET_ARM
-#define JIT_F_ARMV6_            0x00000010
-#define JIT_F_ARMV6T2_          0x00000020
-#define JIT_F_ARMV7             0x00000040
-#define JIT_F_VFPV2             0x00000080
-#define JIT_F_VFPV3             0x00000100
-
-#define JIT_F_ARMV6             (JIT_F_ARMV6_|JIT_F_ARMV6T2_|JIT_F_ARMV7)
-#define JIT_F_ARMV6T2           (JIT_F_ARMV6T2_|JIT_F_ARMV7)
+
+#define JIT_F_ARMV6_            (JIT_F_CPU << 0)
+#define JIT_F_ARMV6T2_          (JIT_F_CPU << 1)
+#define JIT_F_ARMV7             (JIT_F_CPU << 2)
+#define JIT_F_ARMV8             (JIT_F_CPU << 3)
+#define JIT_F_VFPV2             (JIT_F_CPU << 4)
+#define JIT_F_VFPV3             (JIT_F_CPU << 5)
+
+#define JIT_F_ARMV6             (JIT_F_ARMV6_|JIT_F_ARMV6T2_|JIT_F_ARMV7|JIT_F_ARMV8)
+#define JIT_F_ARMV6T2           (JIT_F_ARMV6T2_|JIT_F_ARMV7|JIT_F_ARMV8)
 #define JIT_F_VFP               (JIT_F_VFPV2|JIT_F_VFPV3)
 
-/* Names for the CPU-specific flags. Must match the order above. */
-#define JIT_F_CPU_FIRST         JIT_F_ARMV6_
-#define JIT_F_CPUSTRING         "\5ARMv6\7ARMv6T2\5ARMv7\5VFPv2\5VFPv3"
+#define JIT_F_CPUSTRING         "\5ARMv6\7ARMv6T2\5ARMv7\5ARMv8\5VFPv2\5VFPv3"
+
 #elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
-#define JIT_F_SQRT              0x00000010
-#define JIT_F_ROUND             0x00000020
 
-/* Names for the CPU-specific flags. Must match the order above. */
-#define JIT_F_CPU_FIRST         JIT_F_SQRT
+#define JIT_F_SQRT              (JIT_F_CPU << 0)
+#define JIT_F_ROUND             (JIT_F_CPU << 1)
+
 #define JIT_F_CPUSTRING         "\4SQRT\5ROUND"
+
 #elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS
-#define JIT_F_MIPS32R2          0x00000010
 
-/* Names for the CPU-specific flags. Must match the order above. */
-#define JIT_F_CPU_FIRST         JIT_F_MIPS32R2
+#define JIT_F_MIPSXXR2          (JIT_F_CPU << 0)
+
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPS32
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+#define JIT_F_CPUSTRING         "\010MIPS32R6"
+#else
 #define JIT_F_CPUSTRING         "\010MIPS32R2"
+#endif
 #else
-#define JIT_F_CPU_FIRST         0
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+#define JIT_F_CPUSTRING         "\010MIPS64R6"
+#else
+#define JIT_F_CPUSTRING         "\010MIPS64R2"
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#else
+
 #define JIT_F_CPUSTRING         ""
+
 #endif
 
-/* Optimization flags. */
+/* Optimization flags. 12 bits. */
+#define JIT_F_OPT               0x00010000
 #define JIT_F_OPT_MASK          0x0fff0000
 
-#define JIT_F_OPT_FOLD          0x00010000
-#define JIT_F_OPT_CSE           0x00020000
-#define JIT_F_OPT_DCE           0x00040000
-#define JIT_F_OPT_FWD           0x00080000
-#define JIT_F_OPT_DSE           0x00100000
-#define JIT_F_OPT_NARROW        0x00200000
-#define JIT_F_OPT_LOOP          0x00400000
-#define JIT_F_OPT_ABC           0x00800000
-#define JIT_F_OPT_SINK          0x01000000
-#define JIT_F_OPT_FUSE          0x02000000
+#define JIT_F_OPT_FOLD          (JIT_F_OPT << 0)
+#define JIT_F_OPT_CSE           (JIT_F_OPT << 1)
+#define JIT_F_OPT_DCE           (JIT_F_OPT << 2)
+#define JIT_F_OPT_FWD           (JIT_F_OPT << 3)
+#define JIT_F_OPT_DSE           (JIT_F_OPT << 4)
+#define JIT_F_OPT_NARROW        (JIT_F_OPT << 5)
+#define JIT_F_OPT_LOOP          (JIT_F_OPT << 6)
+#define JIT_F_OPT_ABC           (JIT_F_OPT << 7)
+#define JIT_F_OPT_SINK          (JIT_F_OPT << 8)
+#define JIT_F_OPT_FUSE          (JIT_F_OPT << 9)
+#define JIT_F_OPT_FMA           (JIT_F_OPT << 10)
 
 /* Optimizations names for -O. Must match the order above. */
-#define JIT_F_OPT_FIRST         JIT_F_OPT_FOLD
 #define JIT_F_OPTSTRING \
-  "\4fold\3cse\3dce\3fwd\3dse\6narrow\4loop\3abc\4sink\4fuse"
+  "\4fold\3cse\3dce\3fwd\3dse\6narrow\4loop\3abc\4sink\4fuse\3fma"
 
 /* Optimization levels set a fixed combination of flags. */
 #define JIT_F_OPT_0     0
@@ -84,6 +100,9 @@
 #define JIT_F_OPT_3     (JIT_F_OPT_2|\
   JIT_F_OPT_FWD|JIT_F_OPT_DSE|JIT_F_OPT_ABC|JIT_F_OPT_SINK|JIT_F_OPT_FUSE)
 #define JIT_F_OPT_DEFAULT       JIT_F_OPT_3
+/* Note: FMA is not set by default. */
+
+/* -- JIT engine parameters ----------------------------------------------- */
 
 #if LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS || LJ_64
 /* See: http://blogs.msdn.com/oldnewthing/archive/2003/10/08/55239.aspx */
@@ -100,6 +119,7 @@
   _(\012, maxirconst,   500)    /* Max. # of IR constants of a trace. */ \
   _(\007, maxside,      100)    /* Max. # of side traces of a root trace. */ \
   _(\007, maxsnap,      500)    /* Max. # of snapshots for a trace. */ \
+  _(\011, minstitch,    0)      /* Min. # of IR ins for a stitched trace. */ \
   \
   _(\007, hotloop,      56)     /* # of iter. to detect a hot loop/call. */ \
   _(\007, hotexit,      10)     /* # of taken exits to start a side trace. */ \
@@ -126,11 +146,14 @@ JIT_PARAMDEF(JIT_PARAMENUM)
 #define JIT_PARAMSTR(len, name, value)  #len #name
 #define JIT_P_STRING    JIT_PARAMDEF(JIT_PARAMSTR)
 
+/* -- JIT engine data structures ------------------------------------------ */
+
 /* Trace compiler state. */
 typedef enum {
   LJ_TRACE_IDLE,        /* Trace compiler idle. */
   LJ_TRACE_ACTIVE = 0x10,
   LJ_TRACE_RECORD,      /* Bytecode recording active. */
+  LJ_TRACE_RECORD_1ST,  /* Record 1st instruction, too. */
   LJ_TRACE_START,       /* New trace started. */
   LJ_TRACE_END,         /* End of trace. */
   LJ_TRACE_ASM,         /* Assemble trace. */
@@ -165,6 +188,7 @@ typedef struct MCLink {
 typedef struct SnapShot {
   uint32_t mapofs;      /* Offset into snapshot map. */
   IRRef1 ref;           /* First IR ref for this snapshot. */
+  uint16_t mcofs;       /* Offset into machine code in MCode units. */
   uint8_t nslots;       /* Number of valid slots. */
   uint8_t topslot;      /* Maximum frame extent. */
   uint8_t nent;         /* Number of compressed entries. */
@@ -180,20 +204,35 @@ typedef uint32_t SnapEntry;
 #define SNAP_CONT               0x020000        /* Continuation slot. */
 #define SNAP_NORESTORE          0x040000        /* No need to restore slot. */
 #define SNAP_SOFTFPNUM          0x080000        /* Soft-float number. */
+#define SNAP_KEYINDEX           0x100000        /* Traversal key index. */
 LJ_STATIC_ASSERT(SNAP_FRAME == TREF_FRAME);
 LJ_STATIC_ASSERT(SNAP_CONT == TREF_CONT);
+LJ_STATIC_ASSERT(SNAP_KEYINDEX == TREF_KEYINDEX);
 
 #define SNAP(slot, flags, ref)  (((SnapEntry)(slot) << 24) + (flags) + (ref))
 #define SNAP_TR(slot, tr) \
-  (((SnapEntry)(slot) << 24) + ((tr) & (TREF_CONT|TREF_FRAME|TREF_REFMASK)))
+  (((SnapEntry)(slot) << 24) + \
+   ((tr) & (TREF_KEYINDEX|TREF_CONT|TREF_FRAME|TREF_REFMASK)))
+#if !LJ_FR2
 #define SNAP_MKPC(pc)           ((SnapEntry)u32ptr(pc))
+#endif
 #define SNAP_MKFTSZ(ftsz)       ((SnapEntry)(ftsz))
 #define snap_ref(sn)            ((sn) & 0xffff)
 #define snap_slot(sn)           ((BCReg)((sn) >> 24))
 #define snap_isframe(sn)        ((sn) & SNAP_FRAME)
-#define snap_pc(sn)             ((const BCIns *)(uintptr_t)(sn))
 #define snap_setref(sn, ref)    (((sn) & (0xffff0000&~SNAP_NORESTORE)) | (ref))
 
+static LJ_AINLINE const BCIns *snap_pc(SnapEntry *sn)
+{
+#if LJ_FR2
+  uint64_t pcbase;
+  memcpy(&pcbase, sn, sizeof(uint64_t));
+  return (const BCIns *)(pcbase >> 8);
+#else
+  return (const BCIns *)(uintptr_t)*sn;
+#endif
+}
+
 /* Snapshot and exit numbers. */
 typedef uint32_t SnapNo;
 typedef uint32_t ExitNo;
@@ -211,7 +250,8 @@ typedef enum {
   LJ_TRLINK_UPREC,              /* Up-recursion. */
   LJ_TRLINK_DOWNREC,            /* Down-recursion. */
   LJ_TRLINK_INTERP,             /* Fallback to interpreter. */
-  LJ_TRLINK_RETURN              /* Return to interpreter. */
+  LJ_TRLINK_RETURN,             /* Return to interpreter. */
+  LJ_TRLINK_STITCH              /* Trace stitching. */
 } TraceLink;
 
 /* Trace object. */
@@ -219,6 +259,9 @@ typedef struct GCtrace {
   GCHeader;
   uint16_t nsnap;       /* Number of snapshots. */
   IRRef nins;           /* Next IR instruction. Biased with REF_BIAS. */
+#if LJ_GC64
+  uint32_t unused_gc64;
+#endif
   GCRef gclist;
   IRIns *ir;            /* IR instructions/constants. Biased with REF_BIAS. */
   IRRef nk;             /* Lowest IR constant. Biased with REF_BIAS. */
@@ -230,6 +273,9 @@ typedef struct GCtrace {
   BCIns startins;       /* Original bytecode of starting instruction. */
   MSize szmcode;        /* Size of machine code. */
   MCode *mcode;         /* Start of machine code. */
+#if LJ_ABI_PAUTH
+  ASMFunction mcauth;   /* Start of machine code, with ptr auth applied. */
+#endif
   MSize mcloop;         /* Offset of loop start in machine code. */
   uint16_t nchild;      /* Number of child traces (root trace only). */
   uint16_t spadjust;    /* Stack pointer adjustment (offset in bytes). */
@@ -294,6 +340,16 @@ typedef struct ScEvEntry {
   uint8_t dir;          /* Direction. 1: +, 0: -. */
 } ScEvEntry;
 
+/* Reverse bytecode map (IRRef -> PC). Only for selected instructions. */
+typedef struct RBCHashEntry {
+  MRef pc;              /* Bytecode PC. */
+  GCRef pt;             /* Prototype. */
+  IRRef ref;            /* IR reference. */
+} RBCHashEntry;
+
+/* Number of slots in the reverse bytecode hash table. Must be a power of 2. */
+#define RBCHASH_SLOTS   8
+
 /* 128 bit SIMD constants. */
 enum {
   LJ_KSIMD_ABS,
@@ -301,12 +357,53 @@ enum {
   LJ_KSIMD__MAX
 };
 
+enum {
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
+  LJ_K64_TOBIT,         /* 2^52 + 2^51 */
+  LJ_K64_2P64,          /* 2^64 */
+  LJ_K64_M2P64,         /* -2^64 */
+#if LJ_32
+  LJ_K64_M2P64_31,      /* -2^64 or -2^31 */
+#else
+  LJ_K64_M2P64_31 = LJ_K64_M2P64,
+#endif
+#endif
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPS
+  LJ_K64_2P31,          /* 2^31 */
+#if LJ_64
+  LJ_K64_2P63,          /* 2^63 */
+  LJ_K64_M2P64,         /* -2^64 */
+#endif
+#endif
+  LJ_K64__MAX,
+};
+#define LJ_K64__USED    (LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64 || LJ_TARGET_MIPS)
+
+enum {
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
+  LJ_K32_M2P64_31,      /* -2^64 or -2^31 */
+#endif
+#if LJ_TARGET_PPC
+  LJ_K32_2P52_2P31,     /* 2^52 + 2^31 */
+  LJ_K32_2P52,          /* 2^52 */
+#endif
+#if LJ_TARGET_PPC || LJ_TARGET_MIPS
+  LJ_K32_2P31,          /* 2^31 */
+#endif
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPS64
+  LJ_K32_2P63,          /* 2^63 */
+  LJ_K32_M2P64,         /* -2^64 */
+#endif
+  LJ_K32__MAX
+};
+#define LJ_K32__USED    (LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64 || LJ_TARGET_PPC || LJ_TARGET_MIPS)
+
 /* Get 16 byte aligned pointer to SIMD constant. */
 #define LJ_KSIMD(J, n) \
   ((TValue *)(((intptr_t)&J->ksimd[2*(n)] + 15) & ~(intptr_t)15))
 
 /* Set/reset flag to activate the SPLIT pass for the current trace. */
-#if LJ_SOFTFP || (LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI)
+#if LJ_SOFTFP32 || (LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI)
 #define lj_needsplit(J)         (J->needsplit = 1)
 #define lj_resetsplit(J)        (J->needsplit = 0)
 #else
@@ -317,13 +414,14 @@ enum {
 /* Fold state is used to fold instructions on-the-fly. */
 typedef struct FoldState {
   IRIns ins;            /* Currently emitted instruction. */
-  IRIns left;           /* Instruction referenced by left operand. */
-  IRIns right;          /* Instruction referenced by right operand. */
+  IRIns left[2];        /* Instruction referenced by left operand. */
+  IRIns right[2];       /* Instruction referenced by right operand. */
 } FoldState;
 
 /* JIT compiler state. */
 typedef struct jit_State {
   GCtrace cur;          /* Current trace. */
+  GCtrace *curfinal;    /* Final address of current trace (set during asm). */
 
   lua_State *L;         /* Current Lua state. */
   const BCIns *pc;      /* Current PC. */
@@ -353,8 +451,13 @@ typedef struct jit_State {
   int32_t framedepth;   /* Current frame depth. */
   int32_t retdepth;     /* Return frame depth (count of RETF). */
 
-  MRef k64;             /* Pointer to chained array of 64 bit constants. */
+#if LJ_K32__USED
+  uint32_t k32[LJ_K32__MAX];  /* Common 4 byte constants used by backends. */
+#endif
   TValue ksimd[LJ_KSIMD__MAX*2+1];  /* 16 byte aligned SIMD constants. */
+#if LJ_K64__USED
+  TValue k64[LJ_K64__MAX];  /* Common 8 byte constants. */
+#endif
 
   IRIns *irbuf;         /* Temp. IR instruction buffer. Biased with REF_BIAS. */
   IRRef irtoplim;       /* Upper limit of instuction buffer (biased). */
@@ -367,13 +470,15 @@ typedef struct jit_State {
   MSize sizesnapmap;    /* Size of temp. snapshot map buffer. */
 
   PostProc postproc;    /* Required post-processing after execution. */
-#if LJ_SOFTFP || (LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI)
-  int needsplit;        /* Need SPLIT pass. */
+#if LJ_SOFTFP32 || (LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI)
+  uint8_t needsplit;    /* Need SPLIT pass. */
 #endif
+  uint8_t retryrec;     /* Retry recording. */
 
   GCRef *trace;         /* Array of traces. */
   TraceNo freetrace;    /* Start of scan for next free trace. */
   MSize sizetrace;      /* Size of trace array. */
+  IRRef1 ktrace;        /* Reference to KGC with GCtrace. */
 
   IRRef1 chain[IR__MAX];  /* IR instruction skip-list chain anchors. */
   TRef slot[LJ_MAX_JSLOTS+LJ_STACK_EXTRA];  /* Stack slot map. */
@@ -384,7 +489,10 @@ typedef struct jit_State {
 
   HotPenalty penalty[PENALTY_SLOTS];  /* Penalty slots. */
   uint32_t penaltyslot; /* Round-robin index into penalty slots. */
-  uint32_t prngstate;   /* PRNG state. */
+
+#ifdef LUAJIT_ENABLE_TABLE_BUMP
+  RBCHashEntry rbchash[RBCHASH_SLOTS];  /* Reverse bytecode map. */
+#endif
 
   BPropEntry bpropcache[BPROP_SLOTS];  /* Backpropagation cache slots. */
   uint32_t bpropslot;   /* Round-robin index into bpropcache slots. */
@@ -394,6 +502,7 @@ typedef struct jit_State {
   const BCIns *startpc; /* Bytecode PC of starting instruction. */
   TraceNo parent;       /* Parent of current side trace (0 for root traces). */
   ExitNo exitno;        /* Exit number in parent of current side trace. */
+  int exitcode;         /* Exit code from unwound trace. */
 
   BCIns *patchpc;       /* PC for pending re-patch. */
   BCIns patchins;       /* Instruction for pending re-patch. */
@@ -406,14 +515,19 @@ typedef struct jit_State {
   size_t szallmcarea;   /* Total size of all allocated mcode areas. */
 
   TValue errinfo;       /* Additional info element for trace errors. */
+
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+  GCproto *prev_pt;     /* Previous prototype. */
+  BCLine prev_line;     /* Previous line. */
+  int prof_mode;        /* Profiling mode: 0, 'f', 'l'. */
+#endif
 } jit_State;
 
-/* Trivial PRNG e.g. used for penalty randomization. */
-static LJ_AINLINE uint32_t LJ_PRNG_BITS(jit_State *J, int bits)
-{
-  /* Yes, this LCG is very weak, but that doesn't matter for our use case. */
-  J->prngstate = J->prngstate * 1103515245 + 12345;
-  return J->prngstate >> (32-bits);
-}
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+#define lj_assertJ(c, ...)      lj_assertG_(J2G(J), (c), __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define lj_assertJ(c, ...)      ((void)J)
+#endif
+#endif
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_lex.c b/src/lj_lex.c
index 87601597..61b04c4b 100644
--- a/src/lj_lex.c
+++ b/src/lj_lex.c
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 #include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_str.h"
 #if LJ_HASFFI
 #include "lj_tab.h"
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "lj_parse.h"
 #include "lj_char.h"
 #include "lj_strscan.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 
 /* Lua lexer token names. */
 static const char *const tokennames[] = {
@@ -37,54 +39,54 @@ TKDEF(TKSTR1, TKSTR2)
 
 /* -- Buffer handling ----------------------------------------------------- */
 
-#define char2int(c)             ((int)(uint8_t)(c))
-#define next(ls) \
-  (ls->current = (ls->n--) > 0 ? char2int(*ls->p++) : fillbuf(ls))
-#define save_and_next(ls)       (save(ls, ls->current), next(ls))
-#define currIsNewline(ls)       (ls->current == '\n' || ls->current == '\r')
-#define END_OF_STREAM           (-1)
+#define LEX_EOF                 (-1)
+#define lex_iseol(ls)           (ls->c == '\n' || ls->c == '\r')
 
-static int fillbuf(LexState *ls)
+/* Get more input from reader. */
+static LJ_NOINLINE LexChar lex_more(LexState *ls)
 {
   size_t sz;
-  const char *buf = ls->rfunc(ls->L, ls->rdata, &sz);
-  if (buf == NULL || sz == 0) return END_OF_STREAM;
-  if (sz >= LJ_MAX_MEM) {
+  const char *p = ls->rfunc(ls->L, ls->rdata, &sz);
+  if (p == NULL || sz == 0) return LEX_EOF;
+  if (sz >= LJ_MAX_BUF) {
     if (sz != ~(size_t)0) lj_err_mem(ls->L);
+    sz = ~(uintptr_t)0 - (uintptr_t)p;
+    if (sz >= LJ_MAX_BUF) sz = LJ_MAX_BUF-1;
     ls->endmark = 1;
   }
-  ls->n = (MSize)sz - 1;
-  ls->p = buf;
-  return char2int(*(ls->p++));
+  ls->pe = p + sz;
+  ls->p = p + 1;
+  return (LexChar)(uint8_t)p[0];
 }
 
-static LJ_NOINLINE void save_grow(LexState *ls, int c)
+/* Get next character. */
+static LJ_AINLINE LexChar lex_next(LexState *ls)
 {
-  MSize newsize;
-  if (ls->sb.sz >= LJ_MAX_STR/2)
-    lj_lex_error(ls, 0, LJ_ERR_XELEM);
-  newsize = ls->sb.sz * 2;
-  lj_str_resizebuf(ls->L, &ls->sb, newsize);
-  ls->sb.buf[ls->sb.n++] = (char)c;
+  return (ls->c = ls->p < ls->pe ? (LexChar)(uint8_t)*ls->p++ : lex_more(ls));
 }
 
-static LJ_AINLINE void save(LexState *ls, int c)
+/* Save character. */
+static LJ_AINLINE void lex_save(LexState *ls, LexChar c)
 {
-  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(ls->sb.n + 1 > ls->sb.sz))
-    save_grow(ls, c);
-  else
-    ls->sb.buf[ls->sb.n++] = (char)c;
+  lj_buf_putb(&ls->sb, c);
+}
+
+/* Save previous character and get next character. */
+static LJ_AINLINE LexChar lex_savenext(LexState *ls)
+{
+  lex_save(ls, ls->c);
+  return lex_next(ls);
 }
 
-static void inclinenumber(LexState *ls)
+/* Skip line break. Handles "\n", "\r", "\r\n" or "\n\r". */
+static void lex_newline(LexState *ls)
 {
-  int old = ls->current;
-  lua_assert(currIsNewline(ls));
-  next(ls);  /* skip `\n' or `\r' */
-  if (currIsNewline(ls) && ls->current != old)
-    next(ls);  /* skip `\n\r' or `\r\n' */
+  LexChar old = ls->c;
+  lj_assertLS(lex_iseol(ls), "bad usage");
+  lex_next(ls);  /* Skip "\n" or "\r". */
+  if (lex_iseol(ls) && ls->c != old) lex_next(ls);  /* Skip "\n\r" or "\r\n". */
   if (++ls->linenumber >= LJ_MAX_LINE)
-    lj_lex_error(ls, ls->token, LJ_ERR_XLINES);
+    lj_lex_error(ls, ls->tok, LJ_ERR_XLINES);
 }
 
 /* -- Scanner for terminals ----------------------------------------------- */
@@ -93,19 +95,17 @@ static void inclinenumber(LexState *ls)
 static void lex_number(LexState *ls, TValue *tv)
 {
   StrScanFmt fmt;
-  int c, xp = 'e';
-  lua_assert(lj_char_isdigit(ls->current));
-  if ((c = ls->current) == '0') {
-    save_and_next(ls);
-    if ((ls->current | 0x20) == 'x') xp = 'p';
-  }
-  while (lj_char_isident(ls->current) || ls->current == '.' ||
-         ((ls->current == '-' || ls->current == '+') && (c | 0x20) == xp)) {
-    c = ls->current;
-    save_and_next(ls);
+  LexChar c, xp = 'e';
+  lj_assertLS(lj_char_isdigit(ls->c), "bad usage");
+  if ((c = ls->c) == '0' && (lex_savenext(ls) | 0x20) == 'x')
+    xp = 'p';
+  while (lj_char_isident(ls->c) || ls->c == '.' ||
+         ((ls->c == '-' || ls->c == '+') && (c | 0x20) == xp)) {
+    c = ls->c;
+    lex_savenext(ls);
   }
-  save(ls, '\0');
-  fmt = lj_strscan_scan((const uint8_t *)ls->sb.buf, tv,
+  lex_save(ls, '\0');
+  fmt = lj_strscan_scan((const uint8_t *)ls->sb.b, sbuflen(&ls->sb)-1, tv,
           (LJ_DUALNUM ? STRSCAN_OPT_TOINT : STRSCAN_OPT_TONUM) |
           (LJ_HASFFI ? (STRSCAN_OPT_LL|STRSCAN_OPT_IMAG) : 0));
   if (LJ_DUALNUM && fmt == STRSCAN_INT) {
@@ -116,12 +116,9 @@ static void lex_number(LexState *ls, TValue *tv)
   } else if (fmt != STRSCAN_ERROR) {
     lua_State *L = ls->L;
     GCcdata *cd;
-    lua_assert(fmt == STRSCAN_I64 || fmt == STRSCAN_U64 || fmt == STRSCAN_IMAG);
-    if (!ctype_ctsG(G(L))) {
-      ptrdiff_t oldtop = savestack(L, L->top);
-      luaopen_ffi(L);  /* Load FFI library on-demand. */
-      L->top = restorestack(L, oldtop);
-    }
+    lj_assertLS(fmt == STRSCAN_I64 || fmt == STRSCAN_U64 || fmt == STRSCAN_IMAG,
+                "unexpected number format %d", fmt);
+    ctype_loadffi(L);
     if (fmt == STRSCAN_IMAG) {
       cd = lj_cdata_new_(L, CTID_COMPLEX_DOUBLE, 2*sizeof(double));
       ((double *)cdataptr(cd))[0] = 0;
@@ -133,65 +130,66 @@ static void lex_number(LexState *ls, TValue *tv)
     lj_parse_keepcdata(ls, tv, cd);
 #endif
   } else {
-    lua_assert(fmt == STRSCAN_ERROR);
+    lj_assertLS(fmt == STRSCAN_ERROR,
+                "unexpected number format %d", fmt);
     lj_lex_error(ls, TK_number, LJ_ERR_XNUMBER);
   }
 }
 
-static int skip_sep(LexState *ls)
+/* Skip equal signs for "[=...=[" and "]=...=]" and return their count. */
+static int lex_skipeq(LexState *ls)
 {
   int count = 0;
-  int s = ls->current;
-  lua_assert(s == '[' || s == ']');
-  save_and_next(ls);
-  while (ls->current == '=' && count < 0x20000000) {
-    save_and_next(ls);
+  LexChar s = ls->c;
+  lj_assertLS(s == '[' || s == ']', "bad usage");
+  while (lex_savenext(ls) == '=' && count < 0x20000000)
     count++;
-  }
-  return (ls->current == s) ? count : (-count) - 1;
+  return (ls->c == s) ? count : (-count) - 1;
 }
 
-static void read_long_string(LexState *ls, TValue *tv, int sep)
+/* Parse a long string or long comment (tv set to NULL). */
+static void lex_longstring(LexState *ls, TValue *tv, int sep)
 {
-  save_and_next(ls);  /* skip 2nd `[' */
-  if (currIsNewline(ls))  /* string starts with a newline? */
-    inclinenumber(ls);  /* skip it */
+  lex_savenext(ls);  /* Skip second '['. */
+  if (lex_iseol(ls))  /* Skip initial newline. */
+    lex_newline(ls);
   for (;;) {
-    switch (ls->current) {
-    case END_OF_STREAM:
+    switch (ls->c) {
+    case LEX_EOF:
       lj_lex_error(ls, TK_eof, tv ? LJ_ERR_XLSTR : LJ_ERR_XLCOM);
       break;
     case ']':
-      if (skip_sep(ls) == sep) {
-        save_and_next(ls);  /* skip 2nd `]' */
+      if (lex_skipeq(ls) == sep) {
+        lex_savenext(ls);  /* Skip second ']'. */
         goto endloop;
       }
       break;
     case '\n':
     case '\r':
-      save(ls, '\n');
-      inclinenumber(ls);
-      if (!tv) lj_str_resetbuf(&ls->sb);  /* avoid wasting space */
+      lex_save(ls, '\n');
+      lex_newline(ls);
+      if (!tv) lj_buf_reset(&ls->sb);  /* Don't waste space for comments. */
       break;
     default:
-      if (tv) save_and_next(ls);
-      else next(ls);
+      lex_savenext(ls);
       break;
     }
   } endloop:
   if (tv) {
-    GCstr *str = lj_parse_keepstr(ls, ls->sb.buf + (2 + (MSize)sep),
-                                      ls->sb.n - 2*(2 + (MSize)sep));
+    GCstr *str = lj_parse_keepstr(ls, ls->sb.b + (2 + (MSize)sep),
+                                      sbuflen(&ls->sb) - 2*(2 + (MSize)sep));
     setstrV(ls->L, tv, str);
   }
 }
 
-static void read_string(LexState *ls, int delim, TValue *tv)
+/* Parse a string. */
+static void lex_string(LexState *ls, TValue *tv)
 {
-  save_and_next(ls);
-  while (ls->current != delim) {
-    switch (ls->current) {
-    case END_OF_STREAM:
+  LexChar delim = ls->c;  /* Delimiter is '\'' or '"'. */
+  lex_savenext(ls);
+  while (ls->c != delim) {
+    switch (ls->c) {
+    case LEX_EOF:
       lj_lex_error(ls, TK_eof, LJ_ERR_XSTR);
       continue;
     case '\n':
@@ -199,7 +197,7 @@ static void read_string(LexState *ls, int delim, TValue *tv)
       lj_lex_error(ls, TK_string, LJ_ERR_XSTR);
       continue;
     case '\\': {
-      int c = next(ls);  /* Skip the '\\'. */
+      LexChar c = lex_next(ls);  /* Skip the '\\'. */
       switch (c) {
       case 'a': c = '\a'; break;
       case 'b': c = '\b'; break;
@@ -209,111 +207,139 @@ static void read_string(LexState *ls, int delim, TValue *tv)
       case 't': c = '\t'; break;
       case 'v': c = '\v'; break;
       case 'x':  /* Hexadecimal escape '\xXX'. */
-        c = (next(ls) & 15u) << 4;
-        if (!lj_char_isdigit(ls->current)) {
-          if (!lj_char_isxdigit(ls->current)) goto err_xesc;
+        c = (lex_next(ls) & 15u) << 4;
+        if (!lj_char_isdigit(ls->c)) {
+          if (!lj_char_isxdigit(ls->c)) goto err_xesc;
           c += 9 << 4;
         }
-        c += (next(ls) & 15u);
-        if (!lj_char_isdigit(ls->current)) {
-          if (!lj_char_isxdigit(ls->current)) goto err_xesc;
+        c += (lex_next(ls) & 15u);
+        if (!lj_char_isdigit(ls->c)) {
+          if (!lj_char_isxdigit(ls->c)) goto err_xesc;
           c += 9;
         }
         break;
+      case 'u':  /* Unicode escape '\u{XX...}'. */
+        if (lex_next(ls) != '{') goto err_xesc;
+        lex_next(ls);
+        c = 0;
+        do {
+          c = (c << 4) | (ls->c & 15u);
+          if (!lj_char_isdigit(ls->c)) {
+            if (!lj_char_isxdigit(ls->c)) goto err_xesc;
+            c += 9;
+          }
+          if (c >= 0x110000) goto err_xesc;  /* Out of Unicode range. */
+        } while (lex_next(ls) != '}');
+        if (c < 0x800) {
+          if (c < 0x80) break;
+          lex_save(ls, 0xc0 | (c >> 6));
+        } else {
+          if (c >= 0x10000) {
+            lex_save(ls, 0xf0 | (c >> 18));
+            lex_save(ls, 0x80 | ((c >> 12) & 0x3f));
+          } else {
+            if (c >= 0xd800 && c < 0xe000) goto err_xesc;  /* No surrogates. */
+            lex_save(ls, 0xe0 | (c >> 12));
+          }
+          lex_save(ls, 0x80 | ((c >> 6) & 0x3f));
+        }
+        c = 0x80 | (c & 0x3f);
+        break;
       case 'z':  /* Skip whitespace. */
-        next(ls);
-        while (lj_char_isspace(ls->current))
-          if (currIsNewline(ls)) inclinenumber(ls); else next(ls);
+        lex_next(ls);
+        while (lj_char_isspace(ls->c))
+          if (lex_iseol(ls)) lex_newline(ls); else lex_next(ls);
         continue;
-      case '\n': case '\r': save(ls, '\n'); inclinenumber(ls); continue;
+      case '\n': case '\r': lex_save(ls, '\n'); lex_newline(ls); continue;
       case '\\': case '\"': case '\'': break;
-      case END_OF_STREAM: continue;
+      case LEX_EOF: continue;
       default:
         if (!lj_char_isdigit(c))
           goto err_xesc;
         c -= '0';  /* Decimal escape '\ddd'. */
-        if (lj_char_isdigit(next(ls))) {
-          c = c*10 + (ls->current - '0');
-          if (lj_char_isdigit(next(ls))) {
-            c = c*10 + (ls->current - '0');
+        if (lj_char_isdigit(lex_next(ls))) {
+          c = c*10 + (ls->c - '0');
+          if (lj_char_isdigit(lex_next(ls))) {
+            c = c*10 + (ls->c - '0');
             if (c > 255) {
             err_xesc:
               lj_lex_error(ls, TK_string, LJ_ERR_XESC);
             }
-            next(ls);
+            lex_next(ls);
           }
         }
-        save(ls, c);
+        lex_save(ls, c);
         continue;
       }
-      save(ls, c);
-      next(ls);
+      lex_save(ls, c);
+      lex_next(ls);
       continue;
       }
     default:
-      save_and_next(ls);
+      lex_savenext(ls);
       break;
     }
   }
-  save_and_next(ls);  /* skip delimiter */
-  setstrV(ls->L, tv, lj_parse_keepstr(ls, ls->sb.buf + 1, ls->sb.n - 2));
+  lex_savenext(ls);  /* Skip trailing delimiter. */
+  setstrV(ls->L, tv,
+          lj_parse_keepstr(ls, ls->sb.b+1, sbuflen(&ls->sb)-2));
 }
 
 /* -- Main lexical scanner ------------------------------------------------ */
 
-static int llex(LexState *ls, TValue *tv)
+/* Get next lexical token. */
+static LexToken lex_scan(LexState *ls, TValue *tv)
 {
-  lj_str_resetbuf(&ls->sb);
+  lj_buf_reset(&ls->sb);
   for (;;) {
-    if (lj_char_isident(ls->current)) {
+    if (lj_char_isident(ls->c)) {
       GCstr *s;
-      if (lj_char_isdigit(ls->current)) {  /* Numeric literal. */
+      if (lj_char_isdigit(ls->c)) {  /* Numeric literal. */
         lex_number(ls, tv);
         return TK_number;
       }
       /* Identifier or reserved word. */
       do {
-        save_and_next(ls);
-      } while (lj_char_isident(ls->current));
-      s = lj_parse_keepstr(ls, ls->sb.buf, ls->sb.n);
+        lex_savenext(ls);
+      } while (lj_char_isident(ls->c));
+      s = lj_parse_keepstr(ls, ls->sb.b, sbuflen(&ls->sb));
       setstrV(ls->L, tv, s);
       if (s->reserved > 0)  /* Reserved word? */
         return TK_OFS + s->reserved;
       return TK_name;
     }
-    switch (ls->current) {
+    switch (ls->c) {
     case '\n':
     case '\r':
-      inclinenumber(ls);
+      lex_newline(ls);
       continue;
     case ' ':
     case '\t':
     case '\v':
     case '\f':
-      next(ls);
+      lex_next(ls);
       continue;
     case '-':
-      next(ls);
-      if (ls->current != '-') return '-';
-      /* else is a comment */
-      next(ls);
-      if (ls->current == '[') {
-        int sep = skip_sep(ls);
-        lj_str_resetbuf(&ls->sb);  /* `skip_sep' may dirty the buffer */
+      lex_next(ls);
+      if (ls->c != '-') return '-';
+      lex_next(ls);
+      if (ls->c == '[') {  /* Long comment "--[=*[...]=*]". */
+        int sep = lex_skipeq(ls);
+        lj_buf_reset(&ls->sb);  /* `lex_skipeq' may dirty the buffer */
         if (sep >= 0) {
-          read_long_string(ls, NULL, sep);  /* long comment */
-          lj_str_resetbuf(&ls->sb);
+          lex_longstring(ls, NULL, sep);
+          lj_buf_reset(&ls->sb);
           continue;
         }
       }
-      /* else short comment */
-      while (!currIsNewline(ls) && ls->current != END_OF_STREAM)
-        next(ls);
+      /* Short comment "--.*\n". */
+      while (!lex_iseol(ls) && ls->c != LEX_EOF)
+        lex_next(ls);
       continue;
     case '[': {
-      int sep = skip_sep(ls);
+      int sep = lex_skipeq(ls);
       if (sep >= 0) {
-        read_long_string(ls, tv, sep);
+        lex_longstring(ls, tv, sep);
         return TK_string;
       } else if (sep == -1) {
         return '[';
@@ -323,44 +349,43 @@ static int llex(LexState *ls, TValue *tv)
       }
       }
     case '=':
-      next(ls);
-      if (ls->current != '=') return '='; else { next(ls); return TK_eq; }
+      lex_next(ls);
+      if (ls->c != '=') return '='; else { lex_next(ls); return TK_eq; }
     case '<':
-      next(ls);
-      if (ls->current != '=') return '<'; else { next(ls); return TK_le; }
+      lex_next(ls);
+      if (ls->c != '=') return '<'; else { lex_next(ls); return TK_le; }
     case '>':
-      next(ls);
-      if (ls->current != '=') return '>'; else { next(ls); return TK_ge; }
+      lex_next(ls);
+      if (ls->c != '=') return '>'; else { lex_next(ls); return TK_ge; }
     case '~':
-      next(ls);
-      if (ls->current != '=') return '~'; else { next(ls); return TK_ne; }
+      lex_next(ls);
+      if (ls->c != '=') return '~'; else { lex_next(ls); return TK_ne; }
     case ':':
-      next(ls);
-      if (ls->current != ':') return ':'; else { next(ls); return TK_label; }
+      lex_next(ls);
+      if (ls->c != ':') return ':'; else { lex_next(ls); return TK_label; }
     case '"':
     case '\'':
-      read_string(ls, ls->current, tv);
+      lex_string(ls, tv);
       return TK_string;
     case '.':
-      save_and_next(ls);
-      if (ls->current == '.') {
-        next(ls);
-        if (ls->current == '.') {
-          next(ls);
+      if (lex_savenext(ls) == '.') {
+        lex_next(ls);
+        if (ls->c == '.') {
+          lex_next(ls);
           return TK_dots;   /* ... */
         }
         return TK_concat;   /* .. */
-      } else if (!lj_char_isdigit(ls->current)) {
+      } else if (!lj_char_isdigit(ls->c)) {
         return '.';
       } else {
         lex_number(ls, tv);
         return TK_number;
       }
-    case END_OF_STREAM:
+    case LEX_EOF:
       return TK_eof;
     default: {
-      int c = ls->current;
-      next(ls);
+      LexChar c = ls->c;
+      lex_next(ls);
       return c;  /* Single-char tokens (+ - / ...). */
     }
     }
@@ -375,36 +400,33 @@ int lj_lex_setup(lua_State *L, LexState *ls)
   int header = 0;
   ls->L = L;
   ls->fs = NULL;
-  ls->n = 0;
-  ls->p = NULL;
+  ls->pe = ls->p = NULL;
   ls->vstack = NULL;
   ls->sizevstack = 0;
   ls->vtop = 0;
   ls->bcstack = NULL;
   ls->sizebcstack = 0;
-  ls->token = 0;
+  ls->tok = 0;
   ls->lookahead = TK_eof;  /* No look-ahead token. */
   ls->linenumber = 1;
   ls->lastline = 1;
   ls->endmark = 0;
-  lj_str_resizebuf(ls->L, &ls->sb, LJ_MIN_SBUF);
-  next(ls);  /* Read-ahead first char. */
-  if (ls->current == 0xef && ls->n >= 2 && char2int(ls->p[0]) == 0xbb &&
-      char2int(ls->p[1]) == 0xbf) {  /* Skip UTF-8 BOM (if buffered). */
-    ls->n -= 2;
+  lex_next(ls);  /* Read-ahead first char. */
+  if (ls->c == 0xef && ls->p + 2 <= ls->pe && (uint8_t)ls->p[0] == 0xbb &&
+      (uint8_t)ls->p[1] == 0xbf) {  /* Skip UTF-8 BOM (if buffered). */
     ls->p += 2;
-    next(ls);
+    lex_next(ls);
     header = 1;
   }
-  if (ls->current == '#') {  /* Skip POSIX #! header line. */
+  if (ls->c == '#') {  /* Skip POSIX #! header line. */
     do {
-      next(ls);
-      if (ls->current == END_OF_STREAM) return 0;
-    } while (!currIsNewline(ls));
-    inclinenumber(ls);
+      lex_next(ls);
+      if (ls->c == LEX_EOF) return 0;
+    } while (!lex_iseol(ls));
+    lex_newline(ls);
     header = 1;
   }
-  if (ls->current == LUA_SIGNATURE[0]) {  /* Bytecode dump. */
+  if (ls->c == LUA_SIGNATURE[0]) {  /* Bytecode dump. */
     if (header) {
       /*
       ** Loading bytecode with an extra header is disabled for security
@@ -426,55 +448,60 @@ void lj_lex_cleanup(lua_State *L, LexState *ls)
   global_State *g = G(L);
   lj_mem_freevec(g, ls->bcstack, ls->sizebcstack, BCInsLine);
   lj_mem_freevec(g, ls->vstack, ls->sizevstack, VarInfo);
-  lj_str_freebuf(g, &ls->sb);
+  lj_buf_free(g, &ls->sb);
 }
 
+/* Return next lexical token. */
 void lj_lex_next(LexState *ls)
 {
   ls->lastline = ls->linenumber;
   if (LJ_LIKELY(ls->lookahead == TK_eof)) {  /* No lookahead token? */
-    ls->token = llex(ls, &ls->tokenval);  /* Get next token. */
+    ls->tok = lex_scan(ls, &ls->tokval);  /* Get next token. */
   } else {  /* Otherwise return lookahead token. */
-    ls->token = ls->lookahead;
+    ls->tok = ls->lookahead;
     ls->lookahead = TK_eof;
-    ls->tokenval = ls->lookaheadval;
+    ls->tokval = ls->lookaheadval;
   }
 }
 
+/* Look ahead for the next token. */
 LexToken lj_lex_lookahead(LexState *ls)
 {
-  lua_assert(ls->lookahead == TK_eof);
-  ls->lookahead = llex(ls, &ls->lookaheadval);
+  lj_assertLS(ls->lookahead == TK_eof, "double lookahead");
+  ls->lookahead = lex_scan(ls, &ls->lookaheadval);
   return ls->lookahead;
 }
 
-const char *lj_lex_token2str(LexState *ls, LexToken token)
+/* Convert token to string. */
+const char *lj_lex_token2str(LexState *ls, LexToken tok)
 {
-  if (token > TK_OFS)
-    return tokennames[token-TK_OFS-1];
-  else if (!lj_char_iscntrl(token))
-    return lj_str_pushf(ls->L, "%c", token);
+  if (tok > TK_OFS)
+    return tokennames[tok-TK_OFS-1];
+  else if (!lj_char_iscntrl(tok))
+    return lj_strfmt_pushf(ls->L, "%c", tok);
   else
-    return lj_str_pushf(ls->L, "char(%d)", token);
+    return lj_strfmt_pushf(ls->L, "char(%d)", tok);
 }
 
-void lj_lex_error(LexState *ls, LexToken token, ErrMsg em, ...)
+/* Lexer error. */
+void lj_lex_error(LexState *ls, LexToken tok, ErrMsg em, ...)
 {
-  const char *tok;
+  const char *tokstr;
   va_list argp;
-  if (token == 0) {
-    tok = NULL;
-  } else if (token == TK_name || token == TK_string || token == TK_number) {
-    save(ls, '\0');
-    tok = ls->sb.buf;
+  if (tok == 0) {
+    tokstr = NULL;
+  } else if (tok == TK_name || tok == TK_string || tok == TK_number) {
+    lex_save(ls, '\0');
+    tokstr = ls->sb.b;
   } else {
-    tok = lj_lex_token2str(ls, token);
+    tokstr = lj_lex_token2str(ls, tok);
   }
   va_start(argp, em);
-  lj_err_lex(ls->L, ls->chunkname, tok, ls->linenumber, em, argp);
+  lj_err_lex(ls->L, ls->chunkname, tokstr, ls->linenumber, em, argp);
   va_end(argp);
 }
 
+/* Initialize strings for reserved words. */
 void lj_lex_init(lua_State *L)
 {
   uint32_t i;
diff --git a/src/lj_lex.h b/src/lj_lex.h
index e244806e..e46fbd89 100644
--- a/src/lj_lex.h
+++ b/src/lj_lex.h
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ TKDEF(TKENUM1, TKENUM2)
   TK_RESERVED = TK_while - TK_OFS
 };
 
-typedef int LexToken;
+typedef int LexChar;    /* Lexical character. Unsigned ext. from char. */
+typedef int LexToken;   /* Lexical token. */
 
 /* Combined bytecode ins/line. Only used during bytecode generation. */
 typedef struct BCInsLine {
@@ -51,13 +52,13 @@ typedef struct VarInfo {
 typedef struct LexState {
   struct FuncState *fs; /* Current FuncState. Defined in lj_parse.c. */
   struct lua_State *L;  /* Lua state. */
-  TValue tokenval;      /* Current token value. */
+  TValue tokval;        /* Current token value. */
   TValue lookaheadval;  /* Lookahead token value. */
-  int current;          /* Current character (charint). */
-  LexToken token;       /* Current token. */
-  LexToken lookahead;   /* Lookahead token. */
-  MSize n;              /* Bytes left in input buffer. */
   const char *p;        /* Current position in input buffer. */
+  const char *pe;       /* End of input buffer. */
+  LexChar c;            /* Current character. */
+  LexToken tok;         /* Current token. */
+  LexToken lookahead;   /* Lookahead token. */
   SBuf sb;              /* String buffer for tokens. */
   lua_Reader rfunc;     /* Reader callback. */
   void *rdata;          /* Reader callback data. */
@@ -79,8 +80,14 @@ LJ_FUNC int lj_lex_setup(lua_State *L, LexState *ls);
 LJ_FUNC void lj_lex_cleanup(lua_State *L, LexState *ls);
 LJ_FUNC void lj_lex_next(LexState *ls);
 LJ_FUNC LexToken lj_lex_lookahead(LexState *ls);
-LJ_FUNC const char *lj_lex_token2str(LexState *ls, LexToken token);
-LJ_FUNC_NORET void lj_lex_error(LexState *ls, LexToken token, ErrMsg em, ...);
+LJ_FUNC const char *lj_lex_token2str(LexState *ls, LexToken tok);
+LJ_FUNC_NORET void lj_lex_error(LexState *ls, LexToken tok, ErrMsg em, ...);
 LJ_FUNC void lj_lex_init(lua_State *L);
 
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+#define lj_assertLS(c, ...)     (lj_assertG_(G(ls->L), (c), __VA_ARGS__))
+#else
+#define lj_assertLS(c, ...)     ((void)ls)
+#endif
+
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_lib.c b/src/lj_lib.c
index 67ecb5a3..ebe0dc78 100644
--- a/src/lj_lib.c
+++ b/src/lj_lib.c
@@ -16,8 +16,14 @@
 #include "lj_func.h"
 #include "lj_bc.h"
 #include "lj_dispatch.h"
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+#include "lj_ctype.h"
+#endif
 #include "lj_vm.h"
 #include "lj_strscan.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
+#include "lj_lex.h"
+#include "lj_bcdump.h"
 #include "lj_lib.h"
 
 /* -- Library initialization ---------------------------------------------- */
@@ -43,6 +49,28 @@ static GCtab *lib_create_table(lua_State *L, const char *libname, int hsize)
   return tabV(L->top-1);
 }
 
+static const uint8_t *lib_read_lfunc(lua_State *L, const uint8_t *p, GCtab *tab)
+{
+  int len = *p++;
+  GCstr *name = lj_str_new(L, (const char *)p, len);
+  LexState ls;
+  GCproto *pt;
+  GCfunc *fn;
+  memset(&ls, 0, sizeof(ls));
+  ls.L = L;
+  ls.p = (const char *)(p+len);
+  ls.pe = (const char *)~(uintptr_t)0;
+  ls.c = -1;
+  ls.level = (BCDUMP_F_STRIP|(LJ_BE*BCDUMP_F_BE));
+  ls.chunkname = name;
+  pt = lj_bcread_proto(&ls);
+  pt->firstline = ~(BCLine)0;
+  fn = lj_func_newL_empty(L, pt, tabref(L->env));
+  /* NOBARRIER: See below for common barrier. */
+  setfuncV(L, lj_tab_setstr(L, tab, name), fn);
+  return (const uint8_t *)ls.p;
+}
+
 void lj_lib_register(lua_State *L, const char *libname,
                      const uint8_t *p, const lua_CFunction *cf)
 {
@@ -87,6 +115,9 @@ void lj_lib_register(lua_State *L, const char *libname,
       ofn = fn;
     } else {
       switch (tag | len) {
+      case LIBINIT_LUA:
+        p = lib_read_lfunc(L, p, tab);
+        break;
       case LIBINIT_SET:
         L->top -= 2;
         if (tvisstr(L->top+1) && strV(L->top+1)->len == 0)
@@ -120,6 +151,37 @@ void lj_lib_register(lua_State *L, const char *libname,
   }
 }
 
+/* Push internal function on the stack. */
+GCfunc *lj_lib_pushcc(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f, int id, int n)
+{
+  GCfunc *fn;
+  lua_pushcclosure(L, f, n);
+  fn = funcV(L->top-1);
+  fn->c.ffid = (uint8_t)id;
+  setmref(fn->c.pc, &G(L)->bc_cfunc_int);
+  return fn;
+}
+
+void lj_lib_prereg(lua_State *L, const char *name, lua_CFunction f, GCtab *env)
+{
+  luaL_findtable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "_PRELOAD", 4);
+  lua_pushcfunction(L, f);
+  /* NOBARRIER: The function is new (marked white). */
+  setgcref(funcV(L->top-1)->c.env, obj2gco(env));
+  lua_setfield(L, -2, name);
+  L->top--;
+}
+
+int lj_lib_postreg(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction cf, int id, const char *name)
+{
+  GCfunc *fn = lj_lib_pushcf(L, cf, id);
+  GCtab *t = tabref(curr_func(L)->c.env);  /* Reference to parent table. */
+  setfuncV(L, lj_tab_setstr(L, t, lj_str_newz(L, name)), fn);
+  lj_gc_anybarriert(L, t);
+  setfuncV(L, L->top++, fn);
+  return 1;
+}
+
 /* -- Type checks --------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 TValue *lj_lib_checkany(lua_State *L, int narg)
@@ -137,7 +199,7 @@ GCstr *lj_lib_checkstr(lua_State *L, int narg)
     if (LJ_LIKELY(tvisstr(o))) {
       return strV(o);
     } else if (tvisnumber(o)) {
-      GCstr *s = lj_str_fromnumber(L, o);
+      GCstr *s = lj_strfmt_number(L, o);
       setstrV(L, o, s);
       return s;
     }
@@ -196,20 +258,6 @@ int32_t lj_lib_optint(lua_State *L, int narg, int32_t def)
   return (o < L->top && !tvisnil(o)) ? lj_lib_checkint(L, narg) : def;
 }
 
-int32_t lj_lib_checkbit(lua_State *L, int narg)
-{
-  TValue *o = L->base + narg-1;
-  if (!(o < L->top && lj_strscan_numberobj(o)))
-    lj_err_argt(L, narg, LUA_TNUMBER);
-  if (LJ_LIKELY(tvisint(o))) {
-    return intV(o);
-  } else {
-    int32_t i = lj_num2bit(numV(o));
-    if (LJ_DUALNUM) setintV(o, i);
-    return i;
-  }
-}
-
 GCfunc *lj_lib_checkfunc(lua_State *L, int narg)
 {
   TValue *o = L->base + narg-1;
@@ -256,3 +304,56 @@ int lj_lib_checkopt(lua_State *L, int narg, int def, const char *lst)
   return def;
 }
 
+/* -- Strict type checks -------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* The following type checks do not coerce between strings and numbers.
+** And they handle plain int64_t/uint64_t FFI numbers, too.
+*/
+
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+GCstr *lj_lib_checkstrx(lua_State *L, int narg)
+{
+  TValue *o = L->base + narg-1;
+  if (!(o < L->top && tvisstr(o))) lj_err_argt(L, narg, LUA_TSTRING);
+  return strV(o);
+}
+
+int32_t lj_lib_checkintrange(lua_State *L, int narg, int32_t a, int32_t b)
+{
+  TValue *o = L->base + narg-1;
+  lj_assertL(b >= 0, "expected range must be non-negative");
+  if (o < L->top) {
+    if (LJ_LIKELY(tvisint(o))) {
+      int32_t i = intV(o);
+      if (i >= a && i <= b) return i;
+    } else if (LJ_LIKELY(tvisnum(o))) {
+      /* For performance reasons, this doesn't check for integerness or
+      ** integer overflow. Overflow detection still works, since all FPUs
+      ** return either MININT or MAXINT, which is then out of range.
+      */
+      int32_t i = (int32_t)numV(o);
+      if (i >= a && i <= b) return i;
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+    } else if (tviscdata(o)) {
+      GCcdata *cd = cdataV(o);
+      if (cd->ctypeid == CTID_INT64) {
+        int64_t i = *(int64_t *)cdataptr(cd);
+        if (i >= (int64_t)a && i <= (int64_t)b) return (int32_t)i;
+      } else if (cd->ctypeid == CTID_UINT64) {
+        uint64_t i = *(uint64_t *)cdataptr(cd);
+        if ((a < 0 || i >= (uint64_t)a) && i <= (uint64_t)b) return (int32_t)i;
+      } else {
+        goto badtype;
+      }
+#endif
+    } else {
+      goto badtype;
+    }
+    lj_err_arg(L, narg, LJ_ERR_NUMRNG);
+  }
+badtype:
+  lj_err_argt(L, narg, LUA_TNUMBER);
+  return 0;  /* unreachable */
+}
+#endif
+
diff --git a/src/lj_lib.h b/src/lj_lib.h
index d8e93925..6c3a1c83 100644
--- a/src/lj_lib.h
+++ b/src/lj_lib.h
@@ -41,15 +41,28 @@ LJ_FUNC void lj_lib_checknumber(lua_State *L, int narg);
 LJ_FUNC lua_Number lj_lib_checknum(lua_State *L, int narg);
 LJ_FUNC int32_t lj_lib_checkint(lua_State *L, int narg);
 LJ_FUNC int32_t lj_lib_optint(lua_State *L, int narg, int32_t def);
-LJ_FUNC int32_t lj_lib_checkbit(lua_State *L, int narg);
 LJ_FUNC GCfunc *lj_lib_checkfunc(lua_State *L, int narg);
 LJ_FUNC GCtab *lj_lib_checktab(lua_State *L, int narg);
 LJ_FUNC GCtab *lj_lib_checktabornil(lua_State *L, int narg);
 LJ_FUNC int lj_lib_checkopt(lua_State *L, int narg, int def, const char *lst);
 
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+LJ_FUNC GCstr *lj_lib_checkstrx(lua_State *L, int narg);
+LJ_FUNC int32_t lj_lib_checkintrange(lua_State *L, int narg,
+                                     int32_t a, int32_t b);
+#endif
+
 /* Avoid including lj_frame.h. */
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define lj_lib_upvalue(L, n) \
+  (&gcval(L->base-2)->fn.c.upvalue[(n)-1])
+#elif LJ_FR2
+#define lj_lib_upvalue(L, n) \
+  (&gcref((L->base-2)->gcr)->fn.c.upvalue[(n)-1])
+#else
 #define lj_lib_upvalue(L, n) \
   (&gcref((L->base-1)->fr.func)->fn.c.upvalue[(n)-1])
+#endif
 
 #if LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS
 #define lj_lib_checkfpu(L) \
@@ -60,23 +73,14 @@ LJ_FUNC int lj_lib_checkopt(lua_State *L, int narg, int def, const char *lst);
 #define lj_lib_checkfpu(L)      UNUSED(L)
 #endif
 
-/* Push internal function on the stack. */
-static LJ_AINLINE void lj_lib_pushcc(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f,
-                                     int id, int n)
-{
-  GCfunc *fn;
-  lua_pushcclosure(L, f, n);
-  fn = funcV(L->top-1);
-  fn->c.ffid = (uint8_t)id;
-  setmref(fn->c.pc, &G(L)->bc_cfunc_int);
-}
-
+LJ_FUNC GCfunc *lj_lib_pushcc(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f, int id, int n);
 #define lj_lib_pushcf(L, fn, id)        (lj_lib_pushcc(L, (fn), (id), 0))
 
 /* Library function declarations. Scanned by buildvm. */
 #define LJLIB_CF(name)          static int lj_cf_##name(lua_State *L)
 #define LJLIB_ASM(name)         static int lj_ffh_##name(lua_State *L)
 #define LJLIB_ASM_(name)
+#define LJLIB_LUA(name)
 #define LJLIB_SET(name)
 #define LJLIB_PUSH(arg)
 #define LJLIB_REC(handler)
@@ -88,6 +92,10 @@ static LJ_AINLINE void lj_lib_pushcc(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f,
 
 LJ_FUNC void lj_lib_register(lua_State *L, const char *libname,
                              const uint8_t *init, const lua_CFunction *cf);
+LJ_FUNC void lj_lib_prereg(lua_State *L, const char *name, lua_CFunction f,
+                           GCtab *env);
+LJ_FUNC int lj_lib_postreg(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction cf, int id,
+                           const char *name);
 
 /* Library init data tags. */
 #define LIBINIT_LENMASK 0x3f
@@ -96,7 +104,8 @@ LJ_FUNC void lj_lib_register(lua_State *L, const char *libname,
 #define LIBINIT_ASM     0x40
 #define LIBINIT_ASM_    0x80
 #define LIBINIT_STRING  0xc0
-#define LIBINIT_MAXSTR  0x39
+#define LIBINIT_MAXSTR  0x38
+#define LIBINIT_LUA     0xf9
 #define LIBINIT_SET     0xfa
 #define LIBINIT_NUMBER  0xfb
 #define LIBINIT_COPY    0xfc
@@ -104,9 +113,4 @@ LJ_FUNC void lj_lib_register(lua_State *L, const char *libname,
 #define LIBINIT_FFID    0xfe
 #define LIBINIT_END     0xff
 
-/* Exported library functions. */
-
-typedef struct RandomState RandomState;
-LJ_FUNC uint64_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_math_random_step(RandomState *rs);
-
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_load.c b/src/lj_load.c
index dab037b4..07304487 100644
--- a/src/lj_load.c
+++ b/src/lj_load.c
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 #include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
-#include "lj_str.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_func.h"
 #include "lj_frame.h"
 #include "lj_vm.h"
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ LUA_API int lua_loadx(lua_State *L, lua_Reader reader, void *data,
   ls.rdata = data;
   ls.chunkarg = chunkname ? chunkname : "?";
   ls.mode = mode;
-  lj_str_initbuf(&ls.sb);
+  lj_buf_init(L, &ls.sb);
   status = lj_vm_cpcall(L, NULL, &ls, cpparser);
   lj_lex_cleanup(L, &ls);
   lj_gc_check(L);
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ LUALIB_API int luaL_loadstring(lua_State *L, const char *s)
 LUA_API int lua_dump(lua_State *L, lua_Writer writer, void *data)
 {
   cTValue *o = L->top-1;
-  api_check(L, L->top > L->base);
+  lj_checkapi(L->top > L->base, "top slot empty");
   if (tvisfunc(o) && isluafunc(funcV(o)))
     return lj_bcwrite(L, funcproto(funcV(o)), writer, data, 0);
   else
diff --git a/src/lj_mcode.c b/src/lj_mcode.c
index 7013cd7d..94767937 100644
--- a/src/lj_mcode.c
+++ b/src/lj_mcode.c
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "lj_mcode.h"
 #include "lj_trace.h"
 #include "lj_dispatch.h"
+#include "lj_prng.h"
 #endif
 #if LJ_HASJIT || LJ_HASFFI
 #include "lj_vm.h"
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ void lj_mcode_sync(void *start, void *end)
   sys_icache_invalidate(start, (char *)end-(char *)start);
 #elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
   lj_vm_cachesync(start, end);
-#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
   __clear_cache(start, end);
 #else
 #error "Missing builtin to flush instruction cache"
@@ -66,8 +67,8 @@ void lj_mcode_sync(void *start, void *end)
 
 static void *mcode_alloc_at(jit_State *J, uintptr_t hint, size_t sz, DWORD prot)
 {
-  void *p = VirtualAlloc((void *)hint, sz,
-                         MEM_RESERVE|MEM_COMMIT|MEM_TOP_DOWN, prot);
+  void *p = LJ_WIN_VALLOC((void *)hint, sz,
+                          MEM_RESERVE|MEM_COMMIT|MEM_TOP_DOWN, prot);
   if (!p && !hint)
     lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_MCODEAL);
   return p;
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ static void mcode_free(jit_State *J, void *p, size_t sz)
 static int mcode_setprot(void *p, size_t sz, DWORD prot)
 {
   DWORD oprot;
-  return !VirtualProtect(p, sz, prot, &oprot);
+  return !LJ_WIN_VPROTECT(p, sz, prot, &oprot);
 }
 
 #elif LJ_TARGET_POSIX
@@ -96,10 +97,15 @@ static int mcode_setprot(void *p, size_t sz, DWORD prot)
 #define MCPROT_RW       (PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE)
 #define MCPROT_RX       (PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC)
 #define MCPROT_RWX      (PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE|PROT_EXEC)
+#ifdef PROT_MPROTECT
+#define MCPROT_CREATE   (PROT_MPROTECT(MCPROT_RWX))
+#else
+#define MCPROT_CREATE   0
+#endif
 
 static void *mcode_alloc_at(jit_State *J, uintptr_t hint, size_t sz, int prot)
 {
-  void *p = mmap((void *)hint, sz, prot, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
+  void *p = mmap((void *)hint, sz, prot|MCPROT_CREATE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
   if (p == MAP_FAILED) {
     if (!hint) lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_MCODEAL);
     p = NULL;
@@ -118,52 +124,34 @@ static int mcode_setprot(void *p, size_t sz, int prot)
   return mprotect(p, sz, prot);
 }
 
-#elif LJ_64
-
-#error "Missing OS support for explicit placement of executable memory"
-
 #else
 
-/* Fallback allocator. This will fail if memory is not executable by default. */
-#define LUAJIT_UNPROTECT_MCODE
-#define MCPROT_RW       0
-#define MCPROT_RX       0
-#define MCPROT_RWX      0
-
-static void *mcode_alloc_at(jit_State *J, uintptr_t hint, size_t sz, int prot)
-{
-  UNUSED(hint); UNUSED(prot);
-  return lj_mem_new(J->L, sz);
-}
-
-static void mcode_free(jit_State *J, void *p, size_t sz)
-{
-  lj_mem_free(J2G(J), p, sz);
-}
+#error "Missing OS support for explicit placement of executable memory"
 
 #endif
 
 /* -- MCode area protection ----------------------------------------------- */
 
-/* Define this ONLY if page protection twiddling becomes a bottleneck. */
-#ifdef LUAJIT_UNPROTECT_MCODE
+#if LUAJIT_SECURITY_MCODE == 0
 
-/* It's generally considered to be a potential security risk to have
+/* Define this ONLY if page protection twiddling becomes a bottleneck.
+**
+** It's generally considered to be a potential security risk to have
 ** pages with simultaneous write *and* execute access in a process.
 **
 ** Do not even think about using this mode for server processes or
-** apps handling untrusted external data (such as a browser).
+** apps handling untrusted external data.
 **
 ** The security risk is not in LuaJIT itself -- but if an adversary finds
-** any *other* flaw in your C application logic, then any RWX memory page
-** simplifies writing an exploit considerably.
+** any *other* flaw in your C application logic, then any RWX memory pages
+** simplify writing an exploit considerably.
 */
 #define MCPROT_GEN      MCPROT_RWX
 #define MCPROT_RUN      MCPROT_RWX
 
 static void mcode_protect(jit_State *J, int prot)
 {
-  UNUSED(J); UNUSED(prot);
+  UNUSED(J); UNUSED(prot); UNUSED(mcode_setprot);
 }
 
 #else
@@ -222,8 +210,8 @@ static void *mcode_alloc(jit_State *J, size_t sz)
   */
 #if LJ_TARGET_MIPS
   /* Use the middle of the 256MB-aligned region. */
-  uintptr_t target = ((uintptr_t)(void *)lj_vm_exit_handler & 0xf0000000u) +
-                     0x08000000u;
+  uintptr_t target = ((uintptr_t)(void *)lj_vm_exit_handler &
+                      ~(uintptr_t)0x0fffffffu) + 0x08000000u;
 #else
   uintptr_t target = (uintptr_t)(void *)lj_vm_exit_handler & ~(uintptr_t)0xffff;
 #endif
@@ -243,7 +231,7 @@ static void *mcode_alloc(jit_State *J, size_t sz)
     }
     /* Next try probing 64K-aligned pseudo-random addresses. */
     do {
-      hint = LJ_PRNG_BITS(J, LJ_TARGET_JUMPRANGE-16) << 16;
+      hint = lj_prng_u64(&J2G(J)->prng) & ((1u<<LJ_TARGET_JUMPRANGE)-0x10000);
     } while (!(hint + sz < range+range));
     hint = target + hint - range;
   }
@@ -256,7 +244,7 @@ static void *mcode_alloc(jit_State *J, size_t sz)
 /* All memory addresses are reachable by relative jumps. */
 static void *mcode_alloc(jit_State *J, size_t sz)
 {
-#ifdef __OpenBSD__
+#if defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__NetBSD__) || LJ_TARGET_UWP
   /* Allow better executable memory allocation for OpenBSD W^X mode. */
   void *p = mcode_alloc_at(J, 0, sz, MCPROT_RUN);
   if (p && mcode_setprot(p, sz, MCPROT_GEN)) {
@@ -287,6 +275,7 @@ static void mcode_allocarea(jit_State *J)
   ((MCLink *)J->mcarea)->next = oldarea;
   ((MCLink *)J->mcarea)->size = sz;
   J->szallmcarea += sz;
+  J->mcbot = (MCode *)lj_err_register_mcode(J->mcarea, sz, (uint8_t *)J->mcbot);
 }
 
 /* Free all MCode areas. */
@@ -297,7 +286,9 @@ void lj_mcode_free(jit_State *J)
   J->szallmcarea = 0;
   while (mc) {
     MCode *next = ((MCLink *)mc)->next;
-    mcode_free(J, mc, ((MCLink *)mc)->size);
+    size_t sz = ((MCLink *)mc)->size;
+    lj_err_deregister_mcode(mc, sz, (uint8_t *)mc + sizeof(MCLink));
+    mcode_free(J, mc, sz);
     mc = next;
   }
 }
@@ -332,35 +323,36 @@ void lj_mcode_abort(jit_State *J)
 /* Set/reset protection to allow patching of MCode areas. */
 MCode *lj_mcode_patch(jit_State *J, MCode *ptr, int finish)
 {
-#ifdef LUAJIT_UNPROTECT_MCODE
-  UNUSED(J); UNUSED(ptr); UNUSED(finish);
-  return NULL;
-#else
   if (finish) {
+#if LUAJIT_SECURITY_MCODE
     if (J->mcarea == ptr)
       mcode_protect(J, MCPROT_RUN);
     else if (LJ_UNLIKELY(mcode_setprot(ptr, ((MCLink *)ptr)->size, MCPROT_RUN)))
       mcode_protfail(J);
+#endif
     return NULL;
   } else {
     MCode *mc = J->mcarea;
     /* Try current area first to use the protection cache. */
     if (ptr >= mc && ptr < (MCode *)((char *)mc + J->szmcarea)) {
+#if LUAJIT_SECURITY_MCODE
       mcode_protect(J, MCPROT_GEN);
+#endif
       return mc;
     }
     /* Otherwise search through the list of MCode areas. */
     for (;;) {
       mc = ((MCLink *)mc)->next;
-      lua_assert(mc != NULL);
+      lj_assertJ(mc != NULL, "broken MCode area chain");
       if (ptr >= mc && ptr < (MCode *)((char *)mc + ((MCLink *)mc)->size)) {
+#if LUAJIT_SECURITY_MCODE
         if (LJ_UNLIKELY(mcode_setprot(mc, ((MCLink *)mc)->size, MCPROT_GEN)))
           mcode_protfail(J);
+#endif
         return mc;
       }
     }
   }
-#endif
 }
 
 /* Limit of MCode reservation reached. */
diff --git a/src/lj_meta.c b/src/lj_meta.c
index 15c13aa2..5940097e 100644
--- a/src/lj_meta.c
+++ b/src/lj_meta.c
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 #include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
 #include "lj_meta.h"
@@ -19,6 +20,8 @@
 #include "lj_bc.h"
 #include "lj_vm.h"
 #include "lj_strscan.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
+#include "lj_lib.h"
 
 /* -- Metamethod handling ------------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -44,7 +47,7 @@ void lj_meta_init(lua_State *L)
 cTValue *lj_meta_cache(GCtab *mt, MMS mm, GCstr *name)
 {
   cTValue *mo = lj_tab_getstr(mt, name);
-  lua_assert(mm <= MM_FAST);
+  lj_assertX(mm <= MM_FAST, "bad metamethod %d", mm);
   if (!mo || tvisnil(mo)) {  /* No metamethod? */
     mt->nomm |= (uint8_t)(1u<<mm);  /* Set negative cache flag. */
     return NULL;
@@ -77,12 +80,16 @@ int lj_meta_tailcall(lua_State *L, cTValue *tv)
   TValue *base = L->base;
   TValue *top = L->top;
   const BCIns *pc = frame_pc(base-1);  /* Preserve old PC from frame. */
-  copyTV(L, base-1, tv);  /* Replace frame with new object. */
-  top->u32.lo = LJ_CONT_TAILCALL;
-  setframe_pc(top, pc);
-  setframe_gc(top+1, obj2gco(L));  /* Dummy frame object. */
-  setframe_ftsz(top+1, (int)((char *)(top+2) - (char *)base) + FRAME_CONT);
-  L->base = L->top = top+2;
+  copyTV(L, base-1-LJ_FR2, tv);  /* Replace frame with new object. */
+  if (LJ_FR2)
+    (top++)->u64 = LJ_CONT_TAILCALL;
+  else
+    top->u32.lo = LJ_CONT_TAILCALL;
+  setframe_pc(top++, pc);
+  setframe_gc(top, obj2gco(L), LJ_TTHREAD);  /* Dummy frame object. */
+  if (LJ_FR2) top++;
+  setframe_ftsz(top, ((char *)(top+1) - (char *)base) + FRAME_CONT);
+  L->base = L->top = top+1;
   /*
   ** before:   [old_mo|PC]    [... ...]
   **                         ^base     ^top
@@ -113,11 +120,13 @@ static TValue *mmcall(lua_State *L, ASMFunction cont, cTValue *mo,
   */
   TValue *top = L->top;
   if (curr_funcisL(L)) top = curr_topL(L);
-  setcont(top, cont);  /* Assembler VM stores PC in upper word. */
-  copyTV(L, top+1, mo);  /* Store metamethod and two arguments. */
-  copyTV(L, top+2, a);
-  copyTV(L, top+3, b);
-  return top+2;  /* Return new base. */
+  setcont(top++, cont);  /* Assembler VM stores PC in upper word or FR2. */
+  if (LJ_FR2) setnilV(top++);
+  copyTV(L, top++, mo);  /* Store metamethod and two arguments. */
+  if (LJ_FR2) setnilV(top++);
+  copyTV(L, top, a);
+  copyTV(L, top+1, b);
+  return top;  /* Return new base. */
 }
 
 /* -- C helpers for some instructions, called from assembler VM ----------- */
@@ -225,27 +234,14 @@ TValue *lj_meta_arith(lua_State *L, TValue *ra, cTValue *rb, cTValue *rc,
   }
 }
 
-/* In-place coercion of a number to a string. */
-static LJ_AINLINE int tostring(lua_State *L, TValue *o)
-{
-  if (tvisstr(o)) {
-    return 1;
-  } else if (tvisnumber(o)) {
-    setstrV(L, o, lj_str_fromnumber(L, o));
-    return 1;
-  } else {
-    return 0;
-  }
-}
-
 /* Helper for CAT. Coercion, iterative concat, __concat metamethod. */
 TValue *lj_meta_cat(lua_State *L, TValue *top, int left)
 {
   int fromc = 0;
   if (left < 0) { left = -left; fromc = 1; }
   do {
-    int n = 1;
-    if (!(tvisstr(top-1) || tvisnumber(top-1)) || !tostring(L, top)) {
+    if (!(tvisstr(top) || tvisnumber(top) || tvisbuf(top)) ||
+        !(tvisstr(top-1) || tvisnumber(top-1) || tvisbuf(top-1))) {
       cTValue *mo = lj_meta_lookup(L, top-1, MM_concat);
       if (tvisnil(mo)) {
         mo = lj_meta_lookup(L, top, MM_concat);
@@ -266,13 +262,12 @@ TValue *lj_meta_cat(lua_State *L, TValue *top, int left)
       ** after mm:  [...][CAT stack ...] <--push-- [result]
       ** next step: [...][CAT stack .............]
       */
-      copyTV(L, top+2, top);  /* Careful with the order of stack copies! */
-      copyTV(L, top+1, top-1);
-      copyTV(L, top, mo);
+      copyTV(L, top+2*LJ_FR2+2, top);  /* Carefully ordered stack copies! */
+      copyTV(L, top+2*LJ_FR2+1, top-1);
+      copyTV(L, top+LJ_FR2, mo);
       setcont(top-1, lj_cont_cat);
+      if (LJ_FR2) { setnilV(top); setnilV(top+2); top += 2; }
       return top+1;  /* Trigger metamethod call. */
-    } else if (strV(top)->len == 0) {  /* Shortcut. */
-      (void)tostring(L, top-1);
     } else {
       /* Pick as many strings as possible from the top and concatenate them:
       **
@@ -281,27 +276,33 @@ TValue *lj_meta_cat(lua_State *L, TValue *top, int left)
       ** concat:    [...][CAT stack ...] [result]
       ** next step: [...][CAT stack ............]
       */
-      MSize tlen = strV(top)->len;
-      char *buffer;
-      int i;
-      for (n = 1; n <= left && tostring(L, top-n); n++) {
-        MSize len = strV(top-n)->len;
-        if (len >= LJ_MAX_STR - tlen)
-          lj_err_msg(L, LJ_ERR_STROV);
-        tlen += len;
-      }
-      buffer = lj_str_needbuf(L, &G(L)->tmpbuf, tlen);
-      n--;
-      tlen = 0;
-      for (i = n; i >= 0; i--) {
-        MSize len = strV(top-i)->len;
-        memcpy(buffer + tlen, strVdata(top-i), len);
-        tlen += len;
+      TValue *e, *o = top;
+      uint64_t tlen = tvisstr(o) ? strV(o)->len :
+                      tvisbuf(o) ? sbufxlen(bufV(o)) : STRFMT_MAXBUF_NUM;
+      SBuf *sb;
+      do {
+        o--; tlen += tvisstr(o) ? strV(o)->len :
+                     tvisbuf(o) ? sbufxlen(bufV(o)) : STRFMT_MAXBUF_NUM;
+      } while (--left > 0 && (tvisstr(o-1) || tvisnumber(o-1)));
+      if (tlen >= LJ_MAX_STR) lj_err_msg(L, LJ_ERR_STROV);
+      sb = lj_buf_tmp_(L);
+      lj_buf_more(sb, (MSize)tlen);
+      for (e = top, top = o; o <= e; o++) {
+        if (tvisstr(o)) {
+          GCstr *s = strV(o);
+          MSize len = s->len;
+          lj_buf_putmem(sb, strdata(s), len);
+        } else if (tvisbuf(o)) {
+          SBufExt *sbx = bufV(o);
+          lj_buf_putmem(sb, sbx->r, sbufxlen(sbx));
+        } else if (tvisint(o)) {
+          lj_strfmt_putint(sb, intV(o));
+        } else {
+          lj_strfmt_putfnum(sb, STRFMT_G14, numV(o));
+        }
       }
-      setstrV(L, top-n, lj_str_new(L, buffer, tlen));
+      setstrV(L, top, lj_buf_str(L, sb));
     }
-    left -= n;
-    top -= n;
   } while (left >= 1);
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY(G(L)->gc.total >= G(L)->gc.threshold)) {
     if (!fromc) L->top = curr_topL(L);
@@ -338,12 +339,14 @@ TValue *lj_meta_equal(lua_State *L, GCobj *o1, GCobj *o2, int ne)
         return (TValue *)(intptr_t)ne;
     }
     top = curr_top(L);
-    setcont(top, ne ? lj_cont_condf : lj_cont_condt);
-    copyTV(L, top+1, mo);
+    setcont(top++, ne ? lj_cont_condf : lj_cont_condt);
+    if (LJ_FR2) setnilV(top++);
+    copyTV(L, top++, mo);
+    if (LJ_FR2) setnilV(top++);
     it = ~(uint32_t)o1->gch.gct;
-    setgcV(L, top+2, o1, it);
-    setgcV(L, top+3, o2, it);
-    return top+2;  /* Trigger metamethod call. */
+    setgcV(L, top, o1, it);
+    setgcV(L, top+1, o2, it);
+    return top;  /* Trigger metamethod call. */
   }
   return (TValue *)(intptr_t)ne;
 }
@@ -365,8 +368,8 @@ TValue * LJ_FASTCALL lj_meta_equal_cd(lua_State *L, BCIns ins)
   } else if (op == BC_ISEQN) {
     o2 = &mref(curr_proto(L)->k, cTValue)[bc_d(ins)];
   } else {
-    lua_assert(op == BC_ISEQP);
-    setitype(&tv, ~bc_d(ins));
+    lj_assertL(op == BC_ISEQP, "bad bytecode op %d", op);
+    setpriV(&tv, ~bc_d(ins));
     o2 = &tv;
   }
   mo = lj_meta_lookup(L, o1mm, MM_eq);
@@ -423,6 +426,18 @@ TValue *lj_meta_comp(lua_State *L, cTValue *o1, cTValue *o2, int op)
   }
 }
 
+/* Helper for ISTYPE and ISNUM. Implicit coercion or error. */
+void lj_meta_istype(lua_State *L, BCReg ra, BCReg tp)
+{
+  L->top = curr_topL(L);
+  ra++; tp--;
+  lj_assertL(LJ_DUALNUM || tp != ~LJ_TNUMX, "bad type for ISTYPE");
+  if (LJ_DUALNUM && tp == ~LJ_TNUMX) lj_lib_checkint(L, ra);
+  else if (tp == ~LJ_TNUMX+1) lj_lib_checknum(L, ra);
+  else if (tp == ~LJ_TSTR) lj_lib_checkstr(L, ra);
+  else lj_err_argtype(L, ra, lj_obj_itypename[tp]);
+}
+
 /* Helper for calls. __call metamethod. */
 void lj_meta_call(lua_State *L, TValue *func, TValue *top)
 {
@@ -430,7 +445,8 @@ void lj_meta_call(lua_State *L, TValue *func, TValue *top)
   TValue *p;
   if (!tvisfunc(mo))
     lj_err_optype_call(L, func);
-  for (p = top; p > func; p--) copyTV(L, p, p-1);
+  for (p = top; p > func+2*LJ_FR2; p--) copyTV(L, p, p-1);
+  if (LJ_FR2) copyTV(L, func+2, func);
   copyTV(L, func, mo);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lj_meta.h b/src/lj_meta.h
index 53ec9c0a..f067cf59 100644
--- a/src/lj_meta.h
+++ b/src/lj_meta.h
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ LJ_FUNCA TValue * LJ_FASTCALL lj_meta_len(lua_State *L, cTValue *o);
 LJ_FUNCA TValue *lj_meta_equal(lua_State *L, GCobj *o1, GCobj *o2, int ne);
 LJ_FUNCA TValue * LJ_FASTCALL lj_meta_equal_cd(lua_State *L, BCIns ins);
 LJ_FUNCA TValue *lj_meta_comp(lua_State *L, cTValue *o1, cTValue *o2, int op);
+LJ_FUNCA void lj_meta_istype(lua_State *L, BCReg ra, BCReg tp);
 LJ_FUNCA void lj_meta_call(lua_State *L, TValue *func, TValue *top);
 LJ_FUNCA void LJ_FASTCALL lj_meta_for(lua_State *L, TValue *o);
 
diff --git a/src/lj_obj.c b/src/lj_obj.c
index ce837134..cd4ca50a 100644
--- a/src/lj_obj.c
+++ b/src/lj_obj.c
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ LJ_DATADEF const char *const lj_obj_itypename[] = {  /* ORDER LJ_T */
 };
 
 /* Compare two objects without calling metamethods. */
-int lj_obj_equal(cTValue *o1, cTValue *o2)
+int LJ_FASTCALL lj_obj_equal(cTValue *o1, cTValue *o2)
 {
   if (itype(o1) == itype(o2)) {
     if (tvispri(o1))
@@ -33,3 +33,19 @@ int lj_obj_equal(cTValue *o1, cTValue *o2)
   return numberVnum(o1) == numberVnum(o2);
 }
 
+/* Return pointer to object or its object data. */
+const void * LJ_FASTCALL lj_obj_ptr(global_State *g, cTValue *o)
+{
+  UNUSED(g);
+  if (tvisudata(o))
+    return uddata(udataV(o));
+  else if (tvislightud(o))
+    return lightudV(g, o);
+  else if (LJ_HASFFI && tviscdata(o))
+    return cdataptr(cdataV(o));
+  else if (tvisgcv(o))
+    return gcV(o);
+  else
+    return NULL;
+}
+
diff --git a/src/lj_obj.h b/src/lj_obj.h
index 6cb93f89..2d4386e1 100644
--- a/src/lj_obj.h
+++ b/src/lj_obj.h
@@ -13,44 +13,81 @@
 #include "lj_def.h"
 #include "lj_arch.h"
 
-/* -- Memory references (32 bit address space) ---------------------------- */
+/* -- Memory references --------------------------------------------------- */
 
-/* Memory size. */
+/* Memory and GC object sizes. */
 typedef uint32_t MSize;
+#if LJ_GC64
+typedef uint64_t GCSize;
+#else
+typedef uint32_t GCSize;
+#endif
 
 /* Memory reference */
 typedef struct MRef {
+#if LJ_GC64
+  uint64_t ptr64;       /* True 64 bit pointer. */
+#else
   uint32_t ptr32;       /* Pseudo 32 bit pointer. */
+#endif
 } MRef;
 
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define mref(r, t)      ((t *)(void *)(r).ptr64)
+#define mrefu(r)        ((r).ptr64)
+
+#define setmref(r, p)   ((r).ptr64 = (uint64_t)(void *)(p))
+#define setmrefu(r, u)  ((r).ptr64 = (uint64_t)(u))
+#define setmrefr(r, v)  ((r).ptr64 = (v).ptr64)
+#else
 #define mref(r, t)      ((t *)(void *)(uintptr_t)(r).ptr32)
+#define mrefu(r)        ((r).ptr32)
 
 #define setmref(r, p)   ((r).ptr32 = (uint32_t)(uintptr_t)(void *)(p))
+#define setmrefu(r, u)  ((r).ptr32 = (uint32_t)(u))
 #define setmrefr(r, v)  ((r).ptr32 = (v).ptr32)
+#endif
 
-/* -- GC object references (32 bit address space) ------------------------- */
+/* -- GC object references ------------------------------------------------ */
 
 /* GCobj reference */
 typedef struct GCRef {
+#if LJ_GC64
+  uint64_t gcptr64;     /* True 64 bit pointer. */
+#else
   uint32_t gcptr32;     /* Pseudo 32 bit pointer. */
+#endif
 } GCRef;
 
 /* Common GC header for all collectable objects. */
 #define GCHeader        GCRef nextgc; uint8_t marked; uint8_t gct
 /* This occupies 6 bytes, so use the next 2 bytes for non-32 bit fields. */
 
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define gcref(r)        ((GCobj *)(r).gcptr64)
+#define gcrefp(r, t)    ((t *)(void *)(r).gcptr64)
+#define gcrefu(r)       ((r).gcptr64)
+#define gcrefeq(r1, r2) ((r1).gcptr64 == (r2).gcptr64)
+
+#define setgcref(r, gc) ((r).gcptr64 = (uint64_t)&(gc)->gch)
+#define setgcreft(r, gc, it) \
+  (r).gcptr64 = (uint64_t)&(gc)->gch | (((uint64_t)(it)) << 47)
+#define setgcrefp(r, p) ((r).gcptr64 = (uint64_t)(p))
+#define setgcrefnull(r) ((r).gcptr64 = 0)
+#define setgcrefr(r, v) ((r).gcptr64 = (v).gcptr64)
+#else
 #define gcref(r)        ((GCobj *)(uintptr_t)(r).gcptr32)
 #define gcrefp(r, t)    ((t *)(void *)(uintptr_t)(r).gcptr32)
 #define gcrefu(r)       ((r).gcptr32)
-#define gcrefi(r)       ((int32_t)(r).gcptr32)
 #define gcrefeq(r1, r2) ((r1).gcptr32 == (r2).gcptr32)
-#define gcnext(gc)      (gcref((gc)->gch.nextgc))
 
 #define setgcref(r, gc) ((r).gcptr32 = (uint32_t)(uintptr_t)&(gc)->gch)
-#define setgcrefi(r, i) ((r).gcptr32 = (uint32_t)(i))
 #define setgcrefp(r, p) ((r).gcptr32 = (uint32_t)(uintptr_t)(p))
 #define setgcrefnull(r) ((r).gcptr32 = 0)
 #define setgcrefr(r, v) ((r).gcptr32 = (v).gcptr32)
+#endif
+
+#define gcnext(gc)      (gcref((gc)->gch.nextgc))
 
 /* IMPORTANT NOTE:
 **
@@ -119,11 +156,10 @@ typedef int32_t BCLine;  /* Bytecode line number. */
 /* Internal assembler functions. Never call these directly from C. */
 typedef void (*ASMFunction)(void);
 
-/* Resizable string buffer. Need this here, details in lj_str.h. */
+/* Resizable string buffer. Need this here, details in lj_buf.h. */
+#define SBufHeader      char *w, *e, *b; MRef L
 typedef struct SBuf {
-  char *buf;            /* String buffer base. */
-  MSize n;              /* String buffer length. */
-  MSize sz;             /* String buffer size. */
+  SBufHeader;
 } SBuf;
 
 /* -- Tags and values ----------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -131,13 +167,23 @@ typedef struct SBuf {
 /* Frame link. */
 typedef union {
   int32_t ftsz;         /* Frame type and size of previous frame. */
-  MRef pcr;             /* Overlaps PC for Lua frames. */
+  MRef pcr;             /* Or PC for Lua frames. */
 } FrameLink;
 
 /* Tagged value. */
 typedef LJ_ALIGN(8) union TValue {
   uint64_t u64;         /* 64 bit pattern overlaps number. */
   lua_Number n;         /* Number object overlaps split tag/value object. */
+#if LJ_GC64
+  GCRef gcr;            /* GCobj reference with tag. */
+  int64_t it64;
+  struct {
+    LJ_ENDIAN_LOHI(
+      int32_t i;        /* Integer value. */
+    , uint32_t it;      /* Internal object tag. Must overlap MSW of number. */
+    )
+  };
+#else
   struct {
     LJ_ENDIAN_LOHI(
       union {
@@ -147,12 +193,17 @@ typedef LJ_ALIGN(8) union TValue {
     , uint32_t it;      /* Internal object tag. Must overlap MSW of number. */
     )
   };
+#endif
+#if LJ_FR2
+  int64_t ftsz;         /* Frame type and size of previous frame, or PC. */
+#else
   struct {
     LJ_ENDIAN_LOHI(
       GCRef func;       /* Function for next frame (or dummy L). */
     , FrameLink tp;     /* Link to previous frame. */
     )
   } fr;
+#endif
   struct {
     LJ_ENDIAN_LOHI(
       uint32_t lo;      /* Lower 32 bits of number. */
@@ -172,6 +223,8 @@ typedef const TValue cTValue;
 
 /* Internal object tags.
 **
+** Format for 32 bit GC references (!LJ_GC64):
+**
 ** Internal tags overlap the MSW of a number object (must be a double).
 ** Interpreted as a double these are special NaNs. The FPU only generates
 ** one type of NaN (0xfff8_0000_0000_0000). So MSWs > 0xfff80000 are available
@@ -181,11 +234,24 @@ typedef const TValue cTValue;
 **                  ---MSW---.---LSW---
 ** primitive types |  itype  |         |
 ** lightuserdata   |  itype  |  void * |  (32 bit platforms)
-** lightuserdata   |ffff|    void *    |  (64 bit platforms, 47 bit pointers)
+** lightuserdata   |ffff|seg|    ofs   |  (64 bit platforms)
 ** GC objects      |  itype  |  GCRef  |
 ** int (LJ_DUALNUM)|  itype  |   int   |
 ** number           -------double------
 **
+** Format for 64 bit GC references (LJ_GC64):
+**
+** The upper 13 bits must be 1 (0xfff8...) for a special NaN. The next
+** 4 bits hold the internal tag. The lowest 47 bits either hold a pointer,
+** a zero-extended 32 bit integer or all bits set to 1 for primitive types.
+**
+**                     ------MSW------.------LSW------
+** primitive types    |1..1|itype|1..................1|
+** GC objects         |1..1|itype|-------GCRef--------|
+** lightuserdata      |1..1|itype|seg|------ofs-------|
+** int (LJ_DUALNUM)   |1..1|itype|0..0|-----int-------|
+** number              ------------double-------------
+**
 ** ORDER LJ_T
 ** Primitive types nil/false/true must be first, lightuserdata next.
 ** GC objects are at the end, table/userdata must be lowest.
@@ -208,7 +274,7 @@ typedef const TValue cTValue;
 #define LJ_TNUMX                (~13u)
 
 /* Integers have itype == LJ_TISNUM doubles have itype < LJ_TISNUM */
-#if LJ_64
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
 #define LJ_TISNUM               0xfffeffffu
 #else
 #define LJ_TISNUM               LJ_TNUMX
@@ -218,14 +284,31 @@ typedef const TValue cTValue;
 #define LJ_TISGCV               (LJ_TSTR+1)
 #define LJ_TISTABUD             LJ_TTAB
 
+/* Type marker for slot holding a traversal index. Must be lightuserdata. */
+#define LJ_KEYINDEX             0xfffe7fffu
+
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define LJ_GCVMASK              (((uint64_t)1 << 47) - 1)
+#endif
+
+#if LJ_64
+/* To stay within 47 bits, lightuserdata is segmented. */
+#define LJ_LIGHTUD_BITS_SEG     8
+#define LJ_LIGHTUD_BITS_LO      (47 - LJ_LIGHTUD_BITS_SEG)
+#endif
+
 /* -- String object ------------------------------------------------------- */
 
+typedef uint32_t StrHash;       /* String hash value. */
+typedef uint32_t StrID;         /* String ID. */
+
 /* String object header. String payload follows. */
 typedef struct GCstr {
   GCHeader;
   uint8_t reserved;     /* Used by lexer for fast lookup of reserved words. */
-  uint8_t unused;
-  MSize hash;           /* Hash of string. */
+  uint8_t hashalg;      /* Hash algorithm. */
+  StrID sid;            /* Interned string ID. */
+  StrHash hash;         /* Hash of string. */
   MSize len;            /* Size of string. */
 } GCstr;
 
@@ -233,7 +316,6 @@ typedef struct GCstr {
 #define strdata(s)      ((const char *)((s)+1))
 #define strdatawr(s)    ((char *)((s)+1))
 #define strVdata(o)     strdata(strV(o))
-#define sizestring(s)   (sizeof(struct GCstr)+(s)->len+1)
 
 /* -- Userdata object ----------------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -253,6 +335,7 @@ enum {
   UDTYPE_USERDATA,      /* Regular userdata. */
   UDTYPE_IO_FILE,       /* I/O library FILE. */
   UDTYPE_FFI_CLIB,      /* FFI C library namespace. */
+  UDTYPE_BUFFER,        /* String buffer. */
   UDTYPE__MAX
 };
 
@@ -291,6 +374,9 @@ typedef struct GCproto {
   uint8_t numparams;    /* Number of parameters. */
   uint8_t framesize;    /* Fixed frame size. */
   MSize sizebc;         /* Number of bytecode instructions. */
+#if LJ_GC64
+  uint32_t unused_gc64;
+#endif
   GCRef gclist;
   MRef k;               /* Split constant array (points to the middle). */
   MRef uv;              /* Upvalue list. local slot|0x8000 or parent uv idx. */
@@ -402,7 +488,9 @@ typedef struct Node {
   TValue val;           /* Value object. Must be first field. */
   TValue key;           /* Key object. */
   MRef next;            /* Hash chain. */
+#if !LJ_GC64
   MRef freetop;         /* Top of free elements (stored in t->node[0]). */
+#endif
 } Node;
 
 LJ_STATIC_ASSERT(offsetof(Node, val) == 0);
@@ -417,12 +505,22 @@ typedef struct GCtab {
   MRef node;            /* Hash part. */
   uint32_t asize;       /* Size of array part (keys [0, asize-1]). */
   uint32_t hmask;       /* Hash part mask (size of hash part - 1). */
+#if LJ_GC64
+  MRef freetop;         /* Top of free elements. */
+#endif
 } GCtab;
 
 #define sizetabcolo(n)  ((n)*sizeof(TValue) + sizeof(GCtab))
 #define tabref(r)       ((GCtab *)gcref((r)))
 #define noderef(r)      (mref((r), Node))
 #define nextnode(n)     (mref((n)->next, Node))
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define getfreetop(t, n)        (noderef((t)->freetop))
+#define setfreetop(t, n, v)     (setmref((t)->freetop, (v)))
+#else
+#define getfreetop(t, n)        (noderef((n)->freetop))
+#define setfreetop(t, n, v)     (setmref((n)->freetop, (v)))
+#endif
 
 /* -- State objects ------------------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -488,13 +586,18 @@ typedef enum {
 #define basemt_obj(g, o)        ((g)->gcroot[GCROOT_BASEMT+itypemap(o)])
 #define mmname_str(g, mm)       (strref((g)->gcroot[GCROOT_MMNAME+(mm)]))
 
+/* Garbage collector state. */
 typedef struct GCState {
-  MSize total;          /* Memory currently allocated. */
-  MSize threshold;      /* Memory threshold. */
+  GCSize total;         /* Memory currently allocated. */
+  GCSize threshold;     /* Memory threshold. */
   uint8_t currentwhite; /* Current white color. */
   uint8_t state;        /* GC state. */
   uint8_t nocdatafin;   /* No cdata finalizer called. */
-  uint8_t unused2;
+#if LJ_64
+  uint8_t lightudnum;   /* Number of lightuserdata segments - 1. */
+#else
+  uint8_t unused1;
+#endif
   MSize sweepstr;       /* Sweep position in string table. */
   GCRef root;           /* List of all collectable objects. */
   MRef sweep;           /* Sweep position in root list. */
@@ -502,42 +605,57 @@ typedef struct GCState {
   GCRef grayagain;      /* List of objects for atomic traversal. */
   GCRef weak;           /* List of weak tables (to be cleared). */
   GCRef mmudata;        /* List of userdata (to be finalized). */
+  GCSize debt;          /* Debt (how much GC is behind schedule). */
+  GCSize estimate;      /* Estimate of memory actually in use. */
   MSize stepmul;        /* Incremental GC step granularity. */
-  MSize debt;           /* Debt (how much GC is behind schedule). */
-  MSize estimate;       /* Estimate of memory actually in use. */
   MSize pause;          /* Pause between successive GC cycles. */
+#if LJ_64
+  MRef lightudseg;      /* Upper bits of lightuserdata segments. */
+#endif
 } GCState;
 
+/* String interning state. */
+typedef struct StrInternState {
+  GCRef *tab;           /* String hash table anchors. */
+  MSize mask;           /* String hash mask (size of hash table - 1). */
+  MSize num;            /* Number of strings in hash table. */
+  StrID id;             /* Next string ID. */
+  uint8_t idreseed;     /* String ID reseed counter. */
+  uint8_t second;       /* String interning table uses secondary hashing. */
+  uint8_t unused1;
+  uint8_t unused2;
+  LJ_ALIGN(8) uint64_t seed;    /* Random string seed. */
+} StrInternState;
+
 /* Global state, shared by all threads of a Lua universe. */
 typedef struct global_State {
-  GCRef *strhash;       /* String hash table (hash chain anchors). */
-  MSize strmask;        /* String hash mask (size of hash table - 1). */
-  MSize strnum;         /* Number of strings in hash table. */
   lua_Alloc allocf;     /* Memory allocator. */
   void *allocd;         /* Memory allocator data. */
   GCState gc;           /* Garbage collector. */
-  SBuf tmpbuf;          /* Temporary buffer for string concatenation. */
-  Node nilnode;         /* Fallback 1-element hash part (nil key and value). */
   GCstr strempty;       /* Empty string. */
   uint8_t stremptyz;    /* Zero terminator of empty string. */
   uint8_t hookmask;     /* Hook mask. */
   uint8_t dispatchmode; /* Dispatch mode. */
   uint8_t vmevmask;     /* VM event mask. */
+  StrInternState str;   /* String interning. */
+  volatile int32_t vmstate;  /* VM state or current JIT code trace number. */
   GCRef mainthref;      /* Link to main thread. */
-  TValue registrytv;    /* Anchor for registry. */
+  SBuf tmpbuf;          /* Temporary string buffer. */
   TValue tmptv, tmptv2; /* Temporary TValues. */
+  Node nilnode;         /* Fallback 1-element hash part (nil key and value). */
+  TValue registrytv;    /* Anchor for registry. */
   GCupval uvhead;       /* Head of double-linked list of all open upvalues. */
   int32_t hookcount;    /* Instruction hook countdown. */
   int32_t hookcstart;   /* Start count for instruction hook counter. */
   lua_Hook hookf;       /* Hook function. */
   lua_CFunction wrapf;  /* Wrapper for C function calls. */
   lua_CFunction panic;  /* Called as a last resort for errors. */
-  volatile int32_t vmstate;  /* VM state or current JIT code trace number. */
   BCIns bc_cfunc_int;   /* Bytecode for internal C function calls. */
   BCIns bc_cfunc_ext;   /* Bytecode for external C function calls. */
-  GCRef jit_L;          /* Current JIT code lua_State or NULL. */
-  MRef jit_base;        /* Current JIT code L->base. */
+  GCRef cur_L;          /* Currently executing lua_State. */
+  MRef jit_base;        /* Current JIT code L->base or NULL. */
   MRef ctype_state;     /* Pointer to C type state. */
+  PRNGState prng;       /* Global PRNG state. */
   GCRef gcroot[GCROOT_MAX];  /* GC roots. */
 } global_State;
 
@@ -553,9 +671,11 @@ typedef struct global_State {
 #define HOOK_ACTIVE_SHIFT       4
 #define HOOK_VMEVENT            0x20
 #define HOOK_GC                 0x40
+#define HOOK_PROFILE            0x80
 #define hook_active(g)          ((g)->hookmask & HOOK_ACTIVE)
 #define hook_enter(g)           ((g)->hookmask |= HOOK_ACTIVE)
-#define hook_entergc(g)         ((g)->hookmask |= (HOOK_ACTIVE|HOOK_GC))
+#define hook_entergc(g) \
+  ((g)->hookmask = ((g)->hookmask | (HOOK_ACTIVE|HOOK_GC)) & ~HOOK_PROFILE)
 #define hook_vmevent(g)         ((g)->hookmask |= (HOOK_ACTIVE|HOOK_VMEVENT))
 #define hook_leave(g)           ((g)->hookmask &= ~HOOK_ACTIVE)
 #define hook_save(g)            ((g)->hookmask & ~HOOK_EVENTMASK)
@@ -583,12 +703,23 @@ struct lua_State {
 #define registry(L)             (&G(L)->registrytv)
 
 /* Macros to access the currently executing (Lua) function. */
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define curr_func(L)            (&gcval(L->base-2)->fn)
+#elif LJ_FR2
+#define curr_func(L)            (&gcref((L->base-2)->gcr)->fn)
+#else
 #define curr_func(L)            (&gcref((L->base-1)->fr.func)->fn)
+#endif
 #define curr_funcisL(L)         (isluafunc(curr_func(L)))
 #define curr_proto(L)           (funcproto(curr_func(L)))
 #define curr_topL(L)            (L->base + curr_proto(L)->framesize)
 #define curr_top(L)             (curr_funcisL(L) ? curr_topL(L) : L->top)
 
+#if defined(LUA_USE_ASSERT) || defined(LUA_USE_APICHECK)
+LJ_FUNC_NORET void lj_assert_fail(global_State *g, const char *file, int line,
+                                  const char *func, const char *fmt, ...);
+#endif
+
 /* -- GC object definition and conversions -------------------------------- */
 
 /* GC header for generic access to common fields of GC objects. */
@@ -642,17 +773,18 @@ typedef union GCobj {
 
 /* -- TValue getters/setters ---------------------------------------------- */
 
-#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
-#include "lj_gc.h"
-#endif
-
 /* Macros to test types. */
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define itype(o)        ((uint32_t)((o)->it64 >> 47))
+#define tvisnil(o)      ((o)->it64 == -1)
+#else
 #define itype(o)        ((o)->it)
 #define tvisnil(o)      (itype(o) == LJ_TNIL)
+#endif
 #define tvisfalse(o)    (itype(o) == LJ_TFALSE)
 #define tvistrue(o)     (itype(o) == LJ_TTRUE)
 #define tvisbool(o)     (tvisfalse(o) || tvistrue(o))
-#if LJ_64
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
 #define tvislightud(o)  (((int32_t)itype(o) >> 15) == -2)
 #else
 #define tvislightud(o)  (itype(o) == LJ_TLIGHTUD)
@@ -686,7 +818,7 @@ typedef union GCobj {
 #define rawnumequal(o1, o2)     ((o1)->u64 == (o2)->u64)
 
 /* Macros to convert type ids. */
-#if LJ_64
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
 #define itypemap(o) \
   (tvisnumber(o) ? ~LJ_TNUMX : tvislightud(o) ? ~LJ_TLIGHTUD : ~itype(o))
 #else
@@ -694,13 +826,31 @@ typedef union GCobj {
 #endif
 
 /* Macros to get tagged values. */
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define gcval(o)        ((GCobj *)(gcrefu((o)->gcr) & LJ_GCVMASK))
+#else
 #define gcval(o)        (gcref((o)->gcr))
-#define boolV(o)        check_exp(tvisbool(o), (LJ_TFALSE - (o)->it))
+#endif
+#define boolV(o)        check_exp(tvisbool(o), (LJ_TFALSE - itype(o)))
 #if LJ_64
-#define lightudV(o) \
-  check_exp(tvislightud(o), (void *)((o)->u64 & U64x(00007fff,ffffffff)))
+#define lightudseg(u) \
+  (((u) >> LJ_LIGHTUD_BITS_LO) & ((1 << LJ_LIGHTUD_BITS_SEG)-1))
+#define lightudlo(u) \
+  ((u) & (((uint64_t)1 << LJ_LIGHTUD_BITS_LO) - 1))
+#define lightudup(p) \
+  ((uint32_t)(((p) >> LJ_LIGHTUD_BITS_LO) << (LJ_LIGHTUD_BITS_LO-32)))
+static LJ_AINLINE void *lightudV(global_State *g, cTValue *o)
+{
+  uint64_t u = o->u64;
+  uint64_t seg = lightudseg(u);
+  uint32_t *segmap = mref(g->gc.lightudseg, uint32_t);
+  lj_assertG(tvislightud(o), "lightuserdata expected");
+  if (seg == (1 << LJ_LIGHTUD_BITS_SEG)-1) return NULL;
+  lj_assertG(seg <= g->gc.lightudnum, "bad lightuserdata segment %d", seg);
+  return (void *)(((uint64_t)segmap[seg] << 32) | lightudlo(u));
+}
 #else
-#define lightudV(o)     check_exp(tvislightud(o), gcrefp((o)->gcr, void))
+#define lightudV(g, o)  check_exp(tvislightud(o), gcrefp((o)->gcr, void))
 #endif
 #define gcV(o)          check_exp(tvisgcv(o), gcval(o))
 #define strV(o)         check_exp(tvisstr(o), &gcval(o)->str)
@@ -714,40 +864,70 @@ typedef union GCobj {
 #define intV(o)         check_exp(tvisint(o), (int32_t)(o)->i)
 
 /* Macros to set tagged values. */
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define setitype(o, i)          ((o)->it = ((i) << 15))
+#define setnilV(o)              ((o)->it64 = -1)
+#define setpriV(o, x)           ((o)->it64 = (int64_t)~((uint64_t)~(x)<<47))
+#define setboolV(o, x)          ((o)->it64 = (int64_t)~((uint64_t)((x)+1)<<47))
+#else
 #define setitype(o, i)          ((o)->it = (i))
 #define setnilV(o)              ((o)->it = LJ_TNIL)
 #define setboolV(o, x)          ((o)->it = LJ_TFALSE-(uint32_t)(x))
+#define setpriV(o, i)           (setitype((o), (i)))
+#endif
 
-static LJ_AINLINE void setlightudV(TValue *o, void *p)
+static LJ_AINLINE void setrawlightudV(TValue *o, void *p)
 {
-#if LJ_64
+#if LJ_GC64
+  o->u64 = (uint64_t)p | (((uint64_t)LJ_TLIGHTUD) << 47);
+#elif LJ_64
   o->u64 = (uint64_t)p | (((uint64_t)0xffff) << 48);
 #else
   setgcrefp(o->gcr, p); setitype(o, LJ_TLIGHTUD);
 #endif
 }
 
-#if LJ_64
-#define checklightudptr(L, p) \
-  (((uint64_t)(p) >> 47) ? (lj_err_msg(L, LJ_ERR_BADLU), NULL) : (p))
+#if LJ_FR2 || LJ_32
+#define contptr(f)              ((void *)(f))
+#define setcont(o, f)           ((o)->u64 = (uint64_t)(uintptr_t)contptr(f))
+#else
+#define contptr(f) \
+  ((void *)(uintptr_t)(uint32_t)((intptr_t)(f) - (intptr_t)lj_vm_asm_begin))
 #define setcont(o, f) \
   ((o)->u64 = (uint64_t)(void *)(f) - (uint64_t)lj_vm_asm_begin)
-#else
-#define checklightudptr(L, p)   (p)
-#define setcont(o, f)           setlightudV((o), (void *)(f))
 #endif
 
-#define tvchecklive(L, o) \
-  UNUSED(L), lua_assert(!tvisgcv(o) || \
-  ((~itype(o) == gcval(o)->gch.gct) && !isdead(G(L), gcval(o))))
+static LJ_AINLINE void checklivetv(lua_State *L, TValue *o, const char *msg)
+{
+  UNUSED(L); UNUSED(o); UNUSED(msg);
+#if LUA_USE_ASSERT
+  if (tvisgcv(o)) {
+    lj_assertL(~itype(o) == gcval(o)->gch.gct,
+               "mismatch of TValue type %d vs GC type %d",
+               ~itype(o), gcval(o)->gch.gct);
+    /* Copy of isdead check from lj_gc.h to avoid circular include. */
+    lj_assertL(!(gcval(o)->gch.marked & (G(L)->gc.currentwhite ^ 3) & 3), msg);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+static LJ_AINLINE void setgcVraw(TValue *o, GCobj *v, uint32_t itype)
+{
+#if LJ_GC64
+  setgcreft(o->gcr, v, itype);
+#else
+  setgcref(o->gcr, v); setitype(o, itype);
+#endif
+}
 
-static LJ_AINLINE void setgcV(lua_State *L, TValue *o, GCobj *v, uint32_t itype)
+static LJ_AINLINE void setgcV(lua_State *L, TValue *o, GCobj *v, uint32_t it)
 {
-  setgcref(o->gcr, v); setitype(o, itype); tvchecklive(L, o);
+  setgcVraw(o, v, it);
+  checklivetv(L, o, "store to dead GC object");
 }
 
 #define define_setV(name, type, tag) \
-static LJ_AINLINE void name(lua_State *L, TValue *o, type *v) \
+static LJ_AINLINE void name(lua_State *L, TValue *o, const type *v) \
 { \
   setgcV(L, o, obj2gco(v), tag); \
 }
@@ -790,13 +970,17 @@ static LJ_AINLINE void setint64V(TValue *o, int64_t i)
 /* Copy tagged values. */
 static LJ_AINLINE void copyTV(lua_State *L, TValue *o1, const TValue *o2)
 {
-  *o1 = *o2; tvchecklive(L, o1);
+  *o1 = *o2;
+  checklivetv(L, o1, "copy of dead GC object");
 }
 
 /* -- Number to integer conversion ---------------------------------------- */
 
 #if LJ_SOFTFP
 LJ_ASMF int32_t lj_vm_tobit(double x);
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPS64
+LJ_ASMF int32_t lj_vm_tointg(double x);
+#endif
 #endif
 
 static LJ_AINLINE int32_t lj_num2bit(lua_Number n)
@@ -810,11 +994,7 @@ static LJ_AINLINE int32_t lj_num2bit(lua_Number n)
 #endif
 }
 
-#if LJ_TARGET_X86 && !defined(__SSE2__)
-#define lj_num2int(n)   lj_num2bit((n))
-#else
 #define lj_num2int(n)   ((int32_t)(n))
-#endif
 
 /*
 ** This must match the JIT backend behavior. In particular for archs
@@ -859,6 +1039,21 @@ LJ_DATA const char *const lj_obj_itypename[~LJ_TNUMX+1];
 #define lj_typename(o)  (lj_obj_itypename[itypemap(o)])
 
 /* Compare two objects without calling metamethods. */
-LJ_FUNC int lj_obj_equal(cTValue *o1, cTValue *o2);
+LJ_FUNC int LJ_FASTCALL lj_obj_equal(cTValue *o1, cTValue *o2);
+LJ_FUNC const void * LJ_FASTCALL lj_obj_ptr(global_State *g, cTValue *o);
+
+#if LJ_ABI_PAUTH
+#if LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+#include <ptrauth.h>
+#define lj_ptr_sign(ptr, ctx) \
+  ptrauth_sign_unauthenticated((ptr), ptrauth_key_function_pointer, (ctx))
+#define lj_ptr_strip(ptr) ptrauth_strip((ptr), ptrauth_key_function_pointer)
+#else
+#error "No support for pointer authentication for this architecture"
+#endif
+#else
+#define lj_ptr_sign(ptr, ctx) (ptr)
+#define lj_ptr_strip(ptr) (ptr)
+#endif
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_opt_fold.c b/src/lj_opt_fold.c
index ab158143..48effb8a 100644
--- a/src/lj_opt_fold.c
+++ b/src/lj_opt_fold.c
@@ -14,18 +14,21 @@
 
 #if LJ_HASJIT
 
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
 #include "lj_ir.h"
 #include "lj_jit.h"
+#include "lj_ircall.h"
 #include "lj_iropt.h"
 #include "lj_trace.h"
 #if LJ_HASFFI
 #include "lj_ctype.h"
-#endif
 #include "lj_carith.h"
+#endif
 #include "lj_vm.h"
 #include "lj_strscan.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 
 /* Here's a short description how the FOLD engine processes instructions:
 **
@@ -133,8 +136,8 @@
 /* Some local macros to save typing. Undef'd at the end. */
 #define IR(ref)         (&J->cur.ir[(ref)])
 #define fins            (&J->fold.ins)
-#define fleft           (&J->fold.left)
-#define fright          (&J->fold.right)
+#define fleft           (J->fold.left)
+#define fright          (J->fold.right)
 #define knumleft        (ir_knum(fleft)->n)
 #define knumright       (ir_knum(fright)->n)
 
@@ -155,13 +158,14 @@ typedef IRRef (LJ_FASTCALL *FoldFunc)(jit_State *J);
 
 /* Barrier to prevent folding across a GC step.
 ** GC steps can only happen at the head of a trace and at LOOP.
-** And the GC is only driven forward if there is at least one allocation.
+** And the GC is only driven forward if there's at least one allocation.
 */
 #define gcstep_barrier(J, ref) \
   ((ref) < J->chain[IR_LOOP] && \
    (J->chain[IR_SNEW] || J->chain[IR_XSNEW] || \
     J->chain[IR_TNEW] || J->chain[IR_TDUP] || \
-    J->chain[IR_CNEW] || J->chain[IR_CNEWI] || J->chain[IR_TOSTR]))
+    J->chain[IR_CNEW] || J->chain[IR_CNEWI] || \
+    J->chain[IR_BUFSTR] || J->chain[IR_TOSTR] || J->chain[IR_CALLA]))
 
 /* -- Constant folding for FP numbers ------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -169,9 +173,6 @@ LJFOLD(ADD KNUM KNUM)
 LJFOLD(SUB KNUM KNUM)
 LJFOLD(MUL KNUM KNUM)
 LJFOLD(DIV KNUM KNUM)
-LJFOLD(NEG KNUM KNUM)
-LJFOLD(ABS KNUM KNUM)
-LJFOLD(ATAN2 KNUM KNUM)
 LJFOLD(LDEXP KNUM KNUM)
 LJFOLD(MIN KNUM KNUM)
 LJFOLD(MAX KNUM KNUM)
@@ -183,6 +184,15 @@ LJFOLDF(kfold_numarith)
   return lj_ir_knum(J, y);
 }
 
+LJFOLD(NEG KNUM FLOAD)
+LJFOLD(ABS KNUM FLOAD)
+LJFOLDF(kfold_numabsneg)
+{
+  lua_Number a = knumleft;
+  lua_Number y = lj_vm_foldarith(a, a, fins->o - IR_ADD);
+  return lj_ir_knum(J, y);
+}
+
 LJFOLD(LDEXP KNUM KINT)
 LJFOLDF(kfold_ldexp)
 {
@@ -202,13 +212,34 @@ LJFOLDF(kfold_fpmath)
   return lj_ir_knum(J, y);
 }
 
-LJFOLD(POW KNUM KINT)
+LJFOLD(CALLN KNUM any)
+LJFOLDF(kfold_fpcall1)
+{
+  const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[fins->op2];
+  if (CCI_TYPE(ci) == IRT_NUM) {
+    double y = ((double (*)(double))ci->func)(knumleft);
+    return lj_ir_knum(J, y);
+  }
+  return NEXTFOLD;
+}
+
+LJFOLD(CALLN CARG IRCALL_atan2)
+LJFOLDF(kfold_fpcall2)
+{
+  if (irref_isk(fleft->op1) && irref_isk(fleft->op2)) {
+    const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[fins->op2];
+    double a = ir_knum(IR(fleft->op1))->n;
+    double b = ir_knum(IR(fleft->op2))->n;
+    double y = ((double (*)(double, double))ci->func)(a, b);
+    return lj_ir_knum(J, y);
+  }
+  return NEXTFOLD;
+}
+
+LJFOLD(POW KNUM KNUM)
 LJFOLDF(kfold_numpow)
 {
-  lua_Number a = knumleft;
-  lua_Number b = (lua_Number)fright->i;
-  lua_Number y = lj_vm_foldarith(a, b, IR_POW - IR_ADD);
-  return lj_ir_knum(J, y);
+  return lj_ir_knum(J, lj_vm_foldarith(knumleft, knumright, IR_POW - IR_ADD));
 }
 
 /* Must not use kfold_kref for numbers (could be NaN). */
@@ -247,7 +278,7 @@ static int32_t kfold_intop(int32_t k1, int32_t k2, IROp op)
   case IR_BROR: k1 = (int32_t)lj_ror((uint32_t)k1, (k2 & 31)); break;
   case IR_MIN: k1 = k1 < k2 ? k1 : k2; break;
   case IR_MAX: k1 = k1 > k2 ? k1 : k2; break;
-  default: lua_assert(0); break;
+  default: lj_assertX(0, "bad IR op %d", op); break;
   }
   return k1;
 }
@@ -319,7 +350,7 @@ LJFOLDF(kfold_intcomp)
   case IR_ULE: return CONDFOLD((uint32_t)a <= (uint32_t)b);
   case IR_ABC:
   case IR_UGT: return CONDFOLD((uint32_t)a > (uint32_t)b);
-  default: lua_assert(0); return FAILFOLD;
+  default: lj_assertJ(0, "bad IR op %d", fins->o); return FAILFOLD;
   }
 }
 
@@ -333,21 +364,29 @@ LJFOLDF(kfold_intcomp0)
 
 /* -- Constant folding for 64 bit integers -------------------------------- */
 
-static uint64_t kfold_int64arith(uint64_t k1, uint64_t k2, IROp op)
+static uint64_t kfold_int64arith(jit_State *J, uint64_t k1, uint64_t k2,
+                                 IROp op)
 {
+  UNUSED(J);
+#if LJ_HASFFI
   switch (op) {
-#if LJ_64 || LJ_HASFFI
   case IR_ADD: k1 += k2; break;
   case IR_SUB: k1 -= k2; break;
-#endif
-#if LJ_HASFFI
   case IR_MUL: k1 *= k2; break;
   case IR_BAND: k1 &= k2; break;
   case IR_BOR: k1 |= k2; break;
   case IR_BXOR: k1 ^= k2; break;
-#endif
-  default: UNUSED(k2); lua_assert(0); break;
+  case IR_BSHL: k1 <<= (k2 & 63); break;
+  case IR_BSHR: k1 = (int32_t)((uint32_t)k1 >> (k2 & 63)); break;
+  case IR_BSAR: k1 >>= (k2 & 63); break;
+  case IR_BROL: k1 = (int32_t)lj_rol((uint32_t)k1, (k2 & 63)); break;
+  case IR_BROR: k1 = (int32_t)lj_ror((uint32_t)k1, (k2 & 63)); break;
+  default: lj_assertJ(0, "bad IR op %d", op); break;
   }
+#else
+  UNUSED(k2); UNUSED(op);
+  lj_assertJ(0, "FFI IR op without FFI");
+#endif
   return k1;
 }
 
@@ -359,7 +398,7 @@ LJFOLD(BOR KINT64 KINT64)
 LJFOLD(BXOR KINT64 KINT64)
 LJFOLDF(kfold_int64arith)
 {
-  return INT64FOLD(kfold_int64arith(ir_k64(fleft)->u64,
+  return INT64FOLD(kfold_int64arith(J, ir_k64(fleft)->u64,
                                     ir_k64(fright)->u64, (IROp)fins->o));
 }
 
@@ -381,7 +420,7 @@ LJFOLDF(kfold_int64arith2)
   }
   return INT64FOLD(k1);
 #else
-  UNUSED(J); lua_assert(0); return FAILFOLD;
+  UNUSED(J); lj_assertJ(0, "FFI IR op without FFI"); return FAILFOLD;
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -392,22 +431,12 @@ LJFOLD(BROL KINT64 KINT)
 LJFOLD(BROR KINT64 KINT)
 LJFOLDF(kfold_int64shift)
 {
-#if LJ_HASFFI || LJ_64
+#if LJ_HASFFI
   uint64_t k = ir_k64(fleft)->u64;
   int32_t sh = (fright->i & 63);
-  switch ((IROp)fins->o) {
-  case IR_BSHL: k <<= sh; break;
-#if LJ_HASFFI
-  case IR_BSHR: k >>= sh; break;
-  case IR_BSAR: k = (uint64_t)((int64_t)k >> sh); break;
-  case IR_BROL: k = lj_rol(k, sh); break;
-  case IR_BROR: k = lj_ror(k, sh); break;
-#endif
-  default: lua_assert(0); break;
-  }
-  return INT64FOLD(k);
+  return INT64FOLD(lj_carith_shift64(k, sh, fins->o - IR_BSHL));
 #else
-  UNUSED(J); lua_assert(0); return FAILFOLD;
+  UNUSED(J); lj_assertJ(0, "FFI IR op without FFI"); return FAILFOLD;
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -417,7 +446,7 @@ LJFOLDF(kfold_bnot64)
 #if LJ_HASFFI
   return INT64FOLD(~ir_k64(fleft)->u64);
 #else
-  UNUSED(J); lua_assert(0); return FAILFOLD;
+  UNUSED(J); lj_assertJ(0, "FFI IR op without FFI"); return FAILFOLD;
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -427,7 +456,7 @@ LJFOLDF(kfold_bswap64)
 #if LJ_HASFFI
   return INT64FOLD(lj_bswap64(ir_k64(fleft)->u64));
 #else
-  UNUSED(J); lua_assert(0); return FAILFOLD;
+  UNUSED(J); lj_assertJ(0, "FFI IR op without FFI"); return FAILFOLD;
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -452,10 +481,10 @@ LJFOLDF(kfold_int64comp)
   case IR_UGE: return CONDFOLD(a >= b);
   case IR_ULE: return CONDFOLD(a <= b);
   case IR_UGT: return CONDFOLD(a > b);
-  default: lua_assert(0); return FAILFOLD;
+  default: lj_assertJ(0, "bad IR op %d", fins->o); return FAILFOLD;
   }
 #else
-  UNUSED(J); lua_assert(0); return FAILFOLD;
+  UNUSED(J); lj_assertJ(0, "FFI IR op without FFI"); return FAILFOLD;
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -467,7 +496,7 @@ LJFOLDF(kfold_int64comp0)
     return DROPFOLD;
   return NEXTFOLD;
 #else
-  UNUSED(J); lua_assert(0); return FAILFOLD;
+  UNUSED(J); lj_assertJ(0, "FFI IR op without FFI"); return FAILFOLD;
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -481,6 +510,7 @@ LJFOLDF(kfold_snew_kptr)
 }
 
 LJFOLD(SNEW any KINT)
+LJFOLD(XSNEW any KINT)
 LJFOLDF(kfold_snew_empty)
 {
   if (fright->i == 0)
@@ -492,7 +522,7 @@ LJFOLD(STRREF KGC KINT)
 LJFOLDF(kfold_strref)
 {
   GCstr *str = ir_kstr(fleft);
-  lua_assert((MSize)fright->i <= str->len);
+  lj_assertJ((MSize)fright->i <= str->len, "bad string ref");
   return lj_ir_kkptr(J, (char *)strdata(str) + fright->i);
 }
 
@@ -510,7 +540,7 @@ LJFOLDF(kfold_strref_snew)
       PHIBARRIER(ir);
       fins->op2 = emitir(IRTI(IR_ADD), ir->op2, fins->op2); /* Clobbers fins! */
       fins->op1 = str;
-      fins->ot = IRT(IR_STRREF, IRT_P32);
+      fins->ot = IRT(IR_STRREF, IRT_PGC);
       return RETRYFOLD;
     }
   }
@@ -528,6 +558,211 @@ LJFOLDF(kfold_strcmp)
   return NEXTFOLD;
 }
 
+/* -- Constant folding and forwarding for buffers ------------------------- */
+
+/*
+** Buffer ops perform stores, but their effect is limited to the buffer
+** itself. Also, buffer ops are chained: a use of an op implies a use of
+** all other ops up the chain. Conversely, if an op is unused, all ops
+** up the chain can go unsed. This largely eliminates the need to treat
+** them as stores.
+**
+** Alas, treating them as normal (IRM_N) ops doesn't work, because they
+** cannot be CSEd in isolation. CSE for IRM_N is implicitly done in LOOP
+** or if FOLD is disabled.
+**
+** The compromise is to declare them as loads, emit them like stores and
+** CSE whole chains manually when the BUFSTR is to be emitted. Any chain
+** fragments left over from CSE are eliminated by DCE.
+**
+** The string buffer methods emit a USE instead of a BUFSTR to keep the
+** chain alive.
+*/
+
+LJFOLD(BUFHDR any any)
+LJFOLDF(bufhdr_merge)
+{
+  return fins->op2 == IRBUFHDR_WRITE ? CSEFOLD : EMITFOLD;
+}
+
+LJFOLD(BUFPUT any BUFSTR)
+LJFOLDF(bufput_bufstr)
+{
+  if ((J->flags & JIT_F_OPT_FWD)) {
+    IRRef hdr = fright->op2;
+    /* New buffer, no other buffer op inbetween and same buffer? */
+    if (fleft->o == IR_BUFHDR && fleft->op2 == IRBUFHDR_RESET &&
+        fleft->prev == hdr &&
+        fleft->op1 == IR(hdr)->op1 &&
+        !(irt_isphi(fright->t) && IR(hdr)->prev) &&
+        (!LJ_HASBUFFER || J->chain[IR_CALLA] < hdr)) {
+      IRRef ref = fins->op1;
+      IR(ref)->op2 = IRBUFHDR_APPEND;  /* Modify BUFHDR. */
+      IR(ref)->op1 = fright->op1;
+      return ref;
+    }
+    /* Replay puts to global temporary buffer. */
+    if (IR(hdr)->op2 == IRBUFHDR_RESET && !irt_isphi(fright->t)) {
+      IRIns *ir = IR(fright->op1);
+      /* For now only handle single string.reverse .lower .upper .rep. */
+      if (ir->o == IR_CALLL &&
+          ir->op2 >= IRCALL_lj_buf_putstr_reverse &&
+          ir->op2 <= IRCALL_lj_buf_putstr_rep) {
+        IRIns *carg1 = IR(ir->op1);
+        if (ir->op2 == IRCALL_lj_buf_putstr_rep) {
+          IRIns *carg2 = IR(carg1->op1);
+          if (carg2->op1 == hdr) {
+            return lj_ir_call(J, ir->op2, fins->op1, carg2->op2, carg1->op2);
+          }
+        } else if (carg1->op1 == hdr) {
+          return lj_ir_call(J, ir->op2, fins->op1, carg1->op2);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return EMITFOLD;  /* Always emit, CSE later. */
+}
+
+LJFOLD(BUFPUT any any)
+LJFOLDF(bufput_kgc)
+{
+  if (LJ_LIKELY(J->flags & JIT_F_OPT_FOLD) && fright->o == IR_KGC) {
+    GCstr *s2 = ir_kstr(fright);
+    if (s2->len == 0) {  /* Empty string? */
+      return LEFTFOLD;
+    } else {
+      if (fleft->o == IR_BUFPUT && irref_isk(fleft->op2) &&
+          !irt_isphi(fleft->t)) {  /* Join two constant string puts in a row. */
+        GCstr *s1 = ir_kstr(IR(fleft->op2));
+        IRRef kref = lj_ir_kstr(J, lj_buf_cat2str(J->L, s1, s2));
+        /* lj_ir_kstr() may realloc the IR and invalidates any IRIns *. */
+        IR(fins->op1)->op2 = kref;  /* Modify previous BUFPUT. */
+        return fins->op1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return EMITFOLD;  /* Always emit, CSE later. */
+}
+
+LJFOLD(BUFSTR any any)
+LJFOLDF(bufstr_kfold_cse)
+{
+  lj_assertJ(fleft->o == IR_BUFHDR || fleft->o == IR_BUFPUT ||
+             fleft->o == IR_CALLL,
+             "bad buffer constructor IR op %d", fleft->o);
+  if (LJ_LIKELY(J->flags & JIT_F_OPT_FOLD)) {
+    if (fleft->o == IR_BUFHDR) {  /* No put operations? */
+      if (fleft->op2 == IRBUFHDR_RESET)  /* Empty buffer? */
+        return lj_ir_kstr(J, &J2G(J)->strempty);
+      fins->op1 = fleft->op1;
+      fins->op2 = fleft->prev;  /* Relies on checks in bufput_append. */
+      return CSEFOLD;
+    } else if (fleft->o == IR_BUFPUT) {
+      IRIns *irb = IR(fleft->op1);
+      if (irb->o == IR_BUFHDR && irb->op2 == IRBUFHDR_RESET)
+        return fleft->op2;  /* Shortcut for a single put operation. */
+    }
+  }
+  /* Try to CSE the whole chain. */
+  if (LJ_LIKELY(J->flags & JIT_F_OPT_CSE)) {
+    IRRef ref = J->chain[IR_BUFSTR];
+    while (ref) {
+      IRIns *irs = IR(ref), *ira = fleft, *irb = IR(irs->op1);
+      while (ira->o == irb->o && ira->op2 == irb->op2) {
+        lj_assertJ(ira->o == IR_BUFHDR || ira->o == IR_BUFPUT ||
+                   ira->o == IR_CALLL || ira->o == IR_CARG,
+                   "bad buffer constructor IR op %d", ira->o);
+        if (ira->o == IR_BUFHDR && ira->op2 == IRBUFHDR_RESET)
+          return ref;  /* CSE succeeded. */
+        if (ira->o == IR_CALLL && ira->op2 == IRCALL_lj_buf_puttab)
+          break;
+        ira = IR(ira->op1);
+        irb = IR(irb->op1);
+      }
+      ref = irs->prev;
+    }
+  }
+  return EMITFOLD;  /* No CSE possible. */
+}
+
+LJFOLD(CALLL CARG IRCALL_lj_buf_putstr_reverse)
+LJFOLD(CALLL CARG IRCALL_lj_buf_putstr_upper)
+LJFOLD(CALLL CARG IRCALL_lj_buf_putstr_lower)
+LJFOLD(CALLL CARG IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putquoted)
+LJFOLDF(bufput_kfold_op)
+{
+  if (irref_isk(fleft->op2)) {
+    const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[fins->op2];
+    SBuf *sb = lj_buf_tmp_(J->L);
+    sb = ((SBuf * (LJ_FASTCALL *)(SBuf *, GCstr *))ci->func)(sb,
+                                                       ir_kstr(IR(fleft->op2)));
+    fins->o = IR_BUFPUT;
+    fins->op1 = fleft->op1;
+    fins->op2 = lj_ir_kstr(J, lj_buf_tostr(sb));
+    return RETRYFOLD;
+  }
+  return EMITFOLD;  /* Always emit, CSE later. */
+}
+
+LJFOLD(CALLL CARG IRCALL_lj_buf_putstr_rep)
+LJFOLDF(bufput_kfold_rep)
+{
+  if (irref_isk(fleft->op2)) {
+    IRIns *irc = IR(fleft->op1);
+    if (irref_isk(irc->op2)) {
+      SBuf *sb = lj_buf_tmp_(J->L);
+      sb = lj_buf_putstr_rep(sb, ir_kstr(IR(irc->op2)), IR(fleft->op2)->i);
+      fins->o = IR_BUFPUT;
+      fins->op1 = irc->op1;
+      fins->op2 = lj_ir_kstr(J, lj_buf_tostr(sb));
+      return RETRYFOLD;
+    }
+  }
+  return EMITFOLD;  /* Always emit, CSE later. */
+}
+
+LJFOLD(CALLL CARG IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfxint)
+LJFOLD(CALLL CARG IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfnum_int)
+LJFOLD(CALLL CARG IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfnum_uint)
+LJFOLD(CALLL CARG IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfnum)
+LJFOLD(CALLL CARG IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfstr)
+LJFOLD(CALLL CARG IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfchar)
+LJFOLDF(bufput_kfold_fmt)
+{
+  IRIns *irc = IR(fleft->op1);
+  lj_assertJ(irref_isk(irc->op2), "SFormat must be const");
+  if (irref_isk(fleft->op2)) {
+    SFormat sf = (SFormat)IR(irc->op2)->i;
+    IRIns *ira = IR(fleft->op2);
+    SBuf *sb = lj_buf_tmp_(J->L);
+    switch (fins->op2) {
+    case IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfxint:
+      sb = lj_strfmt_putfxint(sb, sf, ir_k64(ira)->u64);
+      break;
+    case IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfstr:
+      sb = lj_strfmt_putfstr(sb, sf, ir_kstr(ira));
+      break;
+    case IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfchar:
+      sb = lj_strfmt_putfchar(sb, sf, ira->i);
+      break;
+    case IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfnum_int:
+    case IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfnum_uint:
+    case IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putfnum:
+    default: {
+      const CCallInfo *ci = &lj_ir_callinfo[fins->op2];
+      sb = ((SBuf * (*)(SBuf *, SFormat, lua_Number))ci->func)(sb, sf,
+                                                         ir_knum(ira)->n);
+      break;
+      }
+    }
+    fins->o = IR_BUFPUT;
+    fins->op1 = irc->op1;
+    fins->op2 = lj_ir_kstr(J, lj_buf_tostr(sb));
+    return RETRYFOLD;
+  }
+  return EMITFOLD;  /* Always emit, CSE later. */
+}
+
 /* -- Constant folding of pointer arithmetic ------------------------------ */
 
 LJFOLD(ADD KGC KINT)
@@ -648,21 +883,17 @@ LJFOLD(CONV KNUM IRCONV_INT_NUM)
 LJFOLDF(kfold_conv_knum_int_num)
 {
   lua_Number n = knumleft;
-  if (!(fins->op2 & IRCONV_TRUNC)) {
-    int32_t k = lj_num2int(n);
-    if (irt_isguard(fins->t) && n != (lua_Number)k) {
-      /* We're about to create a guard which always fails, like CONV +1.5.
-      ** Some pathological loops cause this during LICM, e.g.:
-      **   local x,k,t = 0,1.5,{1,[1.5]=2}
-      **   for i=1,200 do x = x+ t[k]; k = k == 1 and 1.5 or 1 end
-      **   assert(x == 300)
-      */
-      return FAILFOLD;
-    }
-    return INTFOLD(k);
-  } else {
-    return INTFOLD((int32_t)n);
+  int32_t k = lj_num2int(n);
+  if (irt_isguard(fins->t) && n != (lua_Number)k) {
+    /* We're about to create a guard which always fails, like CONV +1.5.
+    ** Some pathological loops cause this during LICM, e.g.:
+    **   local x,k,t = 0,1.5,{1,[1.5]=2}
+    **   for i=1,200 do x = x+ t[k]; k = k == 1 and 1.5 or 1 end
+    **   assert(x == 300)
+    */
+    return FAILFOLD;
   }
+  return INTFOLD(k);
 }
 
 LJFOLD(CONV KNUM IRCONV_U32_NUM)
@@ -690,16 +921,18 @@ LJFOLDF(kfold_conv_knum_u64_num)
   return INT64FOLD(lj_num2u64(knumleft));
 }
 
-LJFOLD(TOSTR KNUM)
+LJFOLD(TOSTR KNUM any)
 LJFOLDF(kfold_tostr_knum)
 {
-  return lj_ir_kstr(J, lj_str_fromnum(J->L, &knumleft));
+  return lj_ir_kstr(J, lj_strfmt_num(J->L, ir_knum(fleft)));
 }
 
-LJFOLD(TOSTR KINT)
+LJFOLD(TOSTR KINT any)
 LJFOLDF(kfold_tostr_kint)
 {
-  return lj_ir_kstr(J, lj_str_fromint(J->L, fleft->i));
+  return lj_ir_kstr(J, fins->op2 == IRTOSTR_INT ?
+                       lj_strfmt_int(J->L, fleft->i) :
+                       lj_strfmt_char(J->L, fleft->i));
 }
 
 LJFOLD(STRTO KGC)
@@ -747,13 +980,13 @@ LJFOLDF(shortcut_round)
   return NEXTFOLD;
 }
 
-LJFOLD(ABS ABS KNUM)
+LJFOLD(ABS ABS FLOAD)
 LJFOLDF(shortcut_left)
 {
   return LEFTFOLD;  /* f(g(x)) ==> g(x) */
 }
 
-LJFOLD(ABS NEG KNUM)
+LJFOLD(ABS NEG FLOAD)
 LJFOLDF(shortcut_dropleft)
 {
   PHIBARRIER(fleft);
@@ -833,8 +1066,10 @@ LJFOLDF(simplify_nummuldiv_k)
   if (n == 1.0) {  /* x o 1 ==> x */
     return LEFTFOLD;
   } else if (n == -1.0) {  /* x o -1 ==> -x */
+    IRRef op1 = fins->op1;
+    fins->op2 = (IRRef1)lj_ir_ksimd(J, LJ_KSIMD_NEG);  /* Modifies fins. */
+    fins->op1 = op1;
     fins->o = IR_NEG;
-    fins->op2 = (IRRef1)lj_ir_knum_neg(J);
     return RETRYFOLD;
   } else if (fins->o == IR_MUL && n == 2.0) {  /* x * 2 ==> x + x */
     fins->o = IR_ADD;
@@ -874,52 +1109,17 @@ LJFOLDF(simplify_nummuldiv_negneg)
   return RETRYFOLD;
 }
 
-LJFOLD(POW any KINT)
-LJFOLDF(simplify_numpow_xk)
+LJFOLD(POW any KNUM)
+LJFOLDF(simplify_numpow_k)
 {
-  int32_t k = fright->i;
-  TRef ref = fins->op1;
-  if (k == 0)  /* x ^ 0 ==> 1 */
+  if (knumright == 0.0)  /* x ^ 0 ==> 1 */
     return lj_ir_knum_one(J);  /* Result must be a number, not an int. */
-  if (k == 1)  /* x ^ 1 ==> x */
+  else if (knumright == 1.0)  /* x ^ 1 ==> x */
     return LEFTFOLD;
-  if ((uint32_t)(k+65536) > 2*65536u)  /* Limit code explosion. */
+  else if (knumright == 2.0)  /* x ^ 2 ==> x * x */
+    return emitir(IRTN(IR_MUL), fins->op1, fins->op1);
+  else
     return NEXTFOLD;
-  if (k < 0) {  /* x ^ (-k) ==> (1/x) ^ k. */
-    ref = emitir(IRTN(IR_DIV), lj_ir_knum_one(J), ref);
-    k = -k;
-  }
-  /* Unroll x^k for 1 <= k <= 65536. */
-  for (; (k & 1) == 0; k >>= 1)  /* Handle leading zeros. */
-    ref = emitir(IRTN(IR_MUL), ref, ref);
-  if ((k >>= 1) != 0) {  /* Handle trailing bits. */
-    TRef tmp = emitir(IRTN(IR_MUL), ref, ref);
-    for (; k != 1; k >>= 1) {
-      if (k & 1)
-        ref = emitir(IRTN(IR_MUL), ref, tmp);
-      tmp = emitir(IRTN(IR_MUL), tmp, tmp);
-    }
-    ref = emitir(IRTN(IR_MUL), ref, tmp);
-  }
-  return ref;
-}
-
-LJFOLD(POW KNUM any)
-LJFOLDF(simplify_numpow_kx)
-{
-  lua_Number n = knumleft;
-  if (n == 2.0) {  /* 2.0 ^ i ==> ldexp(1.0, tonum(i)) */
-    fins->o = IR_CONV;
-#if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
-    fins->op1 = fins->op2;
-    fins->op2 = IRCONV_NUM_INT;
-    fins->op2 = (IRRef1)lj_opt_fold(J);
-#endif
-    fins->op1 = (IRRef1)lj_ir_knum_one(J);
-    fins->o = IR_LDEXP;
-    return RETRYFOLD;
-  }
-  return NEXTFOLD;
 }
 
 /* -- Simplify conversions ------------------------------------------------ */
@@ -1004,10 +1204,10 @@ LJFOLDF(simplify_tobit_conv)
 {
   /* Fold even across PHI to avoid expensive num->int conversions in loop. */
   if ((fleft->op2 & IRCONV_SRCMASK) == IRT_INT) {
-    lua_assert(irt_isnum(fleft->t));
+    lj_assertJ(irt_isnum(fleft->t), "expected TOBIT number arg");
     return fleft->op1;
   } else if ((fleft->op2 & IRCONV_SRCMASK) == IRT_U32) {
-    lua_assert(irt_isnum(fleft->t));
+    lj_assertJ(irt_isnum(fleft->t), "expected TOBIT number arg");
     fins->o = IR_CONV;
     fins->op1 = fleft->op1;
     fins->op2 = (IRT_INT<<5)|IRT_U32;
@@ -1047,7 +1247,7 @@ LJFOLDF(simplify_conv_sext)
   /* Use scalar evolution analysis results to strength-reduce sign-extension. */
   if (ref == J->scev.idx) {
     IRRef lo = J->scev.dir ? J->scev.start : J->scev.stop;
-    lua_assert(irt_isint(J->scev.t));
+    lj_assertJ(irt_isint(J->scev.t), "only int SCEV supported");
     if (lo && IR(lo)->o == IR_KINT && IR(lo)->i + ofs >= 0) {
     ok_reduce:
 #if LJ_TARGET_X64
@@ -1078,6 +1278,10 @@ LJFOLD(CONV SUB IRCONV_U32_U64)
 LJFOLD(CONV MUL IRCONV_U32_U64)
 LJFOLDF(simplify_conv_narrow)
 {
+#if LJ_64
+  UNUSED(J);
+  return NEXTFOLD;
+#else
   IROp op = (IROp)fleft->o;
   IRType t = irt_type(fins->t);
   IRRef op1 = fleft->op1, op2 = fleft->op2, mode = fins->op2;
@@ -1088,6 +1292,7 @@ LJFOLDF(simplify_conv_narrow)
   fins->op1 = op1;
   fins->op2 = op2;
   return RETRYFOLD;
+#endif
 }
 
 /* Special CSE rule for CONV. */
@@ -1123,7 +1328,8 @@ LJFOLDF(narrow_convert)
   /* Narrowing ignores PHIs and repeating it inside the loop is not useful. */
   if (J->chain[IR_LOOP])
     return NEXTFOLD;
-  lua_assert(fins->o != IR_CONV || (fins->op2&IRCONV_CONVMASK) != IRCONV_TOBIT);
+  lj_assertJ(fins->o != IR_CONV || (fins->op2&IRCONV_CONVMASK) != IRCONV_TOBIT,
+             "unexpected CONV TOBIT");
   return lj_opt_narrow_convert(J);
 }
 
@@ -1201,7 +1407,9 @@ static TRef simplify_intmul_k(jit_State *J, int32_t k)
   ** But this is mainly intended for simple address arithmetic.
   ** Also it's easier for the backend to optimize the original multiplies.
   */
-  if (k == 1) {  /* i * 1 ==> i */
+  if (k == 0) {  /* i * 0 ==> 0 */
+    return RIGHTFOLD;
+  } else if (k == 1) {  /* i * 1 ==> i */
     return LEFTFOLD;
   } else if ((k & (k-1)) == 0) {  /* i * 2^k ==> i << k */
     fins->o = IR_BSHL;
@@ -1214,9 +1422,7 @@ static TRef simplify_intmul_k(jit_State *J, int32_t k)
 LJFOLD(MUL any KINT)
 LJFOLDF(simplify_intmul_k32)
 {
-  if (fright->i == 0)  /* i * 0 ==> 0 */
-    return INTFOLD(0);
-  else if (fright->i > 0)
+  if (fright->i >= 0)
     return simplify_intmul_k(J, fright->i);
   return NEXTFOLD;
 }
@@ -1224,21 +1430,20 @@ LJFOLDF(simplify_intmul_k32)
 LJFOLD(MUL any KINT64)
 LJFOLDF(simplify_intmul_k64)
 {
-  if (ir_kint64(fright)->u64 == 0)  /* i * 0 ==> 0 */
-    return INT64FOLD(0);
-#if LJ_64
-  /* NYI: SPLIT for BSHL and 32 bit backend support. */
-  else if (ir_kint64(fright)->u64 < 0x80000000u)
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  if (ir_kint64(fright)->u64 < 0x80000000u)
     return simplify_intmul_k(J, (int32_t)ir_kint64(fright)->u64);
-#endif
   return NEXTFOLD;
+#else
+  UNUSED(J); lj_assertJ(0, "FFI IR op without FFI"); return FAILFOLD;
+#endif
 }
 
 LJFOLD(MOD any KINT)
 LJFOLDF(simplify_intmod_k)
 {
   int32_t k = fright->i;
-  lua_assert(k != 0);
+  lj_assertJ(k != 0, "integer mod 0");
   if (k > 0 && (k & (k-1)) == 0) {  /* i % (2^k) ==> i & (2^k-1) */
     fins->o = IR_BAND;
     fins->op2 = lj_ir_kint(J, k-1);
@@ -1487,6 +1692,15 @@ LJFOLDF(simplify_shiftk_andk)
     fins->op2 = (IRRef1)lj_ir_kint(J, k);
     fins->ot = IRTI(IR_BAND);
     return RETRYFOLD;
+  } else if (irk->o == IR_KINT64) {
+    uint64_t k = kfold_int64arith(J, ir_k64(irk)->u64, fright->i,
+                                  (IROp)fins->o);
+    IROpT ot = fleft->ot;
+    fins->op1 = fleft->op1;
+    fins->op1 = (IRRef1)lj_opt_fold(J);
+    fins->op2 = (IRRef1)lj_ir_kint64(J, k);
+    fins->ot = ot;
+    return RETRYFOLD;
   }
   return NEXTFOLD;
 }
@@ -1502,6 +1716,47 @@ LJFOLDF(simplify_andk_shiftk)
   return NEXTFOLD;
 }
 
+LJFOLD(BAND BOR KINT)
+LJFOLD(BOR BAND KINT)
+LJFOLDF(simplify_andor_k)
+{
+  IRIns *irk = IR(fleft->op2);
+  PHIBARRIER(fleft);
+  if (irk->o == IR_KINT) {
+    int32_t k = kfold_intop(irk->i, fright->i, (IROp)fins->o);
+    /* (i | k1) & k2 ==> i & k2, if (k1 & k2) == 0. */
+    /* (i & k1) | k2 ==> i | k2, if (k1 | k2) == -1. */
+    if (k == (fins->o == IR_BAND ? 0 : -1)) {
+      fins->op1 = fleft->op1;
+      return RETRYFOLD;
+    }
+  }
+  return NEXTFOLD;
+}
+
+LJFOLD(BAND BOR KINT64)
+LJFOLD(BOR BAND KINT64)
+LJFOLDF(simplify_andor_k64)
+{
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  IRIns *irk = IR(fleft->op2);
+  PHIBARRIER(fleft);
+  if (irk->o == IR_KINT64) {
+    uint64_t k = kfold_int64arith(J, ir_k64(irk)->u64, ir_k64(fright)->u64,
+                                  (IROp)fins->o);
+    /* (i | k1) & k2 ==> i & k2, if (k1 & k2) == 0. */
+    /* (i & k1) | k2 ==> i | k2, if (k1 | k2) == -1. */
+    if (k == (fins->o == IR_BAND ? (uint64_t)0 : ~(uint64_t)0)) {
+      fins->op1 = fleft->op1;
+      return RETRYFOLD;
+    }
+  }
+  return NEXTFOLD;
+#else
+  UNUSED(J); lj_assertJ(0, "FFI IR op without FFI"); return FAILFOLD;
+#endif
+}
+
 /* -- Reassociation ------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 LJFOLD(ADD ADD KINT)
@@ -1531,11 +1786,11 @@ LJFOLD(BOR BOR KINT64)
 LJFOLD(BXOR BXOR KINT64)
 LJFOLDF(reassoc_intarith_k64)
 {
-#if LJ_HASFFI || LJ_64
+#if LJ_HASFFI
   IRIns *irk = IR(fleft->op2);
   if (irk->o == IR_KINT64) {
-    uint64_t k = kfold_int64arith(ir_k64(irk)->u64,
-                                  ir_k64(fright)->u64, (IROp)fins->o);
+    uint64_t k = kfold_int64arith(J, ir_k64(irk)->u64, ir_k64(fright)->u64,
+                                  (IROp)fins->o);
     PHIBARRIER(fleft);
     fins->op1 = fleft->op1;
     fins->op2 = (IRRef1)lj_ir_kint64(J, k);
@@ -1543,12 +1798,10 @@ LJFOLDF(reassoc_intarith_k64)
   }
   return NEXTFOLD;
 #else
-  UNUSED(J); lua_assert(0); return FAILFOLD;
+  UNUSED(J); lj_assertJ(0, "FFI IR op without FFI"); return FAILFOLD;
 #endif
 }
 
-LJFOLD(MIN MIN any)
-LJFOLD(MAX MAX any)
 LJFOLD(BAND BAND any)
 LJFOLD(BOR BOR any)
 LJFOLDF(reassoc_dup)
@@ -1558,6 +1811,15 @@ LJFOLDF(reassoc_dup)
   return NEXTFOLD;
 }
 
+LJFOLD(MIN MIN any)
+LJFOLD(MAX MAX any)
+LJFOLDF(reassoc_dup_minmax)
+{
+  if (fins->op2 == fleft->op2)
+    return LEFTFOLD;  /* (a o b) o b ==> a o b */
+  return NEXTFOLD;
+}
+
 LJFOLD(BXOR BXOR any)
 LJFOLDF(reassoc_bxor)
 {
@@ -1596,23 +1858,12 @@ LJFOLDF(reassoc_shift)
   return NEXTFOLD;
 }
 
-LJFOLD(MIN MIN KNUM)
-LJFOLD(MAX MAX KNUM)
 LJFOLD(MIN MIN KINT)
 LJFOLD(MAX MAX KINT)
 LJFOLDF(reassoc_minmax_k)
 {
   IRIns *irk = IR(fleft->op2);
-  if (irk->o == IR_KNUM) {
-    lua_Number a = ir_knum(irk)->n;
-    lua_Number y = lj_vm_foldarith(a, knumright, fins->o - IR_ADD);
-    if (a == y)  /* (x o k1) o k2 ==> x o k1, if (k1 o k2) == k1. */
-      return LEFTFOLD;
-    PHIBARRIER(fleft);
-    fins->op1 = fleft->op1;
-    fins->op2 = (IRRef1)lj_ir_knum(J, y);
-    return RETRYFOLD;  /* (x o k1) o k2 ==> x o (k1 o k2) */
-  } else if (irk->o == IR_KINT) {
+  if (irk->o == IR_KINT) {
     int32_t a = irk->i;
     int32_t y = kfold_intop(a, fright->i, fins->o);
     if (a == y)  /* (x o k1) o k2 ==> x o k1, if (k1 o k2) == k1. */
@@ -1625,24 +1876,6 @@ LJFOLDF(reassoc_minmax_k)
   return NEXTFOLD;
 }
 
-LJFOLD(MIN MAX any)
-LJFOLD(MAX MIN any)
-LJFOLDF(reassoc_minmax_left)
-{
-  if (fins->op2 == fleft->op1 || fins->op2 == fleft->op2)
-    return RIGHTFOLD;  /* (b o1 a) o2 b ==> b; (a o1 b) o2 b ==> b */
-  return NEXTFOLD;
-}
-
-LJFOLD(MIN any MAX)
-LJFOLD(MAX any MIN)
-LJFOLDF(reassoc_minmax_right)
-{
-  if (fins->op1 == fright->op1 || fins->op1 == fright->op2)
-    return LEFTFOLD;  /* a o2 (a o1 b) ==> a; a o2 (b o1 a) ==> a */
-  return NEXTFOLD;
-}
-
 /* -- Array bounds check elimination -------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Eliminate ABC across PHIs to handle t[i-1] forwarding case.
@@ -1769,8 +2002,6 @@ LJFOLDF(comm_comp)
 
 LJFOLD(BAND any any)
 LJFOLD(BOR any any)
-LJFOLD(MIN any any)
-LJFOLD(MAX any any)
 LJFOLDF(comm_dup)
 {
   if (fins->op1 == fins->op2)  /* x o x ==> x */
@@ -1778,6 +2009,15 @@ LJFOLDF(comm_dup)
   return fold_comm_swap(J);
 }
 
+LJFOLD(MIN any any)
+LJFOLD(MAX any any)
+LJFOLDF(comm_dup_minmax)
+{
+  if (fins->op1 == fins->op2)  /* x o x ==> x */
+    return LEFTFOLD;
+  return NEXTFOLD;
+}
+
 LJFOLD(BXOR any any)
 LJFOLDF(comm_bxor)
 {
@@ -1814,7 +2054,7 @@ LJFOLDF(merge_eqne_snew_kgc)
 {
   GCstr *kstr = ir_kstr(fright);
   int32_t len = (int32_t)kstr->len;
-  lua_assert(irt_isstr(fins->t));
+  lj_assertJ(irt_isstr(fins->t), "bad equality IR type");
 
 #if LJ_TARGET_UNALIGNED
 #define FOLD_SNEW_MAX_LEN       4  /* Handle string lengths 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. */
@@ -1878,7 +2118,7 @@ LJFOLD(HLOAD KKPTR)
 LJFOLDF(kfold_hload_kkptr)
 {
   UNUSED(J);
-  lua_assert(ir_kptr(fleft) == niltvg(J2G(J)));
+  lj_assertJ(ir_kptr(fleft) == niltvg(J2G(J)), "expected niltv");
   return TREF_NIL;
 }
 
@@ -1888,8 +2128,8 @@ LJFOLDX(lj_opt_fwd_hload)
 LJFOLD(ULOAD any)
 LJFOLDX(lj_opt_fwd_uload)
 
-LJFOLD(CALLL any IRCALL_lj_tab_len)
-LJFOLDX(lj_opt_fwd_tab_len)
+LJFOLD(ALEN any any)
+LJFOLDX(lj_opt_fwd_alen)
 
 /* Upvalue refs are really loads, but there are no corresponding stores.
 ** So CSE is ok for them, except for UREFO across a GC step (see below).
@@ -1950,6 +2190,7 @@ LJFOLDF(fwd_href_tdup)
 ** an aliased table, as it may invalidate all of the pointers and fields.
 ** Only HREF needs the NEWREF check -- AREF and HREFK already depend on
 ** FLOADs. And NEWREF itself is treated like a store (see below).
+** LREF is constant (per trace) since coroutine switches are not inlined.
 */
 LJFOLD(FLOAD TNEW IRFL_TAB_ASIZE)
 LJFOLDF(fload_tab_tnew_asize)
@@ -2013,6 +2254,35 @@ LJFOLDF(fload_str_len_snew)
   return NEXTFOLD;
 }
 
+LJFOLD(FLOAD TOSTR IRFL_STR_LEN)
+LJFOLDF(fload_str_len_tostr)
+{
+  if (LJ_LIKELY(J->flags & JIT_F_OPT_FOLD) && fleft->op2 == IRTOSTR_CHAR)
+    return INTFOLD(1);
+  return NEXTFOLD;
+}
+
+LJFOLD(FLOAD any IRFL_SBUF_W)
+LJFOLD(FLOAD any IRFL_SBUF_E)
+LJFOLD(FLOAD any IRFL_SBUF_B)
+LJFOLD(FLOAD any IRFL_SBUF_L)
+LJFOLD(FLOAD any IRFL_SBUF_REF)
+LJFOLD(FLOAD any IRFL_SBUF_R)
+LJFOLDF(fload_sbuf)
+{
+  TRef tr = lj_opt_fwd_fload(J);
+  return lj_opt_fwd_sbuf(J, tref_ref(tr)) ? tr : EMITFOLD;
+}
+
+/* The fast function ID of function objects is immutable. */
+LJFOLD(FLOAD KGC IRFL_FUNC_FFID)
+LJFOLDF(fload_func_ffid_kgc)
+{
+  if (LJ_LIKELY(J->flags & JIT_F_OPT_FOLD))
+    return INTFOLD((int32_t)ir_kfunc(fleft)->c.ffid);
+  return NEXTFOLD;
+}
+
 /* The C type ID of cdata objects is immutable. */
 LJFOLD(FLOAD KGC IRFL_CDATA_CTYPEID)
 LJFOLDF(fload_cdata_typeid_kgc)
@@ -2059,6 +2329,8 @@ LJFOLDF(fload_cdata_ptr_int64_cnew)
 }
 
 LJFOLD(FLOAD any IRFL_STR_LEN)
+LJFOLD(FLOAD any IRFL_FUNC_ENV)
+LJFOLD(FLOAD any IRFL_THREAD_ENV)
 LJFOLD(FLOAD any IRFL_CDATA_CTYPEID)
 LJFOLD(FLOAD any IRFL_CDATA_PTR)
 LJFOLD(FLOAD any IRFL_CDATA_INT)
@@ -2078,7 +2350,7 @@ LJFOLDF(fwd_sload)
     TRef tr = lj_opt_cse(J);
     return tref_ref(tr) < J->chain[IR_RETF] ? EMITFOLD : tr;
   } else {
-    lua_assert(J->slot[fins->op1] != 0);
+    lj_assertJ(J->slot[fins->op1] != 0, "uninitialized slot accessed");
     return J->slot[fins->op1];
   }
 }
@@ -2135,6 +2407,17 @@ LJFOLDF(barrier_tnew_tdup)
   return DROPFOLD;
 }
 
+/* -- Profiling ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+LJFOLD(PROF any any)
+LJFOLDF(prof)
+{
+  IRRef ref = J->chain[IR_PROF];
+  if (ref+1 == J->cur.nins)  /* Drop neighbouring IR_PROF. */
+    return ref;
+  return EMITFOLD;
+}
+
 /* -- Stores and allocations ---------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Stores and allocations cannot be folded or passed on to CSE in general.
@@ -2157,8 +2440,10 @@ LJFOLD(XSTORE any any)
 LJFOLDX(lj_opt_dse_xstore)
 
 LJFOLD(NEWREF any any)  /* Treated like a store. */
-LJFOLD(CALLS any any)
+LJFOLD(TMPREF any any)
+LJFOLD(CALLA any any)
 LJFOLD(CALLL any any)  /* Safeguard fallback. */
+LJFOLD(CALLS any any)
 LJFOLD(CALLXS any any)
 LJFOLD(XBAR)
 LJFOLD(RETF any any)  /* Modifies BASE. */
@@ -2191,8 +2476,9 @@ TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fold(jit_State *J)
   IRRef ref;
 
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY((J->flags & JIT_F_OPT_MASK) != JIT_F_OPT_DEFAULT)) {
-    lua_assert(((JIT_F_OPT_FOLD|JIT_F_OPT_FWD|JIT_F_OPT_CSE|JIT_F_OPT_DSE) |
-                JIT_F_OPT_DEFAULT) == JIT_F_OPT_DEFAULT);
+    lj_assertJ(((JIT_F_OPT_FOLD|JIT_F_OPT_FWD|JIT_F_OPT_CSE|JIT_F_OPT_DSE) |
+                JIT_F_OPT_DEFAULT) == JIT_F_OPT_DEFAULT,
+               "bad JIT_F_OPT_DEFAULT");
     /* Folding disabled? Chain to CSE, but not for loads/stores/allocs. */
     if (!(J->flags & JIT_F_OPT_FOLD) && irm_kind(lj_ir_mode[fins->o]) == IRM_N)
       return lj_opt_cse(J);
@@ -2217,10 +2503,14 @@ retry:
   if (fins->op1 >= J->cur.nk) {
     key += (uint32_t)IR(fins->op1)->o << 10;
     *fleft = *IR(fins->op1);
+    if (fins->op1 < REF_TRUE)
+      fleft[1] = IR(fins->op1)[1];
   }
   if (fins->op2 >= J->cur.nk) {
     key += (uint32_t)IR(fins->op2)->o;
     *fright = *IR(fins->op2);
+    if (fins->op2 < REF_TRUE)
+      fright[1] = IR(fins->op2)[1];
   } else {
     key += (fins->op2 & 0x3ffu);  /* Literal mask. Must include IRCONV_*MASK. */
   }
@@ -2250,7 +2540,7 @@ retry:
     return lj_ir_kint(J, fins->i);
   if (ref == FAILFOLD)
     lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_GFAIL);
-  lua_assert(ref == DROPFOLD);
+  lj_assertJ(ref == DROPFOLD, "bad fold result");
   return REF_DROP;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lj_opt_loop.c b/src/lj_opt_loop.c
index 8a0e611f..01c2b306 100644
--- a/src/lj_opt_loop.c
+++ b/src/lj_opt_loop.c
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 #if LJ_HASJIT
 
 #include "lj_err.h"
-#include "lj_str.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_ir.h"
 #include "lj_jit.h"
 #include "lj_iropt.h"
@@ -225,6 +225,7 @@ static void loop_subst_snap(jit_State *J, SnapShot *osnap,
   /* Setup new snapshot. */
   snap->mapofs = (uint32_t)nmapofs;
   snap->ref = (IRRef1)J->cur.nins;
+  snap->mcofs = 0;
   snap->nslots = nslots;
   snap->topslot = osnap->topslot;
   snap->count = 0;
@@ -254,9 +255,16 @@ static void loop_subst_snap(jit_State *J, SnapShot *osnap,
   J->cur.nsnapmap = (uint32_t)(nmap - J->cur.snapmap);
 }
 
+typedef struct LoopState {
+  jit_State *J;
+  IRRef1 *subst;
+  MSize sizesubst;
+} LoopState;
+
 /* Unroll loop. */
-static void loop_unroll(jit_State *J)
+static void loop_unroll(LoopState *lps)
 {
+  jit_State *J = lps->J;
   IRRef1 phi[LJ_MAX_PHI];
   uint32_t nphi = 0;
   IRRef1 *subst;
@@ -265,13 +273,13 @@ static void loop_unroll(jit_State *J)
   SnapEntry *loopmap, *psentinel;
   IRRef ins, invar;
 
-  /* Use temp buffer for substitution table.
+  /* Allocate substitution table.
   ** Only non-constant refs in [REF_BIAS,invar) are valid indexes.
-  ** Caveat: don't call into the VM or run the GC or the buffer may be gone.
   */
   invar = J->cur.nins;
-  subst = (IRRef1 *)lj_str_needbuf(J->L, &G(J->L)->tmpbuf,
-                                   (invar-REF_BIAS)*sizeof(IRRef1)) - REF_BIAS;
+  lps->sizesubst = invar - REF_BIAS;
+  lps->subst = lj_mem_newvec(J->L, lps->sizesubst, IRRef1);
+  subst = lps->subst - REF_BIAS;
   subst[REF_BASE] = REF_BASE;
 
   /* LOOP separates the pre-roll from the loop body. */
@@ -292,7 +300,8 @@ static void loop_unroll(jit_State *J)
   loopmap = &J->cur.snapmap[loopsnap->mapofs];
   /* The PC of snapshot #0 and the loop snapshot must match. */
   psentinel = &loopmap[loopsnap->nent];
-  lua_assert(*psentinel == J->cur.snapmap[J->cur.snap[0].nent]);
+  lj_assertJ(*psentinel == J->cur.snapmap[J->cur.snap[0].nent],
+             "mismatched PC for loop snapshot");
   *psentinel = SNAP(255, 0, 0);  /* Replace PC with temporary sentinel. */
 
   /* Start substitution with snapshot #1 (#0 is empty for root traces). */
@@ -345,10 +354,12 @@ static void loop_unroll(jit_State *J)
             irr = IR(ref);
             goto phiconv;
           }
-        } else if (ref != REF_DROP && irr->o == IR_CONV &&
-                   ref > invar && irr->op1 < invar) {
-          /* May need an extra PHI for a CONV. */
-          ref = irr->op1;
+        } else if (ref != REF_DROP && ref > invar &&
+                   ((irr->o == IR_CONV && irr->op1 < invar) ||
+                    (irr->o == IR_ALEN && irr->op2 < invar &&
+                                          irr->op2 != REF_NIL))) {
+          /* May need an extra PHI for a CONV or ALEN hint. */
+          ref = irr->o == IR_CONV ? irr->op1 : irr->op2;
           irr = IR(ref);
         phiconv:
           if (ref < invar && !irref_isk(ref) && !irt_isphi(irr->t)) {
@@ -363,7 +374,7 @@ static void loop_unroll(jit_State *J)
   }
   if (!irt_isguard(J->guardemit))  /* Drop redundant snapshot. */
     J->cur.nsnapmap = (uint32_t)J->cur.snap[--J->cur.nsnap].mapofs;
-  lua_assert(J->cur.nsnapmap <= J->sizesnapmap);
+  lj_assertJ(J->cur.nsnapmap <= J->sizesnapmap, "bad snapshot map index");
   *psentinel = J->cur.snapmap[J->cur.snap[0].nent];  /* Restore PC. */
 
   loop_emit_phi(J, subst, phi, nphi, onsnap);
@@ -396,7 +407,7 @@ static void loop_undo(jit_State *J, IRRef ins, SnapNo nsnap, MSize nsnapmap)
 static TValue *cploop_opt(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction dummy, void *ud)
 {
   UNUSED(L); UNUSED(dummy);
-  loop_unroll((jit_State *)ud);
+  loop_unroll((LoopState *)ud);
   return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -406,7 +417,13 @@ int lj_opt_loop(jit_State *J)
   IRRef nins = J->cur.nins;
   SnapNo nsnap = J->cur.nsnap;
   MSize nsnapmap = J->cur.nsnapmap;
-  int errcode = lj_vm_cpcall(J->L, NULL, J, cploop_opt);
+  LoopState lps;
+  int errcode;
+  lps.J = J;
+  lps.subst = NULL;
+  lps.sizesubst = 0;
+  errcode = lj_vm_cpcall(J->L, NULL, &lps, cploop_opt);
+  lj_mem_freevec(J2G(J), lps.subst, lps.sizesubst, IRRef1);
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY(errcode)) {
     lua_State *L = J->L;
     if (errcode == LUA_ERRRUN && tvisnumber(L->top-1)) {  /* Trace error? */
diff --git a/src/lj_opt_mem.c b/src/lj_opt_mem.c
index dc74a06d..351d958c 100644
--- a/src/lj_opt_mem.c
+++ b/src/lj_opt_mem.c
@@ -17,12 +17,14 @@
 #include "lj_ir.h"
 #include "lj_jit.h"
 #include "lj_iropt.h"
+#include "lj_ircall.h"
+#include "lj_dispatch.h"
 
 /* Some local macros to save typing. Undef'd at the end. */
 #define IR(ref)         (&J->cur.ir[(ref)])
 #define fins            (&J->fold.ins)
-#define fleft           (&J->fold.left)
-#define fright          (&J->fold.right)
+#define fleft           (J->fold.left)
+#define fright          (J->fold.right)
 
 /*
 ** Caveat #1: return value is not always a TRef -- only use with tref_ref().
@@ -55,8 +57,8 @@ static AliasRet aa_table(jit_State *J, IRRef ta, IRRef tb)
 {
   IRIns *taba = IR(ta), *tabb = IR(tb);
   int newa, newb;
-  lua_assert(ta != tb);
-  lua_assert(irt_istab(taba->t) && irt_istab(tabb->t));
+  lj_assertJ(ta != tb, "bad usage");
+  lj_assertJ(irt_istab(taba->t) && irt_istab(tabb->t), "bad usage");
   /* Disambiguate new allocations. */
   newa = (taba->o == IR_TNEW || taba->o == IR_TDUP);
   newb = (tabb->o == IR_TNEW || tabb->o == IR_TDUP);
@@ -70,6 +72,34 @@ static AliasRet aa_table(jit_State *J, IRRef ta, IRRef tb)
   return aa_escape(J, taba, tabb);
 }
 
+/* Check whether there's no aliasing table.clear. */
+static int fwd_aa_tab_clear(jit_State *J, IRRef lim, IRRef ta)
+{
+  IRRef ref = J->chain[IR_CALLS];
+  while (ref > lim) {
+    IRIns *calls = IR(ref);
+    if (calls->op2 == IRCALL_lj_tab_clear &&
+        (ta == calls->op1 || aa_table(J, ta, calls->op1) != ALIAS_NO))
+      return 0;  /* Conflict. */
+    ref = calls->prev;
+  }
+  return 1;  /* No conflict. Can safely FOLD/CSE. */
+}
+
+/* Check whether there's no aliasing NEWREF/table.clear for the left operand. */
+int LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_tptr(jit_State *J, IRRef lim)
+{
+  IRRef ta = fins->op1;
+  IRRef ref = J->chain[IR_NEWREF];
+  while (ref > lim) {
+    IRIns *newref = IR(ref);
+    if (ta == newref->op1 || aa_table(J, ta, newref->op1) != ALIAS_NO)
+      return 0;  /* Conflict. */
+    ref = newref->prev;
+  }
+  return fwd_aa_tab_clear(J, lim, ta);
+}
+
 /* Alias analysis for array and hash access using key-based disambiguation. */
 static AliasRet aa_ahref(jit_State *J, IRIns *refa, IRIns *refb)
 {
@@ -98,7 +128,7 @@ static AliasRet aa_ahref(jit_State *J, IRIns *refa, IRIns *refb)
     /* Disambiguate array references based on index arithmetic. */
     int32_t ofsa = 0, ofsb = 0;
     IRRef basea = ka, baseb = kb;
-    lua_assert(refb->o == IR_AREF);
+    lj_assertJ(refb->o == IR_AREF, "expected AREF");
     /* Gather base and offset from t[base] or t[base+-ofs]. */
     if (keya->o == IR_ADD && irref_isk(keya->op2)) {
       basea = keya->op1;
@@ -116,8 +146,9 @@ static AliasRet aa_ahref(jit_State *J, IRIns *refa, IRIns *refb)
       return ALIAS_NO;  /* t[base+-o1] vs. t[base+-o2] and o1 != o2. */
   } else {
     /* Disambiguate hash references based on the type of their keys. */
-    lua_assert((refa->o==IR_HREF || refa->o==IR_HREFK || refa->o==IR_NEWREF) &&
-               (refb->o==IR_HREF || refb->o==IR_HREFK || refb->o==IR_NEWREF));
+    lj_assertJ((refa->o==IR_HREF || refa->o==IR_HREFK || refa->o==IR_NEWREF) &&
+               (refb->o==IR_HREF || refb->o==IR_HREFK || refb->o==IR_NEWREF),
+               "bad xREF IR op %d or %d", refa->o, refb->o);
     if (!irt_sametype(keya->t, keyb->t))
       return ALIAS_NO;  /* Different key types. */
   }
@@ -151,7 +182,8 @@ static TRef fwd_ahload(jit_State *J, IRRef xref)
     IRIns *ir = (xr->o == IR_HREFK || xr->o == IR_AREF) ? IR(xr->op1) : xr;
     IRRef tab = ir->op1;
     ir = IR(tab);
-    if (ir->o == IR_TNEW || (ir->o == IR_TDUP && irref_isk(xr->op2))) {
+    if ((ir->o == IR_TNEW || (ir->o == IR_TDUP && irref_isk(xr->op2))) &&
+        fwd_aa_tab_clear(J, tab, tab)) {
       /* A NEWREF with a number key may end up pointing to the array part.
       ** But it's referenced from HSTORE and not found in the ASTORE chain.
       ** Or a NEWREF may rehash the table and move unrelated number keys.
@@ -272,7 +304,7 @@ TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_hrefk(jit_State *J)
   while (ref > tab) {
     IRIns *newref = IR(ref);
     if (tab == newref->op1) {
-      if (fright->op1 == newref->op2)
+      if (fright->op1 == newref->op2 && fwd_aa_tab_clear(J, ref, tab))
         return ref;  /* Forward from NEWREF. */
       else
         goto docse;
@@ -282,7 +314,7 @@ TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_hrefk(jit_State *J)
     ref = newref->prev;
   }
   /* No conflicting NEWREF: key location unchanged for HREFK of TDUP. */
-  if (IR(tab)->o == IR_TDUP)
+  if (IR(tab)->o == IR_TDUP && fwd_aa_tab_clear(J, tab, tab))
     fins->t.irt &= ~IRT_GUARD;  /* Drop HREFK guard. */
 docse:
   return CSEFOLD;
@@ -316,20 +348,6 @@ int LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_href_nokey(jit_State *J)
   return 1;  /* No conflict. Can fold to niltv. */
 }
 
-/* Check whether there's no aliasing NEWREF for the left operand. */
-int LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_tptr(jit_State *J, IRRef lim)
-{
-  IRRef ta = fins->op1;
-  IRRef ref = J->chain[IR_NEWREF];
-  while (ref > lim) {
-    IRIns *newref = IR(ref);
-    if (ta == newref->op1 || aa_table(J, ta, newref->op1) != ALIAS_NO)
-      return 0;  /* Conflict. */
-    ref = newref->prev;
-  }
-  return 1;  /* No conflict. Can safely FOLD/CSE. */
-}
-
 /* ASTORE/HSTORE elimination. */
 TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_dse_ahstore(jit_State *J)
 {
@@ -353,9 +371,12 @@ TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_dse_ahstore(jit_State *J)
       /* Different value: try to eliminate the redundant store. */
       if (ref > J->chain[IR_LOOP]) {  /* Quick check to avoid crossing LOOP. */
         IRIns *ir;
-        /* Check for any intervening guards (includes conflicting loads). */
+        /* Check for any intervening guards (includes conflicting loads).
+        ** Note that lj_tab_keyindex and lj_vm_next don't need guards,
+        ** since they are followed by at least one guarded VLOAD.
+        */
         for (ir = IR(J->cur.nins-1); ir > store; ir--)
-          if (irt_isguard(ir->t) || ir->o == IR_CALLL)
+          if (irt_isguard(ir->t) || ir->o == IR_ALEN)
             goto doemit;  /* No elimination possible. */
         /* Remove redundant store from chain and replace with NOP. */
         *refp = store->prev;
@@ -370,6 +391,67 @@ doemit:
   return EMITFOLD;  /* Otherwise we have a conflict or simply no match. */
 }
 
+/* ALEN forwarding. */
+TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_alen(jit_State *J)
+{
+  IRRef tab = fins->op1;  /* Table reference. */
+  IRRef lim = tab;  /* Search limit. */
+  IRRef ref;
+
+  /* Search for conflicting HSTORE with numeric key. */
+  ref = J->chain[IR_HSTORE];
+  while (ref > lim) {
+    IRIns *store = IR(ref);
+    IRIns *href = IR(store->op1);
+    IRIns *key = IR(href->op2);
+    if (irt_isnum(key->o == IR_KSLOT ? IR(key->op1)->t : key->t)) {
+      lim = ref;  /* Conflicting store found, limits search for ALEN. */
+      break;
+    }
+    ref = store->prev;
+  }
+
+  /* Try to find a matching ALEN. */
+  ref = J->chain[IR_ALEN];
+  while (ref > lim) {
+    /* CSE for ALEN only depends on the table, not the hint. */
+    if (IR(ref)->op1 == tab) {
+      IRRef sref;
+
+      /* Search for aliasing table.clear. */
+      if (!fwd_aa_tab_clear(J, ref, tab))
+        break;
+
+      /* Search for hint-forwarding or conflicting store. */
+      sref = J->chain[IR_ASTORE];
+      while (sref > ref) {
+        IRIns *store = IR(sref);
+        IRIns *aref = IR(store->op1);
+        IRIns *fref = IR(aref->op1);
+        if (tab == fref->op1) {  /* ASTORE to the same table. */
+          /* Detect t[#t+1] = x idiom for push. */
+          IRIns *idx = IR(aref->op2);
+          if (!irt_isnil(store->t) &&
+              idx->o == IR_ADD && idx->op1 == ref &&
+              IR(idx->op2)->o == IR_KINT && IR(idx->op2)->i == 1) {
+            /* Note: this requires an extra PHI check in loop unroll. */
+            fins->op2 = aref->op2;  /* Set ALEN hint. */
+          }
+          goto doemit;  /* Conflicting store, possibly giving a hint. */
+        } else if (aa_table(J, tab, fref->op1) != ALIAS_NO) {
+          goto doemit;  /* Conflicting store. */
+        }
+        sref = store->prev;
+      }
+
+      return ref;  /* Plain ALEN forwarding. */
+    }
+    ref = IR(ref)->prev;
+  }
+doemit:
+  return EMITFOLD;
+}
+
 /* -- ULOAD forwarding ---------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* The current alias analysis for upvalues is very simplistic. It only
@@ -419,7 +501,6 @@ TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_uload(jit_State *J)
 
 cselim:
   /* Try to find a matching load. Below the conflicting store, if any. */
-
   ref = J->chain[IR_ULOAD];
   while (ref > lim) {
     IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
@@ -549,8 +630,9 @@ TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_dse_fstore(jit_State *J)
         goto doemit;
       break;  /* Otherwise continue searching. */
     case ALIAS_MUST:
-      if (store->op2 == val)  /* Same value: drop the new store. */
-        return DROPFOLD;
+      if (store->op2 == val &&
+          !(xr->op2 >= IRFL_SBUF_W && xr->op2 <= IRFL_SBUF_R))
+        return DROPFOLD;  /* Same value: drop the new store. */
       /* Different value: try to eliminate the redundant store. */
       if (ref > J->chain[IR_LOOP]) {  /* Quick check to avoid crossing LOOP. */
         IRIns *ir;
@@ -571,6 +653,29 @@ doemit:
   return EMITFOLD;  /* Otherwise we have a conflict or simply no match. */
 }
 
+/* Check whether there's no aliasing buffer op between IRFL_SBUF_*. */
+int LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_sbuf(jit_State *J, IRRef lim)
+{
+  IRRef ref;
+  if (J->chain[IR_BUFPUT] > lim)
+    return 0;  /* Conflict. */
+  ref = J->chain[IR_CALLS];
+  while (ref > lim) {
+    IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+    if (ir->op2 >= IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putint && ir->op2 < IRCALL_lj_buf_tostr)
+      return 0;  /* Conflict. */
+    ref = ir->prev;
+  }
+  ref = J->chain[IR_CALLL];
+  while (ref > lim) {
+    IRIns *ir = IR(ref);
+    if (ir->op2 >= IRCALL_lj_strfmt_putint && ir->op2 < IRCALL_lj_buf_tostr)
+      return 0;  /* Conflict. */
+    ref = ir->prev;
+  }
+  return 1;  /* No conflict. Can safely FOLD/CSE. */
+}
+
 /* -- XLOAD forwarding and XSTORE elimination ----------------------------- */
 
 /* Find cdata allocation for a reference (if any). */
@@ -822,35 +927,6 @@ doemit:
   return EMITFOLD;  /* Otherwise we have a conflict or simply no match. */
 }
 
-/* -- Forwarding of lj_tab_len -------------------------------------------- */
-
-/* This is rather simplistic right now, but better than nothing. */
-TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_fwd_tab_len(jit_State *J)
-{
-  IRRef tab = fins->op1;  /* Table reference. */
-  IRRef lim = tab;  /* Search limit. */
-  IRRef ref;
-
-  /* Any ASTORE is a conflict and limits the search. */
-  if (J->chain[IR_ASTORE] > lim) lim = J->chain[IR_ASTORE];
-
-  /* Search for conflicting HSTORE with numeric key. */
-  ref = J->chain[IR_HSTORE];
-  while (ref > lim) {
-    IRIns *store = IR(ref);
-    IRIns *href = IR(store->op1);
-    IRIns *key = IR(href->op2);
-    if (irt_isnum(key->o == IR_KSLOT ? IR(key->op1)->t : key->t)) {
-      lim = ref;  /* Conflicting store found, limits search for TLEN. */
-      break;
-    }
-    ref = store->prev;
-  }
-
-  /* Try to find a matching load. Below the conflicting store, if any. */
-  return lj_opt_cselim(J, lim);
-}
-
 /* -- ASTORE/HSTORE previous type analysis -------------------------------- */
 
 /* Check whether the previous value for a table store is non-nil.
diff --git a/src/lj_opt_narrow.c b/src/lj_opt_narrow.c
index 700c23d4..1172df2b 100644
--- a/src/lj_opt_narrow.c
+++ b/src/lj_opt_narrow.c
@@ -372,17 +372,17 @@ static IRRef narrow_conv_emit(jit_State *J, NarrowConv *nc)
     } else if (op == NARROW_CONV) {
       *sp++ = emitir_raw(convot, ref, convop2);  /* Raw emit avoids a loop. */
     } else if (op == NARROW_SEXT) {
-      lua_assert(sp >= nc->stack+1);
+      lj_assertJ(sp >= nc->stack+1, "stack underflow");
       sp[-1] = emitir(IRT(IR_CONV, IRT_I64), sp[-1],
                       (IRT_I64<<5)|IRT_INT|IRCONV_SEXT);
     } else if (op == NARROW_INT) {
-      lua_assert(next < last);
+      lj_assertJ(next < last, "missing arg to NARROW_INT");
       *sp++ = nc->t == IRT_I64 ?
               lj_ir_kint64(J, (int64_t)(int32_t)*next++) :
               lj_ir_kint(J, *next++);
     } else {  /* Regular IROpT. Pops two operands and pushes one result. */
       IRRef mode = nc->mode;
-      lua_assert(sp >= nc->stack+2);
+      lj_assertJ(sp >= nc->stack+2, "stack underflow");
       sp--;
       /* Omit some overflow checks for array indexing. See comments above. */
       if ((mode & IRCONV_CONVMASK) == IRCONV_INDEX) {
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ static IRRef narrow_conv_emit(jit_State *J, NarrowConv *nc)
         narrow_bpc_set(J, narrow_ref(ref), narrow_ref(sp[-1]), mode);
     }
   }
-  lua_assert(sp == nc->stack+1);
+  lj_assertJ(sp == nc->stack+1, "stack misalignment");
   return nc->stack[0];
 }
 
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ static TRef narrow_stripov(jit_State *J, TRef tr, int lastop, IRRef mode)
 TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_narrow_index(jit_State *J, TRef tr)
 {
   IRIns *ir;
-  lua_assert(tref_isnumber(tr));
+  lj_assertJ(tref_isnumber(tr), "expected number type");
   if (tref_isnum(tr))  /* Conversion may be narrowed, too. See above. */
     return emitir(IRTGI(IR_CONV), tr, IRCONV_INT_NUM|IRCONV_INDEX);
   /* Omit some overflow checks for array indexing. See comments above. */
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_narrow_tobit(jit_State *J, TRef tr)
 /* Narrow C array index (overflow undefined). */
 TRef LJ_FASTCALL lj_opt_narrow_cindex(jit_State *J, TRef tr)
 {
-  lua_assert(tref_isnumber(tr));
+  lj_assertJ(tref_isnumber(tr), "expected number type");
   if (tref_isnum(tr))
     return emitir(IRT(IR_CONV, IRT_INTP), tr, (IRT_INTP<<5)|IRT_NUM|IRCONV_ANY);
   /* Undefined overflow semantics allow stripping of ADDOV, SUBOV and MULOV. */
@@ -551,11 +551,16 @@ TRef lj_opt_narrow_unm(jit_State *J, TRef rc, TValue *vc)
 {
   rc = conv_str_tonum(J, rc, vc);
   if (tref_isinteger(rc)) {
-    if ((uint32_t)numberVint(vc) != 0x80000000u)
-      return emitir(IRTGI(IR_SUBOV), lj_ir_kint(J, 0), rc);
+    uint32_t k = (uint32_t)numberVint(vc);
+    if ((LJ_DUALNUM || k != 0) && k != 0x80000000u) {
+      TRef zero = lj_ir_kint(J, 0);
+      if (!LJ_DUALNUM)
+        emitir(IRTGI(IR_NE), rc, zero);
+      return emitir(IRTGI(IR_SUBOV), zero, rc);
+    }
     rc = emitir(IRTN(IR_CONV), rc, IRCONV_NUM_INT);
   }
-  return emitir(IRTN(IR_NEG), rc, lj_ir_knum_neg(J));
+  return emitir(IRTN(IR_NEG), rc, lj_ir_ksimd(J, LJ_KSIMD_NEG));
 }
 
 /* Narrowing of modulo operator. */
@@ -579,44 +584,6 @@ TRef lj_opt_narrow_mod(jit_State *J, TRef rb, TRef rc, TValue *vb, TValue *vc)
   return emitir(IRTN(IR_SUB), rb, tmp);
 }
 
-/* Narrowing of power operator or math.pow. */
-TRef lj_opt_narrow_pow(jit_State *J, TRef rb, TRef rc, TValue *vb, TValue *vc)
-{
-  rb = conv_str_tonum(J, rb, vb);
-  rb = lj_ir_tonum(J, rb);  /* Left arg is always treated as an FP number. */
-  rc = conv_str_tonum(J, rc, vc);
-  /* Narrowing must be unconditional to preserve (-x)^i semantics. */
-  if (tvisint(vc) || numisint(numV(vc))) {
-    int checkrange = 0;
-    /* Split pow is faster for bigger exponents. But do this only for (+k)^i. */
-    if (tref_isk(rb) && (int32_t)ir_knum(IR(tref_ref(rb)))->u32.hi >= 0) {
-      int32_t k = numberVint(vc);
-      if (!(k >= -65536 && k <= 65536)) goto split_pow;
-      checkrange = 1;
-    }
-    if (!tref_isinteger(rc)) {
-      /* Guarded conversion to integer! */
-      rc = emitir(IRTGI(IR_CONV), rc, IRCONV_INT_NUM|IRCONV_CHECK);
-    }
-    if (checkrange && !tref_isk(rc)) {  /* Range guard: -65536 <= i <= 65536 */
-      TRef tmp = emitir(IRTI(IR_ADD), rc, lj_ir_kint(J, 65536));
-      emitir(IRTGI(IR_ULE), tmp, lj_ir_kint(J, 2*65536));
-    }
-    return emitir(IRTN(IR_POW), rb, rc);
-  }
-split_pow:
-  /* FOLD covers most cases, but some are easier to do here. */
-  if (tref_isk(rb) && tvispone(ir_knum(IR(tref_ref(rb)))))
-    return rb;  /* 1 ^ x ==> 1 */
-  rc = lj_ir_tonum(J, rc);
-  if (tref_isk(rc) && ir_knum(IR(tref_ref(rc)))->n == 0.5)
-    return emitir(IRTN(IR_FPMATH), rb, IRFPM_SQRT);  /* x ^ 0.5 ==> sqrt(x) */
-  /* Split up b^c into exp2(c*log2(b)). Assembler may rejoin later. */
-  rb = emitir(IRTN(IR_FPMATH), rb, IRFPM_LOG2);
-  rc = emitir(IRTN(IR_MUL), rb, rc);
-  return emitir(IRTN(IR_FPMATH), rc, IRFPM_EXP2);
-}
-
 /* -- Predictive narrowing of induction variables ------------------------- */
 
 /* Narrow a single runtime value. */
@@ -630,9 +597,10 @@ static int narrow_forl(jit_State *J, cTValue *o)
 /* Narrow the FORL index type by looking at the runtime values. */
 IRType lj_opt_narrow_forl(jit_State *J, cTValue *tv)
 {
-  lua_assert(tvisnumber(&tv[FORL_IDX]) &&
+  lj_assertJ(tvisnumber(&tv[FORL_IDX]) &&
              tvisnumber(&tv[FORL_STOP]) &&
-             tvisnumber(&tv[FORL_STEP]));
+             tvisnumber(&tv[FORL_STEP]),
+             "expected number types");
   /* Narrow only if the runtime values of start/stop/step are all integers. */
   if (narrow_forl(J, &tv[FORL_IDX]) &&
       narrow_forl(J, &tv[FORL_STOP]) &&
diff --git a/src/lj_opt_sink.c b/src/lj_opt_sink.c
index a9feddad..642ed750 100644
--- a/src/lj_opt_sink.c
+++ b/src/lj_opt_sink.c
@@ -86,8 +86,7 @@ static void sink_mark_ins(jit_State *J)
     switch (ir->o) {
     case IR_BASE:
       return;  /* Finished. */
-    case IR_CALLL:  /* IRCALL_lj_tab_len */
-    case IR_ALOAD: case IR_HLOAD: case IR_XLOAD: case IR_TBAR:
+    case IR_ALOAD: case IR_HLOAD: case IR_XLOAD: case IR_TBAR: case IR_ALEN:
       irt_setmark(IR(ir->op1)->t);  /* Mark ref for remaining loads. */
       break;
     case IR_FLOAD:
@@ -173,8 +172,8 @@ static void sink_remark_phi(jit_State *J)
 /* Sweep instructions and tag sunken allocations and stores. */
 static void sink_sweep_ins(jit_State *J)
 {
-  IRIns *ir, *irfirst = IR(J->cur.nk);
-  for (ir = IR(J->cur.nins-1) ; ir >= irfirst; ir--) {
+  IRIns *ir, *irbase = IR(REF_BASE);
+  for (ir = IR(J->cur.nins-1) ; ir >= irbase; ir--) {
     switch (ir->o) {
     case IR_ASTORE: case IR_HSTORE: case IR_FSTORE: case IR_XSTORE: {
       IRIns *ira = sink_checkalloc(J, ir);
@@ -224,6 +223,13 @@ static void sink_sweep_ins(jit_State *J)
       break;
     }
   }
+  for (ir = IR(J->cur.nk); ir < irbase; ir++) {
+    irt_clearmark(ir->t);
+    ir->prev = REGSP_INIT;
+    /* The false-positive of irt_is64() for ASMREF_L (REF_NIL) is OK here. */
+    if (irt_is64(ir->t) && ir->o != IR_KNULL)
+      ir++;
+  }
 }
 
 /* Allocation sinking and store sinking.
diff --git a/src/lj_opt_split.c b/src/lj_opt_split.c
index 1f2ffe54..338a61a2 100644
--- a/src/lj_opt_split.c
+++ b/src/lj_opt_split.c
@@ -8,14 +8,15 @@
 
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 
-#if LJ_HASJIT && (LJ_SOFTFP || (LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI))
+#if LJ_HASJIT && (LJ_SOFTFP32 || (LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI))
 
 #include "lj_err.h"
-#include "lj_str.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_ir.h"
 #include "lj_jit.h"
 #include "lj_ircall.h"
 #include "lj_iropt.h"
+#include "lj_dispatch.h"
 #include "lj_vm.h"
 
 /* SPLIT pass:
@@ -139,6 +140,7 @@ static IRRef split_call_l(jit_State *J, IRRef1 *hisubst, IRIns *oir,
   ir->prev = tmp = split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_CALLN), tmp, id);
   return split_emit(J, IRT(IR_HIOP, IRT_SOFTFP), tmp, tmp);
 }
+#endif
 
 /* Emit a CALLN with one split 64 bit argument and a 32 bit argument. */
 static IRRef split_call_li(jit_State *J, IRRef1 *hisubst, IRIns *oir,
@@ -155,7 +157,6 @@ static IRRef split_call_li(jit_State *J, IRRef1 *hisubst, IRIns *oir,
   ir->prev = tmp = split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_CALLN), tmp, id);
   return split_emit(J, IRT(IR_HIOP, IRT_SOFTFP), tmp, tmp);
 }
-#endif
 
 /* Emit a CALLN with two split 64 bit arguments. */
 static IRRef split_call_ll(jit_State *J, IRRef1 *hisubst, IRIns *oir,
@@ -192,9 +193,121 @@ static IRRef split_ptr(jit_State *J, IRIns *oir, IRRef ref)
     nref = ir->op1;
     if (ofs == 0) return nref;
   }
-  return split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_ADD), nref, lj_ir_kint(J, ofs));
+  return split_emit(J, IRT(IR_ADD, IRT_PTR), nref, lj_ir_kint(J, ofs));
 }
 
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+static IRRef split_bitshift(jit_State *J, IRRef1 *hisubst,
+                            IRIns *oir, IRIns *nir, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  IROp op = ir->o;
+  IRRef kref = nir->op2;
+  if (irref_isk(kref)) {  /* Optimize constant shifts. */
+    int32_t k = (IR(kref)->i & 63);
+    IRRef lo = nir->op1, hi = hisubst[ir->op1];
+    if (op == IR_BROL || op == IR_BROR) {
+      if (op == IR_BROR) k = (-k & 63);
+      if (k >= 32) { IRRef t = lo; lo = hi; hi = t; k -= 32; }
+      if (k == 0) {
+      passthrough:
+        J->cur.nins--;
+        ir->prev = lo;
+        return hi;
+      } else {
+        TRef k1, k2;
+        IRRef t1, t2, t3, t4;
+        J->cur.nins--;
+        k1 = lj_ir_kint(J, k);
+        k2 = lj_ir_kint(J, (-k & 31));
+        t1 = split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_BSHL), lo, k1);
+        t2 = split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_BSHL), hi, k1);
+        t3 = split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_BSHR), lo, k2);
+        t4 = split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_BSHR), hi, k2);
+        ir->prev = split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_BOR), t1, t4);
+        return split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_BOR), t2, t3);
+      }
+    } else if (k == 0) {
+      goto passthrough;
+    } else if (k < 32) {
+      if (op == IR_BSHL) {
+        IRRef t1 = split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_BSHL), hi, kref);
+        IRRef t2 = split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_BSHR), lo, lj_ir_kint(J, (-k&31)));
+        return split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_BOR), t1, t2);
+      } else {
+        IRRef t1 = ir->prev, t2;
+        lj_assertJ(op == IR_BSHR || op == IR_BSAR, "bad usage");
+        nir->o = IR_BSHR;
+        t2 = split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_BSHL), hi, lj_ir_kint(J, (-k&31)));
+        ir->prev = split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_BOR), t1, t2);
+        return split_emit(J, IRTI(op), hi, kref);
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (op == IR_BSHL) {
+        if (k == 32)
+          J->cur.nins--;
+        else
+          lo = ir->prev;
+        ir->prev = lj_ir_kint(J, 0);
+        return lo;
+      } else {
+        lj_assertJ(op == IR_BSHR || op == IR_BSAR, "bad usage");
+        if (k == 32) {
+          J->cur.nins--;
+          ir->prev = hi;
+        } else {
+          nir->op1 = hi;
+        }
+        if (op == IR_BSHR)
+          return lj_ir_kint(J, 0);
+        else
+          return split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_BSAR), hi, lj_ir_kint(J, 31));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return split_call_li(J, hisubst, oir, ir,
+                       op - IR_BSHL + IRCALL_lj_carith_shl64);
+}
+
+static IRRef split_bitop(jit_State *J, IRRef1 *hisubst,
+                         IRIns *nir, IRIns *ir)
+{
+  IROp op = ir->o;
+  IRRef hi, kref = nir->op2;
+  if (irref_isk(kref)) {  /* Optimize bit operations with lo constant. */
+    int32_t k = IR(kref)->i;
+    if (k == 0 || k == -1) {
+      if (op == IR_BAND) k = ~k;
+      if (k == 0) {
+        J->cur.nins--;
+        ir->prev = nir->op1;
+      } else if (op == IR_BXOR) {
+        nir->o = IR_BNOT;
+        nir->op2 = 0;
+      } else {
+        J->cur.nins--;
+        ir->prev = kref;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  hi = hisubst[ir->op1];
+  kref = hisubst[ir->op2];
+  if (irref_isk(kref)) {  /* Optimize bit operations with hi constant. */
+    int32_t k = IR(kref)->i;
+    if (k == 0 || k == -1) {
+      if (op == IR_BAND) k = ~k;
+      if (k == 0) {
+        return hi;
+      } else if (op == IR_BXOR) {
+        return split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_BNOT), hi, 0);
+      } else {
+        return kref;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return split_emit(J, IRTI(op), hi, kref);
+}
+#endif
+
 /* Substitute references of a snapshot. */
 static void split_subst_snap(jit_State *J, SnapShot *snap, IRIns *oir)
 {
@@ -214,7 +327,7 @@ static void split_ir(jit_State *J)
   IRRef nins = J->cur.nins, nk = J->cur.nk;
   MSize irlen = nins - nk;
   MSize need = (irlen+1)*(sizeof(IRIns) + sizeof(IRRef1));
-  IRIns *oir = (IRIns *)lj_str_needbuf(J->L, &G(J->L)->tmpbuf, need);
+  IRIns *oir = (IRIns *)lj_buf_tmp(J->L, need);
   IRRef1 *hisubst;
   IRRef ref, snref;
   SnapShot *snap;
@@ -241,6 +354,8 @@ static void split_ir(jit_State *J)
       ir->prev = ref;  /* Identity substitution for loword. */
       hisubst[ref] = 0;
     }
+    if (irt_is64(ir->t) && ir->o != IR_KNULL)
+      ref++;
   }
 
   /* Process old IR instructions. */
@@ -285,35 +400,11 @@ static void split_ir(jit_State *J)
         hi = split_call_ll(J, hisubst, oir, ir, IRCALL_softfp_div);
         break;
       case IR_POW:
-        hi = split_call_li(J, hisubst, oir, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_powi);
+        hi = split_call_ll(J, hisubst, oir, ir, IRCALL_pow);
         break;
       case IR_FPMATH:
-        /* Try to rejoin pow from EXP2, MUL and LOG2. */
-        if (nir->op2 == IRFPM_EXP2 && nir->op1 > J->loopref) {
-          IRIns *irp = IR(nir->op1);
-          if (irp->o == IR_CALLN && irp->op2 == IRCALL_softfp_mul) {
-            IRIns *irm4 = IR(irp->op1);
-            IRIns *irm3 = IR(irm4->op1);
-            IRIns *irm12 = IR(irm3->op1);
-            IRIns *irl1 = IR(irm12->op1);
-            if (irm12->op1 > J->loopref && irl1->o == IR_CALLN &&
-                irl1->op2 == IRCALL_lj_vm_log2) {
-              IRRef tmp = irl1->op1;  /* Recycle first two args from LOG2. */
-              IRRef arg3 = irm3->op2, arg4 = irm4->op2;
-              J->cur.nins--;
-              tmp = split_emit(J, IRT(IR_CARG, IRT_NIL), tmp, arg3);
-              tmp = split_emit(J, IRT(IR_CARG, IRT_NIL), tmp, arg4);
-              ir->prev = tmp = split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_CALLN), tmp, IRCALL_pow);
-              hi = split_emit(J, IRT(IR_HIOP, IRT_SOFTFP), tmp, tmp);
-              break;
-            }
-          }
-        }
         hi = split_call_l(J, hisubst, oir, ir, IRCALL_lj_vm_floor + ir->op2);
         break;
-      case IR_ATAN2:
-        hi = split_call_ll(J, hisubst, oir, ir, IRCALL_atan2);
-        break;
       case IR_LDEXP:
         hi = split_call_li(J, hisubst, oir, ir, IRCALL_ldexp);
         break;
@@ -321,7 +412,8 @@ static void split_ir(jit_State *J)
         nir->o = IR_CONV;  /* Pass through loword. */
         nir->op2 = (IRT_INT << 5) | IRT_INT;
         hi = split_emit(J, IRT(ir->o == IR_NEG ? IR_BXOR : IR_BAND, IRT_SOFTFP),
-                        hisubst[ir->op1], hisubst[ir->op2]);
+               hisubst[ir->op1],
+               lj_ir_kint(J, (int32_t)(0x7fffffffu + (ir->o == IR_NEG))));
         break;
       case IR_SLOAD:
         if ((nir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT)) {  /* Convert from int to number. */
@@ -336,15 +428,24 @@ static void split_ir(jit_State *J)
       case IR_STRTO:
         hi = split_emit(J, IRT(IR_HIOP, IRT_SOFTFP), nref, nref);
         break;
+      case IR_FLOAD:
+        lj_assertJ(ir->op1 == REF_NIL, "expected FLOAD from GG_State");
+        hi = lj_ir_kint(J, *(int32_t*)((char*)J2GG(J) + ir->op2 + LJ_LE*4));
+        nir->op2 += LJ_BE*4;
+        break;
       case IR_XLOAD: {
         IRIns inslo = *nir;  /* Save/undo the emit of the lo XLOAD. */
         J->cur.nins--;
         hi = split_ptr(J, oir, ir->op1);  /* Insert the hiref ADD. */
+#if LJ_BE
+        hi = split_emit(J, IRT(IR_XLOAD, IRT_INT), hi, ir->op2);
+        inslo.t.irt = IRT_SOFTFP | (inslo.t.irt & IRT_GUARD);
+#endif
         nref = lj_ir_nextins(J);
         nir = IR(nref);
-        *nir = inslo;  /* Re-emit lo XLOAD immediately before hi XLOAD. */
-        hi = split_emit(J, IRT(IR_XLOAD, IRT_SOFTFP), hi, ir->op2);
+        *nir = inslo;  /* Re-emit lo XLOAD. */
 #if LJ_LE
+        hi = split_emit(J, IRT(IR_XLOAD, IRT_SOFTFP), hi, ir->op2);
         ir->prev = nref;
 #else
         ir->prev = hi; hi = nref;
@@ -364,8 +465,9 @@ static void split_ir(jit_State *J)
           break;
         }
 #endif
-        lua_assert(st == IRT_INT ||
-                   (LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI && (st == IRT_U32 || st == IRT_FLOAT)));
+        lj_assertJ(st == IRT_INT ||
+                   (LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI && (st == IRT_U32 || st == IRT_FLOAT)),
+                   "bad source type for CONV");
         nir->o = IR_CALLN;
 #if LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI
         nir->op2 = st == IRT_INT ? IRCALL_softfp_i2d :
@@ -395,7 +497,8 @@ static void split_ir(jit_State *J)
         hi = nir->op2;
         break;
       default:
-        lua_assert(ir->o <= IR_NE || ir->o == IR_MIN || ir->o == IR_MAX);
+        lj_assertJ(ir->o <= IR_NE || ir->o == IR_MIN || ir->o == IR_MAX,
+                   "bad IR op %d", ir->o);
         hi = split_emit(J, IRTG(IR_HIOP, IRT_SOFTFP),
                         hisubst[ir->op1], hisubst[ir->op2]);
         break;
@@ -438,8 +541,21 @@ static void split_ir(jit_State *J)
                            irt_isi64(ir->t) ? IRCALL_lj_carith_powi64 :
                                               IRCALL_lj_carith_powu64);
         break;
+      case IR_BNOT:
+        hi = split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_BNOT), hiref, 0);
+        break;
+      case IR_BSWAP:
+        ir->prev = split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_BSWAP), hiref, 0);
+        hi = nref;
+        break;
+      case IR_BAND: case IR_BOR: case IR_BXOR:
+        hi = split_bitop(J, hisubst, nir, ir);
+        break;
+      case IR_BSHL: case IR_BSHR: case IR_BSAR: case IR_BROL: case IR_BROR:
+        hi = split_bitshift(J, hisubst, oir, nir, ir);
+        break;
       case IR_FLOAD:
-        lua_assert(ir->op2 == IRFL_CDATA_INT64);
+        lj_assertJ(ir->op2 == IRFL_CDATA_INT64, "only INT64 supported");
         hi = split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_FLOAD), nir->op1, IRFL_CDATA_INT64_4);
 #if LJ_BE
         ir->prev = hi; hi = nref;
@@ -505,7 +621,7 @@ static void split_ir(jit_State *J)
         hi = nir->op2;
         break;
       default:
-        lua_assert(ir->o <= IR_NE);  /* Comparisons. */
+        lj_assertJ(ir->o <= IR_NE, "bad IR op %d", ir->o);  /* Comparisons. */
         split_emit(J, IRTGI(IR_HIOP), hiref, hisubst[ir->op2]);
         break;
       }
@@ -529,7 +645,7 @@ static void split_ir(jit_State *J)
       tmp = split_emit(J, IRT(IR_CARG, IRT_NIL), hisubst[op1], oir[op1].prev);
 #endif
       ir->prev = split_emit(J, IRTI(IR_CALLN), tmp, IRCALL_lj_vm_tobit);
-    } else if (ir->o == IR_TOSTR) {
+    } else if (ir->o == IR_TOSTR || ir->o == IR_TMPREF) {
       if (hisubst[ir->op1]) {
         if (irref_isk(ir->op1))
           nir->op1 = ir->op1;
@@ -583,7 +699,7 @@ static void split_ir(jit_State *J)
 #if LJ_SOFTFP
       if (st == IRT_NUM || (LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI && st == IRT_FLOAT)) {
         if (irt_isguard(ir->t)) {
-          lua_assert(st == IRT_NUM && irt_isint(ir->t));
+          lj_assertJ(st == IRT_NUM && irt_isint(ir->t), "bad CONV types");
           J->cur.nins--;
           ir->prev = split_num2int(J, nir->op1, hisubst[ir->op1], 1);
         } else {
@@ -714,7 +830,7 @@ void lj_opt_split(jit_State *J)
   if (!J->needsplit)
     J->needsplit = split_needsplit(J);
 #else
-  lua_assert(J->needsplit >= split_needsplit(J));  /* Verify flag. */
+  lj_assertJ(J->needsplit >= split_needsplit(J), "bad SPLIT state");
 #endif
   if (J->needsplit) {
     int errcode = lj_vm_cpcall(J->L, NULL, J, cpsplit);
diff --git a/src/lj_parse.c b/src/lj_parse.c
index c0cbd261..6319c272 100644
--- a/src/lj_parse.c
+++ b/src/lj_parse.c
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
 #include "lj_debug.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
 #include "lj_func.h"
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@
 #if LJ_HASFFI
 #include "lj_ctype.h"
 #endif
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
 #include "lj_lex.h"
 #include "lj_parse.h"
 #include "lj_vm.h"
@@ -161,16 +163,22 @@ LJ_STATIC_ASSERT((int)BC_MULVV-(int)BC_ADDVV == (int)OPR_MUL-(int)OPR_ADD);
 LJ_STATIC_ASSERT((int)BC_DIVVV-(int)BC_ADDVV == (int)OPR_DIV-(int)OPR_ADD);
 LJ_STATIC_ASSERT((int)BC_MODVV-(int)BC_ADDVV == (int)OPR_MOD-(int)OPR_ADD);
 
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+#define lj_assertFS(c, ...)     (lj_assertG_(G(fs->L), (c), __VA_ARGS__))
+#else
+#define lj_assertFS(c, ...)     ((void)fs)
+#endif
+
 /* -- Error handling ------------------------------------------------------ */
 
 LJ_NORET LJ_NOINLINE static void err_syntax(LexState *ls, ErrMsg em)
 {
-  lj_lex_error(ls, ls->token, em);
+  lj_lex_error(ls, ls->tok, em);
 }
 
-LJ_NORET LJ_NOINLINE static void err_token(LexState *ls, LexToken token)
+LJ_NORET LJ_NOINLINE static void err_token(LexState *ls, LexToken tok)
 {
-  lj_lex_error(ls, ls->token, LJ_ERR_XTOKEN, lj_lex_token2str(ls, token));
+  lj_lex_error(ls, ls->tok, LJ_ERR_XTOKEN, lj_lex_token2str(ls, tok));
 }
 
 LJ_NORET static void err_limit(FuncState *fs, uint32_t limit, const char *what)
@@ -198,7 +206,7 @@ static BCReg const_num(FuncState *fs, ExpDesc *e)
 {
   lua_State *L = fs->L;
   TValue *o;
-  lua_assert(expr_isnumk(e));
+  lj_assertFS(expr_isnumk(e), "bad usage");
   o = lj_tab_set(L, fs->kt, &e->u.nval);
   if (tvhaskslot(o))
     return tvkslot(o);
@@ -223,7 +231,7 @@ static BCReg const_gc(FuncState *fs, GCobj *gc, uint32_t itype)
 /* Add a string constant. */
 static BCReg const_str(FuncState *fs, ExpDesc *e)
 {
-  lua_assert(expr_isstrk(e) || e->k == VGLOBAL);
+  lj_assertFS(expr_isstrk(e) || e->k == VGLOBAL, "bad usage");
   return const_gc(fs, obj2gco(e->u.sval), LJ_TSTR);
 }
 
@@ -311,7 +319,7 @@ static void jmp_patchins(FuncState *fs, BCPos pc, BCPos dest)
 {
   BCIns *jmp = &fs->bcbase[pc].ins;
   BCPos offset = dest-(pc+1)+BCBIAS_J;
-  lua_assert(dest != NO_JMP);
+  lj_assertFS(dest != NO_JMP, "uninitialized jump target");
   if (offset > BCMAX_D)
     err_syntax(fs->ls, LJ_ERR_XJUMP);
   setbc_d(jmp, offset);
@@ -360,7 +368,7 @@ static void jmp_patch(FuncState *fs, BCPos list, BCPos target)
   if (target == fs->pc) {
     jmp_tohere(fs, list);
   } else {
-    lua_assert(target < fs->pc);
+    lj_assertFS(target < fs->pc, "bad jump target");
     jmp_patchval(fs, list, target, NO_REG, target);
   }
 }
@@ -390,7 +398,7 @@ static void bcreg_free(FuncState *fs, BCReg reg)
 {
   if (reg >= fs->nactvar) {
     fs->freereg--;
-    lua_assert(reg == fs->freereg);
+    lj_assertFS(reg == fs->freereg, "bad regfree");
   }
 }
 
@@ -540,7 +548,7 @@ static void expr_toreg_nobranch(FuncState *fs, ExpDesc *e, BCReg reg)
   } else if (e->k <= VKTRUE) {
     ins = BCINS_AD(BC_KPRI, reg, const_pri(e));
   } else {
-    lua_assert(e->k == VVOID || e->k == VJMP);
+    lj_assertFS(e->k == VVOID || e->k == VJMP, "bad expr type %d", e->k);
     return;
   }
   bcemit_INS(fs, ins);
@@ -635,7 +643,7 @@ static void bcemit_store(FuncState *fs, ExpDesc *var, ExpDesc *e)
     ins = BCINS_AD(BC_GSET, ra, const_str(fs, var));
   } else {
     BCReg ra, rc;
-    lua_assert(var->k == VINDEXED);
+    lj_assertFS(var->k == VINDEXED, "bad expr type %d", var->k);
     ra = expr_toanyreg(fs, e);
     rc = var->u.s.aux;
     if ((int32_t)rc < 0) {
@@ -643,10 +651,12 @@ static void bcemit_store(FuncState *fs, ExpDesc *var, ExpDesc *e)
     } else if (rc > BCMAX_C) {
       ins = BCINS_ABC(BC_TSETB, ra, var->u.s.info, rc-(BCMAX_C+1));
     } else {
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
       /* Free late alloced key reg to avoid assert on free of value reg. */
       /* This can only happen when called from expr_table(). */
-      lua_assert(e->k != VNONRELOC || ra < fs->nactvar ||
-                 rc < ra || (bcreg_free(fs, rc),1));
+      if (e->k == VNONRELOC && ra >= fs->nactvar && rc >= ra)
+        bcreg_free(fs, rc);
+#endif
       ins = BCINS_ABC(BC_TSETV, ra, var->u.s.info, rc);
     }
   }
@@ -660,16 +670,16 @@ static void bcemit_method(FuncState *fs, ExpDesc *e, ExpDesc *key)
   BCReg idx, func, obj = expr_toanyreg(fs, e);
   expr_free(fs, e);
   func = fs->freereg;
-  bcemit_AD(fs, BC_MOV, func+1, obj);  /* Copy object to first argument. */
-  lua_assert(expr_isstrk(key));
+  bcemit_AD(fs, BC_MOV, func+1+LJ_FR2, obj);  /* Copy object to 1st argument. */
+  lj_assertFS(expr_isstrk(key), "bad usage");
   idx = const_str(fs, key);
   if (idx <= BCMAX_C) {
-    bcreg_reserve(fs, 2);
+    bcreg_reserve(fs, 2+LJ_FR2);
     bcemit_ABC(fs, BC_TGETS, func, obj, idx);
   } else {
-    bcreg_reserve(fs, 3);
-    bcemit_AD(fs, BC_KSTR, func+2, idx);
-    bcemit_ABC(fs, BC_TGETV, func, obj, func+2);
+    bcreg_reserve(fs, 3+LJ_FR2);
+    bcemit_AD(fs, BC_KSTR, func+2+LJ_FR2, idx);
+    bcemit_ABC(fs, BC_TGETV, func, obj, func+2+LJ_FR2);
     fs->freereg--;
   }
   e->u.s.info = func;
@@ -801,7 +811,8 @@ static void bcemit_arith(FuncState *fs, BinOpr opr, ExpDesc *e1, ExpDesc *e2)
     else
       rc = expr_toanyreg(fs, e2);
     /* 1st operand discharged by bcemit_binop_left, but need KNUM/KSHORT. */
-    lua_assert(expr_isnumk(e1) || e1->k == VNONRELOC);
+    lj_assertFS(expr_isnumk(e1) || e1->k == VNONRELOC,
+                "bad expr type %d", e1->k);
     expr_toval(fs, e1);
     /* Avoid two consts to satisfy bytecode constraints. */
     if (expr_isnumk(e1) && !expr_isnumk(e2) &&
@@ -889,19 +900,20 @@ static void bcemit_binop(FuncState *fs, BinOpr op, ExpDesc *e1, ExpDesc *e2)
   if (op <= OPR_POW) {
     bcemit_arith(fs, op, e1, e2);
   } else if (op == OPR_AND) {
-    lua_assert(e1->t == NO_JMP);  /* List must be closed. */
+    lj_assertFS(e1->t == NO_JMP, "jump list not closed");
     expr_discharge(fs, e2);
     jmp_append(fs, &e2->f, e1->f);
     *e1 = *e2;
   } else if (op == OPR_OR) {
-    lua_assert(e1->f == NO_JMP);  /* List must be closed. */
+    lj_assertFS(e1->f == NO_JMP, "jump list not closed");
     expr_discharge(fs, e2);
     jmp_append(fs, &e2->t, e1->t);
     *e1 = *e2;
   } else if (op == OPR_CONCAT) {
     expr_toval(fs, e2);
     if (e2->k == VRELOCABLE && bc_op(*bcptr(fs, e2)) == BC_CAT) {
-      lua_assert(e1->u.s.info == bc_b(*bcptr(fs, e2))-1);
+      lj_assertFS(e1->u.s.info == bc_b(*bcptr(fs, e2))-1,
+                  "bad CAT stack layout");
       expr_free(fs, e1);
       setbc_b(bcptr(fs, e2), e1->u.s.info);
       e1->u.s.info = e2->u.s.info;
@@ -913,8 +925,9 @@ static void bcemit_binop(FuncState *fs, BinOpr op, ExpDesc *e1, ExpDesc *e2)
     }
     e1->k = VRELOCABLE;
   } else {
-    lua_assert(op == OPR_NE || op == OPR_EQ ||
-               op == OPR_LT || op == OPR_GE || op == OPR_LE || op == OPR_GT);
+    lj_assertFS(op == OPR_NE || op == OPR_EQ ||
+               op == OPR_LT || op == OPR_GE || op == OPR_LE || op == OPR_GT,
+               "bad binop %d", op);
     bcemit_comp(fs, op, e1, e2);
   }
 }
@@ -943,10 +956,10 @@ static void bcemit_unop(FuncState *fs, BCOp op, ExpDesc *e)
       e->u.s.info = fs->freereg-1;
       e->k = VNONRELOC;
     } else {
-      lua_assert(e->k == VNONRELOC);
+      lj_assertFS(e->k == VNONRELOC, "bad expr type %d", e->k);
     }
   } else {
-    lua_assert(op == BC_UNM || op == BC_LEN);
+    lj_assertFS(op == BC_UNM || op == BC_LEN, "bad unop %d", op);
     if (op == BC_UNM && !expr_hasjump(e)) {  /* Constant-fold negations. */
 #if LJ_HASFFI
       if (e->k == VKCDATA) {  /* Fold in-place since cdata is not interned. */
@@ -986,7 +999,7 @@ static void bcemit_unop(FuncState *fs, BCOp op, ExpDesc *e)
 /* Check and consume optional token. */
 static int lex_opt(LexState *ls, LexToken tok)
 {
-  if (ls->token == tok) {
+  if (ls->tok == tok) {
     lj_lex_next(ls);
     return 1;
   }
@@ -996,7 +1009,7 @@ static int lex_opt(LexState *ls, LexToken tok)
 /* Check and consume token. */
 static void lex_check(LexState *ls, LexToken tok)
 {
-  if (ls->token != tok)
+  if (ls->tok != tok)
     err_token(ls, tok);
   lj_lex_next(ls);
 }
@@ -1010,7 +1023,7 @@ static void lex_match(LexState *ls, LexToken what, LexToken who, BCLine line)
     } else {
       const char *swhat = lj_lex_token2str(ls, what);
       const char *swho = lj_lex_token2str(ls, who);
-      lj_lex_error(ls, ls->token, LJ_ERR_XMATCH, swhat, swho, line);
+      lj_lex_error(ls, ls->tok, LJ_ERR_XMATCH, swhat, swho, line);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -1019,9 +1032,9 @@ static void lex_match(LexState *ls, LexToken what, LexToken who, BCLine line)
 static GCstr *lex_str(LexState *ls)
 {
   GCstr *s;
-  if (ls->token != TK_name && (LJ_52 || ls->token != TK_goto))
+  if (ls->tok != TK_name && (LJ_52 || ls->tok != TK_goto))
     err_token(ls, TK_name);
-  s = strV(&ls->tokenval);
+  s = strV(&ls->tokval);
   lj_lex_next(ls);
   return s;
 }
@@ -1041,8 +1054,9 @@ static void var_new(LexState *ls, BCReg n, GCstr *name)
       lj_lex_error(ls, 0, LJ_ERR_XLIMC, LJ_MAX_VSTACK);
     lj_mem_growvec(ls->L, ls->vstack, ls->sizevstack, LJ_MAX_VSTACK, VarInfo);
   }
-  lua_assert((uintptr_t)name < VARNAME__MAX ||
-             lj_tab_getstr(fs->kt, name) != NULL);
+  lj_assertFS((uintptr_t)name < VARNAME__MAX ||
+              lj_tab_getstr(fs->kt, name) != NULL,
+              "unanchored variable name");
   /* NOBARRIER: name is anchored in fs->kt and ls->vstack is not a GCobj. */
   setgcref(ls->vstack[vtop].name, obj2gco(name));
   fs->varmap[fs->nactvar+n] = (uint16_t)vtop;
@@ -1097,7 +1111,7 @@ static MSize var_lookup_uv(FuncState *fs, MSize vidx, ExpDesc *e)
       return i;  /* Already exists. */
   /* Otherwise create a new one. */
   checklimit(fs, fs->nuv, LJ_MAX_UPVAL, "upvalues");
-  lua_assert(e->k == VLOCAL || e->k == VUPVAL);
+  lj_assertFS(e->k == VLOCAL || e->k == VUPVAL, "bad expr type %d", e->k);
   fs->uvmap[n] = (uint16_t)vidx;
   fs->uvtmp[n] = (uint16_t)(e->k == VLOCAL ? vidx : LJ_MAX_VSTACK+e->u.s.info);
   fs->nuv = n+1;
@@ -1148,7 +1162,8 @@ static MSize gola_new(LexState *ls, GCstr *name, uint8_t info, BCPos pc)
       lj_lex_error(ls, 0, LJ_ERR_XLIMC, LJ_MAX_VSTACK);
     lj_mem_growvec(ls->L, ls->vstack, ls->sizevstack, LJ_MAX_VSTACK, VarInfo);
   }
-  lua_assert(name == NAME_BREAK || lj_tab_getstr(fs->kt, name) != NULL);
+  lj_assertFS(name == NAME_BREAK || lj_tab_getstr(fs->kt, name) != NULL,
+              "unanchored label name");
   /* NOBARRIER: name is anchored in fs->kt and ls->vstack is not a GCobj. */
   setgcref(ls->vstack[vtop].name, obj2gco(name));
   ls->vstack[vtop].startpc = pc;
@@ -1178,8 +1193,9 @@ static void gola_close(LexState *ls, VarInfo *vg)
   FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
   BCPos pc = vg->startpc;
   BCIns *ip = &fs->bcbase[pc].ins;
-  lua_assert(gola_isgoto(vg));
-  lua_assert(bc_op(*ip) == BC_JMP || bc_op(*ip) == BC_UCLO);
+  lj_assertFS(gola_isgoto(vg), "expected goto");
+  lj_assertFS(bc_op(*ip) == BC_JMP || bc_op(*ip) == BC_UCLO,
+              "bad bytecode op %d", bc_op(*ip));
   setbc_a(ip, vg->slot);
   if (bc_op(*ip) == BC_JMP) {
     BCPos next = jmp_next(fs, pc);
@@ -1198,9 +1214,9 @@ static void gola_resolve(LexState *ls, FuncScope *bl, MSize idx)
     if (gcrefeq(vg->name, vl->name) && gola_isgoto(vg)) {
       if (vg->slot < vl->slot) {
         GCstr *name = strref(var_get(ls, ls->fs, vg->slot).name);
-        lua_assert((uintptr_t)name >= VARNAME__MAX);
+        lj_assertLS((uintptr_t)name >= VARNAME__MAX, "expected goto name");
         ls->linenumber = ls->fs->bcbase[vg->startpc].line;
-        lua_assert(strref(vg->name) != NAME_BREAK);
+        lj_assertLS(strref(vg->name) != NAME_BREAK, "unexpected break");
         lj_lex_error(ls, 0, LJ_ERR_XGSCOPE,
                      strdata(strref(vg->name)), strdata(name));
       }
@@ -1264,7 +1280,7 @@ static void fscope_begin(FuncState *fs, FuncScope *bl, int flags)
   bl->vstart = fs->ls->vtop;
   bl->prev = fs->bl;
   fs->bl = bl;
-  lua_assert(fs->freereg == fs->nactvar);
+  lj_assertFS(fs->freereg == fs->nactvar, "bad regalloc");
 }
 
 /* End a scope. */
@@ -1275,7 +1291,7 @@ static void fscope_end(FuncState *fs)
   fs->bl = bl->prev;
   var_remove(ls, bl->nactvar);
   fs->freereg = fs->nactvar;
-  lua_assert(bl->nactvar == fs->nactvar);
+  lj_assertFS(bl->nactvar == fs->nactvar, "bad regalloc");
   if ((bl->flags & (FSCOPE_UPVAL|FSCOPE_NOCLOSE)) == FSCOPE_UPVAL)
     bcemit_AJ(fs, BC_UCLO, bl->nactvar, 0);
   if ((bl->flags & FSCOPE_BREAK)) {
@@ -1362,13 +1378,13 @@ static void fs_fixup_k(FuncState *fs, GCproto *pt, void *kptr)
     Node *n = &node[i];
     if (tvhaskslot(&n->val)) {
       ptrdiff_t kidx = (ptrdiff_t)tvkslot(&n->val);
-      lua_assert(!tvisint(&n->key));
+      lj_assertFS(!tvisint(&n->key), "unexpected integer key");
       if (tvisnum(&n->key)) {
         TValue *tv = &((TValue *)kptr)[kidx];
         if (LJ_DUALNUM) {
           lua_Number nn = numV(&n->key);
           int32_t k = lj_num2int(nn);
-          lua_assert(!tvismzero(&n->key));
+          lj_assertFS(!tvismzero(&n->key), "unexpected -0 key");
           if ((lua_Number)k == nn)
             setintV(tv, k);
           else
@@ -1416,98 +1432,66 @@ static void fs_fixup_line(FuncState *fs, GCproto *pt,
     uint8_t *li = (uint8_t *)lineinfo;
     do {
       BCLine delta = base[i].line - first;
-      lua_assert(delta >= 0 && delta < 256);
+      lj_assertFS(delta >= 0 && delta < 256, "bad line delta");
       li[i] = (uint8_t)delta;
     } while (++i < n);
   } else if (LJ_LIKELY(numline < 65536)) {
     uint16_t *li = (uint16_t *)lineinfo;
     do {
       BCLine delta = base[i].line - first;
-      lua_assert(delta >= 0 && delta < 65536);
+      lj_assertFS(delta >= 0 && delta < 65536, "bad line delta");
       li[i] = (uint16_t)delta;
     } while (++i < n);
   } else {
     uint32_t *li = (uint32_t *)lineinfo;
     do {
       BCLine delta = base[i].line - first;
-      lua_assert(delta >= 0);
+      lj_assertFS(delta >= 0, "bad line delta");
       li[i] = (uint32_t)delta;
     } while (++i < n);
   }
 }
 
-/* Resize buffer if needed. */
-static LJ_NOINLINE void fs_buf_resize(LexState *ls, MSize len)
-{
-  MSize sz = ls->sb.sz * 2;
-  while (ls->sb.n + len > sz) sz = sz * 2;
-  lj_str_resizebuf(ls->L, &ls->sb, sz);
-}
-
-static LJ_AINLINE void fs_buf_need(LexState *ls, MSize len)
-{
-  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(ls->sb.n + len > ls->sb.sz))
-    fs_buf_resize(ls, len);
-}
-
-/* Add string to buffer. */
-static void fs_buf_str(LexState *ls, const char *str, MSize len)
-{
-  char *p = ls->sb.buf + ls->sb.n;
-  MSize i;
-  ls->sb.n += len;
-  for (i = 0; i < len; i++) p[i] = str[i];
-}
-
-/* Add ULEB128 value to buffer. */
-static void fs_buf_uleb128(LexState *ls, uint32_t v)
-{
-  MSize n = ls->sb.n;
-  uint8_t *p = (uint8_t *)ls->sb.buf;
-  for (; v >= 0x80; v >>= 7)
-    p[n++] = (uint8_t)((v & 0x7f) | 0x80);
-  p[n++] = (uint8_t)v;
-  ls->sb.n = n;
-}
-
 /* Prepare variable info for prototype. */
 static size_t fs_prep_var(LexState *ls, FuncState *fs, size_t *ofsvar)
 {
   VarInfo *vs =ls->vstack, *ve;
   MSize i, n;
   BCPos lastpc;
-  lj_str_resetbuf(&ls->sb);  /* Copy to temp. string buffer. */
+  lj_buf_reset(&ls->sb);  /* Copy to temp. string buffer. */
   /* Store upvalue names. */
   for (i = 0, n = fs->nuv; i < n; i++) {
     GCstr *s = strref(vs[fs->uvmap[i]].name);
     MSize len = s->len+1;
-    fs_buf_need(ls, len);
-    fs_buf_str(ls, strdata(s), len);
+    char *p = lj_buf_more(&ls->sb, len);
+    p = lj_buf_wmem(p, strdata(s), len);
+    ls->sb.w = p;
   }
-  *ofsvar = ls->sb.n;
+  *ofsvar = sbuflen(&ls->sb);
   lastpc = 0;
   /* Store local variable names and compressed ranges. */
   for (ve = vs + ls->vtop, vs += fs->vbase; vs < ve; vs++) {
     if (!gola_isgotolabel(vs)) {
       GCstr *s = strref(vs->name);
       BCPos startpc;
+      char *p;
       if ((uintptr_t)s < VARNAME__MAX) {
-        fs_buf_need(ls, 1 + 2*5);
-        ls->sb.buf[ls->sb.n++] = (uint8_t)(uintptr_t)s;
+        p = lj_buf_more(&ls->sb, 1 + 2*5);
+        *p++ = (char)(uintptr_t)s;
       } else {
         MSize len = s->len+1;
-        fs_buf_need(ls, len + 2*5);
-        fs_buf_str(ls, strdata(s), len);
+        p = lj_buf_more(&ls->sb, len + 2*5);
+        p = lj_buf_wmem(p, strdata(s), len);
       }
       startpc = vs->startpc;
-      fs_buf_uleb128(ls, startpc-lastpc);
-      fs_buf_uleb128(ls, vs->endpc-startpc);
+      p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, startpc-lastpc);
+      p = lj_strfmt_wuleb128(p, vs->endpc-startpc);
+      ls->sb.w = p;
       lastpc = startpc;
     }
   }
-  fs_buf_need(ls, 1);
-  ls->sb.buf[ls->sb.n++] = '\0';  /* Terminator for varinfo. */
-  return ls->sb.n;
+  lj_buf_putb(&ls->sb, '\0');  /* Terminator for varinfo. */
+  return sbuflen(&ls->sb);
 }
 
 /* Fixup variable info for prototype. */
@@ -1515,7 +1499,7 @@ static void fs_fixup_var(LexState *ls, GCproto *pt, uint8_t *p, size_t ofsvar)
 {
   setmref(pt->uvinfo, p);
   setmref(pt->varinfo, (char *)p + ofsvar);
-  memcpy(p, ls->sb.buf, ls->sb.n);  /* Copy from temp. string buffer. */
+  memcpy(p, ls->sb.b, sbuflen(&ls->sb));  /* Copy from temp. buffer. */
 }
 #else
 
@@ -1552,7 +1536,7 @@ static void fs_fixup_ret(FuncState *fs)
   }
   fs->bl->flags |= FSCOPE_NOCLOSE;  /* Handled above. */
   fscope_end(fs);
-  lua_assert(fs->bl == NULL);
+  lj_assertFS(fs->bl == NULL, "bad scope nesting");
   /* May need to fixup returns encoded before first function was created. */
   if (fs->flags & PROTO_FIXUP_RETURN) {
     BCPos pc;
@@ -1624,7 +1608,7 @@ static GCproto *fs_finish(LexState *ls, BCLine line)
   L->top--;  /* Pop table of constants. */
   ls->vtop = fs->vbase;  /* Reset variable stack. */
   ls->fs = fs->prev;
-  lua_assert(ls->fs != NULL || ls->token == TK_eof);
+  lj_assertL(ls->fs != NULL || ls->tok == TK_eof, "bad parser state");
   return pt;
 }
 
@@ -1718,15 +1702,15 @@ static void expr_bracket(LexState *ls, ExpDesc *v)
 }
 
 /* Get value of constant expression. */
-static void expr_kvalue(TValue *v, ExpDesc *e)
+static void expr_kvalue(FuncState *fs, TValue *v, ExpDesc *e)
 {
+  UNUSED(fs);
   if (e->k <= VKTRUE) {
-    setitype(v, ~(uint32_t)e->k);
+    setpriV(v, ~(uint32_t)e->k);
   } else if (e->k == VKSTR) {
-    setgcref(v->gcr, obj2gco(e->u.sval));
-    setitype(v, LJ_TSTR);
+    setgcVraw(v, obj2gco(e->u.sval), LJ_TSTR);
   } else {
-    lua_assert(tvisnumber(expr_numtv(e)));
+    lj_assertFS(tvisnumber(expr_numtv(e)), "bad number constant");
     *v = *expr_numtv(e);
   }
 }
@@ -1746,15 +1730,15 @@ static void expr_table(LexState *ls, ExpDesc *e)
   bcreg_reserve(fs, 1);
   freg++;
   lex_check(ls, '{');
-  while (ls->token != '}') {
+  while (ls->tok != '}') {
     ExpDesc key, val;
     vcall = 0;
-    if (ls->token == '[') {
+    if (ls->tok == '[') {
       expr_bracket(ls, &key);  /* Already calls expr_toval. */
       if (!expr_isk(&key)) expr_index(fs, e, &key);
       if (expr_isnumk(&key) && expr_numiszero(&key)) needarr = 1; else nhash++;
       lex_check(ls, '=');
-    } else if ((ls->token == TK_name || (!LJ_52 && ls->token == TK_goto)) &&
+    } else if ((ls->tok == TK_name || (!LJ_52 && ls->tok == TK_goto)) &&
                lj_lex_lookahead(ls) == '=') {
       expr_str(ls, &key);
       lex_check(ls, '=');
@@ -1776,11 +1760,11 @@ static void expr_table(LexState *ls, ExpDesc *e)
         fs->bcbase[pc].ins = BCINS_AD(BC_TDUP, freg-1, kidx);
       }
       vcall = 0;
-      expr_kvalue(&k, &key);
+      expr_kvalue(fs, &k, &key);
       v = lj_tab_set(fs->L, t, &k);
       lj_gc_anybarriert(fs->L, t);
       if (expr_isk_nojump(&val)) {  /* Add const key/value to template table. */
-        expr_kvalue(v, &val);
+        expr_kvalue(fs, v, &val);
       } else {  /* Otherwise create dummy string key (avoids lj_tab_newkey). */
         settabV(fs->L, v, t);  /* Preserve key with table itself as value. */
         fixt = 1;   /* Fix this later, after all resizes. */
@@ -1799,8 +1783,9 @@ static void expr_table(LexState *ls, ExpDesc *e)
   if (vcall) {
     BCInsLine *ilp = &fs->bcbase[fs->pc-1];
     ExpDesc en;
-    lua_assert(bc_a(ilp->ins) == freg &&
-               bc_op(ilp->ins) == (narr > 256 ? BC_TSETV : BC_TSETB));
+    lj_assertFS(bc_a(ilp->ins) == freg &&
+                bc_op(ilp->ins) == (narr > 256 ? BC_TSETV : BC_TSETB),
+                "bad CALL code generation");
     expr_init(&en, VKNUM, 0);
     en.u.nval.u32.lo = narr-1;
     en.u.nval.u32.hi = 0x43300000;  /* Biased integer to avoid denormals. */
@@ -1830,7 +1815,7 @@ static void expr_table(LexState *ls, ExpDesc *e)
       for (i = 0; i <= hmask; i++) {
         Node *n = &node[i];
         if (tvistab(&n->val)) {
-          lua_assert(tabV(&n->val) == t);
+          lj_assertFS(tabV(&n->val) == t, "bad dummy key in template table");
           setnilV(&n->val);  /* Turn value into nil. */
         }
       }
@@ -1847,11 +1832,11 @@ static BCReg parse_params(LexState *ls, int needself)
   lex_check(ls, '(');
   if (needself)
     var_new_lit(ls, nparams++, "self");
-  if (ls->token != ')') {
+  if (ls->tok != ')') {
     do {
-      if (ls->token == TK_name || (!LJ_52 && ls->token == TK_goto)) {
+      if (ls->tok == TK_name || (!LJ_52 && ls->tok == TK_goto)) {
         var_new(ls, nparams++, lex_str(ls));
-      } else if (ls->token == TK_dots) {
+      } else if (ls->tok == TK_dots) {
         lj_lex_next(ls);
         fs->flags |= PROTO_VARARG;
         break;
@@ -1861,7 +1846,7 @@ static BCReg parse_params(LexState *ls, int needself)
     } while (lex_opt(ls, ','));
   }
   var_add(ls, nparams);
-  lua_assert(fs->nactvar == nparams);
+  lj_assertFS(fs->nactvar == nparams, "bad regalloc");
   bcreg_reserve(fs, nparams);
   lex_check(ls, ')');
   return nparams;
@@ -1885,7 +1870,7 @@ static void parse_body(LexState *ls, ExpDesc *e, int needself, BCLine line)
   fs.bclim = pfs->bclim - pfs->pc;
   bcemit_AD(&fs, BC_FUNCF, 0, 0);  /* Placeholder. */
   parse_chunk(ls);
-  if (ls->token != TK_end) lex_match(ls, TK_end, TK_function, line);
+  if (ls->tok != TK_end) lex_match(ls, TK_end, TK_function, line);
   pt = fs_finish(ls, (ls->lastline = ls->linenumber));
   pfs->bcbase = ls->bcstack + oldbase;  /* May have been reallocated. */
   pfs->bclim = (BCPos)(ls->sizebcstack - oldbase);
@@ -1924,13 +1909,13 @@ static void parse_args(LexState *ls, ExpDesc *e)
   BCIns ins;
   BCReg base;
   BCLine line = ls->linenumber;
-  if (ls->token == '(') {
+  if (ls->tok == '(') {
 #if !LJ_52
     if (line != ls->lastline)
       err_syntax(ls, LJ_ERR_XAMBIG);
 #endif
     lj_lex_next(ls);
-    if (ls->token == ')') {  /* f(). */
+    if (ls->tok == ')') {  /* f(). */
       args.k = VVOID;
     } else {
       expr_list(ls, &args);
@@ -1938,24 +1923,24 @@ static void parse_args(LexState *ls, ExpDesc *e)
         setbc_b(bcptr(fs, &args), 0);  /* Pass on multiple results. */
     }
     lex_match(ls, ')', '(', line);
-  } else if (ls->token == '{') {
+  } else if (ls->tok == '{') {
     expr_table(ls, &args);
-  } else if (ls->token == TK_string) {
+  } else if (ls->tok == TK_string) {
     expr_init(&args, VKSTR, 0);
-    args.u.sval = strV(&ls->tokenval);
+    args.u.sval = strV(&ls->tokval);
     lj_lex_next(ls);
   } else {
     err_syntax(ls, LJ_ERR_XFUNARG);
     return;  /* Silence compiler. */
   }
-  lua_assert(e->k == VNONRELOC);
+  lj_assertFS(e->k == VNONRELOC, "bad expr type %d", e->k);
   base = e->u.s.info;  /* Base register for call. */
   if (args.k == VCALL) {
-    ins = BCINS_ABC(BC_CALLM, base, 2, args.u.s.aux - base - 1);
+    ins = BCINS_ABC(BC_CALLM, base, 2, args.u.s.aux - base - 1 - LJ_FR2);
   } else {
     if (args.k != VVOID)
       expr_tonextreg(fs, &args);
-    ins = BCINS_ABC(BC_CALL, base, 2, fs->freereg - base);
+    ins = BCINS_ABC(BC_CALL, base, 2, fs->freereg - base - LJ_FR2);
   }
   expr_init(e, VCALL, bcemit_INS(fs, ins));
   e->u.s.aux = base;
@@ -1968,33 +1953,34 @@ static void expr_primary(LexState *ls, ExpDesc *v)
 {
   FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
   /* Parse prefix expression. */
-  if (ls->token == '(') {
+  if (ls->tok == '(') {
     BCLine line = ls->linenumber;
     lj_lex_next(ls);
     expr(ls, v);
     lex_match(ls, ')', '(', line);
     expr_discharge(ls->fs, v);
-  } else if (ls->token == TK_name || (!LJ_52 && ls->token == TK_goto)) {
+  } else if (ls->tok == TK_name || (!LJ_52 && ls->tok == TK_goto)) {
     var_lookup(ls, v);
   } else {
     err_syntax(ls, LJ_ERR_XSYMBOL);
   }
   for (;;) {  /* Parse multiple expression suffixes. */
-    if (ls->token == '.') {
+    if (ls->tok == '.') {
       expr_field(ls, v);
-    } else if (ls->token == '[') {
+    } else if (ls->tok == '[') {
       ExpDesc key;
       expr_toanyreg(fs, v);
       expr_bracket(ls, &key);
       expr_index(fs, v, &key);
-    } else if (ls->token == ':') {
+    } else if (ls->tok == ':') {
       ExpDesc key;
       lj_lex_next(ls);
       expr_str(ls, &key);
       bcemit_method(fs, v, &key);
       parse_args(ls, v);
-    } else if (ls->token == '(' || ls->token == TK_string || ls->token == '{') {
+    } else if (ls->tok == '(' || ls->tok == TK_string || ls->tok == '{') {
       expr_tonextreg(fs, v);
+      if (LJ_FR2) bcreg_reserve(fs, 1);
       parse_args(ls, v);
     } else {
       break;
@@ -2005,14 +1991,14 @@ static void expr_primary(LexState *ls, ExpDesc *v)
 /* Parse simple expression. */
 static void expr_simple(LexState *ls, ExpDesc *v)
 {
-  switch (ls->token) {
+  switch (ls->tok) {
   case TK_number:
-    expr_init(v, (LJ_HASFFI && tviscdata(&ls->tokenval)) ? VKCDATA : VKNUM, 0);
-    copyTV(ls->L, &v->u.nval, &ls->tokenval);
+    expr_init(v, (LJ_HASFFI && tviscdata(&ls->tokval)) ? VKCDATA : VKNUM, 0);
+    copyTV(ls->L, &v->u.nval, &ls->tokval);
     break;
   case TK_string:
     expr_init(v, VKSTR, 0);
-    v->u.sval = strV(&ls->tokenval);
+    v->u.sval = strV(&ls->tokval);
     break;
   case TK_nil:
     expr_init(v, VKNIL, 0);
@@ -2100,11 +2086,11 @@ static BinOpr expr_binop(LexState *ls, ExpDesc *v, uint32_t limit);
 static void expr_unop(LexState *ls, ExpDesc *v)
 {
   BCOp op;
-  if (ls->token == TK_not) {
+  if (ls->tok == TK_not) {
     op = BC_NOT;
-  } else if (ls->token == '-') {
+  } else if (ls->tok == '-') {
     op = BC_UNM;
-  } else if (ls->token == '#') {
+  } else if (ls->tok == '#') {
     op = BC_LEN;
   } else {
     expr_simple(ls, v);
@@ -2121,7 +2107,7 @@ static BinOpr expr_binop(LexState *ls, ExpDesc *v, uint32_t limit)
   BinOpr op;
   synlevel_begin(ls);
   expr_unop(ls, v);
-  op = token2binop(ls->token);
+  op = token2binop(ls->tok);
   while (op != OPR_NOBINOPR && priority[op].left > limit) {
     ExpDesc v2;
     BinOpr nextop;
@@ -2310,9 +2296,9 @@ static void parse_func(LexState *ls, BCLine line)
   lj_lex_next(ls);  /* Skip 'function'. */
   /* Parse function name. */
   var_lookup(ls, &v);
-  while (ls->token == '.')  /* Multiple dot-separated fields. */
+  while (ls->tok == '.')  /* Multiple dot-separated fields. */
     expr_field(ls, &v);
-  if (ls->token == ':') {  /* Optional colon to signify method call. */
+  if (ls->tok == ':') {  /* Optional colon to signify method call. */
     needself = 1;
     expr_field(ls, &v);
   }
@@ -2325,9 +2311,9 @@ static void parse_func(LexState *ls, BCLine line)
 /* -- Control transfer statements ----------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Check for end of block. */
-static int endofblock(LexToken token)
+static int parse_isend(LexToken tok)
 {
-  switch (token) {
+  switch (tok) {
   case TK_else: case TK_elseif: case TK_end: case TK_until: case TK_eof:
     return 1;
   default:
@@ -2342,7 +2328,7 @@ static void parse_return(LexState *ls)
   FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
   lj_lex_next(ls);  /* Skip 'return'. */
   fs->flags |= PROTO_HAS_RETURN;
-  if (endofblock(ls->token) || ls->token == ';') {  /* Bare return. */
+  if (parse_isend(ls->tok) || ls->tok == ';') {  /* Bare return. */
     ins = BCINS_AD(BC_RET0, 0, 1);
   } else {  /* Return with one or more values. */
     ExpDesc e;  /* Receives the _last_ expression in the list. */
@@ -2408,18 +2394,18 @@ static void parse_label(LexState *ls)
   lex_check(ls, TK_label);
   /* Recursively parse trailing statements: labels and ';' (Lua 5.2 only). */
   for (;;) {
-    if (ls->token == TK_label) {
+    if (ls->tok == TK_label) {
       synlevel_begin(ls);
       parse_label(ls);
       synlevel_end(ls);
-    } else if (LJ_52 && ls->token == ';') {
+    } else if (LJ_52 && ls->tok == ';') {
       lj_lex_next(ls);
     } else {
       break;
     }
   }
   /* Trailing label is considered to be outside of scope. */
-  if (endofblock(ls->token) && ls->token != TK_until)
+  if (parse_isend(ls->tok) && ls->tok != TK_until)
     ls->vstack[idx].slot = fs->bl->nactvar;
   gola_resolve(ls, fs->bl, idx);
 }
@@ -2576,7 +2562,8 @@ static void parse_for_iter(LexState *ls, GCstr *indexname)
   lex_check(ls, TK_in);
   line = ls->linenumber;
   assign_adjust(ls, 3, expr_list(ls, &e), &e);
-  bcreg_bump(fs, 3);  /* The iterator needs another 3 slots (func + 2 args). */
+  /* The iterator needs another 3 [4] slots (func [pc] | state ctl). */
+  bcreg_bump(fs, 3+LJ_FR2);
   isnext = (nvars <= 5 && predict_next(ls, fs, exprpc));
   var_add(ls, 3);  /* Hidden control variables. */
   lex_check(ls, TK_do);
@@ -2604,9 +2591,9 @@ static void parse_for(LexState *ls, BCLine line)
   fscope_begin(fs, &bl, FSCOPE_LOOP);
   lj_lex_next(ls);  /* Skip 'for'. */
   varname = lex_str(ls);  /* Get first variable name. */
-  if (ls->token == '=')
+  if (ls->tok == '=')
     parse_for_num(ls, varname, line);
-  else if (ls->token == ',' || ls->token == TK_in)
+  else if (ls->tok == ',' || ls->tok == TK_in)
     parse_for_iter(ls, varname);
   else
     err_syntax(ls, LJ_ERR_XFOR);
@@ -2632,12 +2619,12 @@ static void parse_if(LexState *ls, BCLine line)
   BCPos flist;
   BCPos escapelist = NO_JMP;
   flist = parse_then(ls);
-  while (ls->token == TK_elseif) {  /* Parse multiple 'elseif' blocks. */
+  while (ls->tok == TK_elseif) {  /* Parse multiple 'elseif' blocks. */
     jmp_append(fs, &escapelist, bcemit_jmp(fs));
     jmp_tohere(fs, flist);
     flist = parse_then(ls);
   }
-  if (ls->token == TK_else) {  /* Parse optional 'else' block. */
+  if (ls->tok == TK_else) {  /* Parse optional 'else' block. */
     jmp_append(fs, &escapelist, bcemit_jmp(fs));
     jmp_tohere(fs, flist);
     lj_lex_next(ls);  /* Skip 'else'. */
@@ -2655,7 +2642,7 @@ static void parse_if(LexState *ls, BCLine line)
 static int parse_stmt(LexState *ls)
 {
   BCLine line = ls->linenumber;
-  switch (ls->token) {
+  switch (ls->tok) {
   case TK_if:
     parse_if(ls, line);
     break;
@@ -2714,11 +2701,12 @@ static void parse_chunk(LexState *ls)
 {
   int islast = 0;
   synlevel_begin(ls);
-  while (!islast && !endofblock(ls->token)) {
+  while (!islast && !parse_isend(ls->tok)) {
     islast = parse_stmt(ls);
     lex_opt(ls, ';');
-    lua_assert(ls->fs->framesize >= ls->fs->freereg &&
-               ls->fs->freereg >= ls->fs->nactvar);
+    lj_assertLS(ls->fs->framesize >= ls->fs->freereg &&
+                ls->fs->freereg >= ls->fs->nactvar,
+                "bad regalloc");
     ls->fs->freereg = ls->fs->nactvar;  /* Free registers after each stmt. */
   }
   synlevel_end(ls);
@@ -2749,13 +2737,12 @@ GCproto *lj_parse(LexState *ls)
   bcemit_AD(&fs, BC_FUNCV, 0, 0);  /* Placeholder. */
   lj_lex_next(ls);  /* Read-ahead first token. */
   parse_chunk(ls);
-  if (ls->token != TK_eof)
+  if (ls->tok != TK_eof)
     err_token(ls, TK_eof);
   pt = fs_finish(ls, ls->linenumber);
   L->top--;  /* Drop chunkname. */
-  lua_assert(fs.prev == NULL);
-  lua_assert(ls->fs == NULL);
-  lua_assert(pt->sizeuv == 0);
+  lj_assertL(fs.prev == NULL && ls->fs == NULL, "mismatched frame nesting");
+  lj_assertL(pt->sizeuv == 0, "toplevel proto has upvalues");
   return pt;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lj_prng.c b/src/lj_prng.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..326b41e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lj_prng.c
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+/*
+** Pseudo-random number generation.
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+*/
+
+#define lj_prng_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+/* To get the syscall prototype. */
+#if defined(__linux__) && !defined(_GNU_SOURCE)
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#endif
+
+#include "lj_def.h"
+#include "lj_arch.h"
+#include "lj_prng.h"
+
+/* -- PRNG step function -------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* This implements a Tausworthe PRNG with period 2^223. Based on:
+**   Tables of maximally-equidistributed combined LFSR generators,
+**   Pierre L'Ecuyer, 1991, table 3, 1st entry.
+** Full-period ME-CF generator with L=64, J=4, k=223, N1=49.
+**
+** Important note: This PRNG is NOT suitable for cryptographic use!
+**
+** But it works fine for math.random(), which has an API that's not
+** suitable for cryptography, anyway.
+**
+** When used as a securely seeded global PRNG, it substantially raises
+** the difficulty for various attacks on the VM.
+*/
+
+/* Update generator i and compute a running xor of all states. */
+#define TW223_GEN(rs, z, r, i, k, q, s) \
+  z = rs->u[i]; \
+  z = (((z<<q)^z) >> (k-s)) ^ ((z&((uint64_t)(int64_t)-1 << (64-k)))<<s); \
+  r ^= z; rs->u[i] = z;
+
+#define TW223_STEP(rs, z, r) \
+  TW223_GEN(rs, z, r, 0, 63, 31, 18) \
+  TW223_GEN(rs, z, r, 1, 58, 19, 28) \
+  TW223_GEN(rs, z, r, 2, 55, 24,  7) \
+  TW223_GEN(rs, z, r, 3, 47, 21,  8)
+
+/* PRNG step function with uint64_t result. */
+LJ_NOINLINE uint64_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_prng_u64(PRNGState *rs)
+{
+  uint64_t z, r = 0;
+  TW223_STEP(rs, z, r)
+  return r;
+}
+
+/* PRNG step function with double in uint64_t result. */
+LJ_NOINLINE uint64_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_prng_u64d(PRNGState *rs)
+{
+  uint64_t z, r = 0;
+  TW223_STEP(rs, z, r)
+  /* Returns a double bit pattern in the range 1.0 <= d < 2.0. */
+  return (r & U64x(000fffff,ffffffff)) | U64x(3ff00000,00000000);
+}
+
+/* Condition seed: ensure k[i] MSB of u[i] are non-zero. */
+static LJ_AINLINE void lj_prng_condition(PRNGState *rs)
+{
+  if (rs->u[0] < (1u << 1)) rs->u[0] += (1u << 1);
+  if (rs->u[1] < (1u << 6)) rs->u[1] += (1u << 6);
+  if (rs->u[2] < (1u << 9)) rs->u[2] += (1u << 9);
+  if (rs->u[3] < (1u << 17)) rs->u[3] += (1u << 17);
+}
+
+/* -- PRNG seeding from OS ------------------------------------------------ */
+
+#if LUAJIT_SECURITY_PRNG == 0
+
+/* Nothing to define. */
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_XBOX360
+
+extern int XNetRandom(void *buf, unsigned int len);
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_PS3
+
+extern int sys_get_random_number(void *buf, uint64_t len);
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_PS4 || LJ_TARGET_PS5 || LJ_TARGET_PSVITA
+
+extern int sceRandomGetRandomNumber(void *buf, size_t len);
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_NX
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS || LJ_TARGET_XBOXONE
+
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#include <windows.h>
+
+#if LJ_TARGET_UWP || LJ_TARGET_XBOXONE
+/* Must use BCryptGenRandom. */
+#include <bcrypt.h>
+#pragma comment(lib, "bcrypt.lib")
+#else
+/* If you wonder about this mess, then search online for RtlGenRandom. */
+typedef BOOLEAN (WINAPI *PRGR)(void *buf, ULONG len);
+static PRGR libfunc_rgr;
+#endif
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_POSIX
+
+#if LJ_TARGET_LINUX
+/* Avoid a dependency on glibc 2.25+ and use the getrandom syscall instead. */
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#else
+
+#if LJ_TARGET_OSX && !LJ_TARGET_IOS
+/*
+** In their infinite wisdom Apple decided to disallow getentropy() in the
+** iOS App Store. Even though the call is common to all BSD-ish OS, it's
+** recommended by Apple in their own security-related docs, and, to top
+** off the foolery, /dev/urandom is handled by the same kernel code,
+** yet accessing it is actually permitted (but less efficient).
+*/
+#include <Availability.h>
+#if __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= 101200
+#define LJ_TARGET_HAS_GETENTROPY        1
+#endif
+#elif (LJ_TARGET_BSD && !defined(__NetBSD__)) || LJ_TARGET_SOLARIS || LJ_TARGET_CYGWIN || LJ_TARGET_QNX
+#define LJ_TARGET_HAS_GETENTROPY        1
+#endif
+
+#if LJ_TARGET_HAS_GETENTROPY
+extern int getentropy(void *buf, size_t len)
+#ifdef __ELF__
+  __attribute__((weak))
+#endif
+;
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+/* For the /dev/urandom fallback. */
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#endif
+
+#if LUAJIT_SECURITY_PRNG == 0
+
+/* If you really don't care about security, then define
+** LUAJIT_SECURITY_PRNG=0. This yields a predictable seed
+** and provides NO SECURITY against various attacks on the VM.
+**
+** BTW: This is NOT the way to get predictable table iteration,
+** predictable trace generation, predictable bytecode generation, etc.
+*/
+int LJ_FASTCALL lj_prng_seed_secure(PRNGState *rs)
+{
+  lj_prng_seed_fixed(rs);  /* The fixed seed is already conditioned. */
+  return 1;
+}
+
+#else
+
+/* Securely seed PRNG from system entropy. Returns 0 on failure. */
+int LJ_FASTCALL lj_prng_seed_secure(PRNGState *rs)
+{
+#if LJ_TARGET_XBOX360
+
+  if (XNetRandom(rs->u, (unsigned int)sizeof(rs->u)) == 0)
+    goto ok;
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_PS3
+
+  if (sys_get_random_number(rs->u, sizeof(rs->u)) == 0)
+    goto ok;
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_PS4 || LJ_TARGET_PS5 || LJ_TARGET_PSVITA
+
+  if (sceRandomGetRandomNumber(rs->u, sizeof(rs->u)) == 0)
+    goto ok;
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_NX
+
+  if (getentropy(rs->u, sizeof(rs->u)) == 0)
+    goto ok;
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_UWP || LJ_TARGET_XBOXONE
+
+  if (BCryptGenRandom(NULL, (PUCHAR)(rs->u), (ULONG)sizeof(rs->u),
+                      BCRYPT_USE_SYSTEM_PREFERRED_RNG) >= 0)
+    goto ok;
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS
+
+  /* Keep the library loaded in case multiple VMs are started. */
+  if (!libfunc_rgr) {
+    HMODULE lib = LJ_WIN_LOADLIBA("advapi32.dll");
+    if (!lib) return 0;
+    libfunc_rgr = (PRGR)GetProcAddress(lib, "SystemFunction036");
+    if (!libfunc_rgr) return 0;
+  }
+  if (libfunc_rgr(rs->u, (ULONG)sizeof(rs->u)))
+    goto ok;
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_POSIX
+
+#if LJ_TARGET_LINUX && defined(SYS_getrandom)
+
+  if (syscall(SYS_getrandom, rs->u, sizeof(rs->u), 0) == (long)sizeof(rs->u))
+    goto ok;
+
+#elif LJ_TARGET_HAS_GETENTROPY
+
+#ifdef __ELF__
+  if (&getentropy && getentropy(rs->u, sizeof(rs->u)) == 0)
+    goto ok;
+#else
+  if (getentropy(rs->u, sizeof(rs->u)) == 0)
+    goto ok;
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+  /* Fallback to /dev/urandom. This may fail if the device is not
+  ** existent or accessible in a chroot or container, or if the process
+  ** or the OS ran out of file descriptors.
+  */
+  {
+    int fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
+    if (fd != -1) {
+      ssize_t n = read(fd, rs->u, sizeof(rs->u));
+      (void)close(fd);
+      if (n == (ssize_t)sizeof(rs->u))
+        goto ok;
+    }
+  }
+
+#else
+
+  /* Add an elif above for your OS with a secure PRNG seed.
+  ** Note that fiddling around with rand(), getpid(), time() or coercing
+  ** ASLR to yield a few bits of randomness is not helpful.
+  ** If you don't want any security, then don't pretend you have any
+  ** and simply define LUAJIT_SECURITY_PRNG=0 for the build.
+  */
+#error "Missing secure PRNG seed for this OS"
+
+#endif
+  return 0;  /* Fail. */
+
+ok:
+  lj_prng_condition(rs);
+  (void)lj_prng_u64(rs);
+  return 1;  /* Success. */
+}
+
+#endif
+
diff --git a/src/lj_prng.h b/src/lj_prng.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3dd9dbc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lj_prng.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*
+** Pseudo-random number generation.
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef _LJ_PRNG_H
+#define _LJ_PRNG_H
+
+#include "lj_def.h"
+
+LJ_FUNC int LJ_FASTCALL lj_prng_seed_secure(PRNGState *rs);
+LJ_FUNC uint64_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_prng_u64(PRNGState *rs);
+LJ_FUNC uint64_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_prng_u64d(PRNGState *rs);
+
+/* This is just the precomputed result of lib_math.c:random_seed(rs, 0.0). */
+static LJ_AINLINE void lj_prng_seed_fixed(PRNGState *rs)
+{
+  rs->u[0] = U64x(a0d27757,0a345b8c);
+  rs->u[1] = U64x(764a296c,5d4aa64f);
+  rs->u[2] = U64x(51220704,070adeaa);
+  rs->u[3] = U64x(2a2717b5,a7b7b927);
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/lj_profile.c b/src/lj_profile.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8cefd5fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lj_profile.c
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+/*
+** Low-overhead profiling.
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+*/
+
+#define lj_profile_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lj_obj.h"
+
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+
+#include "lj_buf.h"
+#include "lj_frame.h"
+#include "lj_debug.h"
+#include "lj_dispatch.h"
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+#include "lj_jit.h"
+#include "lj_trace.h"
+#endif
+#include "lj_profile.h"
+
+#include "luajit.h"
+
+#if LJ_PROFILE_SIGPROF
+
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#define profile_lock(ps)        UNUSED(ps)
+#define profile_unlock(ps)      UNUSED(ps)
+
+#elif LJ_PROFILE_PTHREAD
+
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#if LJ_TARGET_PS3
+#include <sys/timer.h>
+#endif
+#define profile_lock(ps)        pthread_mutex_lock(&ps->lock)
+#define profile_unlock(ps)      pthread_mutex_unlock(&ps->lock)
+
+#elif LJ_PROFILE_WTHREAD
+
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#if LJ_TARGET_XBOX360
+#include <xtl.h>
+#include <xbox.h>
+#else
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+typedef unsigned int (WINAPI *WMM_TPFUNC)(unsigned int);
+#define profile_lock(ps)        EnterCriticalSection(&ps->lock)
+#define profile_unlock(ps)      LeaveCriticalSection(&ps->lock)
+
+#endif
+
+/* Profiler state. */
+typedef struct ProfileState {
+  global_State *g;              /* VM state that started the profiler. */
+  luaJIT_profile_callback cb;   /* Profiler callback. */
+  void *data;                   /* Profiler callback data. */
+  SBuf sb;                      /* String buffer for stack dumps. */
+  int interval;                 /* Sample interval in milliseconds. */
+  int samples;                  /* Number of samples for next callback. */
+  int vmstate;                  /* VM state when profile timer triggered. */
+#if LJ_PROFILE_SIGPROF
+  struct sigaction oldsa;       /* Previous SIGPROF state. */
+#elif LJ_PROFILE_PTHREAD
+  pthread_mutex_t lock;         /* g->hookmask update lock. */
+  pthread_t thread;             /* Timer thread. */
+  int abort;                    /* Abort timer thread. */
+#elif LJ_PROFILE_WTHREAD
+#if LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS
+  HINSTANCE wmm;                /* WinMM library handle. */
+  WMM_TPFUNC wmm_tbp;           /* WinMM timeBeginPeriod function. */
+  WMM_TPFUNC wmm_tep;           /* WinMM timeEndPeriod function. */
+#endif
+  CRITICAL_SECTION lock;        /* g->hookmask update lock. */
+  HANDLE thread;                /* Timer thread. */
+  int abort;                    /* Abort timer thread. */
+#endif
+} ProfileState;
+
+/* Sadly, we have to use a static profiler state.
+**
+** The SIGPROF variant needs a static pointer to the global state, anyway.
+** And it would be hard to extend for multiple threads. You can still use
+** multiple VMs in multiple threads, but only profile one at a time.
+*/
+static ProfileState profile_state;
+
+/* Default sample interval in milliseconds. */
+#define LJ_PROFILE_INTERVAL_DEFAULT     10
+
+/* -- Profiler/hook interaction ------------------------------------------- */
+
+#if !LJ_PROFILE_SIGPROF
+void LJ_FASTCALL lj_profile_hook_enter(global_State *g)
+{
+  ProfileState *ps = &profile_state;
+  if (ps->g) {
+    profile_lock(ps);
+    hook_enter(g);
+    profile_unlock(ps);
+  } else {
+    hook_enter(g);
+  }
+}
+
+void LJ_FASTCALL lj_profile_hook_leave(global_State *g)
+{
+  ProfileState *ps = &profile_state;
+  if (ps->g) {
+    profile_lock(ps);
+    hook_leave(g);
+    profile_unlock(ps);
+  } else {
+    hook_leave(g);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/* -- Profile callbacks --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Callback from profile hook (HOOK_PROFILE already cleared). */
+void LJ_FASTCALL lj_profile_interpreter(lua_State *L)
+{
+  ProfileState *ps = &profile_state;
+  global_State *g = G(L);
+  uint8_t mask;
+  profile_lock(ps);
+  mask = (g->hookmask & ~HOOK_PROFILE);
+  if (!(mask & HOOK_VMEVENT)) {
+    int samples = ps->samples;
+    ps->samples = 0;
+    g->hookmask = HOOK_VMEVENT;
+    lj_dispatch_update(g);
+    profile_unlock(ps);
+    ps->cb(ps->data, L, samples, ps->vmstate);  /* Invoke user callback. */
+    profile_lock(ps);
+    mask |= (g->hookmask & HOOK_PROFILE);
+  }
+  g->hookmask = mask;
+  lj_dispatch_update(g);
+  profile_unlock(ps);
+}
+
+/* Trigger profile hook. Asynchronous call from OS-specific profile timer. */
+static void profile_trigger(ProfileState *ps)
+{
+  global_State *g = ps->g;
+  uint8_t mask;
+  profile_lock(ps);
+  ps->samples++;  /* Always increment number of samples. */
+  mask = g->hookmask;
+  if (!(mask & (HOOK_PROFILE|HOOK_VMEVENT|HOOK_GC))) {  /* Set profile hook. */
+    int st = g->vmstate;
+    ps->vmstate = st >= 0 ? 'N' :
+                  st == ~LJ_VMST_INTERP ? 'I' :
+                  st == ~LJ_VMST_C ? 'C' :
+                  st == ~LJ_VMST_GC ? 'G' : 'J';
+    g->hookmask = (mask | HOOK_PROFILE);
+    lj_dispatch_update(g);
+  }
+  profile_unlock(ps);
+}
+
+/* -- OS-specific profile timer handling ---------------------------------- */
+
+#if LJ_PROFILE_SIGPROF
+
+/* SIGPROF handler. */
+static void profile_signal(int sig)
+{
+  UNUSED(sig);
+  profile_trigger(&profile_state);
+}
+
+/* Start profiling timer. */
+static void profile_timer_start(ProfileState *ps)
+{
+  int interval = ps->interval;
+  struct itimerval tm;
+  struct sigaction sa;
+  tm.it_value.tv_sec = tm.it_interval.tv_sec = interval / 1000;
+  tm.it_value.tv_usec = tm.it_interval.tv_usec = (interval % 1000) * 1000;
+  setitimer(ITIMER_PROF, &tm, NULL);
+#if LJ_TARGET_QNX
+  sa.sa_flags = 0;
+#else
+  sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
+#endif
+  sa.sa_handler = profile_signal;
+  sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
+  sigaction(SIGPROF, &sa, &ps->oldsa);
+}
+
+/* Stop profiling timer. */
+static void profile_timer_stop(ProfileState *ps)
+{
+  struct itimerval tm;
+  tm.it_value.tv_sec = tm.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;
+  tm.it_value.tv_usec = tm.it_interval.tv_usec = 0;
+  setitimer(ITIMER_PROF, &tm, NULL);
+  sigaction(SIGPROF, &ps->oldsa, NULL);
+}
+
+#elif LJ_PROFILE_PTHREAD
+
+/* POSIX timer thread. */
+static void *profile_thread(ProfileState *ps)
+{
+  int interval = ps->interval;
+#if !LJ_TARGET_PS3
+  struct timespec ts;
+  ts.tv_sec = interval / 1000;
+  ts.tv_nsec = (interval % 1000) * 1000000;
+#endif
+  while (1) {
+#if LJ_TARGET_PS3
+    sys_timer_usleep(interval * 1000);
+#else
+    nanosleep(&ts, NULL);
+#endif
+    if (ps->abort) break;
+    profile_trigger(ps);
+  }
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Start profiling timer thread. */
+static void profile_timer_start(ProfileState *ps)
+{
+  pthread_mutex_init(&ps->lock, 0);
+  ps->abort = 0;
+  pthread_create(&ps->thread, NULL, (void *(*)(void *))profile_thread, ps);
+}
+
+/* Stop profiling timer thread. */
+static void profile_timer_stop(ProfileState *ps)
+{
+  ps->abort = 1;
+  pthread_join(ps->thread, NULL);
+  pthread_mutex_destroy(&ps->lock);
+}
+
+#elif LJ_PROFILE_WTHREAD
+
+/* Windows timer thread. */
+static DWORD WINAPI profile_thread(void *psx)
+{
+  ProfileState *ps = (ProfileState *)psx;
+  int interval = ps->interval;
+#if LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS && !LJ_TARGET_UWP
+  ps->wmm_tbp(interval);
+#endif
+  while (1) {
+    Sleep(interval);
+    if (ps->abort) break;
+    profile_trigger(ps);
+  }
+#if LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS && !LJ_TARGET_UWP
+  ps->wmm_tep(interval);
+#endif
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Start profiling timer thread. */
+static void profile_timer_start(ProfileState *ps)
+{
+#if LJ_TARGET_WINDOWS && !LJ_TARGET_UWP
+  if (!ps->wmm) {  /* Load WinMM library on-demand. */
+    ps->wmm = LJ_WIN_LOADLIBA("winmm.dll");
+    if (ps->wmm) {
+      ps->wmm_tbp = (WMM_TPFUNC)GetProcAddress(ps->wmm, "timeBeginPeriod");
+      ps->wmm_tep = (WMM_TPFUNC)GetProcAddress(ps->wmm, "timeEndPeriod");
+      if (!ps->wmm_tbp || !ps->wmm_tep) {
+        ps->wmm = NULL;
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  InitializeCriticalSection(&ps->lock);
+  ps->abort = 0;
+  ps->thread = CreateThread(NULL, 0, profile_thread, ps, 0, NULL);
+}
+
+/* Stop profiling timer thread. */
+static void profile_timer_stop(ProfileState *ps)
+{
+  ps->abort = 1;
+  WaitForSingleObject(ps->thread, INFINITE);
+  DeleteCriticalSection(&ps->lock);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/* -- Public profiling API ------------------------------------------------ */
+
+/* Start profiling. */
+LUA_API void luaJIT_profile_start(lua_State *L, const char *mode,
+                                  luaJIT_profile_callback cb, void *data)
+{
+  ProfileState *ps = &profile_state;
+  int interval = LJ_PROFILE_INTERVAL_DEFAULT;
+  while (*mode) {
+    int m = *mode++;
+    switch (m) {
+    case 'i':
+      interval = 0;
+      while (*mode >= '0' && *mode <= '9')
+        interval = interval * 10 + (*mode++ - '0');
+      if (interval <= 0) interval = 1;
+      break;
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+    case 'l': case 'f':
+      L2J(L)->prof_mode = m;
+      lj_trace_flushall(L);
+      break;
+#endif
+    default:  /* Ignore unknown mode chars. */
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (ps->g) {
+    luaJIT_profile_stop(L);
+    if (ps->g) return;  /* Profiler in use by another VM. */
+  }
+  ps->g = G(L);
+  ps->interval = interval;
+  ps->cb = cb;
+  ps->data = data;
+  ps->samples = 0;
+  lj_buf_init(L, &ps->sb);
+  profile_timer_start(ps);
+}
+
+/* Stop profiling. */
+LUA_API void luaJIT_profile_stop(lua_State *L)
+{
+  ProfileState *ps = &profile_state;
+  global_State *g = ps->g;
+  if (G(L) == g) {  /* Only stop profiler if started by this VM. */
+    profile_timer_stop(ps);
+    g->hookmask &= ~HOOK_PROFILE;
+    lj_dispatch_update(g);
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+    G2J(g)->prof_mode = 0;
+    lj_trace_flushall(L);
+#endif
+    lj_buf_free(g, &ps->sb);
+    ps->sb.w = ps->sb.e = NULL;
+    ps->g = NULL;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Return a compact stack dump. */
+LUA_API const char *luaJIT_profile_dumpstack(lua_State *L, const char *fmt,
+                                             int depth, size_t *len)
+{
+  ProfileState *ps = &profile_state;
+  SBuf *sb = &ps->sb;
+  setsbufL(sb, L);
+  lj_buf_reset(sb);
+  lj_debug_dumpstack(L, sb, fmt, depth);
+  *len = (size_t)sbuflen(sb);
+  return sb->b;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/lj_profile.h b/src/lj_profile.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..68bb9a1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lj_profile.h
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/*
+** Low-overhead profiling.
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef _LJ_PROFILE_H
+#define _LJ_PROFILE_H
+
+#include "lj_obj.h"
+
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+
+LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL lj_profile_interpreter(lua_State *L);
+#if !LJ_PROFILE_SIGPROF
+LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL lj_profile_hook_enter(global_State *g);
+LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL lj_profile_hook_leave(global_State *g);
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/lj_record.c b/src/lj_record.c
index 0e14382c..9d0021a6 100644
--- a/src/lj_record.c
+++ b/src/lj_record.c
@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@
 #endif
 #include "lj_bc.h"
 #include "lj_ff.h"
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+#include "lj_debug.h"
+#endif
 #include "lj_ir.h"
 #include "lj_jit.h"
 #include "lj_ircall.h"
@@ -30,6 +33,7 @@
 #include "lj_snap.h"
 #include "lj_dispatch.h"
 #include "lj_vm.h"
+#include "lj_prng.h"
 
 /* Some local macros to save typing. Undef'd at the end. */
 #define IR(ref)                 (&J->cur.ir[(ref)])
@@ -47,31 +51,52 @@
 static void rec_check_ir(jit_State *J)
 {
   IRRef i, nins = J->cur.nins, nk = J->cur.nk;
-  lua_assert(nk <= REF_BIAS && nins >= REF_BIAS && nins < 65536);
-  for (i = nins-1; i >= nk; i--) {
+  lj_assertJ(nk <= REF_BIAS && nins >= REF_BIAS && nins < 65536,
+             "inconsistent IR layout");
+  for (i = nk; i < nins; i++) {
     IRIns *ir = IR(i);
     uint32_t mode = lj_ir_mode[ir->o];
     IRRef op1 = ir->op1;
     IRRef op2 = ir->op2;
+    const char *err = NULL;
     switch (irm_op1(mode)) {
-    case IRMnone: lua_assert(op1 == 0); break;
-    case IRMref: lua_assert(op1 >= nk);
-      lua_assert(i >= REF_BIAS ? op1 < i : op1 > i); break;
+    case IRMnone:
+      if (op1 != 0) err = "IRMnone op1 used";
+      break;
+    case IRMref:
+      if (op1 < nk || (i >= REF_BIAS ? op1 >= i : op1 <= i))
+        err = "IRMref op1 out of range";
+      break;
     case IRMlit: break;
-    case IRMcst: lua_assert(i < REF_BIAS); continue;
+    case IRMcst:
+      if (i >= REF_BIAS) { err = "constant in IR range"; break; }
+      if (irt_is64(ir->t) && ir->o != IR_KNULL)
+        i++;
+      continue;
     }
     switch (irm_op2(mode)) {
-    case IRMnone: lua_assert(op2 == 0); break;
-    case IRMref: lua_assert(op2 >= nk);
-      lua_assert(i >= REF_BIAS ? op2 < i : op2 > i); break;
+    case IRMnone:
+      if (op2) err = "IRMnone op2 used";
+      break;
+    case IRMref:
+      if (op2 < nk || (i >= REF_BIAS ? op2 >= i : op2 <= i))
+        err = "IRMref op2 out of range";
+      break;
     case IRMlit: break;
-    case IRMcst: lua_assert(0); break;
+    case IRMcst: err = "IRMcst op2"; break;
     }
-    if (ir->prev) {
-      lua_assert(ir->prev >= nk);
-      lua_assert(i >= REF_BIAS ? ir->prev < i : ir->prev > i);
-      lua_assert(ir->o == IR_NOP || IR(ir->prev)->o == ir->o);
+    if (!err && ir->prev) {
+      if (ir->prev < nk || (i >= REF_BIAS ? ir->prev >= i : ir->prev <= i))
+        err = "chain out of range";
+      else if (ir->o != IR_NOP && IR(ir->prev)->o != ir->o)
+        err = "chain to different op";
     }
+    lj_assertJ(!err, "bad IR %04d op %d(%04d,%04d): %s",
+               i-REF_BIAS,
+               ir->o,
+               irm_op1(mode) == IRMref ? op1-REF_BIAS : op1,
+               irm_op2(mode) == IRMref ? op2-REF_BIAS : op2,
+               err);
   }
 }
 
@@ -81,48 +106,80 @@ static void rec_check_slots(jit_State *J)
   BCReg s, nslots = J->baseslot + J->maxslot;
   int32_t depth = 0;
   cTValue *base = J->L->base - J->baseslot;
-  lua_assert(J->baseslot >= 1);
-  lua_assert(J->baseslot == 1 || (J->slot[J->baseslot-1] & TREF_FRAME));
-  lua_assert(nslots <= LJ_MAX_JSLOTS);
+  lj_assertJ(J->baseslot >= 1+LJ_FR2, "bad baseslot");
+  lj_assertJ(J->baseslot == 1+LJ_FR2 || (J->slot[J->baseslot-1] & TREF_FRAME),
+             "baseslot does not point to frame");
+  lj_assertJ(nslots <= LJ_MAX_JSLOTS, "slot overflow");
   for (s = 0; s < nslots; s++) {
     TRef tr = J->slot[s];
     if (tr) {
       cTValue *tv = &base[s];
       IRRef ref = tref_ref(tr);
-      IRIns *ir;
-      lua_assert(ref >= J->cur.nk && ref < J->cur.nins);
-      ir = IR(ref);
-      lua_assert(irt_t(ir->t) == tref_t(tr));
+      IRIns *ir = NULL;  /* Silence compiler. */
+      lj_assertJ(tv < J->L->top, "slot %d above top of Lua stack", s);
+      if (!LJ_FR2 || ref || !(tr & (TREF_FRAME | TREF_CONT))) {
+        lj_assertJ(ref >= J->cur.nk && ref < J->cur.nins,
+                   "slot %d ref %04d out of range", s, ref - REF_BIAS);
+        ir = IR(ref);
+        lj_assertJ(irt_t(ir->t) == tref_t(tr), "slot %d IR type mismatch", s);
+      }
       if (s == 0) {
-        lua_assert(tref_isfunc(tr));
+        lj_assertJ(tref_isfunc(tr), "frame slot 0 is not a function");
+#if LJ_FR2
+      } else if (s == 1) {
+        lj_assertJ((tr & ~TREF_FRAME) == 0, "bad frame slot 1");
+#endif
       } else if ((tr & TREF_FRAME)) {
         GCfunc *fn = gco2func(frame_gc(tv));
         BCReg delta = (BCReg)(tv - frame_prev(tv));
-        lua_assert(tref_isfunc(tr));
-        if (tref_isk(tr)) lua_assert(fn == ir_kfunc(ir));
-        lua_assert(s > delta ? (J->slot[s-delta] & TREF_FRAME) : (s == delta));
+#if LJ_FR2
+        lj_assertJ(!ref || ir_knum(ir)->u64 == tv->u64,
+                   "frame slot %d PC mismatch", s);
+        tr = J->slot[s-1];
+        ir = IR(tref_ref(tr));
+#endif
+        lj_assertJ(tref_isfunc(tr),
+                   "frame slot %d is not a function", s-LJ_FR2);
+        lj_assertJ(!tref_isk(tr) || fn == ir_kfunc(ir),
+                   "frame slot %d function mismatch", s-LJ_FR2);
+        lj_assertJ(s > delta + LJ_FR2 ? (J->slot[s-delta] & TREF_FRAME)
+                                      : (s == delta + LJ_FR2),
+                   "frame slot %d broken chain", s-LJ_FR2);
         depth++;
       } else if ((tr & TREF_CONT)) {
-        lua_assert(ir_kptr(ir) == gcrefp(tv->gcr, void));
-        lua_assert((J->slot[s+1] & TREF_FRAME));
+#if LJ_FR2
+        lj_assertJ(!ref || ir_knum(ir)->u64 == tv->u64,
+                   "cont slot %d continuation mismatch", s);
+#else
+        lj_assertJ(ir_kptr(ir) == gcrefp(tv->gcr, void),
+                   "cont slot %d continuation mismatch", s);
+#endif
+        lj_assertJ((J->slot[s+1+LJ_FR2] & TREF_FRAME),
+                   "cont slot %d not followed by frame", s);
         depth++;
+      } else if ((tr & TREF_KEYINDEX)) {
+        lj_assertJ(tref_isint(tr), "keyindex slot %d bad type %d",
+                                   s, tref_type(tr));
       } else {
-        if (tvisnumber(tv))
-          lua_assert(tref_isnumber(tr));  /* Could be IRT_INT etc., too. */
-        else
-          lua_assert(itype2irt(tv) == tref_type(tr));
+        /* Number repr. may differ, but other types must be the same. */
+        lj_assertJ(tvisnumber(tv) ? tref_isnumber(tr) :
+                                    itype2irt(tv) == tref_type(tr),
+                   "slot %d type mismatch: stack type %d vs IR type %d",
+                   s, itypemap(tv), tref_type(tr));
         if (tref_isk(tr)) {  /* Compare constants. */
           TValue tvk;
           lj_ir_kvalue(J->L, &tvk, ir);
-          if (!(tvisnum(&tvk) && tvisnan(&tvk)))
-            lua_assert(lj_obj_equal(tv, &tvk));
-          else
-            lua_assert(tvisnum(tv) && tvisnan(tv));
+          lj_assertJ((tvisnum(&tvk) && tvisnan(&tvk)) ?
+                     (tvisnum(tv) && tvisnan(tv)) :
+                     lj_obj_equal(tv, &tvk),
+                     "slot %d const mismatch: stack %016llx vs IR %016llx",
+                     s, tv->u64, tvk.u64);
         }
       }
     }
   }
-  lua_assert(J->framedepth == depth);
+  lj_assertJ(J->framedepth == depth,
+             "frame depth mismatch %d vs %d", J->framedepth, depth);
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -156,10 +213,11 @@ static TRef sload(jit_State *J, int32_t slot)
 /* Get TRef for current function. */
 static TRef getcurrf(jit_State *J)
 {
-  if (J->base[-1])
-    return J->base[-1];
-  lua_assert(J->baseslot == 1);
-  return sloadt(J, -1, IRT_FUNC, IRSLOAD_READONLY);
+  if (J->base[-1-LJ_FR2])
+    return J->base[-1-LJ_FR2];
+  /* Non-base frame functions ought to be loaded already. */
+  lj_assertJ(J->baseslot == 1+LJ_FR2, "bad baseslot");
+  return sloadt(J, -1-LJ_FR2, IRT_FUNC, IRSLOAD_READONLY);
 }
 
 /* Compare for raw object equality.
@@ -205,6 +263,14 @@ TRef lj_record_constify(jit_State *J, cTValue *o)
     return 0;  /* Can't represent lightuserdata (pointless). */
 }
 
+/* Emit a VLOAD with the correct type. */
+TRef lj_record_vload(jit_State *J, TRef ref, MSize idx, IRType t)
+{
+  TRef tr = emitir(IRTG(IR_VLOAD, t), ref, idx);
+  if (irtype_ispri(t)) tr = TREF_PRI(t);  /* Canonicalize primitives. */
+  return tr;
+}
+
 /* -- Record loop ops ----------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Loop event. */
@@ -221,17 +287,21 @@ static void canonicalize_slots(jit_State *J)
   if (LJ_DUALNUM) return;
   for (s = J->baseslot+J->maxslot-1; s >= 1; s--) {
     TRef tr = J->slot[s];
-    if (tref_isinteger(tr)) {
+    if (tref_isinteger(tr) && !(tr & TREF_KEYINDEX)) {
       IRIns *ir = IR(tref_ref(tr));
-      if (!(ir->o == IR_SLOAD && (ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_READONLY)))
+      if (!(ir->o == IR_SLOAD && (ir->op2 & (IRSLOAD_READONLY))))
         J->slot[s] = emitir(IRTN(IR_CONV), tr, IRCONV_NUM_INT);
     }
   }
 }
 
 /* Stop recording. */
-static void rec_stop(jit_State *J, TraceLink linktype, TraceNo lnk)
+void lj_record_stop(jit_State *J, TraceLink linktype, TraceNo lnk)
 {
+#ifdef LUAJIT_ENABLE_TABLE_BUMP
+  if (J->retryrec)
+    lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_RETRY);
+#endif
   lj_trace_end(J);
   J->cur.linktype = (uint8_t)linktype;
   J->cur.link = (uint16_t)lnk;
@@ -399,7 +469,8 @@ static void rec_for_loop(jit_State *J, const BCIns *fori, ScEvEntry *scev,
   TRef stop = fori_arg(J, fori, ra+FORL_STOP, t, mode);
   TRef step = fori_arg(J, fori, ra+FORL_STEP, t, mode);
   int tc, dir = rec_for_direction(&tv[FORL_STEP]);
-  lua_assert(bc_op(*fori) == BC_FORI || bc_op(*fori) == BC_JFORI);
+  lj_assertJ(bc_op(*fori) == BC_FORI || bc_op(*fori) == BC_JFORI,
+             "bad bytecode %d instead of FORI/JFORI", bc_op(*fori));
   scev->t.irt = t;
   scev->dir = dir;
   scev->stop = tref_ref(stop);
@@ -455,7 +526,7 @@ static LoopEvent rec_for(jit_State *J, const BCIns *fori, int isforl)
                                                    IRT_NUM;
     for (i = FORL_IDX; i <= FORL_STEP; i++) {
       if (!tr[i]) sload(J, ra+i);
-      lua_assert(tref_isnumber_str(tr[i]));
+      lj_assertJ(tref_isnumber_str(tr[i]), "bad FORI argument type");
       if (tref_isstr(tr[i]))
         tr[i] = emitir(IRTG(IR_STRTO, IRT_NUM), tr[i], 0);
       if (t == IRT_INT) {
@@ -499,8 +570,7 @@ static LoopEvent rec_for(jit_State *J, const BCIns *fori, int isforl)
 static LoopEvent rec_iterl(jit_State *J, const BCIns iterins)
 {
   BCReg ra = bc_a(iterins);
-  lua_assert(J->base[ra] != 0);
-  if (!tref_isnil(J->base[ra])) {  /* Looping back? */
+  if (!tref_isnil(getslot(J, ra))) {  /* Looping back? */
     J->base[ra-1] = J->base[ra];  /* Copy result of ITERC to control var. */
     J->maxslot = ra-1+bc_b(J->pc[-1]);
     J->pc += bc_j(iterins)+1;
@@ -538,12 +608,13 @@ static int innerloopleft(jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc)
 /* Handle the case when an interpreted loop op is hit. */
 static void rec_loop_interp(jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc, LoopEvent ev)
 {
-  if (J->parent == 0) {
+  if (J->parent == 0 && J->exitno == 0) {
     if (pc == J->startpc && J->framedepth + J->retdepth == 0) {
+      if (bc_op(J->cur.startins) == BC_ITERN) return;  /* See rec_itern(). */
       /* Same loop? */
       if (ev == LOOPEV_LEAVE)  /* Must loop back to form a root trace. */
         lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_LLEAVE);
-      rec_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_LOOP, J->cur.traceno);  /* Looping root trace. */
+      lj_record_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_LOOP, J->cur.traceno);  /* Looping trace. */
     } else if (ev != LOOPEV_LEAVE) {  /* Entering inner loop? */
       /* It's usually better to abort here and wait until the inner loop
       ** is traced. But if the inner loop repeatedly didn't loop back,
@@ -568,18 +639,136 @@ static void rec_loop_interp(jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc, LoopEvent ev)
 /* Handle the case when an already compiled loop op is hit. */
 static void rec_loop_jit(jit_State *J, TraceNo lnk, LoopEvent ev)
 {
-  if (J->parent == 0) {  /* Root trace hit an inner loop. */
+  if (J->parent == 0 && J->exitno == 0) {  /* Root trace hit an inner loop. */
     /* Better let the inner loop spawn a side trace back here. */
     lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_LINNER);
   } else if (ev != LOOPEV_LEAVE) {  /* Side trace enters a compiled loop. */
     J->instunroll = 0;  /* Cannot continue across a compiled loop op. */
     if (J->pc == J->startpc && J->framedepth + J->retdepth == 0)
-      rec_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_LOOP, J->cur.traceno);  /* Form an extra loop. */
+      lj_record_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_LOOP, J->cur.traceno);  /* Form extra loop. */
     else
-      rec_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_ROOT, lnk);  /* Link to the loop. */
+      lj_record_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_ROOT, lnk);  /* Link to the loop. */
   }  /* Side trace continues across a loop that's left or not entered. */
 }
 
+/* Record ITERN. */
+static LoopEvent rec_itern(jit_State *J, BCReg ra, BCReg rb)
+{
+#if LJ_BE
+  /* YAGNI: Disabled on big-endian due to issues with lj_vm_next,
+  ** IR_HIOP, RID_RETLO/RID_RETHI and ra_destpair.
+  */
+  UNUSED(ra); UNUSED(rb);
+  setintV(&J->errinfo, (int32_t)BC_ITERN);
+  lj_trace_err_info(J, LJ_TRERR_NYIBC);
+#else
+  RecordIndex ix;
+  /* Since ITERN is recorded at the start, we need our own loop detection. */
+  if (J->pc == J->startpc &&
+      J->framedepth + J->retdepth == 0 && J->parent == 0 && J->exitno == 0) {
+    IRRef ref = REF_FIRST + LJ_HASPROFILE;
+#ifdef LUAJIT_ENABLE_CHECKHOOK
+    ref += 3;
+#endif
+    if (J->cur.nins > ref ||
+       (LJ_HASPROFILE && J->cur.nins == ref && J->cur.ir[ref-1].o != IR_PROF)) {
+      J->instunroll = 0;  /* Cannot continue unrolling across an ITERN. */
+      lj_record_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_LOOP, J->cur.traceno);  /* Looping trace. */
+      return LOOPEV_ENTER;
+    }
+  }
+  J->maxslot = ra;
+  lj_snap_add(J);  /* Required to make JLOOP the first ins in a side-trace. */
+  ix.tab = getslot(J, ra-2);
+  ix.key = J->base[ra-1] ? J->base[ra-1] :
+           sloadt(J, (int32_t)(ra-1), IRT_GUARD|IRT_INT,
+                  IRSLOAD_TYPECHECK|IRSLOAD_KEYINDEX);
+  copyTV(J->L, &ix.tabv, &J->L->base[ra-2]);
+  copyTV(J->L, &ix.keyv, &J->L->base[ra-1]);
+  ix.idxchain = (rb < 3);  /* Omit value type check, if unused. */
+  ix.mobj = 1;  /* We need the next index, too. */
+  J->maxslot = ra + lj_record_next(J, &ix);
+  J->needsnap = 1;
+  if (!tref_isnil(ix.key)) {  /* Looping back? */
+    J->base[ra-1] = ix.mobj | TREF_KEYINDEX;  /* Control var has next index. */
+    J->base[ra] = ix.key;
+    J->base[ra+1] = ix.val;
+    J->pc += bc_j(J->pc[1])+2;
+    return LOOPEV_ENTER;
+  } else {
+    J->maxslot = ra-3;
+    J->pc += 2;
+    return LOOPEV_LEAVE;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/* Record ISNEXT. */
+static void rec_isnext(jit_State *J, BCReg ra)
+{
+  cTValue *b = &J->L->base[ra-3];
+  if (tvisfunc(b) && funcV(b)->c.ffid == FF_next &&
+      tvistab(b+1) && tvisnil(b+2)) {
+    /* These checks are folded away for a compiled pairs(). */
+    TRef func = getslot(J, ra-3);
+    TRef trid = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_U8), func, IRFL_FUNC_FFID);
+    emitir(IRTGI(IR_EQ), trid, lj_ir_kint(J, FF_next));
+    (void)getslot(J, ra-2); /* Type check for table. */
+    (void)getslot(J, ra-1); /* Type check for nil key. */
+    J->base[ra-1] = lj_ir_kint(J, 0) | TREF_KEYINDEX;
+    J->maxslot = ra;
+  } else {  /* Abort trace. Interpreter will despecialize bytecode. */
+    lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_RECERR);
+  }
+}
+
+/* -- Record profiler hook checks ----------------------------------------- */
+
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+
+/* Need to insert profiler hook check? */
+static int rec_profile_need(jit_State *J, GCproto *pt, const BCIns *pc)
+{
+  GCproto *ppt;
+  lj_assertJ(J->prof_mode == 'f' || J->prof_mode == 'l',
+             "bad profiler mode %c", J->prof_mode);
+  if (!pt)
+    return 0;
+  ppt = J->prev_pt;
+  J->prev_pt = pt;
+  if (pt != ppt && ppt) {
+    J->prev_line = -1;
+    return 1;
+  }
+  if (J->prof_mode == 'l') {
+    BCLine line = lj_debug_line(pt, proto_bcpos(pt, pc));
+    BCLine pline = J->prev_line;
+    J->prev_line = line;
+    if (pline != line)
+      return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static void rec_profile_ins(jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc)
+{
+  if (J->prof_mode && rec_profile_need(J, J->pt, pc)) {
+    emitir(IRTG(IR_PROF, IRT_NIL), 0, 0);
+    lj_snap_add(J);
+  }
+}
+
+static void rec_profile_ret(jit_State *J)
+{
+  if (J->prof_mode == 'f') {
+    emitir(IRTG(IR_PROF, IRT_NIL), 0, 0);
+    J->prev_pt = NULL;
+    lj_snap_add(J);
+  }
+}
+
+#endif
+
 /* -- Record calls and returns -------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* Specialize to the runtime value of the called function or its prototype. */
@@ -590,11 +779,26 @@ static TRef rec_call_specialize(jit_State *J, GCfunc *fn, TRef tr)
     GCproto *pt = funcproto(fn);
     /* Too many closures created? Probably not a monomorphic function. */
     if (pt->flags >= PROTO_CLC_POLY) {  /* Specialize to prototype instead. */
-      TRef trpt = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_P32), tr, IRFL_FUNC_PC);
-      emitir(IRTG(IR_EQ, IRT_P32), trpt, lj_ir_kptr(J, proto_bc(pt)));
+      TRef trpt = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_PGC), tr, IRFL_FUNC_PC);
+      emitir(IRTG(IR_EQ, IRT_PGC), trpt, lj_ir_kptr(J, proto_bc(pt)));
       (void)lj_ir_kgc(J, obj2gco(pt), IRT_PROTO);  /* Prevent GC of proto. */
       return tr;
     }
+  } else {
+    /* Don't specialize to non-monomorphic builtins. */
+    switch (fn->c.ffid) {
+    case FF_coroutine_wrap_aux:
+    case FF_string_gmatch_aux:
+      /* NYI: io_file_iter doesn't have an ffid, yet. */
+      {  /* Specialize to the ffid. */
+        TRef trid = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_U8), tr, IRFL_FUNC_FFID);
+        emitir(IRTGI(IR_EQ), trid, lj_ir_kint(J, fn->c.ffid));
+      }
+      return tr;
+    default:
+      /* NYI: don't specialize to non-monomorphic C functions. */
+      break;
+    }
   }
   /* Otherwise specialize to the function (closure) value itself. */
   kfunc = lj_ir_kfunc(J, fn);
@@ -607,21 +811,31 @@ static void rec_call_setup(jit_State *J, BCReg func, ptrdiff_t nargs)
 {
   RecordIndex ix;
   TValue *functv = &J->L->base[func];
-  TRef *fbase = &J->base[func];
+  TRef kfunc, *fbase = &J->base[func];
   ptrdiff_t i;
-  for (i = 0; i <= nargs; i++)
-    (void)getslot(J, func+i);  /* Ensure func and all args have a reference. */
+  (void)getslot(J, func); /* Ensure func has a reference. */
+  for (i = 1; i <= nargs; i++)
+    (void)getslot(J, func+LJ_FR2+i);  /* Ensure all args have a reference. */
   if (!tref_isfunc(fbase[0])) {  /* Resolve __call metamethod. */
     ix.tab = fbase[0];
     copyTV(J->L, &ix.tabv, functv);
     if (!lj_record_mm_lookup(J, &ix, MM_call) || !tref_isfunc(ix.mobj))
       lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_NOMM);
-    for (i = ++nargs; i > 0; i--)  /* Shift arguments up. */
-      fbase[i] = fbase[i-1];
+    for (i = ++nargs; i > LJ_FR2; i--)  /* Shift arguments up. */
+      fbase[i+LJ_FR2] = fbase[i+LJ_FR2-1];
+#if LJ_FR2
+    fbase[2] = fbase[0];
+#endif
     fbase[0] = ix.mobj;  /* Replace function. */
     functv = &ix.mobjv;
   }
-  fbase[0] = TREF_FRAME | rec_call_specialize(J, funcV(functv), fbase[0]);
+  kfunc = rec_call_specialize(J, funcV(functv), fbase[0]);
+#if LJ_FR2
+  fbase[0] = kfunc;
+  fbase[1] = TREF_FRAME;
+#else
+  fbase[0] = kfunc | TREF_FRAME;
+#endif
   J->maxslot = (BCReg)nargs;
 }
 
@@ -631,8 +845,8 @@ void lj_record_call(jit_State *J, BCReg func, ptrdiff_t nargs)
   rec_call_setup(J, func, nargs);
   /* Bump frame. */
   J->framedepth++;
-  J->base += func+1;
-  J->baseslot += func+1;
+  J->base += func+1+LJ_FR2;
+  J->baseslot += func+1+LJ_FR2;
   if (J->baseslot + J->maxslot >= LJ_MAX_JSLOTS)
     lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_STACKOV);
 }
@@ -650,7 +864,9 @@ void lj_record_tailcall(jit_State *J, BCReg func, ptrdiff_t nargs)
     func += cbase;
   }
   /* Move func + args down. */
-  memmove(&J->base[-1], &J->base[func], sizeof(TRef)*(J->maxslot+1));
+  if (LJ_FR2 && J->baseslot == 2)
+    J->base[func+1] = TREF_FRAME;
+  memmove(&J->base[-1-LJ_FR2], &J->base[func], sizeof(TRef)*(J->maxslot+1+LJ_FR2));
   /* Note: the new TREF_FRAME is now at J->base[-1] (even for slot #0). */
   /* Tailcalls can form a loop, so count towards the loop unroll limit. */
   if (++J->tailcalled > J->loopunroll)
@@ -680,6 +896,8 @@ static int check_downrec_unroll(jit_State *J, GCproto *pt)
   return 0;
 }
 
+static TRef rec_cat(jit_State *J, BCReg baseslot, BCReg topslot);
+
 /* Record return. */
 void lj_record_ret(jit_State *J, BCReg rbase, ptrdiff_t gotresults)
 {
@@ -691,30 +909,32 @@ void lj_record_ret(jit_State *J, BCReg rbase, ptrdiff_t gotresults)
     BCReg cbase = (BCReg)frame_delta(frame);
     if (--J->framedepth <= 0)
       lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_NYIRETL);
-    lua_assert(J->baseslot > 1);
+    lj_assertJ(J->baseslot > 1+LJ_FR2, "bad baseslot for return");
     gotresults++;
     rbase += cbase;
     J->baseslot -= (BCReg)cbase;
     J->base -= cbase;
     J->base[--rbase] = TREF_TRUE;  /* Prepend true to results. */
     frame = frame_prevd(frame);
+    J->needsnap = 1;  /* Stop catching on-trace errors. */
   }
   /* Return to lower frame via interpreter for unhandled cases. */
   if (J->framedepth == 0 && J->pt && bc_isret(bc_op(*J->pc)) &&
        (!frame_islua(frame) ||
-        (J->parent == 0 && !bc_isret(bc_op(J->cur.startins))))) {
+        (J->parent == 0 && J->exitno == 0 &&
+         !bc_isret(bc_op(J->cur.startins))))) {
     /* NYI: specialize to frame type and return directly, not via RET*. */
     for (i = 0; i < (ptrdiff_t)rbase; i++)
       J->base[i] = 0;  /* Purge dead slots. */
     J->maxslot = rbase + (BCReg)gotresults;
-    rec_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_RETURN, 0);  /* Return to interpreter. */
+    lj_record_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_RETURN, 0);  /* Return to interpreter. */
     return;
   }
   if (frame_isvarg(frame)) {
     BCReg cbase = (BCReg)frame_delta(frame);
     if (--J->framedepth < 0)  /* NYI: return of vararg func to lower frame. */
       lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_NYIRETL);
-    lua_assert(J->baseslot > 1);
+    lj_assertJ(J->baseslot > 1+LJ_FR2, "bad baseslot for return");
     rbase += cbase;
     J->baseslot -= (BCReg)cbase;
     J->base -= cbase;
@@ -724,27 +944,28 @@ void lj_record_ret(jit_State *J, BCReg rbase, ptrdiff_t gotresults)
     BCIns callins = *(frame_pc(frame)-1);
     ptrdiff_t nresults = bc_b(callins) ? (ptrdiff_t)bc_b(callins)-1 :gotresults;
     BCReg cbase = bc_a(callins);
-    GCproto *pt = funcproto(frame_func(frame - (cbase+1)));
+    GCproto *pt = funcproto(frame_func(frame - (cbase+1+LJ_FR2)));
     if ((pt->flags & PROTO_NOJIT))
       lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_CJITOFF);
     if (J->framedepth == 0 && J->pt && frame == J->L->base - 1) {
       if (check_downrec_unroll(J, pt)) {
         J->maxslot = (BCReg)(rbase + gotresults);
         lj_snap_purge(J);
-        rec_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_DOWNREC, J->cur.traceno);  /* Down-recursion. */
+        lj_record_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_DOWNREC, J->cur.traceno);  /* Down-rec. */
         return;
       }
       lj_snap_add(J);
     }
     for (i = 0; i < nresults; i++)  /* Adjust results. */
-      J->base[i-1] = i < gotresults ? J->base[rbase+i] : TREF_NIL;
+      J->base[i-1-LJ_FR2] = i < gotresults ? J->base[rbase+i] : TREF_NIL;
     J->maxslot = cbase+(BCReg)nresults;
     if (J->framedepth > 0) {  /* Return to a frame that is part of the trace. */
       J->framedepth--;
-      lua_assert(J->baseslot > cbase+1);
-      J->baseslot -= cbase+1;
-      J->base -= cbase+1;
-    } else if (J->parent == 0 && !bc_isret(bc_op(J->cur.startins))) {
+      lj_assertJ(J->baseslot > cbase+1+LJ_FR2, "bad baseslot for return");
+      J->baseslot -= cbase+1+LJ_FR2;
+      J->base -= cbase+1+LJ_FR2;
+    } else if (J->parent == 0 && J->exitno == 0 &&
+               !bc_isret(bc_op(J->cur.startins))) {
       /* Return to lower frame would leave the loop in a root trace. */
       lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_LLEAVE);
     } else if (J->needsnap) {  /* Tailcalled to ff with side-effects. */
@@ -752,13 +973,13 @@ void lj_record_ret(jit_State *J, BCReg rbase, ptrdiff_t gotresults)
     } else {  /* Return to lower frame. Guard for the target we return to. */
       TRef trpt = lj_ir_kgc(J, obj2gco(pt), IRT_PROTO);
       TRef trpc = lj_ir_kptr(J, (void *)frame_pc(frame));
-      emitir(IRTG(IR_RETF, IRT_P32), trpt, trpc);
+      emitir(IRTG(IR_RETF, IRT_PGC), trpt, trpc);
       J->retdepth++;
       J->needsnap = 1;
-      lua_assert(J->baseslot == 1);
+      lj_assertJ(J->baseslot == 1+LJ_FR2, "bad baseslot for return");
       /* Shift result slots up and clear the slots of the new frame below. */
-      memmove(J->base + cbase, J->base-1, sizeof(TRef)*nresults);
-      memset(J->base-1, 0, sizeof(TRef)*(cbase+1));
+      memmove(J->base + cbase, J->base-1-LJ_FR2, sizeof(TRef)*nresults);
+      memset(J->base-1-LJ_FR2, 0, sizeof(TRef)*(cbase+1+LJ_FR2));
     }
   } else if (frame_iscont(frame)) {  /* Return to continuation frame. */
     ASMFunction cont = frame_contf(frame);
@@ -767,24 +988,52 @@ void lj_record_ret(jit_State *J, BCReg rbase, ptrdiff_t gotresults)
       lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_NYIRETL);
     J->baseslot -= (BCReg)cbase;
     J->base -= cbase;
-    J->maxslot = cbase-2;
+    J->maxslot = cbase-(2<<LJ_FR2);
     if (cont == lj_cont_ra) {
       /* Copy result to destination slot. */
       BCReg dst = bc_a(*(frame_contpc(frame)-1));
       J->base[dst] = gotresults ? J->base[cbase+rbase] : TREF_NIL;
-      if (dst >= J->maxslot) J->maxslot = dst+1;
+      if (dst >= J->maxslot) {
+        J->maxslot = dst+1;
+      }
     } else if (cont == lj_cont_nop) {
       /* Nothing to do here. */
     } else if (cont == lj_cont_cat) {
-      lua_assert(0);
+      BCReg bslot = bc_b(*(frame_contpc(frame)-1));
+      TRef tr = gotresults ? J->base[cbase+rbase] : TREF_NIL;
+      if (bslot != J->maxslot) {  /* Concatenate the remainder. */
+        TValue *b = J->L->base, save;  /* Simulate lower frame and result. */
+        /* Can't handle MM_concat + CALLT + fast func side-effects. */
+        if (J->postproc != LJ_POST_NONE)
+          lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_NYIRETL);
+        J->base[J->maxslot] = tr;
+        copyTV(J->L, &save, b-(2<<LJ_FR2));
+        if (gotresults)
+          copyTV(J->L, b-(2<<LJ_FR2), b+rbase);
+        else
+          setnilV(b-(2<<LJ_FR2));
+        J->L->base = b - cbase;
+        tr = rec_cat(J, bslot, cbase-(2<<LJ_FR2));
+        b = J->L->base + cbase;  /* Undo. */
+        J->L->base = b;
+        copyTV(J->L, b-(2<<LJ_FR2), &save);
+      }
+      if (tr) {  /* Store final result. */
+        BCReg dst = bc_a(*(frame_contpc(frame)-1));
+        J->base[dst] = tr;
+        if (dst >= J->maxslot) {
+          J->maxslot = dst+1;
+        }
+      }  /* Otherwise continue with another __concat call. */
     } else {
       /* Result type already specialized. */
-      lua_assert(cont == lj_cont_condf || cont == lj_cont_condt);
+      lj_assertJ(cont == lj_cont_condf || cont == lj_cont_condt,
+                 "bad continuation type");
     }
   } else {
     lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_NYIRETL);  /* NYI: handle return to C frame. */
   }
-  lua_assert(J->baseslot >= 1);
+  lj_assertJ(J->baseslot >= 1+LJ_FR2, "bad baseslot for return");
 }
 
 /* -- Metamethod handling ------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -792,19 +1041,17 @@ void lj_record_ret(jit_State *J, BCReg rbase, ptrdiff_t gotresults)
 /* Prepare to record call to metamethod. */
 static BCReg rec_mm_prep(jit_State *J, ASMFunction cont)
 {
-  BCReg s, top = curr_proto(J->L)->framesize;
-  TRef trcont;
-  setcont(&J->L->base[top], cont);
-#if LJ_64
-  trcont = lj_ir_kptr(J, (void *)((int64_t)cont - (int64_t)lj_vm_asm_begin));
+  BCReg s, top = cont == lj_cont_cat ? J->maxslot : curr_proto(J->L)->framesize;
+#if LJ_FR2
+  J->base[top] = lj_ir_k64(J, IR_KNUM, u64ptr(contptr(cont)));
+  J->base[top+1] = TREF_CONT;
 #else
-  trcont = lj_ir_kptr(J, (void *)cont);
+  J->base[top] = lj_ir_kptr(J, contptr(cont)) | TREF_CONT;
 #endif
-  J->base[top] = trcont | TREF_CONT;
   J->framedepth++;
   for (s = J->maxslot; s < top; s++)
     J->base[s] = 0;  /* Clear frame gap to avoid resurrecting previous refs. */
-  return top+1;
+  return top+1+LJ_FR2;
 }
 
 /* Record metamethod lookup. */
@@ -823,7 +1070,7 @@ int lj_record_mm_lookup(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix, MMS mm)
       cTValue *mo;
       if (LJ_HASFFI && udtype == UDTYPE_FFI_CLIB) {
         /* Specialize to the C library namespace object. */
-        emitir(IRTG(IR_EQ, IRT_P32), ix->tab, lj_ir_kptr(J, udataV(&ix->tabv)));
+        emitir(IRTG(IR_EQ, IRT_PGC), ix->tab, lj_ir_kptr(J, udataV(&ix->tabv)));
       } else {
         /* Specialize to the type of userdata. */
         TRef tr = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_U8), ix->tab, IRFL_UDATA_UDTYPE);
@@ -852,7 +1099,8 @@ int lj_record_mm_lookup(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix, MMS mm)
     }
     /* The cdata metatable is treated as immutable. */
     if (LJ_HASFFI && tref_iscdata(ix->tab)) goto immutable_mt;
-    ix->mt = mix.tab = lj_ir_ktab(J, mt);
+    ix->mt = mix.tab = lj_ir_ggfload(J, IRT_TAB,
+      GG_OFS(g.gcroot[GCROOT_BASEMT+itypemap(&ix->tabv)]));
     goto nocheck;
   }
   ix->mt = mt ? mix.tab : TREF_NIL;
@@ -879,12 +1127,12 @@ nocheck:
 static TRef rec_mm_arith(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix, MMS mm)
 {
   /* Set up metamethod call first to save ix->tab and ix->tabv. */
-  BCReg func = rec_mm_prep(J, lj_cont_ra);
+  BCReg func = rec_mm_prep(J, mm == MM_concat ? lj_cont_cat : lj_cont_ra);
   TRef *base = J->base + func;
   TValue *basev = J->L->base + func;
-  base[1] = ix->tab; base[2] = ix->key;
-  copyTV(J->L, basev+1, &ix->tabv);
-  copyTV(J->L, basev+2, &ix->keyv);
+  base[1+LJ_FR2] = ix->tab; base[2+LJ_FR2] = ix->key;
+  copyTV(J->L, basev+1+LJ_FR2, &ix->tabv);
+  copyTV(J->L, basev+2+LJ_FR2, &ix->keyv);
   if (!lj_record_mm_lookup(J, ix, mm)) {  /* Lookup mm on 1st operand. */
     if (mm != MM_unm) {
       ix->tab = ix->key;
@@ -896,6 +1144,9 @@ static TRef rec_mm_arith(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix, MMS mm)
   }
 ok:
   base[0] = ix->mobj;
+#if LJ_FR2
+  base[1] = 0;
+#endif
   copyTV(J->L, basev+0, &ix->mobjv);
   lj_record_call(J, func, 2);
   return 0;  /* No result yet. */
@@ -912,6 +1163,8 @@ static TRef rec_mm_len(jit_State *J, TRef tr, TValue *tv)
     TRef *base = J->base + func;
     TValue *basev = J->L->base + func;
     base[0] = ix.mobj; copyTV(J->L, basev+0, &ix.mobjv);
+    base += LJ_FR2;
+    basev += LJ_FR2;
     base[1] = tr; copyTV(J->L, basev+1, tv);
 #if LJ_52
     base[2] = tr; copyTV(J->L, basev+2, tv);
@@ -921,7 +1174,7 @@ static TRef rec_mm_len(jit_State *J, TRef tr, TValue *tv)
     lj_record_call(J, func, 2);
   } else {
     if (LJ_52 && tref_istab(tr))
-      return lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_tab_len, tr);
+      return emitir(IRTI(IR_ALEN), tr, TREF_NIL);
     lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_NOMM);
   }
   return 0;  /* No result yet. */
@@ -931,10 +1184,10 @@ static TRef rec_mm_len(jit_State *J, TRef tr, TValue *tv)
 static void rec_mm_callcomp(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix, int op)
 {
   BCReg func = rec_mm_prep(J, (op&1) ? lj_cont_condf : lj_cont_condt);
-  TRef *base = J->base + func;
-  TValue *tv = J->L->base + func;
-  base[0] = ix->mobj; base[1] = ix->val; base[2] = ix->key;
-  copyTV(J->L, tv+0, &ix->mobjv);
+  TRef *base = J->base + func + LJ_FR2;
+  TValue *tv = J->L->base + func + LJ_FR2;
+  base[-LJ_FR2] = ix->mobj; base[1] = ix->val; base[2] = ix->key;
+  copyTV(J->L, tv-LJ_FR2, &ix->mobjv);
   copyTV(J->L, tv+1, &ix->valv);
   copyTV(J->L, tv+2, &ix->keyv);
   lj_record_call(J, func, 2);
@@ -1030,7 +1283,7 @@ static void rec_mm_comp_cdata(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix, int op, MMS mm)
     ix->tab = ix->val;
     copyTV(J->L, &ix->tabv, &ix->valv);
   } else {
-    lua_assert(tref_iscdata(ix->key));
+    lj_assertJ(tref_iscdata(ix->key), "cdata expected");
     ix->tab = ix->key;
     copyTV(J->L, &ix->tabv, &ix->keyv);
   }
@@ -1041,6 +1294,72 @@ static void rec_mm_comp_cdata(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix, int op, MMS mm)
 
 /* -- Indexed access ------------------------------------------------------ */
 
+#ifdef LUAJIT_ENABLE_TABLE_BUMP
+/* Bump table allocations in bytecode when they grow during recording. */
+static void rec_idx_bump(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix)
+{
+  RBCHashEntry *rbc = &J->rbchash[(ix->tab & (RBCHASH_SLOTS-1))];
+  if (tref_ref(ix->tab) == rbc->ref) {
+    const BCIns *pc = mref(rbc->pc, const BCIns);
+    GCtab *tb = tabV(&ix->tabv);
+    uint32_t nhbits;
+    IRIns *ir;
+    if (!tvisnil(&ix->keyv))
+      (void)lj_tab_set(J->L, tb, &ix->keyv);  /* Grow table right now. */
+    nhbits = tb->hmask > 0 ? lj_fls(tb->hmask)+1 : 0;
+    ir = IR(tref_ref(ix->tab));
+    if (ir->o == IR_TNEW) {
+      uint32_t ah = bc_d(*pc);
+      uint32_t asize = ah & 0x7ff, hbits = ah >> 11;
+      if (nhbits > hbits) hbits = nhbits;
+      if (tb->asize > asize) {
+        asize = tb->asize <= 0x7ff ? tb->asize : 0x7ff;
+      }
+      if ((asize | (hbits<<11)) != ah) {  /* Has the size changed? */
+        /* Patch bytecode, but continue recording (for more patching). */
+        setbc_d(pc, (asize | (hbits<<11)));
+        /* Patching TNEW operands is only safe if the trace is aborted. */
+        ir->op1 = asize; ir->op2 = hbits;
+        J->retryrec = 1;  /* Abort the trace at the end of recording. */
+      }
+    } else if (ir->o == IR_TDUP) {
+      GCtab *tpl = gco2tab(proto_kgc(&gcref(rbc->pt)->pt, ~(ptrdiff_t)bc_d(*pc)));
+      /* Grow template table, but preserve keys with nil values. */
+      if ((tb->asize > tpl->asize && (1u << nhbits)-1 == tpl->hmask) ||
+          (tb->asize == tpl->asize && (1u << nhbits)-1 > tpl->hmask)) {
+        Node *node = noderef(tpl->node);
+        uint32_t i, hmask = tpl->hmask, asize;
+        TValue *array;
+        for (i = 0; i <= hmask; i++) {
+          if (!tvisnil(&node[i].key) && tvisnil(&node[i].val))
+            settabV(J->L, &node[i].val, tpl);
+        }
+        if (!tvisnil(&ix->keyv) && tref_isk(ix->key)) {
+          TValue *o = lj_tab_set(J->L, tpl, &ix->keyv);
+          if (tvisnil(o)) settabV(J->L, o, tpl);
+        }
+        lj_tab_resize(J->L, tpl, tb->asize, nhbits);
+        node = noderef(tpl->node);
+        hmask = tpl->hmask;
+        for (i = 0; i <= hmask; i++) {
+          /* This is safe, since template tables only hold immutable values. */
+          if (tvistab(&node[i].val))
+            setnilV(&node[i].val);
+        }
+        /* The shape of the table may have changed. Clean up array part, too. */
+        asize = tpl->asize;
+        array = tvref(tpl->array);
+        for (i = 0; i < asize; i++) {
+          if (tvistab(&array[i]))
+            setnilV(&array[i]);
+        }
+        J->retryrec = 1;  /* Abort the trace at the end of recording. */
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
 /* Record bounds-check. */
 static void rec_idx_abc(jit_State *J, TRef asizeref, TRef ikey, uint32_t asize)
 {
@@ -1061,7 +1380,8 @@ static void rec_idx_abc(jit_State *J, TRef asizeref, TRef ikey, uint32_t asize)
     /* Got scalar evolution analysis results for this reference? */
     if (ref == J->scev.idx) {
       int32_t stop;
-      lua_assert(irt_isint(J->scev.t) && ir->o == IR_SLOAD);
+      lj_assertJ(irt_isint(J->scev.t) && ir->o == IR_SLOAD,
+                 "only int SCEV supported");
       stop = numberVint(&(J->L->base - J->baseslot)[ir->op1 + FORL_STOP]);
       /* Runtime value for stop of loop is within bounds? */
       if ((uint64_t)stop + ofs < (uint64_t)asize) {
@@ -1080,11 +1400,14 @@ static void rec_idx_abc(jit_State *J, TRef asizeref, TRef ikey, uint32_t asize)
 }
 
 /* Record indexed key lookup. */
-static TRef rec_idx_key(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix)
+static TRef rec_idx_key(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix, IRRef *rbref,
+                        IRType1 *rbguard)
 {
   TRef key;
   GCtab *t = tabV(&ix->tabv);
   ix->oldv = lj_tab_get(J->L, t, &ix->keyv);  /* Lookup previous value. */
+  *rbref = 0;
+  rbguard->irt = 0;
 
   /* Integer keys are looked up in the array part first. */
   key = ix->key;
@@ -1098,8 +1421,8 @@ static TRef rec_idx_key(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix)
       if ((MSize)k < t->asize) {  /* Currently an array key? */
         TRef arrayref;
         rec_idx_abc(J, asizeref, ikey, t->asize);
-        arrayref = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_P32), ix->tab, IRFL_TAB_ARRAY);
-        return emitir(IRT(IR_AREF, IRT_P32), arrayref, ikey);
+        arrayref = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_PGC), ix->tab, IRFL_TAB_ARRAY);
+        return emitir(IRT(IR_AREF, IRT_PGC), arrayref, ikey);
       } else {  /* Currently not in array (may be an array extension)? */
         emitir(IRTGI(IR_ULE), asizeref, ikey);  /* Inv. bounds check. */
         if (k == 0 && tref_isk(key))
@@ -1131,19 +1454,21 @@ static TRef rec_idx_key(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix)
     key = emitir(IRTN(IR_CONV), key, IRCONV_NUM_INT);
   if (tref_isk(key)) {
     /* Optimize lookup of constant hash keys. */
-    MSize hslot = (MSize)((char *)ix->oldv - (char *)&noderef(t->node)[0].val);
-    if (t->hmask > 0 && hslot <= t->hmask*(MSize)sizeof(Node) &&
-        hslot <= 65535*(MSize)sizeof(Node)) {
-      TRef node, kslot;
-      TRef hm = emitir(IRTI(IR_FLOAD), ix->tab, IRFL_TAB_HMASK);
+    GCSize hslot = (GCSize)((char *)ix->oldv-(char *)&noderef(t->node)[0].val);
+    if (hslot <= t->hmask*(GCSize)sizeof(Node) &&
+        hslot <= 65535*(GCSize)sizeof(Node)) {
+      TRef node, kslot, hm;
+      *rbref = J->cur.nins;  /* Mark possible rollback point. */
+      *rbguard = J->guardemit;
+      hm = emitir(IRTI(IR_FLOAD), ix->tab, IRFL_TAB_HMASK);
       emitir(IRTGI(IR_EQ), hm, lj_ir_kint(J, (int32_t)t->hmask));
-      node = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_P32), ix->tab, IRFL_TAB_NODE);
-      kslot = lj_ir_kslot(J, key, hslot / sizeof(Node));
-      return emitir(IRTG(IR_HREFK, IRT_P32), node, kslot);
+      node = emitir(IRT(IR_FLOAD, IRT_PGC), ix->tab, IRFL_TAB_NODE);
+      kslot = lj_ir_kslot(J, key, (IRRef)(hslot / sizeof(Node)));
+      return emitir(IRTG(IR_HREFK, IRT_PGC), node, kslot);
     }
   }
   /* Fall back to a regular hash lookup. */
-  return emitir(IRT(IR_HREF, IRT_P32), ix->tab, key);
+  return emitir(IRT(IR_HREF, IRT_PGC), ix->tab, key);
 }
 
 /* Determine whether a key is NOT one of the fast metamethod names. */
@@ -1168,20 +1493,22 @@ TRef lj_record_idx(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix)
 {
   TRef xref;
   IROp xrefop, loadop;
+  IRRef rbref;
+  IRType1 rbguard;
   cTValue *oldv;
 
   while (!tref_istab(ix->tab)) { /* Handle non-table lookup. */
     /* Never call raw lj_record_idx() on non-table. */
-    lua_assert(ix->idxchain != 0);
+    lj_assertJ(ix->idxchain != 0, "bad usage");
     if (!lj_record_mm_lookup(J, ix, ix->val ? MM_newindex : MM_index))
       lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_NOMM);
   handlemm:
     if (tref_isfunc(ix->mobj)) {  /* Handle metamethod call. */
       BCReg func = rec_mm_prep(J, ix->val ? lj_cont_nop : lj_cont_ra);
-      TRef *base = J->base + func;
-      TValue *tv = J->L->base + func;
-      base[0] = ix->mobj; base[1] = ix->tab; base[2] = ix->key;
-      setfuncV(J->L, tv+0, funcV(&ix->mobjv));
+      TRef *base = J->base + func + LJ_FR2;
+      TValue *tv = J->L->base + func + LJ_FR2;
+      base[-LJ_FR2] = ix->mobj; base[1] = ix->tab; base[2] = ix->key;
+      setfuncV(J->L, tv-LJ_FR2, funcV(&ix->mobjv));
       copyTV(J->L, tv+1, &ix->tabv);
       copyTV(J->L, tv+2, &ix->keyv);
       if (ix->val) {
@@ -1194,6 +1521,16 @@ TRef lj_record_idx(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix)
         return 0;  /* No result yet. */
       }
     }
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+    /* The index table of buffer objects is treated as immutable. */
+    if (ix->mt == TREF_NIL && !ix->val &&
+        tref_isudata(ix->tab) && udataV(&ix->tabv)->udtype == UDTYPE_BUFFER &&
+        tref_istab(ix->mobj) && tref_isstr(ix->key) && tref_isk(ix->key)) {
+      cTValue *val = lj_tab_getstr(tabV(&ix->mobjv), strV(&ix->keyv));
+      TRef tr = lj_record_constify(J, val);
+      if (tr) return tr;  /* Specialize to the value, i.e. a method. */
+    }
+#endif
     /* Otherwise retry lookup with metaobject. */
     ix->tab = ix->mobj;
     copyTV(J->L, &ix->tabv, &ix->mobjv);
@@ -1213,7 +1550,7 @@ TRef lj_record_idx(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix)
   }
 
   /* Record the key lookup. */
-  xref = rec_idx_key(J, ix);
+  xref = rec_idx_key(J, ix, &rbref, &rbguard);
   xrefop = IR(tref_ref(xref))->o;
   loadop = xrefop == IR_AREF ? IR_ALOAD : IR_HLOAD;
   /* The lj_meta_tset() inconsistency is gone, but better play safe. */
@@ -1223,11 +1560,15 @@ TRef lj_record_idx(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix)
     IRType t = itype2irt(oldv);
     TRef res;
     if (oldv == niltvg(J2G(J))) {
-      emitir(IRTG(IR_EQ, IRT_P32), xref, lj_ir_kkptr(J, niltvg(J2G(J))));
+      emitir(IRTG(IR_EQ, IRT_PGC), xref, lj_ir_kkptr(J, niltvg(J2G(J))));
       res = TREF_NIL;
     } else {
       res = emitir(IRTG(loadop, t), xref, 0);
     }
+    if (tref_ref(res) < rbref) {  /* HREFK + load forwarded? */
+      lj_ir_rollback(J, rbref);  /* Rollback to eliminate hmask guard. */
+      J->guardemit = rbguard;
+    }
     if (t == IRT_NIL && ix->idxchain && lj_record_mm_lookup(J, ix, MM_index))
       goto handlemm;
     if (irtype_ispri(t)) res = TREF_PRI(t);  /* Canonicalize primitives. */
@@ -1235,6 +1576,10 @@ TRef lj_record_idx(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix)
   } else {  /* Indexed store. */
     GCtab *mt = tabref(tabV(&ix->tabv)->metatable);
     int keybarrier = tref_isgcv(ix->key) && !tref_isnil(ix->val);
+    if (tref_ref(xref) < rbref) {  /* HREFK forwarded? */
+      lj_ir_rollback(J, rbref);  /* Rollback to eliminate hmask guard. */
+      J->guardemit = rbguard;
+    }
     if (tvisnil(oldv)) {  /* Previous value was nil? */
       /* Need to duplicate the hasmm check for the early guards. */
       int hasmm = 0;
@@ -1245,26 +1590,30 @@ TRef lj_record_idx(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix)
       if (hasmm)
         emitir(IRTG(loadop, IRT_NIL), xref, 0);  /* Guard for nil value. */
       else if (xrefop == IR_HREF)
-        emitir(IRTG(oldv == niltvg(J2G(J)) ? IR_EQ : IR_NE, IRT_P32),
+        emitir(IRTG(oldv == niltvg(J2G(J)) ? IR_EQ : IR_NE, IRT_PGC),
                xref, lj_ir_kkptr(J, niltvg(J2G(J))));
       if (ix->idxchain && lj_record_mm_lookup(J, ix, MM_newindex)) {
-        lua_assert(hasmm);
+        lj_assertJ(hasmm, "inconsistent metamethod handling");
         goto handlemm;
       }
-      lua_assert(!hasmm);
+      lj_assertJ(!hasmm, "inconsistent metamethod handling");
       if (oldv == niltvg(J2G(J))) {  /* Need to insert a new key. */
         TRef key = ix->key;
         if (tref_isinteger(key))  /* NEWREF needs a TValue as a key. */
           key = emitir(IRTN(IR_CONV), key, IRCONV_NUM_INT);
         else if (tref_isnumber(key) && tref_isk(key) && tvismzero(&ix->keyv))
           key = lj_ir_knum_zero(J);  /* Canonicalize -0.0 to +0.0. */
-        xref = emitir(IRT(IR_NEWREF, IRT_P32), ix->tab, key);
+        xref = emitir(IRT(IR_NEWREF, IRT_PGC), ix->tab, key);
         keybarrier = 0;  /* NEWREF already takes care of the key barrier. */
+#ifdef LUAJIT_ENABLE_TABLE_BUMP
+        if ((J->flags & JIT_F_OPT_SINK))  /* Avoid a separate flag. */
+          rec_idx_bump(J, ix);
+#endif
       }
     } else if (!lj_opt_fwd_wasnonnil(J, loadop, tref_ref(xref))) {
       /* Cannot derive that the previous value was non-nil, must do checks. */
       if (xrefop == IR_HREF)  /* Guard against store to niltv. */
-        emitir(IRTG(IR_NE, IRT_P32), xref, lj_ir_kkptr(J, niltvg(J2G(J))));
+        emitir(IRTG(IR_NE, IRT_PGC), xref, lj_ir_kkptr(J, niltvg(J2G(J))));
       if (ix->idxchain) {  /* Metamethod lookup required? */
         /* A check for NULL metatable is cheaper (hoistable) than a load. */
         if (!mt) {
@@ -1286,7 +1635,7 @@ TRef lj_record_idx(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix)
       emitir(IRT(IR_TBAR, IRT_NIL), ix->tab, 0);
     /* Invalidate neg. metamethod cache for stores with certain string keys. */
     if (!nommstr(J, ix->key)) {
-      TRef fref = emitir(IRT(IR_FREF, IRT_P32), ix->tab, IRFL_TAB_NOMM);
+      TRef fref = emitir(IRT(IR_FREF, IRT_PGC), ix->tab, IRFL_TAB_NOMM);
       emitir(IRT(IR_FSTORE, IRT_U8), fref, lj_ir_kint(J, 0));
     }
     J->needsnap = 1;
@@ -1294,6 +1643,72 @@ TRef lj_record_idx(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix)
   }
 }
 
+/* Determine result type of table traversal. */
+static IRType rec_next_types(GCtab *t, uint32_t idx)
+{
+  for (; idx < t->asize; idx++) {
+    cTValue *a = arrayslot(t, idx);
+    if (LJ_LIKELY(!tvisnil(a)))
+      return (LJ_DUALNUM ? IRT_INT : IRT_NUM) + (itype2irt(a) << 8);
+  }
+  idx -= t->asize;
+  for (; idx <= t->hmask; idx++) {
+    Node *n = &noderef(t->node)[idx];
+    if (!tvisnil(&n->val))
+      return itype2irt(&n->key) + (itype2irt(&n->val) << 8);
+  }
+  return IRT_NIL + (IRT_NIL << 8);
+}
+
+/* Record a table traversal step aka next(). */
+int lj_record_next(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix)
+{
+  IRType t, tkey, tval;
+  TRef trvk;
+  t = rec_next_types(tabV(&ix->tabv), ix->keyv.u32.lo);
+  tkey = (t & 0xff); tval = (t >> 8);
+  trvk = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_vm_next, ix->tab, ix->key);
+  if (ix->mobj || tkey == IRT_NIL) {
+    TRef idx = emitir(IRTI(IR_HIOP), trvk, trvk);
+    /* Always check for invalid key from next() for nil result. */
+    if (!ix->mobj) emitir(IRTGI(IR_NE), idx, lj_ir_kint(J, -1));
+    ix->mobj = idx;
+  }
+  ix->key = lj_record_vload(J, trvk, 1, tkey);
+  if (tkey == IRT_NIL || ix->idxchain) {  /* Omit value type check. */
+    ix->val = TREF_NIL;
+    return 1;
+  } else {  /* Need value. */
+    ix->val = lj_record_vload(J, trvk, 0, tval);
+    return 2;
+  }
+}
+
+static void rec_tsetm(jit_State *J, BCReg ra, BCReg rn, int32_t i)
+{
+  RecordIndex ix;
+  cTValue *basev = J->L->base;
+  GCtab *t = tabV(&basev[ra-1]);
+  settabV(J->L, &ix.tabv, t);
+  ix.tab = getslot(J, ra-1);
+  ix.idxchain = 0;
+#ifdef LUAJIT_ENABLE_TABLE_BUMP
+  if ((J->flags & JIT_F_OPT_SINK)) {
+    if (t->asize < i+rn-ra)
+      lj_tab_reasize(J->L, t, i+rn-ra);
+    setnilV(&ix.keyv);
+    rec_idx_bump(J, &ix);
+  }
+#endif
+  for (; ra < rn; i++, ra++) {
+    setintV(&ix.keyv, i);
+    ix.key = lj_ir_kint(J, i);
+    copyTV(J->L, &ix.valv, &basev[ra]);
+    ix.val = getslot(J, ra);
+    lj_record_idx(J, &ix);
+  }
+}
+
 /* -- Upvalue access ------------------------------------------------------ */
 
 /* Check whether upvalue is immutable and ok to constify. */
@@ -1330,13 +1745,17 @@ static TRef rec_upvalue(jit_State *J, uint32_t uv, TRef val)
   int needbarrier = 0;
   if (rec_upvalue_constify(J, uvp)) {  /* Try to constify immutable upvalue. */
     TRef tr, kfunc;
-    lua_assert(val == 0);
+    lj_assertJ(val == 0, "bad usage");
     if (!tref_isk(fn)) {  /* Late specialization of current function. */
       if (J->pt->flags >= PROTO_CLC_POLY)
         goto noconstify;
       kfunc = lj_ir_kfunc(J, J->fn);
       emitir(IRTG(IR_EQ, IRT_FUNC), fn, kfunc);
-      J->base[-1] = TREF_FRAME | kfunc;
+#if LJ_FR2
+      J->base[-2] = kfunc;
+#else
+      J->base[-1] = kfunc | TREF_FRAME;
+#endif
       fn = kfunc;
     }
     tr = lj_record_constify(J, uvval(uvp));
@@ -1347,16 +1766,16 @@ noconstify:
   /* Note: this effectively limits LJ_MAX_UPVAL to 127. */
   uv = (uv << 8) | (hashrot(uvp->dhash, uvp->dhash + HASH_BIAS) & 0xff);
   if (!uvp->closed) {
-    uref = tref_ref(emitir(IRTG(IR_UREFO, IRT_P32), fn, uv));
+    uref = tref_ref(emitir(IRTG(IR_UREFO, IRT_PGC), fn, uv));
     /* In current stack? */
     if (uvval(uvp) >= tvref(J->L->stack) &&
         uvval(uvp) < tvref(J->L->maxstack)) {
       int32_t slot = (int32_t)(uvval(uvp) - (J->L->base - J->baseslot));
       if (slot >= 0) {  /* Aliases an SSA slot? */
-        emitir(IRTG(IR_EQ, IRT_P32),
+        emitir(IRTG(IR_EQ, IRT_PGC),
                REF_BASE,
-               emitir(IRT(IR_ADD, IRT_P32), uref,
-                      lj_ir_kint(J, (slot - 1) * -8)));
+               emitir(IRT(IR_ADD, IRT_PGC), uref,
+                      lj_ir_kint(J, (slot - 1 - LJ_FR2) * -8)));
         slot -= (int32_t)J->baseslot;  /* Note: slot number may be negative! */
         if (val == 0) {
           return getslot(J, slot);
@@ -1367,12 +1786,12 @@ noconstify:
         }
       }
     }
-    emitir(IRTG(IR_UGT, IRT_P32),
-           emitir(IRT(IR_SUB, IRT_P32), uref, REF_BASE),
+    emitir(IRTG(IR_UGT, IRT_PGC),
+           emitir(IRT(IR_SUB, IRT_PGC), uref, REF_BASE),
            lj_ir_kint(J, (J->baseslot + J->maxslot) * 8));
   } else {
     needbarrier = 1;
-    uref = tref_ref(emitir(IRTG(IR_UREFC, IRT_P32), fn, uv));
+    uref = tref_ref(emitir(IRTG(IR_UREFC, IRT_PGC), fn, uv));
   }
   if (val == 0) {  /* Upvalue load */
     IRType t = itype2irt(uvval(uvp));
@@ -1411,16 +1830,16 @@ static void check_call_unroll(jit_State *J, TraceNo lnk)
     if (count + J->tailcalled > J->param[JIT_P_recunroll]) {
       J->pc++;
       if (J->framedepth + J->retdepth == 0)
-        rec_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_TAILREC, J->cur.traceno);  /* Tail-recursion. */
+        lj_record_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_TAILREC, J->cur.traceno);  /* Tail-rec. */
       else
-        rec_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_UPREC, J->cur.traceno);  /* Up-recursion. */
+        lj_record_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_UPREC, J->cur.traceno);  /* Up-recursion. */
     }
   } else {
     if (count > J->param[JIT_P_callunroll]) {
       if (lnk) {  /* Possible tail- or up-recursion. */
         lj_trace_flush(J, lnk);  /* Flush trace that only returns. */
         /* Set a small, pseudo-random hotcount for a quick retry of JFUNC*. */
-        hotcount_set(J2GG(J), J->pc+1, LJ_PRNG_BITS(J, 4));
+        hotcount_set(J2GG(J), J->pc+1, lj_prng_u64(&J2G(J)->prng) & 15u);
       }
       lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_CUNROLL);
     }
@@ -1447,11 +1866,14 @@ static void rec_func_setup(jit_State *J)
 static void rec_func_vararg(jit_State *J)
 {
   GCproto *pt = J->pt;
-  BCReg s, fixargs, vframe = J->maxslot+1;
-  lua_assert((pt->flags & PROTO_VARARG));
+  BCReg s, fixargs, vframe = J->maxslot+1+LJ_FR2;
+  lj_assertJ((pt->flags & PROTO_VARARG), "FUNCV in non-vararg function");
   if (J->baseslot + vframe + pt->framesize >= LJ_MAX_JSLOTS)
     lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_STACKOV);
-  J->base[vframe-1] = J->base[-1];  /* Copy function up. */
+  J->base[vframe-1-LJ_FR2] = J->base[-1-LJ_FR2];  /* Copy function up. */
+#if LJ_FR2
+  J->base[vframe-1] = TREF_FRAME;
+#endif
   /* Copy fixarg slots up and set their original slots to nil. */
   fixargs = pt->numparams < J->maxslot ? pt->numparams : J->maxslot;
   for (s = 0; s < fixargs; s++) {
@@ -1487,9 +1909,9 @@ static void rec_func_jit(jit_State *J, TraceNo lnk)
   }
   J->instunroll = 0;  /* Cannot continue across a compiled function. */
   if (J->pc == J->startpc && J->framedepth + J->retdepth == 0)
-    rec_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_TAILREC, J->cur.traceno);  /* Extra tail-recursion. */
+    lj_record_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_TAILREC, J->cur.traceno);  /* Extra tail-rec. */
   else
-    rec_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_ROOT, lnk);  /* Link to the function. */
+    lj_record_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_ROOT, lnk);  /* Link to the function. */
 }
 
 /* -- Vararg handling ----------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -1513,8 +1935,10 @@ static int select_detect(jit_State *J)
 static void rec_varg(jit_State *J, BCReg dst, ptrdiff_t nresults)
 {
   int32_t numparams = J->pt->numparams;
-  ptrdiff_t nvararg = frame_delta(J->L->base-1) - numparams - 1;
-  lua_assert(frame_isvarg(J->L->base-1));
+  ptrdiff_t nvararg = frame_delta(J->L->base-1) - numparams - 1 - LJ_FR2;
+  lj_assertJ(frame_isvarg(J->L->base-1), "VARG in non-vararg frame");
+  if (LJ_FR2 && dst > J->maxslot)
+    J->base[dst-1] = 0;  /* Prevent resurrection of unrelated slot. */
   if (J->framedepth > 0) {  /* Simple case: varargs defined on-trace. */
     ptrdiff_t i;
     if (nvararg < 0) nvararg = 0;
@@ -1527,10 +1951,10 @@ static void rec_varg(jit_State *J, BCReg dst, ptrdiff_t nresults)
     if (J->baseslot + J->maxslot >= LJ_MAX_JSLOTS)
       lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_STACKOV);
     for (i = 0; i < nresults; i++)
-      J->base[dst+i] = i < nvararg ? getslot(J, i - nvararg - 1) : TREF_NIL;
+      J->base[dst+i] = i < nvararg ? getslot(J, i - nvararg - 1 - LJ_FR2) : TREF_NIL;
   } else {  /* Unknown number of varargs passed to trace. */
-    TRef fr = emitir(IRTI(IR_SLOAD), 0, IRSLOAD_READONLY|IRSLOAD_FRAME);
-    int32_t frofs = 8*(1+numparams)+FRAME_VARG;
+    TRef fr = emitir(IRTI(IR_SLOAD), LJ_FR2, IRSLOAD_READONLY|IRSLOAD_FRAME);
+    int32_t frofs = 8*(1+LJ_FR2+numparams)+FRAME_VARG;
     if (nresults >= 0) {  /* Known fixed number of results. */
       ptrdiff_t i;
       if (nvararg > 0) {
@@ -1539,16 +1963,13 @@ static void rec_varg(jit_State *J, BCReg dst, ptrdiff_t nresults)
         if (nvararg >= nresults)
           emitir(IRTGI(IR_GE), fr, lj_ir_kint(J, frofs+8*(int32_t)nresults));
         else
-          emitir(IRTGI(IR_EQ), fr, lj_ir_kint(J, frame_ftsz(J->L->base-1)));
-        vbase = emitir(IRTI(IR_SUB), REF_BASE, fr);
-        vbase = emitir(IRT(IR_ADD, IRT_P32), vbase, lj_ir_kint(J, frofs-8));
+          emitir(IRTGI(IR_EQ), fr,
+                 lj_ir_kint(J, (int32_t)frame_ftsz(J->L->base-1)));
+        vbase = emitir(IRT(IR_SUB, IRT_IGC), REF_BASE, fr);
+        vbase = emitir(IRT(IR_ADD, IRT_PGC), vbase, lj_ir_kint(J, frofs-8*(1+LJ_FR2)));
         for (i = 0; i < nload; i++) {
-          IRType t = itype2irt(&J->L->base[i-1-nvararg]);
-          TRef aref = emitir(IRT(IR_AREF, IRT_P32),
-                             vbase, lj_ir_kint(J, (int32_t)i));
-          TRef tr = emitir(IRTG(IR_VLOAD, t), aref, 0);
-          if (irtype_ispri(t)) tr = TREF_PRI(t);  /* Canonicalize primitives. */
-          J->base[dst+i] = tr;
+          IRType t = itype2irt(&J->L->base[i-1-LJ_FR2-nvararg]);
+          J->base[dst+i] = lj_record_vload(J, vbase, (MSize)i, t);
         }
       } else {
         emitir(IRTGI(IR_LE), fr, lj_ir_kint(J, frofs));
@@ -1591,15 +2012,15 @@ static void rec_varg(jit_State *J, BCReg dst, ptrdiff_t nresults)
       }
       if (idx != 0 && idx <= nvararg) {
         IRType t;
-        TRef aref, vbase = emitir(IRTI(IR_SUB), REF_BASE, fr);
-        vbase = emitir(IRT(IR_ADD, IRT_P32), vbase, lj_ir_kint(J, frofs-8));
-        t = itype2irt(&J->L->base[idx-2-nvararg]);
-        aref = emitir(IRT(IR_AREF, IRT_P32), vbase, tridx);
-        tr = emitir(IRTG(IR_VLOAD, t), aref, 0);
-        if (irtype_ispri(t)) tr = TREF_PRI(t);  /* Canonicalize primitives. */
+        TRef aref, vbase = emitir(IRT(IR_SUB, IRT_IGC), REF_BASE, fr);
+        vbase = emitir(IRT(IR_ADD, IRT_PGC), vbase,
+                       lj_ir_kint(J, frofs-(8<<LJ_FR2)));
+        t = itype2irt(&J->L->base[idx-2-LJ_FR2-nvararg]);
+        aref = emitir(IRT(IR_AREF, IRT_PGC), vbase, tridx);
+        tr = lj_record_vload(J, aref, 0, t);
       }
-      J->base[dst-2] = tr;
-      J->maxslot = dst-1;
+      J->base[dst-2-LJ_FR2] = tr;
+      J->maxslot = dst-1-LJ_FR2;
       J->bcskip = 2;  /* Skip CALLM + select. */
     } else {
     nyivarg:
@@ -1615,8 +2036,63 @@ static TRef rec_tnew(jit_State *J, uint32_t ah)
 {
   uint32_t asize = ah & 0x7ff;
   uint32_t hbits = ah >> 11;
+  TRef tr;
   if (asize == 0x7ff) asize = 0x801;
-  return emitir(IRTG(IR_TNEW, IRT_TAB), asize, hbits);
+  tr = emitir(IRTG(IR_TNEW, IRT_TAB), asize, hbits);
+#ifdef LUAJIT_ENABLE_TABLE_BUMP
+  J->rbchash[(tr & (RBCHASH_SLOTS-1))].ref = tref_ref(tr);
+  setmref(J->rbchash[(tr & (RBCHASH_SLOTS-1))].pc, J->pc);
+  setgcref(J->rbchash[(tr & (RBCHASH_SLOTS-1))].pt, obj2gco(J->pt));
+#endif
+  return tr;
+}
+
+/* -- Concatenation ------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static TRef rec_cat(jit_State *J, BCReg baseslot, BCReg topslot)
+{
+  TRef *top = &J->base[topslot];
+  TValue savetv[5+LJ_FR2];
+  BCReg s;
+  RecordIndex ix;
+  lj_assertJ(baseslot < topslot, "bad CAT arg");
+  for (s = baseslot; s <= topslot; s++)
+    (void)getslot(J, s);  /* Ensure all arguments have a reference. */
+  if (tref_isnumber_str(top[0]) && tref_isnumber_str(top[-1])) {
+    TRef tr, hdr, *trp, *xbase, *base = &J->base[baseslot];
+    /* First convert numbers to strings. */
+    for (trp = top; trp >= base; trp--) {
+      if (tref_isnumber(*trp))
+        *trp = emitir(IRT(IR_TOSTR, IRT_STR), *trp,
+                      tref_isnum(*trp) ? IRTOSTR_NUM : IRTOSTR_INT);
+      else if (!tref_isstr(*trp))
+        break;
+    }
+    xbase = ++trp;
+    tr = hdr = emitir(IRT(IR_BUFHDR, IRT_PGC),
+                      lj_ir_kptr(J, &J2G(J)->tmpbuf), IRBUFHDR_RESET);
+    do {
+      tr = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFPUT, IRT_PGC), tr, *trp++);
+    } while (trp <= top);
+    tr = emitir(IRTG(IR_BUFSTR, IRT_STR), tr, hdr);
+    J->maxslot = (BCReg)(xbase - J->base);
+    if (xbase == base) return tr;  /* Return simple concatenation result. */
+    /* Pass partial result. */
+    topslot = J->maxslot--;
+    *xbase = tr;
+    top = xbase;
+    setstrV(J->L, &ix.keyv, &J2G(J)->strempty);  /* Simulate string result. */
+  } else {
+    J->maxslot = topslot-1;
+    copyTV(J->L, &ix.keyv, &J->L->base[topslot]);
+  }
+  copyTV(J->L, &ix.tabv, &J->L->base[topslot-1]);
+  ix.tab = top[-1];
+  ix.key = top[0];
+  memcpy(savetv, &J->L->base[topslot-1], sizeof(savetv));  /* Save slots. */
+  rec_mm_arith(J, &ix, MM_concat);  /* Call __concat metamethod. */
+  memcpy(&J->L->base[topslot-1], savetv, sizeof(savetv));  /* Restore slots. */
+  return 0;  /* No result yet. */
 }
 
 /* -- Record bytecode ops ------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -1637,7 +2113,15 @@ static void rec_comp_fixup(jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc, int cond)
   const BCIns *npc = pc + 2 + (cond ? bc_j(jmpins) : 0);
   SnapShot *snap = &J->cur.snap[J->cur.nsnap-1];
   /* Set PC to opposite target to avoid re-recording the comp. in side trace. */
+#if LJ_FR2
+  SnapEntry *flink = &J->cur.snapmap[snap->mapofs + snap->nent];
+  uint64_t pcbase;
+  memcpy(&pcbase, flink, sizeof(uint64_t));
+  pcbase = (pcbase & 0xff) | (u64ptr(npc) << 8);
+  memcpy(flink, &pcbase, sizeof(uint64_t));
+#else
   J->cur.snapmap[snap->mapofs + snap->nent] = SNAP_MKPC(npc);
+#endif
   J->needsnap = 1;
   if (bc_a(jmpins) < J->maxslot) J->maxslot = bc_a(jmpins);
   lj_snap_shrink(J);  /* Shrink last snapshot if possible. */
@@ -1657,7 +2141,7 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY(J->postproc != LJ_POST_NONE)) {
     switch (J->postproc) {
     case LJ_POST_FIXCOMP:  /* Fixup comparison. */
-      pc = frame_pc(&J2G(J)->tmptv);
+      pc = (const BCIns *)(uintptr_t)J2G(J)->tmptv.u64;
       rec_comp_fixup(J, pc, (!tvistruecond(&J2G(J)->tmptv2) ^ (bc_op(*pc)&1)));
       /* fallthrough */
     case LJ_POST_FIXGUARD:  /* Fixup and emit pending guard. */
@@ -1695,7 +2179,7 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
       if (bc_op(*J->pc) >= BC__MAX)
         return;
       break;
-    default: lua_assert(0); break;
+    default: lj_assertJ(0, "bad post-processing mode"); break;
     }
     J->postproc = LJ_POST_NONE;
   }
@@ -1703,7 +2187,7 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
   /* Need snapshot before recording next bytecode (e.g. after a store). */
   if (J->needsnap) {
     J->needsnap = 0;
-    lj_snap_purge(J);
+    if (J->pt) lj_snap_purge(J);
     lj_snap_add(J);
     J->mergesnap = 1;
   }
@@ -1725,6 +2209,10 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
   rec_check_ir(J);
 #endif
 
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+  rec_profile_ins(J, pc);
+#endif
+
   /* Keep a copy of the runtime values of var/num/str operands. */
 #define rav     (&ix.valv)
 #define rbv     (&ix.tabv)
@@ -1751,9 +2239,10 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
   switch (bcmode_c(op)) {
   case BCMvar:
     copyTV(J->L, rcv, &lbase[rc]); ix.key = rc = getslot(J, rc); break;
-  case BCMpri: setitype(rcv, ~rc); ix.key = rc = TREF_PRI(IRT_NIL+rc); break;
+  case BCMpri: setpriV(rcv, ~rc); ix.key = rc = TREF_PRI(IRT_NIL+rc); break;
   case BCMnum: { cTValue *tv = proto_knumtv(J->pt, rc);
     copyTV(J->L, rcv, tv); ix.key = rc = tvisint(tv) ? lj_ir_kint(J, intV(tv)) :
+    tv->u32.hi == LJ_KEYINDEX ? (lj_ir_kint(J, 0) | TREF_KEYINDEX) :
     lj_ir_knumint(J, numV(tv)); } break;
   case BCMstr: { GCstr *s = gco2str(proto_kgc(J->pt, ~(ptrdiff_t)rc));
     setstrV(J->L, rcv, s); ix.key = rc = lj_ir_kstr(J, s); } break;
@@ -1846,6 +2335,18 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
       J->maxslot = bc_a(pc[1]);  /* Shrink used slots. */
     break;
 
+  case BC_ISTYPE: case BC_ISNUM:
+    /* These coercions need to correspond with lj_meta_istype(). */
+    if (LJ_DUALNUM && rc == ~LJ_TNUMX+1)
+      ra = lj_opt_narrow_toint(J, ra);
+    else if (rc == ~LJ_TNUMX+2)
+      ra = lj_ir_tonum(J, ra);
+    else if (rc == ~LJ_TSTR+1)
+      ra = lj_ir_tostr(J, ra);
+    /* else: type specialization suffices. */
+    J->base[bc_a(ins)] = ra;
+    break;
+
   /* -- Unary ops --------------------------------------------------------- */
 
   case BC_NOT:
@@ -1857,7 +2358,7 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
     if (tref_isstr(rc))
       rc = emitir(IRTI(IR_FLOAD), rc, IRFL_STR_LEN);
     else if (!LJ_52 && tref_istab(rc))
-      rc = lj_ir_call(J, IRCALL_lj_tab_len, rc);
+      rc = emitir(IRTI(IR_ALEN), rc, TREF_NIL);
     else
       rc = rec_mm_len(J, rc, rcv);
     break;
@@ -1904,16 +2405,28 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
 
   case BC_POW:
     if (tref_isnumber_str(rb) && tref_isnumber_str(rc))
-      rc = lj_opt_narrow_pow(J, rb, rc, rbv, rcv);
+      rc = lj_opt_narrow_arith(J, rb, rc, rbv, rcv, IR_POW);
     else
       rc = rec_mm_arith(J, &ix, MM_pow);
     break;
 
+  /* -- Miscellaneous ops ------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_CAT:
+    rc = rec_cat(J, rb, rc);
+    break;
+
   /* -- Constant and move ops --------------------------------------------- */
 
   case BC_MOV:
     /* Clear gap of method call to avoid resurrecting previous refs. */
-    if (ra > J->maxslot) J->base[ra-1] = 0;
+    if (ra > J->maxslot) {
+#if LJ_FR2
+      memset(J->base + J->maxslot, 0, (ra - J->maxslot) * sizeof(TRef));
+#else
+      J->base[ra-1] = 0;
+#endif
+    }
     break;
   case BC_KSTR: case BC_KNUM: case BC_KPRI:
     break;
@@ -1921,6 +2434,8 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
     rc = lj_ir_kint(J, (int32_t)(int16_t)rc);
     break;
   case BC_KNIL:
+    if (LJ_FR2 && ra > J->maxslot)
+      J->base[ra-1] = 0;
     while (ra <= rc)
       J->base[ra++] = TREF_NIL;
     if (rc >= J->maxslot) J->maxslot = rc+1;
@@ -1957,6 +2472,15 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
     ix.idxchain = LJ_MAX_IDXCHAIN;
     rc = lj_record_idx(J, &ix);
     break;
+  case BC_TGETR: case BC_TSETR:
+    ix.idxchain = 0;
+    rc = lj_record_idx(J, &ix);
+    break;
+
+  case BC_TSETM:
+    rec_tsetm(J, ra, (BCReg)(J->L->top - J->L->base), (int32_t)rcv->u32.lo);
+    J->maxslot = ra;  /* The table slot at ra-1 is the highest used slot. */
+    break;
 
   case BC_TNEW:
     rc = rec_tnew(J, rc);
@@ -1964,33 +2488,38 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
   case BC_TDUP:
     rc = emitir(IRTG(IR_TDUP, IRT_TAB),
                 lj_ir_ktab(J, gco2tab(proto_kgc(J->pt, ~(ptrdiff_t)rc))), 0);
+#ifdef LUAJIT_ENABLE_TABLE_BUMP
+    J->rbchash[(rc & (RBCHASH_SLOTS-1))].ref = tref_ref(rc);
+    setmref(J->rbchash[(rc & (RBCHASH_SLOTS-1))].pc, pc);
+    setgcref(J->rbchash[(rc & (RBCHASH_SLOTS-1))].pt, obj2gco(J->pt));
+#endif
     break;
 
   /* -- Calls and vararg handling ----------------------------------------- */
 
   case BC_ITERC:
     J->base[ra] = getslot(J, ra-3);
-    J->base[ra+1] = getslot(J, ra-2);
-    J->base[ra+2] = getslot(J, ra-1);
+    J->base[ra+1+LJ_FR2] = getslot(J, ra-2);
+    J->base[ra+2+LJ_FR2] = getslot(J, ra-1);
     { /* Do the actual copy now because lj_record_call needs the values. */
       TValue *b = &J->L->base[ra];
       copyTV(J->L, b, b-3);
-      copyTV(J->L, b+1, b-2);
-      copyTV(J->L, b+2, b-1);
+      copyTV(J->L, b+1+LJ_FR2, b-2);
+      copyTV(J->L, b+2+LJ_FR2, b-1);
     }
     lj_record_call(J, ra, (ptrdiff_t)rc-1);
     break;
 
   /* L->top is set to L->base+ra+rc+NARGS-1+1. See lj_dispatch_ins(). */
   case BC_CALLM:
-    rc = (BCReg)(J->L->top - J->L->base) - ra;
+    rc = (BCReg)(J->L->top - J->L->base) - ra - LJ_FR2;
     /* fallthrough */
   case BC_CALL:
     lj_record_call(J, ra, (ptrdiff_t)rc-1);
     break;
 
   case BC_CALLMT:
-    rc = (BCReg)(J->L->top - J->L->base) - ra;
+    rc = (BCReg)(J->L->top - J->L->base) - ra - LJ_FR2;
     /* fallthrough */
   case BC_CALLT:
     lj_record_tailcall(J, ra, (ptrdiff_t)rc-1);
@@ -2007,6 +2536,9 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
     rc = (BCReg)(J->L->top - J->L->base) - ra + 1;
     /* fallthrough */
   case BC_RET: case BC_RET0: case BC_RET1:
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+    rec_profile_ret(J);
+#endif
     lj_record_ret(J, ra, (ptrdiff_t)rc-1);
     break;
 
@@ -2017,9 +2549,10 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
       J->loopref = J->cur.nins;
     break;
   case BC_JFORI:
-    lua_assert(bc_op(pc[(ptrdiff_t)rc-BCBIAS_J]) == BC_JFORL);
+    lj_assertJ(bc_op(pc[(ptrdiff_t)rc-BCBIAS_J]) == BC_JFORL,
+               "JFORI does not point to JFORL");
     if (rec_for(J, pc, 0) != LOOPEV_LEAVE)  /* Link to existing loop. */
-      rec_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_ROOT, bc_d(pc[(ptrdiff_t)rc-BCBIAS_J]));
+      lj_record_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_ROOT, bc_d(pc[(ptrdiff_t)rc-BCBIAS_J]));
     /* Continue tracing if the loop is not entered. */
     break;
 
@@ -2029,6 +2562,9 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
   case BC_ITERL:
     rec_loop_interp(J, pc, rec_iterl(J, *pc));
     break;
+  case BC_ITERN:
+    rec_loop_interp(J, pc, rec_itern(J, ra, rb));
+    break;
   case BC_LOOP:
     rec_loop_interp(J, pc, rec_loop(J, ra, 1));
     break;
@@ -2041,7 +2577,8 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
     break;
   case BC_JLOOP:
     rec_loop_jit(J, rc, rec_loop(J, ra,
-                                 !bc_isret(bc_op(traceref(J, rc)->startins))));
+                                 !bc_isret(bc_op(traceref(J, rc)->startins)) &&
+                                 bc_op(traceref(J, rc)->startins) != BC_ITERN));
     break;
 
   case BC_IFORL:
@@ -2057,6 +2594,10 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
       J->maxslot = ra;  /* Shrink used slots. */
     break;
 
+  case BC_ISNEXT:
+    rec_isnext(J, ra);
+    break;
+
   /* -- Function headers -------------------------------------------------- */
 
   case BC_FUNCF:
@@ -2071,7 +2612,8 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
     rec_func_lua(J);
     break;
   case BC_JFUNCV:
-    lua_assert(0);  /* Cannot happen. No hotcall counting for varag funcs. */
+    /* Cannot happen. No hotcall counting for varag funcs. */
+    lj_assertJ(0, "unsupported vararg hotcall");
     break;
 
   case BC_FUNCC:
@@ -2085,12 +2627,8 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
       break;
     }
     /* fallthrough */
-  case BC_ITERN:
-  case BC_ISNEXT:
-  case BC_CAT:
   case BC_UCLO:
   case BC_FNEW:
-  case BC_TSETM:
     setintV(&J->errinfo, (int32_t)op);
     lj_trace_err_info(J, LJ_TRERR_NYIBC);
     break;
@@ -2099,15 +2637,21 @@ void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J)
   /* rc == 0 if we have no result yet, e.g. pending __index metamethod call. */
   if (bcmode_a(op) == BCMdst && rc) {
     J->base[ra] = rc;
-    if (ra >= J->maxslot) J->maxslot = ra+1;
+    if (ra >= J->maxslot) {
+#if LJ_FR2
+      if (ra > J->maxslot) J->base[ra-1] = 0;
+#endif
+      J->maxslot = ra+1;
+    }
   }
 
 #undef rav
 #undef rbv
 #undef rcv
 
-  /* Limit the number of recorded IR instructions. */
-  if (J->cur.nins > REF_FIRST+(IRRef)J->param[JIT_P_maxrecord])
+  /* Limit the number of recorded IR instructions and constants. */
+  if (J->cur.nins > REF_FIRST+(IRRef)J->param[JIT_P_maxrecord] ||
+      J->cur.nk < REF_BIAS-(IRRef)J->param[JIT_P_maxirconst])
     lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_TRACEOV);
 }
 
@@ -2127,13 +2671,22 @@ static const BCIns *rec_setup_root(jit_State *J)
     J->bc_min = pc;
     break;
   case BC_ITERL:
-    lua_assert(bc_op(pc[-1]) == BC_ITERC);
+    if (bc_op(pc[-1]) == BC_JLOOP)
+      lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_LINNER);
+    lj_assertJ(bc_op(pc[-1]) == BC_ITERC, "no ITERC before ITERL");
     J->maxslot = ra + bc_b(pc[-1]) - 1;
     J->bc_extent = (MSize)(-bc_j(ins))*sizeof(BCIns);
     pc += 1+bc_j(ins);
-    lua_assert(bc_op(pc[-1]) == BC_JMP);
+    lj_assertJ(bc_op(pc[-1]) == BC_JMP, "ITERL does not point to JMP+1");
     J->bc_min = pc;
     break;
+  case BC_ITERN:
+    lj_assertJ(bc_op(pc[1]) == BC_ITERL, "no ITERL after ITERN");
+    J->maxslot = ra;
+    J->bc_extent = (MSize)(-bc_j(pc[1]))*sizeof(BCIns);
+    J->bc_min = pc+2 + bc_j(pc[1]);
+    J->state = LJ_TRACE_RECORD_1ST;  /* Record the first ITERN, too. */
+    break;
   case BC_LOOP:
     /* Only check BC range for real loops, but not for "repeat until true". */
     pcj = pc + bc_j(ins);
@@ -2156,8 +2709,14 @@ static const BCIns *rec_setup_root(jit_State *J)
     J->maxslot = J->pt->numparams;
     pc++;
     break;
+  case BC_CALLM:
+  case BC_CALL:
+  case BC_ITERC:
+    /* No bytecode range check for stitched traces. */
+    pc++;
+    break;
   default:
-    lua_assert(0);
+    lj_assertJ(0, "bad root trace start bytecode %d", bc_op(ins));
     break;
   }
   return pc;
@@ -2171,11 +2730,14 @@ void lj_record_setup(jit_State *J)
   /* Initialize state related to current trace. */
   memset(J->slot, 0, sizeof(J->slot));
   memset(J->chain, 0, sizeof(J->chain));
+#ifdef LUAJIT_ENABLE_TABLE_BUMP
+  memset(J->rbchash, 0, sizeof(J->rbchash));
+#endif
   memset(J->bpropcache, 0, sizeof(J->bpropcache));
   J->scev.idx = REF_NIL;
   setmref(J->scev.pc, NULL);
 
-  J->baseslot = 1;  /* Invoking function is at base[-1]. */
+  J->baseslot = 1+LJ_FR2;  /* Invoking function is at base[-1-LJ_FR2]. */
   J->base = J->slot + J->baseslot;
   J->maxslot = 0;
   J->framedepth = 0;
@@ -2190,7 +2752,7 @@ void lj_record_setup(jit_State *J)
   J->bc_extent = ~(MSize)0;
 
   /* Emit instructions for fixed references. Also triggers initial IR alloc. */
-  emitir_raw(IRT(IR_BASE, IRT_P32), J->parent, J->exitno);
+  emitir_raw(IRT(IR_BASE, IRT_PGC), J->parent, J->exitno);
   for (i = 0; i <= 2; i++) {
     IRIns *ir = IR(REF_NIL-i);
     ir->i = 0;
@@ -2221,10 +2783,15 @@ void lj_record_setup(jit_State *J)
     }
     lj_snap_replay(J, T);
   sidecheck:
-    if (traceref(J, J->cur.root)->nchild >= J->param[JIT_P_maxside] ||
-        T->snap[J->exitno].count >= J->param[JIT_P_hotexit] +
-                                    J->param[JIT_P_tryside]) {
-      rec_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_INTERP, 0);
+    if ((traceref(J, J->cur.root)->nchild >= J->param[JIT_P_maxside] ||
+         T->snap[J->exitno].count >= J->param[JIT_P_hotexit] +
+                                     J->param[JIT_P_tryside])) {
+      if (bc_op(*J->pc) == BC_JLOOP) {
+        BCIns startins = traceref(J, bc_d(*J->pc))->startins;
+        if (bc_op(startins) == BC_ITERN)
+          rec_itern(J, bc_a(startins), bc_b(startins));
+      }
+      lj_record_stop(J, LJ_TRLINK_INTERP, 0);
     }
   } else {  /* Root trace. */
     J->cur.root = 0;
@@ -2232,13 +2799,20 @@ void lj_record_setup(jit_State *J)
     J->pc = rec_setup_root(J);
     /* Note: the loop instruction itself is recorded at the end and not
     ** at the start! So snapshot #0 needs to point to the *next* instruction.
+    ** The one exception is BC_ITERN, which sets LJ_TRACE_RECORD_1ST.
     */
     lj_snap_add(J);
     if (bc_op(J->cur.startins) == BC_FORL)
       rec_for_loop(J, J->pc-1, &J->scev, 1);
+    else if (bc_op(J->cur.startins) == BC_ITERC)
+      J->startpc = NULL;
     if (1 + J->pt->framesize >= LJ_MAX_JSLOTS)
       lj_trace_err(J, LJ_TRERR_STACKOV);
   }
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+  J->prev_pt = NULL;
+  J->prev_line = -1;
+#endif
 #ifdef LUAJIT_ENABLE_CHECKHOOK
   /* Regularly check for instruction/line hooks from compiled code and
   ** exit to the interpreter if the hooks are set.
diff --git a/src/lj_record.h b/src/lj_record.h
index 08b7ba20..61ccb395 100644
--- a/src/lj_record.h
+++ b/src/lj_record.h
@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@ typedef struct RecordIndex {
 
 LJ_FUNC int lj_record_objcmp(jit_State *J, TRef a, TRef b,
                              cTValue *av, cTValue *bv);
+LJ_FUNC void lj_record_stop(jit_State *J, TraceLink linktype, TraceNo lnk);
 LJ_FUNC TRef lj_record_constify(jit_State *J, cTValue *o);
+LJ_FUNC TRef lj_record_vload(jit_State *J, TRef ref, MSize idx, IRType t);
 
 LJ_FUNC void lj_record_call(jit_State *J, BCReg func, ptrdiff_t nargs);
 LJ_FUNC void lj_record_tailcall(jit_State *J, BCReg func, ptrdiff_t nargs);
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@ LJ_FUNC void lj_record_ret(jit_State *J, BCReg rbase, ptrdiff_t gotresults);
 
 LJ_FUNC int lj_record_mm_lookup(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix, MMS mm);
 LJ_FUNC TRef lj_record_idx(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix);
+LJ_FUNC int lj_record_next(jit_State *J, RecordIndex *ix);
 
 LJ_FUNC void lj_record_ins(jit_State *J);
 LJ_FUNC void lj_record_setup(jit_State *J);
diff --git a/src/lj_serialize.c b/src/lj_serialize.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..83881766
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lj_serialize.c
@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+/*
+** Object de/serialization.
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+*/
+
+#define lj_serialize_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lj_obj.h"
+
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+#include "lj_err.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
+#include "lj_str.h"
+#include "lj_tab.h"
+#include "lj_udata.h"
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+#include "lj_ctype.h"
+#include "lj_cdata.h"
+#endif
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+#include "lj_ir.h"
+#endif
+#include "lj_serialize.h"
+
+/* Tags for internal serialization format. */
+enum {
+  SER_TAG_NIL,          /* 0x00 */
+  SER_TAG_FALSE,
+  SER_TAG_TRUE,
+  SER_TAG_NULL,
+  SER_TAG_LIGHTUD32,
+  SER_TAG_LIGHTUD64,
+  SER_TAG_INT,
+  SER_TAG_NUM,
+  SER_TAG_TAB,          /* 0x08 */
+  SER_TAG_DICT_MT = SER_TAG_TAB+6,
+  SER_TAG_DICT_STR,
+  SER_TAG_INT64,        /* 0x10 */
+  SER_TAG_UINT64,
+  SER_TAG_COMPLEX,
+  SER_TAG_0x13,
+  SER_TAG_0x14,
+  SER_TAG_0x15,
+  SER_TAG_0x16,
+  SER_TAG_0x17,
+  SER_TAG_0x18,         /* 0x18 */
+  SER_TAG_0x19,
+  SER_TAG_0x1a,
+  SER_TAG_0x1b,
+  SER_TAG_0x1c,
+  SER_TAG_0x1d,
+  SER_TAG_0x1e,
+  SER_TAG_0x1f,
+  SER_TAG_STR,          /* 0x20 + str->len */
+};
+LJ_STATIC_ASSERT((SER_TAG_TAB & 7) == 0);
+
+/* -- Helper functions ---------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static LJ_AINLINE char *serialize_more(char *w, SBufExt *sbx, MSize sz)
+{
+  if (LJ_UNLIKELY(sz > (MSize)(sbx->e - w))) {
+    sbx->w = w;
+    w = lj_buf_more2((SBuf *)sbx, sz);
+  }
+  return w;
+}
+
+/* Write U124 to buffer. */
+static LJ_NOINLINE char *serialize_wu124_(char *w, uint32_t v)
+{
+  if (v < 0x1fe0) {
+    v -= 0xe0;
+    *w++ = (char)(0xe0 | (v >> 8)); *w++ = (char)v;
+  } else {
+    *w++ = (char)0xff;
+#if LJ_BE
+    v = lj_bswap(v);
+#endif
+    memcpy(w, &v, 4); w += 4;
+  }
+  return w;
+}
+
+static LJ_AINLINE char *serialize_wu124(char *w, uint32_t v)
+{
+  if (LJ_LIKELY(v < 0xe0)) {
+    *w++ = (char)v;
+    return w;
+  } else {
+    return serialize_wu124_(w, v);
+  }
+}
+
+static LJ_NOINLINE char *serialize_ru124_(char *r, char *w, uint32_t *pv)
+{
+  uint32_t v = *pv;
+  if (v != 0xff) {
+    if (r >= w) return NULL;
+    v = ((v & 0x1f) << 8) + *(uint8_t *)r + 0xe0; r++;
+  } else {
+    if (r + 4 > w) return NULL;
+    v = lj_getu32(r); r += 4;
+#if LJ_BE
+    v = lj_bswap(v);
+#endif
+  }
+  *pv = v;
+  return r;
+}
+
+static LJ_AINLINE char *serialize_ru124(char *r, char *w, uint32_t *pv)
+{
+  if (LJ_LIKELY(r < w)) {
+    uint32_t v = *(uint8_t *)r; r++;
+    *pv = v;
+    if (LJ_UNLIKELY(v >= 0xe0)) {
+      r = serialize_ru124_(r, w, pv);
+    }
+    return r;
+  }
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Prepare string dictionary for use (once). */
+void LJ_FASTCALL lj_serialize_dict_prep_str(lua_State *L, GCtab *dict)
+{
+  if (!dict->hmask) {  /* No hash part means not prepared, yet. */
+    MSize i, len = lj_tab_len(dict);
+    if (!len) return;
+    lj_tab_resize(L, dict, dict->asize, hsize2hbits(len));
+    for (i = 1; i <= len && i < dict->asize; i++) {
+      cTValue *o = arrayslot(dict, i);
+      if (tvisstr(o)) {
+        if (!lj_tab_getstr(dict, strV(o))) {  /* Ignore dups. */
+          lj_tab_newkey(L, dict, o)->u64 = (uint64_t)(i-1);
+        }
+      } else if (!tvisfalse(o)) {
+        lj_err_caller(L, LJ_ERR_BUFFER_BADOPT);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/* Prepare metatable dictionary for use (once). */
+void LJ_FASTCALL lj_serialize_dict_prep_mt(lua_State *L, GCtab *dict)
+{
+  if (!dict->hmask) {  /* No hash part means not prepared, yet. */
+    MSize i, len = lj_tab_len(dict);
+    if (!len) return;
+    lj_tab_resize(L, dict, dict->asize, hsize2hbits(len));
+    for (i = 1; i <= len && i < dict->asize; i++) {
+      cTValue *o = arrayslot(dict, i);
+      if (tvistab(o)) {
+        if (tvisnil(lj_tab_get(L, dict, o))) {  /* Ignore dups. */
+          lj_tab_newkey(L, dict, o)->u64 = (uint64_t)(i-1);
+        }
+      } else if (!tvisfalse(o)) {
+        lj_err_caller(L, LJ_ERR_BUFFER_BADOPT);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/* -- Internal serializer ------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Put serialized object into buffer. */
+static char *serialize_put(char *w, SBufExt *sbx, cTValue *o)
+{
+  if (LJ_LIKELY(tvisstr(o))) {
+    const GCstr *str = strV(o);
+    MSize len = str->len;
+    w = serialize_more(w, sbx, 5+len);
+    w = serialize_wu124(w, SER_TAG_STR + len);
+    w = lj_buf_wmem(w, strdata(str), len);
+  } else if (tvisint(o)) {
+    uint32_t x = LJ_BE ? lj_bswap((uint32_t)intV(o)) : (uint32_t)intV(o);
+    w = serialize_more(w, sbx, 1+4);
+    *w++ = SER_TAG_INT; memcpy(w, &x, 4); w += 4;
+  } else if (tvisnum(o)) {
+    uint64_t x = LJ_BE ? lj_bswap64(o->u64) : o->u64;
+    w = serialize_more(w, sbx, 1+sizeof(lua_Number));
+    *w++ = SER_TAG_NUM; memcpy(w, &x, 8); w += 8;
+  } else if (tvispri(o)) {
+    w = serialize_more(w, sbx, 1);
+    *w++ = (char)(SER_TAG_NIL + ~itype(o));
+  } else if (tvistab(o)) {
+    const GCtab *t = tabV(o);
+    uint32_t narray = 0, nhash = 0, one = 2;
+    if (sbx->depth <= 0) lj_err_caller(sbufL(sbx), LJ_ERR_BUFFER_DEPTH);
+    sbx->depth--;
+    if (t->asize > 0) {  /* Determine max. length of array part. */
+      ptrdiff_t i;
+      TValue *array = tvref(t->array);
+      for (i = (ptrdiff_t)t->asize-1; i >= 0; i--)
+        if (!tvisnil(&array[i]))
+          break;
+      narray = (uint32_t)(i+1);
+      if (narray && tvisnil(&array[0])) one = 4;
+    }
+    if (t->hmask > 0) {  /* Count number of used hash slots. */
+      uint32_t i, hmask = t->hmask;
+      Node *node = noderef(t->node);
+      for (i = 0; i <= hmask; i++)
+        nhash += !tvisnil(&node[i].val);
+    }
+    /* Write metatable index. */
+    if (LJ_UNLIKELY(tabref(sbx->dict_mt)) && tabref(t->metatable)) {
+      TValue mto;
+      Node *n;
+      settabV(sbufL(sbx), &mto, tabref(t->metatable));
+      n = hashgcref(tabref(sbx->dict_mt), mto.gcr);
+      do {
+        if (n->key.u64 == mto.u64) {
+          uint32_t idx = n->val.u32.lo;
+          w = serialize_more(w, sbx, 1+5);
+          *w++ = SER_TAG_DICT_MT;
+          w = serialize_wu124(w, idx);
+          break;
+        }
+      } while ((n = nextnode(n)));
+    }
+    /* Write number of array slots and hash slots. */
+    w = serialize_more(w, sbx, 1+2*5);
+    *w++ = (char)(SER_TAG_TAB + (nhash ? 1 : 0) + (narray ? one : 0));
+    if (narray) w = serialize_wu124(w, narray);
+    if (nhash) w = serialize_wu124(w, nhash);
+    if (narray) {  /* Write array entries. */
+      cTValue *oa = tvref(t->array) + (one >> 2);
+      cTValue *oe = tvref(t->array) + narray;
+      while (oa < oe) w = serialize_put(w, sbx, oa++);
+    }
+    if (nhash) {  /* Write hash entries. */
+      const Node *node = noderef(t->node) + t->hmask;
+      GCtab *dict_str = tabref(sbx->dict_str);
+      if (LJ_UNLIKELY(dict_str)) {
+        for (;; node--)
+          if (!tvisnil(&node->val)) {
+            if (LJ_LIKELY(tvisstr(&node->key))) {
+              /* Inlined lj_tab_getstr is 30% faster. */
+              const GCstr *str = strV(&node->key);
+              Node *n = hashstr(dict_str, str);
+              do {
+                if (tvisstr(&n->key) && strV(&n->key) == str) {
+                  uint32_t idx = n->val.u32.lo;
+                  w = serialize_more(w, sbx, 1+5);
+                  *w++ = SER_TAG_DICT_STR;
+                  w = serialize_wu124(w, idx);
+                  break;
+                }
+                n = nextnode(n);
+                if (!n) {
+                  MSize len = str->len;
+                  w = serialize_more(w, sbx, 5+len);
+                  w = serialize_wu124(w, SER_TAG_STR + len);
+                  w = lj_buf_wmem(w, strdata(str), len);
+                  break;
+                }
+              } while (1);
+            } else {
+              w = serialize_put(w, sbx, &node->key);
+            }
+            w = serialize_put(w, sbx, &node->val);
+            if (--nhash == 0) break;
+          }
+      } else {
+        for (;; node--)
+          if (!tvisnil(&node->val)) {
+            w = serialize_put(w, sbx, &node->key);
+            w = serialize_put(w, sbx, &node->val);
+            if (--nhash == 0) break;
+          }
+      }
+    }
+    sbx->depth++;
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  } else if (tviscdata(o)) {
+    CTState *cts = ctype_cts(sbufL(sbx));
+    CType *s = ctype_raw(cts, cdataV(o)->ctypeid);
+    uint8_t *sp = cdataptr(cdataV(o));
+    if (ctype_isinteger(s->info) && s->size == 8) {
+      w = serialize_more(w, sbx, 1+8);
+      *w++ = (s->info & CTF_UNSIGNED) ? SER_TAG_UINT64 : SER_TAG_INT64;
+#if LJ_BE
+      { uint64_t u = lj_bswap64(*(uint64_t *)sp); memcpy(w, &u, 8); }
+#else
+      memcpy(w, sp, 8);
+#endif
+      w += 8;
+    } else if (ctype_iscomplex(s->info) && s->size == 16) {
+      w = serialize_more(w, sbx, 1+16);
+      *w++ = SER_TAG_COMPLEX;
+#if LJ_BE
+      {  /* Only swap the doubles. The re/im order stays the same. */
+        uint64_t u = lj_bswap64(((uint64_t *)sp)[0]); memcpy(w, &u, 8);
+        u = lj_bswap64(((uint64_t *)sp)[1]); memcpy(w+8, &u, 8);
+      }
+#else
+      memcpy(w, sp, 16);
+#endif
+      w += 16;
+    } else {
+      goto badenc;  /* NYI other cdata */
+    }
+#endif
+  } else if (tvislightud(o)) {
+    uintptr_t ud = (uintptr_t)lightudV(G(sbufL(sbx)), o);
+    w = serialize_more(w, sbx, 1+sizeof(ud));
+    if (ud == 0) {
+      *w++ = SER_TAG_NULL;
+    } else if (LJ_32 || checku32(ud)) {
+#if LJ_BE && LJ_64
+      ud = lj_bswap64(ud);
+#elif LJ_BE
+      ud = lj_bswap(ud);
+#endif
+      *w++ = SER_TAG_LIGHTUD32; memcpy(w, &ud, 4); w += 4;
+#if LJ_64
+    } else {
+#if LJ_BE
+      ud = lj_bswap64(ud);
+#endif
+      *w++ = SER_TAG_LIGHTUD64; memcpy(w, &ud, 8); w += 8;
+#endif
+    }
+  } else {
+    /* NYI userdata */
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  badenc:
+#endif
+    lj_err_callerv(sbufL(sbx), LJ_ERR_BUFFER_BADENC, lj_typename(o));
+  }
+  return w;
+}
+
+/* Get serialized object from buffer. */
+static char *serialize_get(char *r, SBufExt *sbx, TValue *o)
+{
+  char *w = sbx->w;
+  uint32_t tp;
+  r = serialize_ru124(r, w, &tp); if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!r)) goto eob;
+  if (LJ_LIKELY(tp >= SER_TAG_STR)) {
+    uint32_t len = tp - SER_TAG_STR;
+    if (LJ_UNLIKELY(len > (uint32_t)(w - r))) goto eob;
+    setstrV(sbufL(sbx), o, lj_str_new(sbufL(sbx), r, len));
+    r += len;
+  } else if (tp == SER_TAG_INT) {
+    if (LJ_UNLIKELY(r + 4 > w)) goto eob;
+    setintV(o, (int32_t)(LJ_BE ? lj_bswap(lj_getu32(r)) : lj_getu32(r)));
+    r += 4;
+  } else if (tp == SER_TAG_NUM) {
+    if (LJ_UNLIKELY(r + 8 > w)) goto eob;
+    memcpy(o, r, 8); r += 8;
+#if LJ_BE
+    o->u64 = lj_bswap64(o->u64);
+#endif
+    if (!tvisnum(o)) setnanV(o);  /* Fix non-canonical NaNs. */
+  } else if (tp <= SER_TAG_TRUE) {
+    setpriV(o, ~tp);
+  } else if (tp == SER_TAG_DICT_STR) {
+    GCtab *dict_str;
+    uint32_t idx;
+    r = serialize_ru124(r, w, &idx); if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!r)) goto eob;
+    idx++;
+    dict_str = tabref(sbx->dict_str);
+    if (dict_str && idx < dict_str->asize && tvisstr(arrayslot(dict_str, idx)))
+      copyTV(sbufL(sbx), o, arrayslot(dict_str, idx));
+    else
+      lj_err_callerv(sbufL(sbx), LJ_ERR_BUFFER_BADDICTX, idx);
+  } else if (tp >= SER_TAG_TAB && tp <= SER_TAG_DICT_MT) {
+    uint32_t narray = 0, nhash = 0;
+    GCtab *t, *mt = NULL;
+    if (sbx->depth <= 0) lj_err_caller(sbufL(sbx), LJ_ERR_BUFFER_DEPTH);
+    sbx->depth--;
+    if (tp == SER_TAG_DICT_MT) {
+      GCtab *dict_mt;
+      uint32_t idx;
+      r = serialize_ru124(r, w, &idx); if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!r)) goto eob;
+      idx++;
+      dict_mt = tabref(sbx->dict_mt);
+      if (dict_mt && idx < dict_mt->asize && tvistab(arrayslot(dict_mt, idx)))
+        mt = tabV(arrayslot(dict_mt, idx));
+      else
+        lj_err_callerv(sbufL(sbx), LJ_ERR_BUFFER_BADDICTX, idx);
+      r = serialize_ru124(r, w, &tp); if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!r)) goto eob;
+      if (!(tp >= SER_TAG_TAB && tp < SER_TAG_DICT_MT)) goto badtag;
+    }
+    if (tp >= SER_TAG_TAB+2) {
+      r = serialize_ru124(r, w, &narray); if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!r)) goto eob;
+    }
+    if ((tp & 1)) {
+      r = serialize_ru124(r, w, &nhash); if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!r)) goto eob;
+    }
+    t = lj_tab_new(sbufL(sbx), narray, hsize2hbits(nhash));
+    /* NOBARRIER: The table is new (marked white). */
+    setgcref(t->metatable, obj2gco(mt));
+    settabV(sbufL(sbx), o, t);
+    if (narray) {
+      TValue *oa = tvref(t->array) + (tp >= SER_TAG_TAB+4);
+      TValue *oe = tvref(t->array) + narray;
+      while (oa < oe) r = serialize_get(r, sbx, oa++);
+    }
+    if (nhash) {
+      do {
+        TValue k, *v;
+        r = serialize_get(r, sbx, &k);
+        v = lj_tab_set(sbufL(sbx), t, &k);
+        if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!tvisnil(v)))
+          lj_err_caller(sbufL(sbx), LJ_ERR_BUFFER_DUPKEY);
+        r = serialize_get(r, sbx, v);
+      } while (--nhash);
+    }
+    sbx->depth++;
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+  } else if (tp >= SER_TAG_INT64 &&  tp <= SER_TAG_COMPLEX) {
+    uint32_t sz = tp == SER_TAG_COMPLEX ? 16 : 8;
+    GCcdata *cd;
+    if (LJ_UNLIKELY(r + sz > w)) goto eob;
+    if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!ctype_ctsG(G(sbufL(sbx))))) goto badtag;
+    cd = lj_cdata_new_(sbufL(sbx),
+           tp == SER_TAG_INT64 ? CTID_INT64 :
+           tp == SER_TAG_UINT64 ? CTID_UINT64 : CTID_COMPLEX_DOUBLE,
+           sz);
+    memcpy(cdataptr(cd), r, sz); r += sz;
+#if LJ_BE
+    *(uint64_t *)cdataptr(cd) = lj_bswap64(*(uint64_t *)cdataptr(cd));
+    if (sz == 16)
+      ((uint64_t *)cdataptr(cd))[1] = lj_bswap64(((uint64_t *)cdataptr(cd))[1]);
+#endif
+    if (sz == 16) {  /* Fix non-canonical NaNs. */
+      TValue *cdo = (TValue *)cdataptr(cd);
+      if (!tvisnum(&cdo[0])) setnanV(&cdo[0]);
+      if (!tvisnum(&cdo[1])) setnanV(&cdo[1]);
+    }
+    setcdataV(sbufL(sbx), o, cd);
+#endif
+  } else if (tp <= (LJ_64 ? SER_TAG_LIGHTUD64 : SER_TAG_LIGHTUD32)) {
+    uintptr_t ud = 0;
+    if (tp == SER_TAG_LIGHTUD32) {
+      if (LJ_UNLIKELY(r + 4 > w)) goto eob;
+      ud = (uintptr_t)(LJ_BE ? lj_bswap(lj_getu32(r)) : lj_getu32(r));
+      r += 4;
+    }
+#if LJ_64
+    else if (tp == SER_TAG_LIGHTUD64) {
+      if (LJ_UNLIKELY(r + 8 > w)) goto eob;
+      memcpy(&ud, r, 8); r += 8;
+#if LJ_BE
+      ud = lj_bswap64(ud);
+#endif
+    }
+    setrawlightudV(o, lj_lightud_intern(sbufL(sbx), (void *)ud));
+#else
+    setrawlightudV(o, (void *)ud);
+#endif
+  } else {
+badtag:
+    lj_err_callerv(sbufL(sbx), LJ_ERR_BUFFER_BADDEC, tp);
+  }
+  return r;
+eob:
+  lj_err_caller(sbufL(sbx), LJ_ERR_BUFFER_EOB);
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+/* -- External serialization API ------------------------------------------ */
+
+/* Encode to buffer. */
+SBufExt * LJ_FASTCALL lj_serialize_put(SBufExt *sbx, cTValue *o)
+{
+  sbx->depth = LJ_SERIALIZE_DEPTH;
+  sbx->w = serialize_put(sbx->w, sbx, o);
+  return sbx;
+}
+
+/* Decode from buffer. */
+char * LJ_FASTCALL lj_serialize_get(SBufExt *sbx, TValue *o)
+{
+  sbx->depth = LJ_SERIALIZE_DEPTH;
+  return serialize_get(sbx->r, sbx, o);
+}
+
+/* Stand-alone encoding, borrowing from global temporary buffer. */
+GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_serialize_encode(lua_State *L, cTValue *o)
+{
+  SBufExt sbx;
+  char *w;
+  memset(&sbx, 0, sizeof(SBufExt));
+  lj_bufx_set_borrow(L, &sbx, &G(L)->tmpbuf);
+  sbx.depth = LJ_SERIALIZE_DEPTH;
+  w = serialize_put(sbx.w, &sbx, o);
+  return lj_str_new(L, sbx.b, (size_t)(w - sbx.b));
+}
+
+/* Stand-alone decoding, copy-on-write from string. */
+void lj_serialize_decode(lua_State *L, TValue *o, GCstr *str)
+{
+  SBufExt sbx;
+  char *r;
+  memset(&sbx, 0, sizeof(SBufExt));
+  lj_bufx_set_cow(L, &sbx, strdata(str), str->len);
+  /* No need to set sbx.cowref here. */
+  sbx.depth = LJ_SERIALIZE_DEPTH;
+  r = serialize_get(sbx.r, &sbx, o);
+  if (r != sbx.w) lj_err_caller(L, LJ_ERR_BUFFER_LEFTOV);
+}
+
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+/* Peek into buffer to find the result IRType for specialization purposes. */
+LJ_FUNC MSize LJ_FASTCALL lj_serialize_peektype(SBufExt *sbx)
+{
+  uint32_t tp;
+  if (serialize_ru124(sbx->r, sbx->w, &tp)) {
+    /* This must match the handling of all tags in the decoder above. */
+    switch (tp) {
+    case SER_TAG_NIL: return IRT_NIL;
+    case SER_TAG_FALSE: return IRT_FALSE;
+    case SER_TAG_TRUE: return IRT_TRUE;
+    case SER_TAG_NULL: case SER_TAG_LIGHTUD32: case SER_TAG_LIGHTUD64:
+      return IRT_LIGHTUD;
+    case SER_TAG_INT: return LJ_DUALNUM ? IRT_INT : IRT_NUM;
+    case SER_TAG_NUM: return IRT_NUM;
+    case SER_TAG_TAB: case SER_TAG_TAB+1: case SER_TAG_TAB+2:
+    case SER_TAG_TAB+3: case SER_TAG_TAB+4: case SER_TAG_TAB+5:
+    case SER_TAG_DICT_MT:
+      return IRT_TAB;
+    case SER_TAG_INT64: case SER_TAG_UINT64: case SER_TAG_COMPLEX:
+      return IRT_CDATA;
+    case SER_TAG_DICT_STR:
+    default:
+      return IRT_STR;
+    }
+  }
+  return IRT_NIL;  /* Will fail on actual decode. */
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/lj_serialize.h b/src/lj_serialize.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da823573
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lj_serialize.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+** Object de/serialization.
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef _LJ_SERIALIZE_H
+#define _LJ_SERIALIZE_H
+
+#include "lj_obj.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
+
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+
+#define LJ_SERIALIZE_DEPTH      100     /* Default depth. */
+
+LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL lj_serialize_dict_prep_str(lua_State *L, GCtab *dict);
+LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL lj_serialize_dict_prep_mt(lua_State *L, GCtab *dict);
+LJ_FUNC SBufExt * LJ_FASTCALL lj_serialize_put(SBufExt *sbx, cTValue *o);
+LJ_FUNC char * LJ_FASTCALL lj_serialize_get(SBufExt *sbx, TValue *o);
+LJ_FUNC GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_serialize_encode(lua_State *L, cTValue *o);
+LJ_FUNC void lj_serialize_decode(lua_State *L, TValue *o, GCstr *str);
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+LJ_FUNC MSize LJ_FASTCALL lj_serialize_peektype(SBufExt *sbx);
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/lj_snap.c b/src/lj_snap.c
index 1ef75e83..877ce099 100644
--- a/src/lj_snap.c
+++ b/src/lj_snap.c
@@ -68,20 +68,37 @@ static MSize snapshot_slots(jit_State *J, SnapEntry *map, BCReg nslots)
   for (s = 0; s < nslots; s++) {
     TRef tr = J->slot[s];
     IRRef ref = tref_ref(tr);
+#if LJ_FR2
+    if (s == 1) {  /* Ignore slot 1 in LJ_FR2 mode, except if tailcalled. */
+      if ((tr & TREF_FRAME))
+        map[n++] = SNAP(1, SNAP_FRAME | SNAP_NORESTORE, REF_NIL);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if ((tr & (TREF_FRAME | TREF_CONT)) && !ref) {
+      cTValue *base = J->L->base - J->baseslot;
+      tr = J->slot[s] = (tr & 0xff0000) | lj_ir_k64(J, IR_KNUM, base[s].u64);
+      ref = tref_ref(tr);
+    }
+#endif
     if (ref) {
       SnapEntry sn = SNAP_TR(s, tr);
       IRIns *ir = &J->cur.ir[ref];
-      if (!(sn & (SNAP_CONT|SNAP_FRAME)) &&
+      if ((LJ_FR2 || !(sn & (SNAP_CONT|SNAP_FRAME))) &&
           ir->o == IR_SLOAD && ir->op1 == s && ref > retf) {
-        /* No need to snapshot unmodified non-inherited slots. */
-        if (!(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_INHERIT))
+        /*
+        ** No need to snapshot unmodified non-inherited slots.
+        ** But always snapshot the function below a frame in LJ_FR2 mode.
+        */
+        if (!(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_INHERIT) &&
+            (!LJ_FR2 || s == 0 || s+1 == nslots ||
+             !(J->slot[s+1] & (TREF_CONT|TREF_FRAME))))
           continue;
         /* No need to restore readonly slots and unmodified non-parent slots. */
         if (!(LJ_DUALNUM && (ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_CONVERT)) &&
             (ir->op2 & (IRSLOAD_READONLY|IRSLOAD_PARENT)) != IRSLOAD_PARENT)
           sn |= SNAP_NORESTORE;
       }
-      if (LJ_SOFTFP && irt_isnum(ir->t))
+      if (LJ_SOFTFP32 && irt_isnum(ir->t))
         sn |= SNAP_SOFTFPNUM;
       map[n++] = sn;
     }
@@ -90,35 +107,54 @@ static MSize snapshot_slots(jit_State *J, SnapEntry *map, BCReg nslots)
 }
 
 /* Add frame links at the end of the snapshot. */
-static BCReg snapshot_framelinks(jit_State *J, SnapEntry *map)
+static MSize snapshot_framelinks(jit_State *J, SnapEntry *map, uint8_t *topslot)
 {
   cTValue *frame = J->L->base - 1;
-  cTValue *lim = J->L->base - J->baseslot;
-  cTValue *ftop = frame + funcproto(frame_func(frame))->framesize;
+  cTValue *lim = J->L->base - J->baseslot + LJ_FR2;
+  GCfunc *fn = frame_func(frame);
+  cTValue *ftop = isluafunc(fn) ? (frame+funcproto(fn)->framesize) : J->L->top;
+#if LJ_FR2
+  uint64_t pcbase = (u64ptr(J->pc) << 8) | (J->baseslot - 2);
+  lj_assertJ(2 <= J->baseslot && J->baseslot <= 257, "bad baseslot");
+  memcpy(map, &pcbase, sizeof(uint64_t));
+#else
   MSize f = 0;
   map[f++] = SNAP_MKPC(J->pc);  /* The current PC is always the first entry. */
-  lua_assert(!J->pt ||
+#endif
+  lj_assertJ(!J->pt ||
              (J->pc >= proto_bc(J->pt) &&
-              J->pc < proto_bc(J->pt) + J->pt->sizebc));
+              J->pc < proto_bc(J->pt) + J->pt->sizebc), "bad snapshot PC");
   while (frame > lim) {  /* Backwards traversal of all frames above base. */
     if (frame_islua(frame)) {
+#if !LJ_FR2
       map[f++] = SNAP_MKPC(frame_pc(frame));
+#endif
       frame = frame_prevl(frame);
     } else if (frame_iscont(frame)) {
+#if !LJ_FR2
       map[f++] = SNAP_MKFTSZ(frame_ftsz(frame));
       map[f++] = SNAP_MKPC(frame_contpc(frame));
+#endif
       frame = frame_prevd(frame);
     } else {
-      lua_assert(!frame_isc(frame));
+      lj_assertJ(!frame_isc(frame), "broken frame chain");
+#if !LJ_FR2
       map[f++] = SNAP_MKFTSZ(frame_ftsz(frame));
+#endif
       frame = frame_prevd(frame);
       continue;
     }
     if (frame + funcproto(frame_func(frame))->framesize > ftop)
       ftop = frame + funcproto(frame_func(frame))->framesize;
   }
-  lua_assert(f == (MSize)(1 + J->framedepth));
-  return (BCReg)(ftop - lim);
+  *topslot = (uint8_t)(ftop - lim);
+#if LJ_FR2
+  lj_assertJ(sizeof(SnapEntry) * 2 == sizeof(uint64_t), "bad SnapEntry def");
+  return 2;
+#else
+  lj_assertJ(f == (MSize)(1 + J->framedepth), "miscalculated snapshot size");
+  return f;
+#endif
 }
 
 /* Take a snapshot of the current stack. */
@@ -128,16 +164,17 @@ static void snapshot_stack(jit_State *J, SnapShot *snap, MSize nsnapmap)
   MSize nent;
   SnapEntry *p;
   /* Conservative estimate. */
-  lj_snap_grow_map(J, nsnapmap + nslots + (MSize)J->framedepth+1);
+  lj_snap_grow_map(J, nsnapmap + nslots + (MSize)(LJ_FR2?2:J->framedepth+1));
   p = &J->cur.snapmap[nsnapmap];
   nent = snapshot_slots(J, p, nslots);
-  snap->topslot = (uint8_t)snapshot_framelinks(J, p + nent);
+  snap->nent = (uint8_t)nent;
+  nent += snapshot_framelinks(J, p + nent, &snap->topslot);
   snap->mapofs = (uint32_t)nsnapmap;
   snap->ref = (IRRef1)J->cur.nins;
-  snap->nent = (uint8_t)nent;
+  snap->mcofs = 0;
   snap->nslots = (uint8_t)nslots;
   snap->count = 0;
-  J->cur.nsnapmap = (uint32_t)(nsnapmap + nent + 1 + J->framedepth);
+  J->cur.nsnapmap = (uint32_t)(nsnapmap + nent);
 }
 
 /* Add or merge a snapshot. */
@@ -146,8 +183,8 @@ void lj_snap_add(jit_State *J)
   MSize nsnap = J->cur.nsnap;
   MSize nsnapmap = J->cur.nsnapmap;
   /* Merge if no ins. inbetween or if requested and no guard inbetween. */
-  if (J->mergesnap ? !irt_isguard(J->guardemit) :
-      (nsnap > 0 && J->cur.snap[nsnap-1].ref == J->cur.nins)) {
+  if ((nsnap > 0 && J->cur.snap[nsnap-1].ref == J->cur.nins) ||
+      (J->mergesnap && !irt_isguard(J->guardemit))) {
     if (nsnap == 1) {  /* But preserve snap #0 PC. */
       emitir_raw(IRT(IR_NOP, IRT_NIL), 0, 0);
       goto nomerge;
@@ -194,7 +231,8 @@ static BCReg snap_usedef(jit_State *J, uint8_t *udf,
 #define DEF_SLOT(s)             udf[(s)] *= 3
 
   /* Scan through following bytecode and check for uses/defs. */
-  lua_assert(pc >= proto_bc(J->pt) && pc < proto_bc(J->pt) + J->pt->sizebc);
+  lj_assertJ(pc >= proto_bc(J->pt) && pc < proto_bc(J->pt) + J->pt->sizebc,
+             "snapshot PC out of range");
   for (;;) {
     BCIns ins = *pc++;
     BCOp op = bc_op(ins);
@@ -205,7 +243,7 @@ static BCReg snap_usedef(jit_State *J, uint8_t *udf,
     switch (bcmode_c(op)) {
     case BCMvar: USE_SLOT(bc_c(ins)); break;
     case BCMrbase:
-      lua_assert(op == BC_CAT);
+      lj_assertJ(op == BC_CAT, "unhandled op %d with RC rbase", op);
       for (s = bc_b(ins); s <= bc_c(ins); s++) USE_SLOT(s);
       for (; s < maxslot; s++) DEF_SLOT(s);
       break;
@@ -245,7 +283,8 @@ static BCReg snap_usedef(jit_State *J, uint8_t *udf,
     case BCMbase:
       if (op >= BC_CALLM && op <= BC_ITERN) {
         BCReg top = (op == BC_CALLM || op == BC_CALLMT || bc_c(ins) == 0) ?
-                    maxslot : (bc_a(ins) + bc_c(ins));
+                    maxslot : (bc_a(ins) + bc_c(ins)+LJ_FR2);
+        if (LJ_FR2) DEF_SLOT(bc_a(ins)+1);
         s = bc_a(ins) - ((op == BC_ITERC || op == BC_ITERN) ? 3 : 0);
         for (; s < top; s++) USE_SLOT(s);
         for (; s < maxslot; s++) DEF_SLOT(s);
@@ -263,7 +302,8 @@ static BCReg snap_usedef(jit_State *J, uint8_t *udf,
       break;
     default: break;
     }
-    lua_assert(pc >= proto_bc(J->pt) && pc < proto_bc(J->pt) + J->pt->sizebc);
+    lj_assertJ(pc >= proto_bc(J->pt) && pc < proto_bc(J->pt) + J->pt->sizebc,
+               "use/def analysis PC out of range");
   }
 
 #undef USE_SLOT
@@ -321,8 +361,8 @@ void lj_snap_shrink(jit_State *J)
   MSize n, m, nlim, nent = snap->nent;
   uint8_t udf[SNAP_USEDEF_SLOTS];
   BCReg maxslot = J->maxslot;
-  BCReg minslot = snap_usedef(J, udf, snap_pc(map[nent]), maxslot);
   BCReg baseslot = J->baseslot;
+  BCReg minslot = snap_usedef(J, udf, snap_pc(&map[nent]), maxslot);
   if (minslot < maxslot) snap_useuv(J->pt, udf);
   maxslot += baseslot;
   minslot += baseslot;
@@ -365,25 +405,26 @@ static RegSP snap_renameref(GCtrace *T, SnapNo lim, IRRef ref, RegSP rs)
 }
 
 /* Copy RegSP from parent snapshot to the parent links of the IR. */
-IRIns *lj_snap_regspmap(GCtrace *T, SnapNo snapno, IRIns *ir)
+IRIns *lj_snap_regspmap(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T, SnapNo snapno, IRIns *ir)
 {
   SnapShot *snap = &T->snap[snapno];
   SnapEntry *map = &T->snapmap[snap->mapofs];
   BloomFilter rfilt = snap_renamefilter(T, snapno);
   MSize n = 0;
   IRRef ref = 0;
+  UNUSED(J);
   for ( ; ; ir++) {
     uint32_t rs;
     if (ir->o == IR_SLOAD) {
       if (!(ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_PARENT)) break;
       for ( ; ; n++) {
-        lua_assert(n < snap->nent);
+        lj_assertJ(n < snap->nent, "slot %d not found in snapshot", ir->op1);
         if (snap_slot(map[n]) == ir->op1) {
           ref = snap_ref(map[n++]);
           break;
         }
       }
-    } else if (LJ_SOFTFP && ir->o == IR_HIOP) {
+    } else if (LJ_SOFTFP32 && ir->o == IR_HIOP) {
       ref++;
     } else if (ir->o == IR_PVAL) {
       ref = ir->op1 + REF_BIAS;
@@ -394,7 +435,7 @@ IRIns *lj_snap_regspmap(GCtrace *T, SnapNo snapno, IRIns *ir)
     if (bloomtest(rfilt, ref))
       rs = snap_renameref(T, snapno, ref, rs);
     ir->prev = (uint16_t)rs;
-    lua_assert(regsp_used(rs));
+    lj_assertJ(regsp_used(rs), "unused IR %04d in snapshot", ref - REF_BIAS);
   }
   return ir;
 }
@@ -409,10 +450,10 @@ static TRef snap_replay_const(jit_State *J, IRIns *ir)
   case IR_KPRI: return TREF_PRI(irt_type(ir->t));
   case IR_KINT: return lj_ir_kint(J, ir->i);
   case IR_KGC: return lj_ir_kgc(J, ir_kgc(ir), irt_t(ir->t));
-  case IR_KNUM: return lj_ir_k64(J, IR_KNUM, ir_knum(ir));
-  case IR_KINT64: return lj_ir_k64(J, IR_KINT64, ir_kint64(ir));
+  case IR_KNUM: case IR_KINT64:
+    return lj_ir_k64(J, (IROp)ir->o, ir_k64(ir)->u64);
   case IR_KPTR: return lj_ir_kptr(J, ir_kptr(ir));  /* Continuation. */
-  default: lua_assert(0); return TREF_NIL; break;
+  default: lj_assertJ(0, "bad IR constant op %d", ir->o); return TREF_NIL;
   }
 }
 
@@ -422,7 +463,7 @@ static TRef snap_dedup(jit_State *J, SnapEntry *map, MSize nmax, IRRef ref)
   MSize j;
   for (j = 0; j < nmax; j++)
     if (snap_ref(map[j]) == ref)
-      return J->slot[snap_slot(map[j])] & ~(SNAP_CONT|SNAP_FRAME);
+      return J->slot[snap_slot(map[j])] & ~(SNAP_KEYINDEX|SNAP_CONT|SNAP_FRAME);
   return 0;
 }
 
@@ -483,21 +524,27 @@ void lj_snap_replay(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T)
       goto setslot;
     bloomset(seen, ref);
     if (irref_isk(ref)) {
-      tr = snap_replay_const(J, ir);
+      /* See special treatment of LJ_FR2 slot 1 in snapshot_slots() above. */
+      if (LJ_FR2 && (sn == SNAP(1, SNAP_FRAME | SNAP_NORESTORE, REF_NIL)))
+        tr = 0;
+      else
+        tr = snap_replay_const(J, ir);
     } else if (!regsp_used(ir->prev)) {
       pass23 = 1;
-      lua_assert(s != 0);
+      lj_assertJ(s != 0, "unused slot 0 in snapshot");
       tr = s;
     } else {
       IRType t = irt_type(ir->t);
       uint32_t mode = IRSLOAD_INHERIT|IRSLOAD_PARENT;
-      if (LJ_SOFTFP && (sn & SNAP_SOFTFPNUM)) t = IRT_NUM;
+      if (LJ_SOFTFP32 && (sn & SNAP_SOFTFPNUM)) t = IRT_NUM;
       if (ir->o == IR_SLOAD) mode |= (ir->op2 & IRSLOAD_READONLY);
+      if ((sn & SNAP_KEYINDEX)) mode |= IRSLOAD_KEYINDEX;
       tr = emitir_raw(IRT(IR_SLOAD, t), s, mode);
     }
   setslot:
-    J->slot[s] = tr | (sn&(SNAP_CONT|SNAP_FRAME));  /* Same as TREF_* flags. */
-    J->framedepth += ((sn & (SNAP_CONT|SNAP_FRAME)) && s);
+    /* Same as TREF_* flags. */
+    J->slot[s] = tr | (sn&(SNAP_KEYINDEX|SNAP_CONT|SNAP_FRAME));
+    J->framedepth += ((sn & (SNAP_CONT|SNAP_FRAME)) && (s != LJ_FR2));
     if ((sn & SNAP_FRAME))
       J->baseslot = s+1;
   }
@@ -512,8 +559,9 @@ void lj_snap_replay(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T)
       if (regsp_reg(ir->r) == RID_SUNK) {
         if (J->slot[snap_slot(sn)] != snap_slot(sn)) continue;
         pass23 = 1;
-        lua_assert(ir->o == IR_TNEW || ir->o == IR_TDUP ||
-                   ir->o == IR_CNEW || ir->o == IR_CNEWI);
+        lj_assertJ(ir->o == IR_TNEW || ir->o == IR_TDUP ||
+                   ir->o == IR_CNEW || ir->o == IR_CNEWI,
+                   "sunk parent IR %04d has bad op %d", refp - REF_BIAS, ir->o);
         if (ir->op1 >= T->nk) snap_pref(J, T, map, nent, seen, ir->op1);
         if (ir->op2 >= T->nk) snap_pref(J, T, map, nent, seen, ir->op2);
         if (LJ_HASFFI && ir->o == IR_CNEWI) {
@@ -525,13 +573,14 @@ void lj_snap_replay(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T)
             if (irs->r == RID_SINK && snap_sunk_store(T, ir, irs)) {
               if (snap_pref(J, T, map, nent, seen, irs->op2) == 0)
                 snap_pref(J, T, map, nent, seen, T->ir[irs->op2].op1);
-              else if ((LJ_SOFTFP || (LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI)) &&
+              else if ((LJ_SOFTFP32 || (LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI)) &&
                        irs+1 < irlast && (irs+1)->o == IR_HIOP)
                 snap_pref(J, T, map, nent, seen, (irs+1)->op2);
             }
         }
       } else if (!irref_isk(refp) && !regsp_used(ir->prev)) {
-        lua_assert(ir->o == IR_CONV && ir->op2 == IRCONV_NUM_INT);
+        lj_assertJ(ir->o == IR_CONV && ir->op2 == IRCONV_NUM_INT,
+                   "sunk parent IR %04d has bad op %d", refp - REF_BIAS, ir->o);
         J->slot[snap_slot(sn)] = snap_pref(J, T, map, nent, seen, ir->op1);
       }
     }
@@ -581,20 +630,21 @@ void lj_snap_replay(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T)
               val = snap_pref(J, T, map, nent, seen, irs->op2);
               if (val == 0) {
                 IRIns *irc = &T->ir[irs->op2];
-                lua_assert(irc->o == IR_CONV && irc->op2 == IRCONV_NUM_INT);
+                lj_assertJ(irc->o == IR_CONV && irc->op2 == IRCONV_NUM_INT,
+                           "sunk store for parent IR %04d with bad op %d",
+                           refp - REF_BIAS, irc->o);
                 val = snap_pref(J, T, map, nent, seen, irc->op1);
                 val = emitir(IRTN(IR_CONV), val, IRCONV_NUM_INT);
-              } else if ((LJ_SOFTFP || (LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI)) &&
+              } else if ((LJ_SOFTFP32 || (LJ_32 && LJ_HASFFI)) &&
                          irs+1 < irlast && (irs+1)->o == IR_HIOP) {
                 IRType t = IRT_I64;
-                if (LJ_SOFTFP && irt_type((irs+1)->t) == IRT_SOFTFP)
+                if (LJ_SOFTFP32 && irt_type((irs+1)->t) == IRT_SOFTFP)
                   t = IRT_NUM;
                 lj_needsplit(J);
                 if (irref_isk(irs->op2) && irref_isk((irs+1)->op2)) {
                   uint64_t k = (uint32_t)T->ir[irs->op2].i +
                                ((uint64_t)T->ir[(irs+1)->op2].i << 32);
-                  val = lj_ir_k64(J, t == IRT_I64 ? IR_KINT64 : IR_KNUM,
-                                  lj_ir_k64_find(J, k));
+                  val = lj_ir_k64(J, t == IRT_I64 ? IR_KINT64 : IR_KNUM, k);
                 } else {
                   val = emitir_raw(IRT(IR_HIOP, t), val,
                           snap_pref(J, T, map, nent, seen, (irs+1)->op2));
@@ -632,7 +682,14 @@ static void snap_restoreval(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T, ExitState *ex,
   IRType1 t = ir->t;
   RegSP rs = ir->prev;
   if (irref_isk(ref)) {  /* Restore constant slot. */
-    lj_ir_kvalue(J->L, o, ir);
+    if (ir->o == IR_KPTR) {
+      o->u64 = (uint64_t)(uintptr_t)ir_kptr(ir);
+    } else {
+      lj_assertJ(!(ir->o == IR_KKPTR || ir->o == IR_KNULL),
+                 "restore of const from IR %04d with bad op %d",
+                 ref - REF_BIAS, ir->o);
+      lj_ir_kvalue(J->L, o, ir);
+    }
     return;
   }
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY(bloomtest(rfilt, ref)))
@@ -641,22 +698,24 @@ static void snap_restoreval(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T, ExitState *ex,
     int32_t *sps = &ex->spill[regsp_spill(rs)];
     if (irt_isinteger(t)) {
       setintV(o, *sps);
-#if !LJ_SOFTFP
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP32
     } else if (irt_isnum(t)) {
       o->u64 = *(uint64_t *)sps;
 #endif
-    } else if (LJ_64 && irt_islightud(t)) {
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
+    } else if (irt_islightud(t)) {
       /* 64 bit lightuserdata which may escape already has the tag bits. */
       o->u64 = *(uint64_t *)sps;
+#endif
     } else {
-      lua_assert(!irt_ispri(t));  /* PRI refs never have a spill slot. */
-      setgcrefi(o->gcr, *sps);
-      setitype(o, irt_toitype(t));
+      lj_assertJ(!irt_ispri(t), "PRI ref with spill slot");
+      setgcV(J->L, o, (GCobj *)(uintptr_t)*(GCSize *)sps, irt_toitype(t));
     }
   } else {  /* Restore from register. */
     Reg r = regsp_reg(rs);
     if (ra_noreg(r)) {
-      lua_assert(ir->o == IR_CONV && ir->op2 == IRCONV_NUM_INT);
+      lj_assertJ(ir->o == IR_CONV && ir->op2 == IRCONV_NUM_INT,
+                 "restore from IR %04d has no reg", ref - REF_BIAS);
       snap_restoreval(J, T, ex, snapno, rfilt, ir->op1, o);
       if (LJ_DUALNUM) setnumV(o, (lua_Number)intV(o));
       return;
@@ -665,21 +724,26 @@ static void snap_restoreval(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T, ExitState *ex,
 #if !LJ_SOFTFP
     } else if (irt_isnum(t)) {
       setnumV(o, ex->fpr[r-RID_MIN_FPR]);
+#elif LJ_64  /* && LJ_SOFTFP */
+    } else if (irt_isnum(t)) {
+      o->u64 = ex->gpr[r-RID_MIN_GPR];
 #endif
-    } else if (LJ_64 && irt_islightud(t)) {
-      /* 64 bit lightuserdata which may escape already has the tag bits. */
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64
+    } else if (irt_is64(t)) {
+      /* 64 bit values that already have the tag bits. */
       o->u64 = ex->gpr[r-RID_MIN_GPR];
+#endif
+    } else if (irt_ispri(t)) {
+      setpriV(o, irt_toitype(t));
     } else {
-      if (!irt_ispri(t))
-        setgcrefi(o->gcr, ex->gpr[r-RID_MIN_GPR]);
-      setitype(o, irt_toitype(t));
+      setgcV(J->L, o, (GCobj *)ex->gpr[r-RID_MIN_GPR], irt_toitype(t));
     }
   }
 }
 
 #if LJ_HASFFI
 /* Restore raw data from the trace exit state. */
-static void snap_restoredata(GCtrace *T, ExitState *ex,
+static void snap_restoredata(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T, ExitState *ex,
                              SnapNo snapno, BloomFilter rfilt,
                              IRRef ref, void *dst, CTSize sz)
 {
@@ -687,9 +751,10 @@ static void snap_restoredata(GCtrace *T, ExitState *ex,
   RegSP rs = ir->prev;
   int32_t *src;
   uint64_t tmp;
+  UNUSED(J);
   if (irref_isk(ref)) {
-    if (ir->o == IR_KNUM || ir->o == IR_KINT64) {
-      src = mref(ir->ptr, int32_t);
+    if (ir_isk64(ir)) {
+      src = (int32_t *)&ir[1];
     } else if (sz == 8) {
       tmp = (uint64_t)(uint32_t)ir->i;
       src = (int32_t *)&tmp;
@@ -709,8 +774,9 @@ static void snap_restoredata(GCtrace *T, ExitState *ex,
       Reg r = regsp_reg(rs);
       if (ra_noreg(r)) {
         /* Note: this assumes CNEWI is never used for SOFTFP split numbers. */
-        lua_assert(sz == 8 && ir->o == IR_CONV && ir->op2 == IRCONV_NUM_INT);
-        snap_restoredata(T, ex, snapno, rfilt, ir->op1, dst, 4);
+        lj_assertJ(sz == 8 && ir->o == IR_CONV && ir->op2 == IRCONV_NUM_INT,
+                   "restore from IR %04d has no reg", ref - REF_BIAS);
+        snap_restoredata(J, T, ex, snapno, rfilt, ir->op1, dst, 4);
         *(lua_Number *)dst = (lua_Number)*(int32_t *)dst;
         return;
       }
@@ -726,11 +792,13 @@ static void snap_restoredata(GCtrace *T, ExitState *ex,
 #else
         if (LJ_BE && sz == 4) src++;
 #endif
-      }
+      } else
 #endif
+      if (LJ_64 && LJ_BE && sz == 4) src++;
     }
   }
-  lua_assert(sz == 1 || sz == 2 || sz == 4 || sz == 8);
+  lj_assertJ(sz == 1 || sz == 2 || sz == 4 || sz == 8,
+             "restore from IR %04d with bad size %d", ref - REF_BIAS, sz);
   if (sz == 4) *(int32_t *)dst = *src;
   else if (sz == 8) *(int64_t *)dst = *(int64_t *)src;
   else if (sz == 1) *(int8_t *)dst = (int8_t)*src;
@@ -743,24 +811,27 @@ static void snap_unsink(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T, ExitState *ex,
                         SnapNo snapno, BloomFilter rfilt,
                         IRIns *ir, TValue *o)
 {
-  lua_assert(ir->o == IR_TNEW || ir->o == IR_TDUP ||
-             ir->o == IR_CNEW || ir->o == IR_CNEWI);
+  lj_assertJ(ir->o == IR_TNEW || ir->o == IR_TDUP ||
+             ir->o == IR_CNEW || ir->o == IR_CNEWI,
+             "sunk allocation with bad op %d", ir->o);
 #if LJ_HASFFI
   if (ir->o == IR_CNEW || ir->o == IR_CNEWI) {
     CTState *cts = ctype_cts(J->L);
     CTypeID id = (CTypeID)T->ir[ir->op1].i;
-    CTSize sz = lj_ctype_size(cts, id);
-    GCcdata *cd = lj_cdata_new(cts, id, sz);
+    CTSize sz;
+    CTInfo info = lj_ctype_info(cts, id, &sz);
+    GCcdata *cd = lj_cdata_newx(cts, id, sz, info);
     setcdataV(J->L, o, cd);
     if (ir->o == IR_CNEWI) {
       uint8_t *p = (uint8_t *)cdataptr(cd);
-      lua_assert(sz == 4 || sz == 8);
+      lj_assertJ(sz == 4 || sz == 8, "sunk cdata with bad size %d", sz);
       if (LJ_32 && sz == 8 && ir+1 < T->ir + T->nins && (ir+1)->o == IR_HIOP) {
-        snap_restoredata(T, ex, snapno, rfilt, (ir+1)->op2, LJ_LE?p+4:p, 4);
+        snap_restoredata(J, T, ex, snapno, rfilt, (ir+1)->op2,
+                         LJ_LE ? p+4 : p, 4);
         if (LJ_BE) p += 4;
         sz = 4;
       }
-      snap_restoredata(T, ex, snapno, rfilt, ir->op2, p, sz);
+      snap_restoredata(J, T, ex, snapno, rfilt, ir->op2, p, sz);
     } else {
       IRIns *irs, *irlast = &T->ir[T->snap[snapno].ref];
       for (irs = ir+1; irs < irlast; irs++)
@@ -768,8 +839,11 @@ static void snap_unsink(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T, ExitState *ex,
           IRIns *iro = &T->ir[T->ir[irs->op1].op2];
           uint8_t *p = (uint8_t *)cd;
           CTSize szs;
-          lua_assert(irs->o == IR_XSTORE && T->ir[irs->op1].o == IR_ADD);
-          lua_assert(iro->o == IR_KINT || iro->o == IR_KINT64);
+          lj_assertJ(irs->o == IR_XSTORE, "sunk store with bad op %d", irs->o);
+          lj_assertJ(T->ir[irs->op1].o == IR_ADD,
+                     "sunk store with bad add op %d", T->ir[irs->op1].o);
+          lj_assertJ(iro->o == IR_KINT || iro->o == IR_KINT64,
+                     "sunk store with bad const offset op %d", iro->o);
           if (irt_is64(irs->t)) szs = 8;
           else if (irt_isi8(irs->t) || irt_isu8(irs->t)) szs = 1;
           else if (irt_isi16(irs->t) || irt_isu16(irs->t)) szs = 2;
@@ -778,14 +852,16 @@ static void snap_unsink(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T, ExitState *ex,
             p += (int64_t)ir_k64(iro)->u64;
           else
             p += iro->i;
-          lua_assert(p >= (uint8_t *)cdataptr(cd) &&
-                     p + szs <= (uint8_t *)cdataptr(cd) + sz);
+          lj_assertJ(p >= (uint8_t *)cdataptr(cd) &&
+                     p + szs <= (uint8_t *)cdataptr(cd) + sz,
+                     "sunk store with offset out of range");
           if (LJ_32 && irs+1 < T->ir + T->nins && (irs+1)->o == IR_HIOP) {
-            lua_assert(szs == 4);
-            snap_restoredata(T, ex, snapno, rfilt, (irs+1)->op2, LJ_LE?p+4:p,4);
+            lj_assertJ(szs == 4, "sunk store with bad size %d", szs);
+            snap_restoredata(J, T, ex, snapno, rfilt, (irs+1)->op2,
+                             LJ_LE ? p+4 : p, 4);
             if (LJ_BE) p += 4;
           }
-          snap_restoredata(T, ex, snapno, rfilt, irs->op2, p, szs);
+          snap_restoredata(J, T, ex, snapno, rfilt, irs->op2, p, szs);
         }
     }
   } else
@@ -800,10 +876,12 @@ static void snap_unsink(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T, ExitState *ex,
       if (irs->r == RID_SINK && snap_sunk_store(T, ir, irs)) {
         IRIns *irk = &T->ir[irs->op1];
         TValue tmp, *val;
-        lua_assert(irs->o == IR_ASTORE || irs->o == IR_HSTORE ||
-                   irs->o == IR_FSTORE);
+        lj_assertJ(irs->o == IR_ASTORE || irs->o == IR_HSTORE ||
+                   irs->o == IR_FSTORE,
+                   "sunk store with bad op %d", irs->o);
         if (irk->o == IR_FREF) {
-          lua_assert(irk->op2 == IRFL_TAB_META);
+          lj_assertJ(irk->op2 == IRFL_TAB_META,
+                     "sunk store with bad field %d", irk->op2);
           snap_restoreval(J, T, ex, snapno, rfilt, irs->op2, &tmp);
           /* NOBARRIER: The table is new (marked white). */
           setgcref(t->metatable, obj2gco(tabV(&tmp)));
@@ -814,7 +892,7 @@ static void snap_unsink(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T, ExitState *ex,
           val = lj_tab_set(J->L, t, &tmp);
           /* NOBARRIER: The table is new (marked white). */
           snap_restoreval(J, T, ex, snapno, rfilt, irs->op2, val);
-          if (LJ_SOFTFP && irs+1 < T->ir + T->nins && (irs+1)->o == IR_HIOP) {
+          if (LJ_SOFTFP32 && irs+1 < T->ir + T->nins && (irs+1)->o == IR_HIOP) {
             snap_restoreval(J, T, ex, snapno, rfilt, (irs+1)->op2, &tmp);
             val->u32.hi = tmp.u32.lo;
           }
@@ -832,11 +910,15 @@ const BCIns *lj_snap_restore(jit_State *J, void *exptr)
   SnapShot *snap = &T->snap[snapno];
   MSize n, nent = snap->nent;
   SnapEntry *map = &T->snapmap[snap->mapofs];
-  SnapEntry *flinks = &T->snapmap[snap_nextofs(T, snap)-1];
-  int32_t ftsz0;
+#if !LJ_FR2 || defined(LUA_USE_ASSERT)
+  SnapEntry *flinks = &T->snapmap[snap_nextofs(T, snap)-1-LJ_FR2];
+#endif
+#if !LJ_FR2
+  ptrdiff_t ftsz0;
+#endif
   TValue *frame;
   BloomFilter rfilt = snap_renamefilter(T, snapno);
-  const BCIns *pc = snap_pc(map[nent]);
+  const BCIns *pc = snap_pc(&map[nent]);
   lua_State *L = J->L;
 
   /* Set interpreter PC to the next PC to get correct error messages. */
@@ -849,8 +931,10 @@ const BCIns *lj_snap_restore(jit_State *J, void *exptr)
   }
 
   /* Fill stack slots with data from the registers and spill slots. */
-  frame = L->base-1;
+  frame = L->base-1-LJ_FR2;
+#if !LJ_FR2
   ftsz0 = frame_ftsz(frame);  /* Preserve link to previous frame in slot #0. */
+#endif
   for (n = 0; n < nent; n++) {
     SnapEntry sn = map[n];
     if (!(sn & SNAP_NORESTORE)) {
@@ -869,18 +953,27 @@ const BCIns *lj_snap_restore(jit_State *J, void *exptr)
         continue;
       }
       snap_restoreval(J, T, ex, snapno, rfilt, ref, o);
-      if (LJ_SOFTFP && (sn & SNAP_SOFTFPNUM) && tvisint(o)) {
+      if (LJ_SOFTFP32 && (sn & SNAP_SOFTFPNUM) && tvisint(o)) {
         TValue tmp;
         snap_restoreval(J, T, ex, snapno, rfilt, ref+1, &tmp);
         o->u32.hi = tmp.u32.lo;
+#if !LJ_FR2
       } else if ((sn & (SNAP_CONT|SNAP_FRAME))) {
         /* Overwrite tag with frame link. */
-        o->fr.tp.ftsz = snap_slot(sn) != 0 ? (int32_t)*flinks-- : ftsz0;
+        setframe_ftsz(o, snap_slot(sn) != 0 ? (int32_t)*flinks-- : ftsz0);
         L->base = o+1;
+#endif
+      } else if ((sn & SNAP_KEYINDEX)) {
+        /* A IRT_INT key index slot is restored as a number. Undo this. */
+        o->u32.lo = (uint32_t)(LJ_DUALNUM ? intV(o) : lj_num2int(numV(o)));
+        o->u32.hi = LJ_KEYINDEX;
       }
     }
   }
-  lua_assert(map + nent == flinks);
+#if LJ_FR2
+  L->base += (map[nent+LJ_BE] & 0xff);
+#endif
+  lj_assertJ(map + nent == flinks, "inconsistent frames in snapshot");
 
   /* Compute current stack top. */
   switch (bc_op(*pc)) {
diff --git a/src/lj_snap.h b/src/lj_snap.h
index 6c406f20..089d86bb 100644
--- a/src/lj_snap.h
+++ b/src/lj_snap.h
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@
 LJ_FUNC void lj_snap_add(jit_State *J);
 LJ_FUNC void lj_snap_purge(jit_State *J);
 LJ_FUNC void lj_snap_shrink(jit_State *J);
-LJ_FUNC IRIns *lj_snap_regspmap(GCtrace *T, SnapNo snapno, IRIns *ir);
+LJ_FUNC IRIns *lj_snap_regspmap(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T, SnapNo snapno,
+                                IRIns *ir);
 LJ_FUNC void lj_snap_replay(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T);
 LJ_FUNC const BCIns *lj_snap_restore(jit_State *J, void *exptr);
 LJ_FUNC void lj_snap_grow_buf_(jit_State *J, MSize need);
diff --git a/src/lj_state.c b/src/lj_state.c
index d7befaff..b45a2043 100644
--- a/src/lj_state.c
+++ b/src/lj_state.c
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 #include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
 #include "lj_str.h"
 #include "lj_tab.h"
 #include "lj_func.h"
@@ -24,8 +25,10 @@
 #include "lj_trace.h"
 #include "lj_dispatch.h"
 #include "lj_vm.h"
+#include "lj_prng.h"
 #include "lj_lex.h"
 #include "lj_alloc.h"
+#include "luajit.h"
 
 /* -- Stack handling ------------------------------------------------------ */
 
@@ -47,6 +50,7 @@
 ** one extra slot if mobj is not a function. Only lj_meta_tset needs 5
 ** slots above top, but then mobj is always a function. So we can get by
 ** with 5 extra slots.
+** LJ_FR2: We need 2 more slots for the frame PC and the continuation PC.
 */
 
 /* Resize stack slots and adjust pointers in state. */
@@ -57,9 +61,10 @@ static void resizestack(lua_State *L, MSize n)
   MSize oldsize = L->stacksize;
   MSize realsize = n + 1 + LJ_STACK_EXTRA;
   GCobj *up;
-  lua_assert((MSize)(tvref(L->maxstack)-oldst)==L->stacksize-LJ_STACK_EXTRA-1);
+  lj_assertL((MSize)(tvref(L->maxstack)-oldst) == L->stacksize-LJ_STACK_EXTRA-1,
+             "inconsistent stack size");
   st = (TValue *)lj_mem_realloc(L, tvref(L->stack),
-                                (MSize)(L->stacksize*sizeof(TValue)),
+                                (MSize)(oldsize*sizeof(TValue)),
                                 (MSize)(realsize*sizeof(TValue)));
   setmref(L->stack, st);
   delta = (char *)st - (char *)oldst;
@@ -67,12 +72,12 @@ static void resizestack(lua_State *L, MSize n)
   while (oldsize < realsize)  /* Clear new slots. */
     setnilV(st + oldsize++);
   L->stacksize = realsize;
+  if ((size_t)(mref(G(L)->jit_base, char) - (char *)oldst) < oldsize)
+    setmref(G(L)->jit_base, mref(G(L)->jit_base, char) + delta);
   L->base = (TValue *)((char *)L->base + delta);
   L->top = (TValue *)((char *)L->top + delta);
   for (up = gcref(L->openupval); up != NULL; up = gcnext(up))
     setmref(gco2uv(up)->v, (TValue *)((char *)uvval(gco2uv(up)) + delta));
-  if (obj2gco(L) == gcref(G(L)->jit_L))
-    setmref(G(L)->jit_base, mref(G(L)->jit_base, char) + delta);
 }
 
 /* Relimit stack after error, in case the limit was overdrawn. */
@@ -89,7 +94,8 @@ void lj_state_shrinkstack(lua_State *L, MSize used)
     return;  /* Avoid stack shrinking while handling stack overflow. */
   if (4*used < L->stacksize &&
       2*(LJ_STACK_START+LJ_STACK_EXTRA) < L->stacksize &&
-      obj2gco(L) != gcref(G(L)->jit_L))  /* Don't shrink stack of live trace. */
+      /* Don't shrink stack of live trace. */
+      (tvref(G(L)->jit_base) == NULL || obj2gco(L) != gcref(G(L)->cur_L)))
     resizestack(L, L->stacksize >> 1);
 }
 
@@ -125,8 +131,9 @@ static void stack_init(lua_State *L1, lua_State *L)
   L1->stacksize = LJ_STACK_START + LJ_STACK_EXTRA;
   stend = st + L1->stacksize;
   setmref(L1->maxstack, stend - LJ_STACK_EXTRA - 1);
-  L1->base = L1->top = st+1;
-  setthreadV(L1, st, L1);  /* Needed for curr_funcisL() on empty stack. */
+  setthreadV(L1, st++, L1);  /* Needed for curr_funcisL() on empty stack. */
+  if (LJ_FR2) setnilV(st++);
+  L1->base = L1->top = st;
   while (st < stend)  /* Clear new slots. */
     setnilV(st++);
 }
@@ -143,12 +150,13 @@ static TValue *cpluaopen(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction dummy, void *ud)
   /* NOBARRIER: State initialization, all objects are white. */
   setgcref(L->env, obj2gco(lj_tab_new(L, 0, LJ_MIN_GLOBAL)));
   settabV(L, registry(L), lj_tab_new(L, 0, LJ_MIN_REGISTRY));
-  lj_str_resize(L, LJ_MIN_STRTAB-1);
+  lj_str_init(L);
   lj_meta_init(L);
   lj_lex_init(L);
   fixstring(lj_err_str(L, LJ_ERR_ERRMEM));  /* Preallocate memory error msg. */
   g->gc.threshold = 4*g->gc.total;
   lj_trace_initstate(g);
+  lj_err_verify();
   return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -157,16 +165,25 @@ static void close_state(lua_State *L)
   global_State *g = G(L);
   lj_func_closeuv(L, tvref(L->stack));
   lj_gc_freeall(g);
-  lua_assert(gcref(g->gc.root) == obj2gco(L));
-  lua_assert(g->strnum == 0);
+  lj_assertG(gcref(g->gc.root) == obj2gco(L),
+             "main thread is not first GC object");
+  lj_assertG(g->str.num == 0, "leaked %d strings", g->str.num);
   lj_trace_freestate(g);
 #if LJ_HASFFI
   lj_ctype_freestate(g);
 #endif
-  lj_mem_freevec(g, g->strhash, g->strmask+1, GCRef);
-  lj_str_freebuf(g, &g->tmpbuf);
+  lj_str_freetab(g);
+  lj_buf_free(g, &g->tmpbuf);
   lj_mem_freevec(g, tvref(L->stack), L->stacksize, TValue);
-  lua_assert(g->gc.total == sizeof(GG_State));
+#if LJ_64
+  if (mref(g->gc.lightudseg, uint32_t)) {
+    MSize segnum = g->gc.lightudnum ? (2 << lj_fls(g->gc.lightudnum)) : 2;
+    lj_mem_freevec(g, mref(g->gc.lightudseg, uint32_t), segnum, uint32_t);
+  }
+#endif
+  lj_assertG(g->gc.total == sizeof(GG_State),
+             "memory leak of %lld bytes",
+             (long long)(g->gc.total - sizeof(GG_State)));
 #ifndef LUAJIT_USE_SYSMALLOC
   if (g->allocf == lj_alloc_f)
     lj_alloc_destroy(g->allocd);
@@ -175,17 +192,34 @@ static void close_state(lua_State *L)
     g->allocf(g->allocd, G2GG(g), sizeof(GG_State), 0);
 }
 
-#if LJ_64 && !(defined(LUAJIT_USE_VALGRIND) && defined(LUAJIT_USE_SYSMALLOC))
-lua_State *lj_state_newstate(lua_Alloc f, void *ud)
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64 && !(defined(LUAJIT_USE_VALGRIND) && defined(LUAJIT_USE_SYSMALLOC))
+lua_State *lj_state_newstate(lua_Alloc allocf, void *allocd)
 #else
-LUA_API lua_State *lua_newstate(lua_Alloc f, void *ud)
+LUA_API lua_State *lua_newstate(lua_Alloc allocf, void *allocd)
 #endif
 {
-  GG_State *GG = (GG_State *)f(ud, NULL, 0, sizeof(GG_State));
-  lua_State *L = &GG->L;
-  global_State *g = &GG->g;
-  if (GG == NULL || !checkptr32(GG)) return NULL;
+  PRNGState prng;
+  GG_State *GG;
+  lua_State *L;
+  global_State *g;
+  /* We need the PRNG for the memory allocator, so initialize this first. */
+  if (!lj_prng_seed_secure(&prng)) {
+    lj_assertX(0, "secure PRNG seeding failed");
+    /* Can only return NULL here, so this errors with "not enough memory". */
+    return NULL;
+  }
+#ifndef LUAJIT_USE_SYSMALLOC
+  if (allocf == LJ_ALLOCF_INTERNAL) {
+    allocd = lj_alloc_create(&prng);
+    if (!allocd) return NULL;
+    allocf = lj_alloc_f;
+  }
+#endif
+  GG = (GG_State *)allocf(allocd, NULL, 0, sizeof(GG_State));
+  if (GG == NULL || !checkptrGC(GG)) return NULL;
   memset(GG, 0, sizeof(GG_State));
+  L = &GG->L;
+  g = &GG->g;
   L->gct = ~LJ_TTHREAD;
   L->marked = LJ_GC_WHITE0 | LJ_GC_FIXED | LJ_GC_SFIXED;  /* Prevent free. */
   L->dummy_ffid = FF_C;
@@ -193,17 +227,25 @@ LUA_API lua_State *lua_newstate(lua_Alloc f, void *ud)
   g->gc.currentwhite = LJ_GC_WHITE0 | LJ_GC_FIXED;
   g->strempty.marked = LJ_GC_WHITE0;
   g->strempty.gct = ~LJ_TSTR;
-  g->allocf = f;
-  g->allocd = ud;
+  g->allocf = allocf;
+  g->allocd = allocd;
+  g->prng = prng;
+#ifndef LUAJIT_USE_SYSMALLOC
+  if (allocf == lj_alloc_f) {
+    lj_alloc_setprng(allocd, &g->prng);
+  }
+#endif
   setgcref(g->mainthref, obj2gco(L));
   setgcref(g->uvhead.prev, obj2gco(&g->uvhead));
   setgcref(g->uvhead.next, obj2gco(&g->uvhead));
-  g->strmask = ~(MSize)0;
+  g->str.mask = ~(MSize)0;
   setnilV(registry(L));
   setnilV(&g->nilnode.val);
   setnilV(&g->nilnode.key);
+#if !LJ_GC64
   setmref(g->nilnode.freetop, &g->nilnode);
-  lj_str_initbuf(&g->tmpbuf);
+#endif
+  lj_buf_init(NULL, &g->tmpbuf);
   g->gc.state = GCSpause;
   setgcref(g->gc.root, obj2gco(L));
   setmref(g->gc.sweep, &g->gc.root);
@@ -217,7 +259,7 @@ LUA_API lua_State *lua_newstate(lua_Alloc f, void *ud)
     close_state(L);
     return NULL;
   }
-  L->status = 0;
+  L->status = LUA_OK;
   return L;
 }
 
@@ -236,6 +278,10 @@ LUA_API void lua_close(lua_State *L)
   global_State *g = G(L);
   int i;
   L = mainthread(g);  /* Only the main thread can be closed. */
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+  luaJIT_profile_stop(L);
+#endif
+  setgcrefnull(g->cur_L);
   lj_func_closeuv(L, tvref(L->stack));
   lj_gc_separateudata(g, 1);  /* Separate udata which have GC metamethods. */
 #if LJ_HASJIT
@@ -245,10 +291,10 @@ LUA_API void lua_close(lua_State *L)
 #endif
   for (i = 0;;) {
     hook_enter(g);
-    L->status = 0;
+    L->status = LUA_OK;
+    L->base = L->top = tvref(L->stack) + 1 + LJ_FR2;
     L->cframe = NULL;
-    L->base = L->top = tvref(L->stack) + 1;
-    if (lj_vm_cpcall(L, NULL, NULL, cpfinalize) == 0) {
+    if (lj_vm_cpcall(L, NULL, NULL, cpfinalize) == LUA_OK) {
       if (++i >= 10) break;
       lj_gc_separateudata(g, 1);  /* Separate udata again. */
       if (gcref(g->gc.mmudata) == NULL)  /* Until nothing is left to do. */
@@ -263,7 +309,7 @@ lua_State *lj_state_new(lua_State *L)
   lua_State *L1 = lj_mem_newobj(L, lua_State);
   L1->gct = ~LJ_TTHREAD;
   L1->dummy_ffid = FF_C;
-  L1->status = 0;
+  L1->status = LUA_OK;
   L1->stacksize = 0;
   setmref(L1->stack, NULL);
   L1->cframe = NULL;
@@ -272,15 +318,17 @@ lua_State *lj_state_new(lua_State *L)
   setmrefr(L1->glref, L->glref);
   setgcrefr(L1->env, L->env);
   stack_init(L1, L);  /* init stack */
-  lua_assert(iswhite(obj2gco(L1)));
+  lj_assertL(iswhite(obj2gco(L1)), "new thread object is not white");
   return L1;
 }
 
 void LJ_FASTCALL lj_state_free(global_State *g, lua_State *L)
 {
-  lua_assert(L != mainthread(g));
+  lj_assertG(L != mainthread(g), "free of main thread");
+  if (obj2gco(L) == gcref(g->cur_L))
+    setgcrefnull(g->cur_L);
   lj_func_closeuv(L, tvref(L->stack));
-  lua_assert(gcref(L->openupval) == NULL);
+  lj_assertG(gcref(L->openupval) == NULL, "stale open upvalues");
   lj_mem_freevec(g, tvref(L->stack), L->stacksize, TValue);
   lj_mem_freet(g, L);
 }
diff --git a/src/lj_state.h b/src/lj_state.h
index dea9f58e..db67f03b 100644
--- a/src/lj_state.h
+++ b/src/lj_state.h
@@ -28,8 +28,10 @@ static LJ_AINLINE void lj_state_checkstack(lua_State *L, MSize need)
 
 LJ_FUNC lua_State *lj_state_new(lua_State *L);
 LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL lj_state_free(global_State *g, lua_State *L);
-#if LJ_64
+#if LJ_64 && !LJ_GC64 && !(defined(LUAJIT_USE_VALGRIND) && defined(LUAJIT_USE_SYSMALLOC))
 LJ_FUNC lua_State *lj_state_newstate(lua_Alloc f, void *ud);
 #endif
 
+#define LJ_ALLOCF_INTERNAL      ((lua_Alloc)(void *)(uintptr_t)(1237<<4))
+
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_str.c b/src/lj_str.c
index 7242a8e0..cfdaec6f 100644
--- a/src/lj_str.c
+++ b/src/lj_str.c
@@ -1,13 +1,8 @@
 /*
 ** String handling.
 ** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
-**
-** Portions taken verbatim or adapted from the Lua interpreter.
-** Copyright (C) 1994-2008 Lua.org, PUC-Rio. See Copyright Notice in lua.h
 */
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-
 #define lj_str_c
 #define LUA_CORE
 
@@ -15,10 +10,10 @@
 #include "lj_gc.h"
 #include "lj_err.h"
 #include "lj_str.h"
-#include "lj_state.h"
 #include "lj_char.h"
+#include "lj_prng.h"
 
-/* -- String interning ---------------------------------------------------- */
+/* -- String helpers ------------------------------------------------------ */
 
 /* Ordered compare of strings. Assumes string data is 4-byte aligned. */
 int32_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_cmp(GCstr *a, GCstr *b)
@@ -43,297 +38,333 @@ int32_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_cmp(GCstr *a, GCstr *b)
   return (int32_t)(a->len - b->len);
 }
 
-/* Fast string data comparison. Caveat: unaligned access to 1st string! */
-static LJ_AINLINE int str_fastcmp(const char *a, const char *b, MSize len)
+/* Find fixed string p inside string s. */
+const char *lj_str_find(const char *s, const char *p, MSize slen, MSize plen)
 {
-  MSize i = 0;
-  lua_assert(len > 0);
-  lua_assert((((uintptr_t)a+len-1) & (LJ_PAGESIZE-1)) <= LJ_PAGESIZE-4);
-  do {  /* Note: innocuous access up to end of string + 3. */
-    uint32_t v = lj_getu32(a+i) ^ *(const uint32_t *)(b+i);
-    if (v) {
-      i -= len;
-#if LJ_LE
-      return (int32_t)i >= -3 ? (v << (32+(i<<3))) : 1;
-#else
-      return (int32_t)i >= -3 ? (v >> (32+(i<<3))) : 1;
-#endif
+  if (plen <= slen) {
+    if (plen == 0) {
+      return s;
+    } else {
+      int c = *(const uint8_t *)p++;
+      plen--; slen -= plen;
+      while (slen) {
+        const char *q = (const char *)memchr(s, c, slen);
+        if (!q) break;
+        if (memcmp(q+1, p, plen) == 0) return q;
+        q++; slen -= (MSize)(q-s); s = q;
+      }
     }
-    i += 4;
-  } while (i < len);
-  return 0;
+  }
+  return NULL;
 }
 
-/* Resize the string hash table (grow and shrink). */
-void lj_str_resize(lua_State *L, MSize newmask)
+/* Check whether a string has a pattern matching character. */
+int lj_str_haspattern(GCstr *s)
 {
-  global_State *g = G(L);
-  GCRef *newhash;
-  MSize i;
-  if (g->gc.state == GCSsweepstring || newmask >= LJ_MAX_STRTAB-1)
-    return;  /* No resizing during GC traversal or if already too big. */
-  newhash = lj_mem_newvec(L, newmask+1, GCRef);
-  memset(newhash, 0, (newmask+1)*sizeof(GCRef));
-  for (i = g->strmask; i != ~(MSize)0; i--) {  /* Rehash old table. */
-    GCobj *p = gcref(g->strhash[i]);
-    while (p) {  /* Follow each hash chain and reinsert all strings. */
-      MSize h = gco2str(p)->hash & newmask;
-      GCobj *next = gcnext(p);
-      /* NOBARRIER: The string table is a GC root. */
-      setgcrefr(p->gch.nextgc, newhash[h]);
-      setgcref(newhash[h], p);
-      p = next;
-    }
+  const char *p = strdata(s), *q = p + s->len;
+  while (p < q) {
+    int c = *(const uint8_t *)p++;
+    if (lj_char_ispunct(c) && strchr("^$*+?.([%-", c))
+      return 1;  /* Found a pattern matching char. */
   }
-  lj_mem_freevec(g, g->strhash, g->strmask+1, GCRef);
-  g->strmask = newmask;
-  g->strhash = newhash;
+  return 0;  /* No pattern matching chars found. */
 }
 
-/* Intern a string and return string object. */
-GCstr *lj_str_new(lua_State *L, const char *str, size_t lenx)
+/* -- String hashing ------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+/* Keyed sparse ARX string hash. Constant time. */
+static StrHash hash_sparse(uint64_t seed, const char *str, MSize len)
 {
-  global_State *g;
-  GCstr *s;
-  GCobj *o;
-  MSize len = (MSize)lenx;
-  MSize a, b, h = len;
-  if (lenx >= LJ_MAX_STR)
-    lj_err_msg(L, LJ_ERR_STROV);
-  g = G(L);
-  /* Compute string hash. Constants taken from lookup3 hash by Bob Jenkins. */
+  /* Constants taken from lookup3 hash by Bob Jenkins. */
+  StrHash a, b, h = len ^ (StrHash)seed;
   if (len >= 4) {  /* Caveat: unaligned access! */
     a = lj_getu32(str);
     h ^= lj_getu32(str+len-4);
     b = lj_getu32(str+(len>>1)-2);
     h ^= b; h -= lj_rol(b, 14);
     b += lj_getu32(str+(len>>2)-1);
-  } else if (len > 0) {
+  } else {
     a = *(const uint8_t *)str;
     h ^= *(const uint8_t *)(str+len-1);
     b = *(const uint8_t *)(str+(len>>1));
     h ^= b; h -= lj_rol(b, 14);
-  } else {
-    return &g->strempty;
   }
   a ^= h; a -= lj_rol(h, 11);
   b ^= a; b -= lj_rol(a, 25);
   h ^= b; h -= lj_rol(b, 16);
-  /* Check if the string has already been interned. */
-  o = gcref(g->strhash[h & g->strmask]);
-  if (LJ_LIKELY((((uintptr_t)str+len-1) & (LJ_PAGESIZE-1)) <= LJ_PAGESIZE-4)) {
-    while (o != NULL) {
-      GCstr *sx = gco2str(o);
-      if (sx->len == len && str_fastcmp(str, strdata(sx), len) == 0) {
-        /* Resurrect if dead. Can only happen with fixstring() (keywords). */
-        if (isdead(g, o)) flipwhite(o);
-        return sx;  /* Return existing string. */
-      }
-      o = gcnext(o);
-    }
-  } else {  /* Slow path: end of string is too close to a page boundary. */
-    while (o != NULL) {
-      GCstr *sx = gco2str(o);
-      if (sx->len == len && memcmp(str, strdata(sx), len) == 0) {
-        /* Resurrect if dead. Can only happen with fixstring() (keywords). */
-        if (isdead(g, o)) flipwhite(o);
-        return sx;  /* Return existing string. */
-      }
-      o = gcnext(o);
-    }
-  }
-  /* Nope, create a new string. */
-  s = lj_mem_newt(L, sizeof(GCstr)+len+1, GCstr);
-  newwhite(g, s);
-  s->gct = ~LJ_TSTR;
-  s->len = len;
-  s->hash = h;
-  s->reserved = 0;
-  memcpy(strdatawr(s), str, len);
-  strdatawr(s)[len] = '\0';  /* Zero-terminate string. */
-  /* Add it to string hash table. */
-  h &= g->strmask;
-  s->nextgc = g->strhash[h];
-  /* NOBARRIER: The string table is a GC root. */
-  setgcref(g->strhash[h], obj2gco(s));
-  if (g->strnum++ > g->strmask)  /* Allow a 100% load factor. */
-    lj_str_resize(L, (g->strmask<<1)+1);  /* Grow string table. */
-  return s;  /* Return newly interned string. */
+  return h;
 }
 
-void LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_free(global_State *g, GCstr *s)
+#if LUAJIT_SECURITY_STRHASH
+/* Keyed dense ARX string hash. Linear time. */
+static LJ_NOINLINE StrHash hash_dense(uint64_t seed, StrHash h,
+                                      const char *str, MSize len)
 {
-  g->strnum--;
-  lj_mem_free(g, s, sizestring(s));
+  StrHash b = lj_bswap(lj_rol(h ^ (StrHash)(seed >> 32), 4));
+  if (len > 12) {
+    StrHash a = (StrHash)seed;
+    const char *pe = str+len-12, *p = pe, *q = str;
+    do {
+      a += lj_getu32(p);
+      b += lj_getu32(p+4);
+      h += lj_getu32(p+8);
+      p = q; q += 12;
+      h ^= b; h -= lj_rol(b, 14);
+      a ^= h; a -= lj_rol(h, 11);
+      b ^= a; b -= lj_rol(a, 25);
+    } while (p < pe);
+    h ^= b; h -= lj_rol(b, 16);
+    a ^= h; a -= lj_rol(h, 4);
+    b ^= a; b -= lj_rol(a, 14);
+  }
+  return b;
 }
+#endif
 
-/* -- Type conversions ---------------------------------------------------- */
+/* -- String interning ---------------------------------------------------- */
 
-/* Print number to buffer. Canonicalizes non-finite values. */
-size_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_bufnum(char *s, cTValue *o)
-{
-  if (LJ_LIKELY((o->u32.hi << 1) < 0xffe00000)) {  /* Finite? */
-    lua_Number n = o->n;
-#if __BIONIC__
-    if (tvismzero(o)) { s[0] = '-'; s[1] = '0'; return 2; }
-#endif
-    return (size_t)lua_number2str(s, n);
-  } else if (((o->u32.hi & 0x000fffff) | o->u32.lo) != 0) {
-    s[0] = 'n'; s[1] = 'a'; s[2] = 'n'; return 3;
-  } else if ((o->u32.hi & 0x80000000) == 0) {
-    s[0] = 'i'; s[1] = 'n'; s[2] = 'f'; return 3;
-  } else {
-    s[0] = '-'; s[1] = 'i'; s[2] = 'n'; s[3] = 'f'; return 4;
-  }
-}
+#define LJ_STR_MAXCOLL          32
 
-/* Print integer to buffer. Returns pointer to start. */
-char * LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_bufint(char *p, int32_t k)
+/* Resize the string interning hash table (grow and shrink). */
+void lj_str_resize(lua_State *L, MSize newmask)
 {
-  uint32_t u = k < 0 ? ~(uint32_t)k+1u : (uint32_t)k;
-  p += 1+10;
-  do { *--p = (char)('0' + u % 10); } while (u /= 10);
-  if (k < 0) *--p = '-';
-  return p;
-}
+  global_State *g = G(L);
+  GCRef *newtab, *oldtab = g->str.tab;
+  MSize i;
 
-/* Convert number to string. */
-GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_fromnum(lua_State *L, const lua_Number *np)
-{
-  char buf[LJ_STR_NUMBUF];
-  size_t len = lj_str_bufnum(buf, (TValue *)np);
-  return lj_str_new(L, buf, len);
-}
+  /* No resizing during GC traversal or if already too big. */
+  if (g->gc.state == GCSsweepstring || newmask >= LJ_MAX_STRTAB-1)
+    return;
 
-/* Convert integer to string. */
-GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_fromint(lua_State *L, int32_t k)
-{
-  char s[1+10];
-  char *p = lj_str_bufint(s, k);
-  return lj_str_new(L, p, (size_t)(s+sizeof(s)-p));
-}
+  newtab = lj_mem_newvec(L, newmask+1, GCRef);
+  memset(newtab, 0, (newmask+1)*sizeof(GCRef));
 
-GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_fromnumber(lua_State *L, cTValue *o)
-{
-  return tvisint(o) ? lj_str_fromint(L, intV(o)) : lj_str_fromnum(L, &o->n);
-}
+#if LUAJIT_SECURITY_STRHASH
+  /* Check which chains need secondary hashes. */
+  if (g->str.second) {
+    int newsecond = 0;
+    /* Compute primary chain lengths. */
+    for (i = g->str.mask; i != ~(MSize)0; i--) {
+      GCobj *o = (GCobj *)(gcrefu(oldtab[i]) & ~(uintptr_t)1);
+      while (o) {
+        GCstr *s = gco2str(o);
+        MSize hash = s->hashalg ? hash_sparse(g->str.seed, strdata(s), s->len) :
+                                  s->hash;
+        hash &= newmask;
+        setgcrefp(newtab[hash], gcrefu(newtab[hash]) + 1);
+        o = gcnext(o);
+      }
+    }
+    /* Mark secondary chains. */
+    for (i = newmask; i != ~(MSize)0; i--) {
+      int secondary = gcrefu(newtab[i]) > LJ_STR_MAXCOLL;
+      newsecond |= secondary;
+      setgcrefp(newtab[i], secondary);
+    }
+    g->str.second = newsecond;
+  }
+#endif
 
-/* -- String formatting --------------------------------------------------- */
+  /* Reinsert all strings from the old table into the new table. */
+  for (i = g->str.mask; i != ~(MSize)0; i--) {
+    GCobj *o = (GCobj *)(gcrefu(oldtab[i]) & ~(uintptr_t)1);
+    while (o) {
+      GCobj *next = gcnext(o);
+      GCstr *s = gco2str(o);
+      MSize hash = s->hash;
+#if LUAJIT_SECURITY_STRHASH
+      uintptr_t u;
+      if (LJ_LIKELY(!s->hashalg)) {  /* String hashed with primary hash. */
+        hash &= newmask;
+        u = gcrefu(newtab[hash]);
+        if (LJ_UNLIKELY(u & 1)) {  /* Switch string to secondary hash. */
+          s->hash = hash = hash_dense(g->str.seed, s->hash, strdata(s), s->len);
+          s->hashalg = 1;
+          hash &= newmask;
+          u = gcrefu(newtab[hash]);
+        }
+      } else {  /* String hashed with secondary hash. */
+        MSize shash = hash_sparse(g->str.seed, strdata(s), s->len);
+        u = gcrefu(newtab[shash & newmask]);
+        if (u & 1) {
+          hash &= newmask;
+          u = gcrefu(newtab[hash]);
+        } else {  /* Revert string back to primary hash. */
+          s->hash = shash;
+          s->hashalg = 0;
+          hash = (shash & newmask);
+        }
+      }
+      /* NOBARRIER: The string table is a GC root. */
+      setgcrefp(o->gch.nextgc, (u & ~(uintptr_t)1));
+      setgcrefp(newtab[hash], ((uintptr_t)o | (u & 1)));
+#else
+      hash &= newmask;
+      /* NOBARRIER: The string table is a GC root. */
+      setgcrefr(o->gch.nextgc, newtab[hash]);
+      setgcref(newtab[hash], o);
+#endif
+      o = next;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Free old table and replace with new table. */
+  lj_str_freetab(g);
+  g->str.tab = newtab;
+  g->str.mask = newmask;
+}
 
-static void addstr(lua_State *L, SBuf *sb, const char *str, MSize len)
+#if LUAJIT_SECURITY_STRHASH
+/* Rehash and rechain all strings in a chain. */
+static LJ_NOINLINE GCstr *lj_str_rehash_chain(lua_State *L, StrHash hashc,
+                                              const char *str, MSize len)
 {
-  char *p;
-  MSize i;
-  if (sb->n + len > sb->sz) {
-    MSize sz = sb->sz * 2;
-    while (sb->n + len > sz) sz = sz * 2;
-    lj_str_resizebuf(L, sb, sz);
+  global_State *g = G(L);
+  int ow = g->gc.state == GCSsweepstring ? otherwhite(g) : 0;  /* Sweeping? */
+  GCRef *strtab = g->str.tab;
+  MSize strmask = g->str.mask;
+  GCobj *o = gcref(strtab[hashc & strmask]);
+  setgcrefp(strtab[hashc & strmask], (void *)((uintptr_t)1));
+  g->str.second = 1;
+  while (o) {
+    uintptr_t u;
+    GCobj *next = gcnext(o);
+    GCstr *s = gco2str(o);
+    StrHash hash;
+    if (ow) {  /* Must sweep while rechaining. */
+      if (((o->gch.marked ^ LJ_GC_WHITES) & ow)) {  /* String alive? */
+        lj_assertG(!isdead(g, o) || (o->gch.marked & LJ_GC_FIXED),
+                   "sweep of undead string");
+        makewhite(g, o);
+      } else {  /* Free dead string. */
+        lj_assertG(isdead(g, o) || ow == LJ_GC_SFIXED,
+                   "sweep of unlive string");
+        lj_str_free(g, s);
+        o = next;
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+    hash = s->hash;
+    if (!s->hashalg) {  /* Rehash with secondary hash. */
+      hash = hash_dense(g->str.seed, hash, strdata(s), s->len);
+      s->hash = hash;
+      s->hashalg = 1;
+    }
+    /* Rechain. */
+    hash &= strmask;
+    u = gcrefu(strtab[hash]);
+    setgcrefp(o->gch.nextgc, (u & ~(uintptr_t)1));
+    setgcrefp(strtab[hash], ((uintptr_t)o | (u & 1)));
+    o = next;
   }
-  p = sb->buf + sb->n;
-  sb->n += len;
-  for (i = 0; i < len; i++) p[i] = str[i];
+  /* Try to insert the pending string again. */
+  return lj_str_new(L, str, len);
 }
+#endif
+
+/* Reseed String ID from PRNG after random interval < 2^bits. */
+#if LUAJIT_SECURITY_STRID == 1
+#define STRID_RESEED_INTERVAL   8
+#elif LUAJIT_SECURITY_STRID == 2
+#define STRID_RESEED_INTERVAL   4
+#elif LUAJIT_SECURITY_STRID >= 3
+#define STRID_RESEED_INTERVAL   0
+#endif
 
-static void addchar(lua_State *L, SBuf *sb, int c)
+/* Allocate a new string and add to string interning table. */
+static GCstr *lj_str_alloc(lua_State *L, const char *str, MSize len,
+                           StrHash hash, int hashalg)
 {
-  if (sb->n + 1 > sb->sz) {
-    MSize sz = sb->sz * 2;
-    lj_str_resizebuf(L, sb, sz);
+  GCstr *s = lj_mem_newt(L, lj_str_size(len), GCstr);
+  global_State *g = G(L);
+  uintptr_t u;
+  newwhite(g, s);
+  s->gct = ~LJ_TSTR;
+  s->len = len;
+  s->hash = hash;
+#ifndef STRID_RESEED_INTERVAL
+  s->sid = g->str.id++;
+#elif STRID_RESEED_INTERVAL
+  if (!g->str.idreseed--) {
+    uint64_t r = lj_prng_u64(&g->prng);
+    g->str.id = (StrID)r;
+    g->str.idreseed = (uint8_t)(r >> (64 - STRID_RESEED_INTERVAL));
   }
-  sb->buf[sb->n++] = (char)c;
+  s->sid = g->str.id++;
+#else
+  s->sid = (StrID)lj_prng_u64(&g->prng);
+#endif
+  s->reserved = 0;
+  s->hashalg = (uint8_t)hashalg;
+  /* Clear last 4 bytes of allocated memory. Implies zero-termination, too. */
+  *(uint32_t *)(strdatawr(s)+(len & ~(MSize)3)) = 0;
+  memcpy(strdatawr(s), str, len);
+  /* Add to string hash table. */
+  hash &= g->str.mask;
+  u = gcrefu(g->str.tab[hash]);
+  setgcrefp(s->nextgc, (u & ~(uintptr_t)1));
+  /* NOBARRIER: The string table is a GC root. */
+  setgcrefp(g->str.tab[hash], ((uintptr_t)s | (u & 1)));
+  if (g->str.num++ > g->str.mask)  /* Allow a 100% load factor. */
+    lj_str_resize(L, (g->str.mask<<1)+1);  /* Grow string table. */
+  return s;  /* Return newly interned string. */
 }
 
-/* Push formatted message as a string object to Lua stack. va_list variant. */
-const char *lj_str_pushvf(lua_State *L, const char *fmt, va_list argp)
+/* Intern a string and return string object. */
+GCstr *lj_str_new(lua_State *L, const char *str, size_t lenx)
 {
-  SBuf *sb = &G(L)->tmpbuf;
-  lj_str_needbuf(L, sb, (MSize)strlen(fmt));
-  lj_str_resetbuf(sb);
-  for (;;) {
-    const char *e = strchr(fmt, '%');
-    if (e == NULL) break;
-    addstr(L, sb, fmt, (MSize)(e-fmt));
-    /* This function only handles %s, %c, %d, %f and %p formats. */
-    switch (e[1]) {
-    case 's': {
-      const char *s = va_arg(argp, char *);
-      if (s == NULL) s = "(null)";
-      addstr(L, sb, s, (MSize)strlen(s));
-      break;
-      }
-    case 'c':
-      addchar(L, sb, va_arg(argp, int));
-      break;
-    case 'd': {
-      char buf[LJ_STR_INTBUF];
-      char *p = lj_str_bufint(buf, va_arg(argp, int32_t));
-      addstr(L, sb, p, (MSize)(buf+LJ_STR_INTBUF-p));
-      break;
-      }
-    case 'f': {
-      char buf[LJ_STR_NUMBUF];
-      TValue tv;
-      MSize len;
-      tv.n = (lua_Number)(va_arg(argp, LUAI_UACNUMBER));
-      len = (MSize)lj_str_bufnum(buf, &tv);
-      addstr(L, sb, buf, len);
-      break;
-      }
-    case 'p': {
-#define FMTP_CHARS      (2*sizeof(ptrdiff_t))
-      char buf[2+FMTP_CHARS];
-      ptrdiff_t p = (ptrdiff_t)(va_arg(argp, void *));
-      ptrdiff_t i, lasti = 2+FMTP_CHARS;
-      if (p == 0) {
-        addstr(L, sb, "NULL", 4);
-        break;
-      }
-#if LJ_64
-      /* Shorten output for 64 bit pointers. */
-      lasti = 2+2*4+((p >> 32) ? 2+2*(lj_fls((uint32_t)(p >> 32))>>3) : 0);
+  global_State *g = G(L);
+  if (lenx-1 < LJ_MAX_STR-1) {
+    MSize len = (MSize)lenx;
+    StrHash hash = hash_sparse(g->str.seed, str, len);
+    MSize coll = 0;
+    int hashalg = 0;
+    /* Check if the string has already been interned. */
+    GCobj *o = gcref(g->str.tab[hash & g->str.mask]);
+#if LUAJIT_SECURITY_STRHASH
+    if (LJ_UNLIKELY((uintptr_t)o & 1)) {  /* Secondary hash for this chain? */
+      hashalg = 1;
+      hash = hash_dense(g->str.seed, hash, str, len);
+      o = (GCobj *)(gcrefu(g->str.tab[hash & g->str.mask]) & ~(uintptr_t)1);
+    }
 #endif
-      buf[0] = '0';
-      buf[1] = 'x';
-      for (i = lasti-1; i >= 2; i--, p >>= 4)
-        buf[i] = "0123456789abcdef"[(p & 15)];
-      addstr(L, sb, buf, (MSize)lasti);
-      break;
+    while (o != NULL) {
+      GCstr *sx = gco2str(o);
+      if (sx->hash == hash && sx->len == len) {
+        if (memcmp(str, strdata(sx), len) == 0) {
+          if (isdead(g, o)) flipwhite(o);  /* Resurrect if dead. */
+          return sx;  /* Return existing string. */
+        }
+        coll++;
       }
-    case '%':
-      addchar(L, sb, '%');
-      break;
-    default:
-      addchar(L, sb, '%');
-      addchar(L, sb, e[1]);
-      break;
+      coll++;
+      o = gcnext(o);
+    }
+#if LUAJIT_SECURITY_STRHASH
+    /* Rehash chain if there are too many collisions. */
+    if (LJ_UNLIKELY(coll > LJ_STR_MAXCOLL) && !hashalg) {
+      return lj_str_rehash_chain(L, hash, str, len);
     }
-    fmt = e+2;
+#endif
+    /* Otherwise allocate a new string. */
+    return lj_str_alloc(L, str, len, hash, hashalg);
+  } else {
+    if (lenx)
+      lj_err_msg(L, LJ_ERR_STROV);
+    return &g->strempty;
   }
-  addstr(L, sb, fmt, (MSize)strlen(fmt));
-  setstrV(L, L->top, lj_str_new(L, sb->buf, sb->n));
-  incr_top(L);
-  return strVdata(L->top - 1);
 }
 
-/* Push formatted message as a string object to Lua stack. Vararg variant. */
-const char *lj_str_pushf(lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...)
+void LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_free(global_State *g, GCstr *s)
 {
-  const char *msg;
-  va_list argp;
-  va_start(argp, fmt);
-  msg = lj_str_pushvf(L, fmt, argp);
-  va_end(argp);
-  return msg;
+  g->str.num--;
+  lj_mem_free(g, s, lj_str_size(s->len));
 }
 
-/* -- Buffer handling ----------------------------------------------------- */
-
-char *lj_str_needbuf(lua_State *L, SBuf *sb, MSize sz)
+void LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_init(lua_State *L)
 {
-  if (sz > sb->sz) {
-    if (sz < LJ_MIN_SBUF) sz = LJ_MIN_SBUF;
-    lj_str_resizebuf(L, sb, sz);
-  }
-  return sb->buf;
+  global_State *g = G(L);
+  g->str.seed = lj_prng_u64(&g->prng);
+  lj_str_resize(L, LJ_MIN_STRTAB-1);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lj_str.h b/src/lj_str.h
index 8689a0d7..2a5a8190 100644
--- a/src/lj_str.h
+++ b/src/lj_str.h
@@ -10,41 +10,22 @@
 
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 
-/* String interning. */
+/* String helpers. */
 LJ_FUNC int32_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_cmp(GCstr *a, GCstr *b);
+LJ_FUNC const char *lj_str_find(const char *s, const char *f,
+                                MSize slen, MSize flen);
+LJ_FUNC int lj_str_haspattern(GCstr *s);
+
+/* String interning. */
 LJ_FUNC void lj_str_resize(lua_State *L, MSize newmask);
 LJ_FUNCA GCstr *lj_str_new(lua_State *L, const char *str, size_t len);
 LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_free(global_State *g, GCstr *s);
+LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_init(lua_State *L);
+#define lj_str_freetab(g) \
+  (lj_mem_freevec(g, g->str.tab, g->str.mask+1, GCRef))
 
 #define lj_str_newz(L, s)       (lj_str_new(L, s, strlen(s)))
 #define lj_str_newlit(L, s)     (lj_str_new(L, "" s, sizeof(s)-1))
-
-/* Type conversions. */
-LJ_FUNC size_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_bufnum(char *s, cTValue *o);
-LJ_FUNC char * LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_bufint(char *p, int32_t k);
-LJ_FUNCA GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_fromnum(lua_State *L, const lua_Number *np);
-LJ_FUNC GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_fromint(lua_State *L, int32_t k);
-LJ_FUNCA GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_str_fromnumber(lua_State *L, cTValue *o);
-
-#define LJ_STR_INTBUF           (1+10)
-#define LJ_STR_NUMBUF           LUAI_MAXNUMBER2STR
-
-/* String formatting. */
-LJ_FUNC const char *lj_str_pushvf(lua_State *L, const char *fmt, va_list argp);
-LJ_FUNC const char *lj_str_pushf(lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...)
-#if defined(__GNUC__)
-  __attribute__ ((format (printf, 2, 3)))
-#endif
-  ;
-
-/* Resizable string buffers. Struct definition in lj_obj.h. */
-LJ_FUNC char *lj_str_needbuf(lua_State *L, SBuf *sb, MSize sz);
-
-#define lj_str_initbuf(sb)      ((sb)->buf = NULL, (sb)->sz = 0)
-#define lj_str_resetbuf(sb)     ((sb)->n = 0)
-#define lj_str_resizebuf(L, sb, size) \
-  ((sb)->buf = (char *)lj_mem_realloc(L, (sb)->buf, (sb)->sz, (size)), \
-   (sb)->sz = (size))
-#define lj_str_freebuf(g, sb)   lj_mem_free(g, (void *)(sb)->buf, (sb)->sz)
+#define lj_str_size(len)        (sizeof(GCstr) + (((len)+4) & ~(MSize)3))
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_strfmt.c b/src/lj_strfmt.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..909255db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lj_strfmt.c
@@ -0,0 +1,606 @@
+/*
+** String formatting.
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+*/
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#define lj_strfmt_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lj_obj.h"
+#include "lj_err.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
+#include "lj_str.h"
+#include "lj_meta.h"
+#include "lj_state.h"
+#include "lj_char.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+#include "lj_ctype.h"
+#endif
+#include "lj_lib.h"
+
+/* -- Format parser ------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static const uint8_t strfmt_map[('x'-'A')+1] = {
+  STRFMT_A,0,0,0,STRFMT_E,STRFMT_F,STRFMT_G,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+  0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,STRFMT_X,0,0,
+  0,0,0,0,0,0,
+  STRFMT_A,0,STRFMT_C,STRFMT_D,STRFMT_E,STRFMT_F,STRFMT_G,0,STRFMT_I,0,0,0,0,
+  0,STRFMT_O,STRFMT_P,STRFMT_Q,0,STRFMT_S,0,STRFMT_U,0,0,STRFMT_X
+};
+
+SFormat LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_parse(FormatState *fs)
+{
+  const uint8_t *p = fs->p, *e = fs->e;
+  fs->str = (const char *)p;
+  for (; p < e; p++) {
+    if (*p == '%') {  /* Escape char? */
+      if (p[1] == '%') {  /* '%%'? */
+        fs->p = ++p+1;
+        goto retlit;
+      } else {
+        SFormat sf = 0;
+        uint32_t c;
+        if (p != (const uint8_t *)fs->str)
+          break;
+        for (p++; (uint32_t)*p - ' ' <= (uint32_t)('0' - ' '); p++) {
+          /* Parse flags. */
+          if (*p == '-') sf |= STRFMT_F_LEFT;
+          else if (*p == '+') sf |= STRFMT_F_PLUS;
+          else if (*p == '0') sf |= STRFMT_F_ZERO;
+          else if (*p == ' ') sf |= STRFMT_F_SPACE;
+          else if (*p == '#') sf |= STRFMT_F_ALT;
+          else break;
+        }
+        if ((uint32_t)*p - '0' < 10) {  /* Parse width. */
+          uint32_t width = (uint32_t)*p++ - '0';
+          if ((uint32_t)*p - '0' < 10)
+            width = (uint32_t)*p++ - '0' + width*10;
+          sf |= (width << STRFMT_SH_WIDTH);
+        }
+        if (*p == '.') {  /* Parse precision. */
+          uint32_t prec = 0;
+          p++;
+          if ((uint32_t)*p - '0' < 10) {
+            prec = (uint32_t)*p++ - '0';
+            if ((uint32_t)*p - '0' < 10)
+              prec = (uint32_t)*p++ - '0' + prec*10;
+          }
+          sf |= ((prec+1) << STRFMT_SH_PREC);
+        }
+        /* Parse conversion. */
+        c = (uint32_t)*p - 'A';
+        if (LJ_LIKELY(c <= (uint32_t)('x' - 'A'))) {
+          uint32_t sx = strfmt_map[c];
+          if (sx) {
+            fs->p = p+1;
+            return (sf | sx | ((c & 0x20) ? 0 : STRFMT_F_UPPER));
+          }
+        }
+        /* Return error location. */
+        if (*p >= 32) p++;
+        fs->len = (MSize)(p - (const uint8_t *)fs->str);
+        fs->p = fs->e;
+        return STRFMT_ERR;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  fs->p = p;
+retlit:
+  fs->len = (MSize)(p - (const uint8_t *)fs->str);
+  return fs->len ? STRFMT_LIT : STRFMT_EOF;
+}
+
+/* -- Raw conversions ----------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#define WINT_R(x, sh, sc) \
+  { uint32_t d = (x*(((1<<sh)+sc-1)/sc))>>sh; x -= d*sc; *p++ = (char)('0'+d); }
+
+/* Write integer to buffer. */
+char * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_wint(char *p, int32_t k)
+{
+  uint32_t u = (uint32_t)k;
+  if (k < 0) { u = ~u+1u; *p++ = '-'; }
+  if (u < 10000) {
+    if (u < 10) goto dig1;
+    if (u < 100) goto dig2;
+    if (u < 1000) goto dig3;
+  } else {
+    uint32_t v = u / 10000; u -= v * 10000;
+    if (v < 10000) {
+      if (v < 10) goto dig5;
+      if (v < 100) goto dig6;
+      if (v < 1000) goto dig7;
+    } else {
+      uint32_t w = v / 10000; v -= w * 10000;
+      if (w >= 10) WINT_R(w, 10, 10)
+      *p++ = (char)('0'+w);
+    }
+    WINT_R(v, 23, 1000)
+    dig7: WINT_R(v, 12, 100)
+    dig6: WINT_R(v, 10, 10)
+    dig5: *p++ = (char)('0'+v);
+  }
+  WINT_R(u, 23, 1000)
+  dig3: WINT_R(u, 12, 100)
+  dig2: WINT_R(u, 10, 10)
+  dig1: *p++ = (char)('0'+u);
+  return p;
+}
+#undef WINT_R
+
+/* Write pointer to buffer. */
+char * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_wptr(char *p, const void *v)
+{
+  ptrdiff_t x = (ptrdiff_t)v;
+  MSize i, n = STRFMT_MAXBUF_PTR;
+  if (x == 0) {
+    *p++ = 'N'; *p++ = 'U'; *p++ = 'L'; *p++ = 'L';
+    return p;
+  }
+#if LJ_64
+  /* Shorten output for 64 bit pointers. */
+  n = 2+2*4+((x >> 32) ? 2+2*(lj_fls((uint32_t)(x >> 32))>>3) : 0);
+#endif
+  p[0] = '0';
+  p[1] = 'x';
+  for (i = n-1; i >= 2; i--, x >>= 4)
+    p[i] = "0123456789abcdef"[(x & 15)];
+  return p+n;
+}
+
+/* Write ULEB128 to buffer. */
+char * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_wuleb128(char *p, uint32_t v)
+{
+  for (; v >= 0x80; v >>= 7)
+    *p++ = (char)((v & 0x7f) | 0x80);
+  *p++ = (char)v;
+  return p;
+}
+
+/* Return string or write number to tmp buffer and return pointer to start. */
+const char *lj_strfmt_wstrnum(lua_State *L, cTValue *o, MSize *lenp)
+{
+  SBuf *sb;
+  if (tvisstr(o)) {
+    *lenp = strV(o)->len;
+    return strVdata(o);
+  } else if (tvisbuf(o)) {
+    SBufExt *sbx = bufV(o);
+    *lenp = sbufxlen(sbx);
+    return sbx->r;
+  } else if (tvisint(o)) {
+    sb = lj_strfmt_putint(lj_buf_tmp_(L), intV(o));
+  } else if (tvisnum(o)) {
+    sb = lj_strfmt_putfnum(lj_buf_tmp_(L), STRFMT_G14, o->n);
+  } else {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  *lenp = sbuflen(sb);
+  return sb->b;
+}
+
+/* -- Unformatted conversions to buffer ----------------------------------- */
+
+/* Add integer to buffer. */
+SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_putint(SBuf *sb, int32_t k)
+{
+  sb->w = lj_strfmt_wint(lj_buf_more(sb, STRFMT_MAXBUF_INT), k);
+  return sb;
+}
+
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+/* Add number to buffer. */
+SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_putnum(SBuf *sb, cTValue *o)
+{
+  return lj_strfmt_putfnum(sb, STRFMT_G14, o->n);
+}
+#endif
+
+SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_putptr(SBuf *sb, const void *v)
+{
+  sb->w = lj_strfmt_wptr(lj_buf_more(sb, STRFMT_MAXBUF_PTR), v);
+  return sb;
+}
+
+/* Add quoted string to buffer. */
+static SBuf *strfmt_putquotedlen(SBuf *sb, const char *s, MSize len)
+{
+  lj_buf_putb(sb, '"');
+  while (len--) {
+    uint32_t c = (uint32_t)(uint8_t)*s++;
+    char *w = lj_buf_more(sb, 4);
+    if (c == '"' || c == '\\' || c == '\n') {
+      *w++ = '\\';
+    } else if (lj_char_iscntrl(c)) {  /* This can only be 0-31 or 127. */
+      uint32_t d;
+      *w++ = '\\';
+      if (c >= 100 || lj_char_isdigit((uint8_t)*s)) {
+        *w++ = (char)('0'+(c >= 100)); if (c >= 100) c -= 100;
+        goto tens;
+      } else if (c >= 10) {
+      tens:
+        d = (c * 205) >> 11; c -= d * 10; *w++ = (char)('0'+d);
+      }
+      c += '0';
+    }
+    *w++ = (char)c;
+    sb->w = w;
+  }
+  lj_buf_putb(sb, '"');
+  return sb;
+}
+
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_putquoted(SBuf *sb, GCstr *str)
+{
+  return strfmt_putquotedlen(sb, strdata(str), str->len);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* -- Formatted conversions to buffer ------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Add formatted char to buffer. */
+SBuf *lj_strfmt_putfchar(SBuf *sb, SFormat sf, int32_t c)
+{
+  MSize width = STRFMT_WIDTH(sf);
+  char *w = lj_buf_more(sb, width > 1 ? width : 1);
+  if ((sf & STRFMT_F_LEFT)) *w++ = (char)c;
+  while (width-- > 1) *w++ = ' ';
+  if (!(sf & STRFMT_F_LEFT)) *w++ = (char)c;
+  sb->w = w;
+  return sb;
+}
+
+/* Add formatted string to buffer. */
+static SBuf *strfmt_putfstrlen(SBuf *sb, SFormat sf, const char *s, MSize len)
+{
+  MSize width = STRFMT_WIDTH(sf);
+  char *w;
+  if (len > STRFMT_PREC(sf)) len = STRFMT_PREC(sf);
+  w = lj_buf_more(sb, width > len ? width : len);
+  if ((sf & STRFMT_F_LEFT)) w = lj_buf_wmem(w, s, len);
+  while (width-- > len) *w++ = ' ';
+  if (!(sf & STRFMT_F_LEFT)) w = lj_buf_wmem(w, s, len);
+  sb->w = w;
+  return sb;
+}
+
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+SBuf *lj_strfmt_putfstr(SBuf *sb, SFormat sf, GCstr *str)
+{
+  return strfmt_putfstrlen(sb, sf, strdata(str), str->len);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Add formatted signed/unsigned integer to buffer. */
+SBuf *lj_strfmt_putfxint(SBuf *sb, SFormat sf, uint64_t k)
+{
+  char buf[STRFMT_MAXBUF_XINT], *q = buf + sizeof(buf), *w;
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+  char *ws;
+#endif
+  MSize prefix = 0, len, prec, pprec, width, need;
+
+  /* Figure out signed prefixes. */
+  if (STRFMT_TYPE(sf) == STRFMT_INT) {
+    if ((int64_t)k < 0) {
+      k = ~k+1u;
+      prefix = 256 + '-';
+    } else if ((sf & STRFMT_F_PLUS)) {
+      prefix = 256 + '+';
+    } else if ((sf & STRFMT_F_SPACE)) {
+      prefix = 256 + ' ';
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Convert number and store to fixed-size buffer in reverse order. */
+  prec = STRFMT_PREC(sf);
+  if ((int32_t)prec >= 0) sf &= ~STRFMT_F_ZERO;
+  if (k == 0) {  /* Special-case zero argument. */
+    if (prec != 0 ||
+        (sf & (STRFMT_T_OCT|STRFMT_F_ALT)) == (STRFMT_T_OCT|STRFMT_F_ALT))
+      *--q = '0';
+  } else if (!(sf & (STRFMT_T_HEX|STRFMT_T_OCT))) {  /* Decimal. */
+    uint32_t k2;
+    while ((k >> 32)) { *--q = (char)('0' + k % 10); k /= 10; }
+    k2 = (uint32_t)k;
+    do { *--q = (char)('0' + k2 % 10); k2 /= 10; } while (k2);
+  } else if ((sf & STRFMT_T_HEX)) {  /* Hex. */
+    const char *hexdig = (sf & STRFMT_F_UPPER) ? "0123456789ABCDEF" :
+                                                 "0123456789abcdef";
+    do { *--q = hexdig[(k & 15)]; k >>= 4; } while (k);
+    if ((sf & STRFMT_F_ALT)) prefix = 512 + ((sf & STRFMT_F_UPPER) ? 'X' : 'x');
+  } else {  /* Octal. */
+    do { *--q = (char)('0' + (uint32_t)(k & 7)); k >>= 3; } while (k);
+    if ((sf & STRFMT_F_ALT)) *--q = '0';
+  }
+
+  /* Calculate sizes. */
+  len = (MSize)(buf + sizeof(buf) - q);
+  if ((int32_t)len >= (int32_t)prec) prec = len;
+  width = STRFMT_WIDTH(sf);
+  pprec = prec + (prefix >> 8);
+  need = width > pprec ? width : pprec;
+  w = lj_buf_more(sb, need);
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+  ws = w;
+#endif
+
+  /* Format number with leading/trailing whitespace and zeros. */
+  if ((sf & (STRFMT_F_LEFT|STRFMT_F_ZERO)) == 0)
+    while (width-- > pprec) *w++ = ' ';
+  if (prefix) {
+    if ((char)prefix >= 'X') *w++ = '0';
+    *w++ = (char)prefix;
+  }
+  if ((sf & (STRFMT_F_LEFT|STRFMT_F_ZERO)) == STRFMT_F_ZERO)
+    while (width-- > pprec) *w++ = '0';
+  while (prec-- > len) *w++ = '0';
+  while (q < buf + sizeof(buf)) *w++ = *q++;  /* Add number itself. */
+  if ((sf & STRFMT_F_LEFT))
+    while (width-- > pprec) *w++ = ' ';
+
+  lj_assertX(need == (MSize)(w - ws), "miscalculated format size");
+  sb->w = w;
+  return sb;
+}
+
+/* Add number formatted as signed integer to buffer. */
+SBuf *lj_strfmt_putfnum_int(SBuf *sb, SFormat sf, lua_Number n)
+{
+  int64_t k = (int64_t)n;
+  if (checki32(k) && sf == STRFMT_INT)
+    return lj_strfmt_putint(sb, (int32_t)k);  /* Shortcut for plain %d. */
+  else
+    return lj_strfmt_putfxint(sb, sf, (uint64_t)k);
+}
+
+/* Add number formatted as unsigned integer to buffer. */
+SBuf *lj_strfmt_putfnum_uint(SBuf *sb, SFormat sf, lua_Number n)
+{
+  int64_t k;
+  if (n >= 9223372036854775808.0)
+    k = (int64_t)(n - 18446744073709551616.0);
+  else
+    k = (int64_t)n;
+  return lj_strfmt_putfxint(sb, sf, (uint64_t)k);
+}
+
+/* Format stack arguments to buffer. */
+int lj_strfmt_putarg(lua_State *L, SBuf *sb, int arg, int retry)
+{
+  int narg = (int)(L->top - L->base);
+  GCstr *fmt = lj_lib_checkstr(L, arg);
+  FormatState fs;
+  SFormat sf;
+  lj_strfmt_init(&fs, strdata(fmt), fmt->len);
+  while ((sf = lj_strfmt_parse(&fs)) != STRFMT_EOF) {
+    if (sf == STRFMT_LIT) {
+      lj_buf_putmem(sb, fs.str, fs.len);
+    } else if (sf == STRFMT_ERR) {
+      lj_err_callerv(L, LJ_ERR_STRFMT,
+                     strdata(lj_str_new(L, fs.str, fs.len)));
+    } else {
+      TValue *o = &L->base[arg++];
+      if (arg > narg)
+        lj_err_arg(L, arg, LJ_ERR_NOVAL);
+      switch (STRFMT_TYPE(sf)) {
+      case STRFMT_INT:
+        if (tvisint(o)) {
+          int32_t k = intV(o);
+          if (sf == STRFMT_INT)
+            lj_strfmt_putint(sb, k);  /* Shortcut for plain %d. */
+          else
+            lj_strfmt_putfxint(sb, sf, k);
+          break;
+        }
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+        if (tviscdata(o)) {
+          GCcdata *cd = cdataV(o);
+          if (cd->ctypeid == CTID_INT64 || cd->ctypeid == CTID_UINT64) {
+            lj_strfmt_putfxint(sb, sf, *(uint64_t *)cdataptr(cd));
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+#endif
+        lj_strfmt_putfnum_int(sb, sf, lj_lib_checknum(L, arg));
+        break;
+      case STRFMT_UINT:
+        if (tvisint(o)) {
+          lj_strfmt_putfxint(sb, sf, intV(o));
+          break;
+        }
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+        if (tviscdata(o)) {
+          GCcdata *cd = cdataV(o);
+          if (cd->ctypeid == CTID_INT64 || cd->ctypeid == CTID_UINT64) {
+            lj_strfmt_putfxint(sb, sf, *(uint64_t *)cdataptr(cd));
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+#endif
+        lj_strfmt_putfnum_uint(sb, sf, lj_lib_checknum(L, arg));
+        break;
+      case STRFMT_NUM:
+        lj_strfmt_putfnum(sb, sf, lj_lib_checknum(L, arg));
+        break;
+      case STRFMT_STR: {
+        MSize len;
+        const char *s;
+        cTValue *mo;
+        if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!tvisstr(o) && !tvisbuf(o)) && retry >= 0 &&
+            !tvisnil(mo = lj_meta_lookup(L, o, MM_tostring))) {
+          /* Call __tostring metamethod once. */
+          copyTV(L, L->top++, mo);
+          copyTV(L, L->top++, o);
+          lua_call(L, 1, 1);
+          o = &L->base[arg-1];  /* Stack may have been reallocated. */
+          copyTV(L, o, --L->top);  /* Replace inline for retry. */
+          if (retry < 2) {  /* Global buffer may have been overwritten. */
+            retry = 1;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if (LJ_LIKELY(tvisstr(o))) {
+          len = strV(o)->len;
+          s = strVdata(o);
+#if LJ_HASBUFFER
+        } else if (tvisbuf(o)) {
+          SBufExt *sbx = bufV(o);
+          if (sbx == (SBufExt *)sb) lj_err_arg(L, arg+1, LJ_ERR_BUFFER_SELF);
+          len = sbufxlen(sbx);
+          s = sbx->r;
+#endif
+        } else {
+          GCstr *str = lj_strfmt_obj(L, o);
+          len = str->len;
+          s = strdata(str);
+        }
+        if ((sf & STRFMT_T_QUOTED))
+          strfmt_putquotedlen(sb, s, len);  /* No formatting. */
+        else
+          strfmt_putfstrlen(sb, sf, s, len);
+        break;
+        }
+      case STRFMT_CHAR:
+        lj_strfmt_putfchar(sb, sf, lj_lib_checkint(L, arg));
+        break;
+      case STRFMT_PTR:  /* No formatting. */
+        lj_strfmt_putptr(sb, lj_obj_ptr(G(L), o));
+        break;
+      default:
+        lj_assertL(0, "bad string format type");
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return retry;
+}
+
+/* -- Conversions to strings ---------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Convert integer to string. */
+GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_int(lua_State *L, int32_t k)
+{
+  char buf[STRFMT_MAXBUF_INT];
+  MSize len = (MSize)(lj_strfmt_wint(buf, k) - buf);
+  return lj_str_new(L, buf, len);
+}
+
+/* Convert integer or number to string. */
+GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_number(lua_State *L, cTValue *o)
+{
+  return tvisint(o) ? lj_strfmt_int(L, intV(o)) : lj_strfmt_num(L, o);
+}
+
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+/* Convert char value to string. */
+GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_char(lua_State *L, int c)
+{
+  char buf[1];
+  buf[0] = c;
+  return lj_str_new(L, buf, 1);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Raw conversion of object to string. */
+GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_obj(lua_State *L, cTValue *o)
+{
+  if (tvisstr(o)) {
+    return strV(o);
+  } else if (tvisnumber(o)) {
+    return lj_strfmt_number(L, o);
+  } else if (tvisnil(o)) {
+    return lj_str_newlit(L, "nil");
+  } else if (tvisfalse(o)) {
+    return lj_str_newlit(L, "false");
+  } else if (tvistrue(o)) {
+    return lj_str_newlit(L, "true");
+  } else {
+    char buf[8+2+2+16], *p = buf;
+    p = lj_buf_wmem(p, lj_typename(o), (MSize)strlen(lj_typename(o)));
+    *p++ = ':'; *p++ = ' ';
+    if (tvisfunc(o) && isffunc(funcV(o))) {
+      p = lj_buf_wmem(p, "builtin#", 8);
+      p = lj_strfmt_wint(p, funcV(o)->c.ffid);
+    } else {
+      p = lj_strfmt_wptr(p, lj_obj_ptr(G(L), o));
+    }
+    return lj_str_new(L, buf, (size_t)(p - buf));
+  }
+}
+
+/* -- Internal string formatting ------------------------------------------ */
+
+/*
+** These functions are only used for lua_pushfstring(), lua_pushvfstring()
+** and for internal string formatting (e.g. error messages). Caveat: unlike
+** string.format(), only a limited subset of formats and flags are supported!
+**
+** LuaJIT has support for a couple more formats than Lua 5.1/5.2:
+** - %d %u %o %x with full formatting, 32 bit integers only.
+** - %f and other FP formats are really %.14g.
+** - %s %c %p without formatting.
+*/
+
+/* Push formatted message as a string object to Lua stack. va_list variant. */
+const char *lj_strfmt_pushvf(lua_State *L, const char *fmt, va_list argp)
+{
+  SBuf *sb = lj_buf_tmp_(L);
+  FormatState fs;
+  SFormat sf;
+  GCstr *str;
+  lj_strfmt_init(&fs, fmt, (MSize)strlen(fmt));
+  while ((sf = lj_strfmt_parse(&fs)) != STRFMT_EOF) {
+    switch (STRFMT_TYPE(sf)) {
+    case STRFMT_LIT:
+      lj_buf_putmem(sb, fs.str, fs.len);
+      break;
+    case STRFMT_INT:
+      lj_strfmt_putfxint(sb, sf, va_arg(argp, int32_t));
+      break;
+    case STRFMT_UINT:
+      lj_strfmt_putfxint(sb, sf, va_arg(argp, uint32_t));
+      break;
+    case STRFMT_NUM:
+      lj_strfmt_putfnum(sb, STRFMT_G14, va_arg(argp, lua_Number));
+      break;
+    case STRFMT_STR: {
+      const char *s = va_arg(argp, char *);
+      if (s == NULL) s = "(null)";
+      lj_buf_putmem(sb, s, (MSize)strlen(s));
+      break;
+      }
+    case STRFMT_CHAR:
+      lj_buf_putb(sb, va_arg(argp, int));
+      break;
+    case STRFMT_PTR:
+      lj_strfmt_putptr(sb, va_arg(argp, void *));
+      break;
+    case STRFMT_ERR:
+    default:
+      lj_buf_putb(sb, '?');
+      lj_assertL(0, "bad string format near offset %d", fs.len);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  str = lj_buf_str(L, sb);
+  setstrV(L, L->top, str);
+  incr_top(L);
+  return strdata(str);
+}
+
+/* Push formatted message as a string object to Lua stack. Vararg variant. */
+const char *lj_strfmt_pushf(lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+  const char *msg;
+  va_list argp;
+  va_start(argp, fmt);
+  msg = lj_strfmt_pushvf(L, fmt, argp);
+  va_end(argp);
+  return msg;
+}
+
diff --git a/src/lj_strfmt.h b/src/lj_strfmt.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd17896e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lj_strfmt.h
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+/*
+** String formatting.
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef _LJ_STRFMT_H
+#define _LJ_STRFMT_H
+
+#include "lj_obj.h"
+
+typedef uint32_t SFormat;  /* Format indicator. */
+
+/* Format parser state. */
+typedef struct FormatState {
+  const uint8_t *p;     /* Current format string pointer. */
+  const uint8_t *e;     /* End of format string. */
+  const char *str;      /* Returned literal string. */
+  MSize len;            /* Size of literal string. */
+} FormatState;
+
+/* Format types (max. 16). */
+typedef enum FormatType {
+  STRFMT_EOF, STRFMT_ERR, STRFMT_LIT,
+  STRFMT_INT, STRFMT_UINT, STRFMT_NUM, STRFMT_STR, STRFMT_CHAR, STRFMT_PTR
+} FormatType;
+
+/* Format subtypes (bits are reused). */
+#define STRFMT_T_HEX    0x0010  /* STRFMT_UINT */
+#define STRFMT_T_OCT    0x0020  /* STRFMT_UINT */
+#define STRFMT_T_FP_A   0x0000  /* STRFMT_NUM */
+#define STRFMT_T_FP_E   0x0010  /* STRFMT_NUM */
+#define STRFMT_T_FP_F   0x0020  /* STRFMT_NUM */
+#define STRFMT_T_FP_G   0x0030  /* STRFMT_NUM */
+#define STRFMT_T_QUOTED 0x0010  /* STRFMT_STR */
+
+/* Format flags. */
+#define STRFMT_F_LEFT   0x0100
+#define STRFMT_F_PLUS   0x0200
+#define STRFMT_F_ZERO   0x0400
+#define STRFMT_F_SPACE  0x0800
+#define STRFMT_F_ALT    0x1000
+#define STRFMT_F_UPPER  0x2000
+
+/* Format indicator fields. */
+#define STRFMT_SH_WIDTH 16
+#define STRFMT_SH_PREC  24
+
+#define STRFMT_TYPE(sf)         ((FormatType)((sf) & 15))
+#define STRFMT_WIDTH(sf)        (((sf) >> STRFMT_SH_WIDTH) & 255u)
+#define STRFMT_PREC(sf)         ((((sf) >> STRFMT_SH_PREC) & 255u) - 1u)
+#define STRFMT_FP(sf)           (((sf) >> 4) & 3)
+
+/* Formats for conversion characters. */
+#define STRFMT_A        (STRFMT_NUM|STRFMT_T_FP_A)
+#define STRFMT_C        (STRFMT_CHAR)
+#define STRFMT_D        (STRFMT_INT)
+#define STRFMT_E        (STRFMT_NUM|STRFMT_T_FP_E)
+#define STRFMT_F        (STRFMT_NUM|STRFMT_T_FP_F)
+#define STRFMT_G        (STRFMT_NUM|STRFMT_T_FP_G)
+#define STRFMT_I        STRFMT_D
+#define STRFMT_O        (STRFMT_UINT|STRFMT_T_OCT)
+#define STRFMT_P        (STRFMT_PTR)
+#define STRFMT_Q        (STRFMT_STR|STRFMT_T_QUOTED)
+#define STRFMT_S        (STRFMT_STR)
+#define STRFMT_U        (STRFMT_UINT)
+#define STRFMT_X        (STRFMT_UINT|STRFMT_T_HEX)
+#define STRFMT_G14      (STRFMT_G | ((14+1) << STRFMT_SH_PREC))
+
+/* Maximum buffer sizes for conversions. */
+#define STRFMT_MAXBUF_XINT      (1+22)  /* '0' prefix + uint64_t in octal. */
+#define STRFMT_MAXBUF_INT       (1+10)  /* Sign + int32_t in decimal. */
+#define STRFMT_MAXBUF_NUM       32  /* Must correspond with STRFMT_G14. */
+#define STRFMT_MAXBUF_PTR       (2+2*sizeof(ptrdiff_t))  /* "0x" + hex ptr. */
+
+/* Format parser. */
+LJ_FUNC SFormat LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_parse(FormatState *fs);
+
+static LJ_AINLINE void lj_strfmt_init(FormatState *fs, const char *p, MSize len)
+{
+  fs->p = (const uint8_t *)p;
+  fs->e = (const uint8_t *)p + len;
+  /* Must be NUL-terminated. May have NULs inside, too. */
+  lj_assertX(*fs->e == 0, "format not NUL-terminated");
+}
+
+/* Raw conversions. */
+LJ_FUNC char * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_wint(char *p, int32_t k);
+LJ_FUNC char * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_wptr(char *p, const void *v);
+LJ_FUNC char * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_wuleb128(char *p, uint32_t v);
+LJ_FUNC const char *lj_strfmt_wstrnum(lua_State *L, cTValue *o, MSize *lenp);
+
+/* Unformatted conversions to buffer. */
+LJ_FUNC SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_putint(SBuf *sb, int32_t k);
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+LJ_FUNC SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_putnum(SBuf *sb, cTValue *o);
+#endif
+LJ_FUNC SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_putptr(SBuf *sb, const void *v);
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+LJ_FUNC SBuf * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_putquoted(SBuf *sb, GCstr *str);
+#endif
+
+/* Formatted conversions to buffer. */
+LJ_FUNC SBuf *lj_strfmt_putfxint(SBuf *sb, SFormat sf, uint64_t k);
+LJ_FUNC SBuf *lj_strfmt_putfnum_int(SBuf *sb, SFormat sf, lua_Number n);
+LJ_FUNC SBuf *lj_strfmt_putfnum_uint(SBuf *sb, SFormat sf, lua_Number n);
+LJ_FUNC SBuf *lj_strfmt_putfnum(SBuf *sb, SFormat, lua_Number n);
+LJ_FUNC SBuf *lj_strfmt_putfchar(SBuf *sb, SFormat, int32_t c);
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+LJ_FUNC SBuf *lj_strfmt_putfstr(SBuf *sb, SFormat, GCstr *str);
+#endif
+LJ_FUNC int lj_strfmt_putarg(lua_State *L, SBuf *sb, int arg, int retry);
+
+/* Conversions to strings. */
+LJ_FUNC GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_int(lua_State *L, int32_t k);
+LJ_FUNCA GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_num(lua_State *L, cTValue *o);
+LJ_FUNCA GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_number(lua_State *L, cTValue *o);
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+LJ_FUNC GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_char(lua_State *L, int c);
+#endif
+LJ_FUNC GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_obj(lua_State *L, cTValue *o);
+
+/* Internal string formatting. */
+LJ_FUNC const char *lj_strfmt_pushvf(lua_State *L, const char *fmt,
+                                     va_list argp);
+LJ_FUNC const char *lj_strfmt_pushf(lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...)
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+  __attribute__ ((format (printf, 2, 3)))
+#endif
+  ;
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/lj_strfmt_num.c b/src/lj_strfmt_num.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..79ec0263
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lj_strfmt_num.c
@@ -0,0 +1,592 @@
+/*
+** String formatting for floating-point numbers.
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+** Contributed by Peter Cawley.
+*/
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#define lj_strfmt_num_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lj_obj.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
+#include "lj_str.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
+
+/* -- Precomputed tables -------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Rescale factors to push the exponent of a number towards zero. */
+#define RESCALE_EXPONENTS(P, N) \
+  P(308), P(289), P(270), P(250), P(231), P(212), P(193), P(173), P(154), \
+  P(135), P(115), P(96), P(77), P(58), P(38), P(0), P(0), P(0), N(39), N(58), \
+  N(77), N(96), N(116), N(135), N(154), N(174), N(193), N(212), N(231), \
+  N(251), N(270), N(289)
+
+#define ONE_E_P(X) 1e+0 ## X
+#define ONE_E_N(X) 1e-0 ## X
+static const int16_t rescale_e[] = { RESCALE_EXPONENTS(-, +) };
+static const double rescale_n[] = { RESCALE_EXPONENTS(ONE_E_P, ONE_E_N) };
+#undef ONE_E_N
+#undef ONE_E_P
+
+/*
+** For p in range -70 through 57, this table encodes pairs (m, e) such that
+** 4*2^p <= (uint8_t)m*10^e, and is the smallest value for which this holds.
+*/
+static const int8_t four_ulp_m_e[] = {
+  34, -21, 68, -21, 14, -20, 28, -20, 55, -20, 2, -19, 3, -19, 5, -19, 9, -19,
+  -82, -18, 35, -18, 7, -17, -117, -17, 28, -17, 56, -17, 112, -16, -33, -16,
+  45, -16, 89, -16, -78, -15, 36, -15, 72, -15, -113, -14, 29, -14, 57, -14,
+  114, -13, -28, -13, 46, -13, 91, -12, -74, -12, 37, -12, 73, -12, 15, -11, 3,
+  -11, 59, -11, 2, -10, 3, -10, 5, -10, 1, -9, -69, -9, 38, -9, 75, -9, 15, -7,
+  3, -7, 6, -7, 12, -6, -17, -7, 48, -7, 96, -7, -65, -6, 39, -6, 77, -6, -103,
+  -5, 31, -5, 62, -5, 123, -4, -11, -4, 49, -4, 98, -4, -60, -3, 4, -2, 79, -3,
+  16, -2, 32, -2, 63, -2, 2, -1, 25, 0, 5, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 2, 8, 2, 16, 2,
+  32, 2, 64, 2, -128, 2, 26, 2, 52, 2, 103, 3, -51, 3, 41, 4, 82, 4, -92, 4,
+  33, 4, 66, 4, -124, 5, 27, 5, 53, 5, 105, 6, 21, 6, 42, 6, 84, 6, 17, 7, 34,
+  7, 68, 7, 2, 8, 3, 8, 6, 8, 108, 9, -41, 9, 43, 10, 86, 9, -84, 10, 35, 10,
+  69, 10, -118, 11, 28, 11, 55, 12, 11, 13, 22, 13, 44, 13, 88, 13, -80, 13,
+  36, 13, 71, 13, -115, 14, 29, 14, 57, 14, 113, 15, -30, 15, 46, 15, 91, 15,
+  19, 16, 37, 16, 73, 16, 2, 17, 3, 17, 6, 17
+};
+
+/* min(2^32-1, 10^e-1) for e in range 0 through 10 */
+static uint32_t ndigits_dec_threshold[] = {
+  0, 9U, 99U, 999U, 9999U, 99999U, 999999U,
+  9999999U, 99999999U, 999999999U, 0xffffffffU
+};
+
+/* -- Helper functions ---------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Compute the number of digits in the decimal representation of x. */
+static MSize ndigits_dec(uint32_t x)
+{
+  MSize t = ((lj_fls(x | 1) * 77) >> 8) + 1; /* 2^8/77 is roughly log2(10) */
+  return t + (x > ndigits_dec_threshold[t]);
+}
+
+#define WINT_R(x, sh, sc) \
+  { uint32_t d = (x*(((1<<sh)+sc-1)/sc))>>sh; x -= d*sc; *p++ = (char)('0'+d); }
+
+/* Write 9-digit unsigned integer to buffer. */
+static char *lj_strfmt_wuint9(char *p, uint32_t u)
+{
+  uint32_t v = u / 10000, w;
+  u -= v * 10000;
+  w = v / 10000;
+  v -= w * 10000;
+  *p++ = (char)('0'+w);
+  WINT_R(v, 23, 1000)
+  WINT_R(v, 12, 100)
+  WINT_R(v, 10, 10)
+  *p++ = (char)('0'+v);
+  WINT_R(u, 23, 1000)
+  WINT_R(u, 12, 100)
+  WINT_R(u, 10, 10)
+  *p++ = (char)('0'+u);
+  return p;
+}
+#undef WINT_R
+
+/* -- Extended precision arithmetic --------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+** The "nd" format is a fixed-precision decimal representation for numbers. It
+** consists of up to 64 uint32_t values, with each uint32_t storing a value
+** in the range [0, 1e9). A number in "nd" format consists of three variables:
+**
+**  uint32_t nd[64];
+**  uint32_t ndlo;
+**  uint32_t ndhi;
+**
+** The integral part of the number is stored in nd[0 ... ndhi], the value of
+** which is sum{i in [0, ndhi] | nd[i] * 10^(9*i)}. If the fractional part of
+** the number is zero, ndlo is zero. Otherwise, the fractional part is stored
+** in nd[ndlo ... 63], the value of which is taken to be
+** sum{i in [ndlo, 63] | nd[i] * 10^(9*(i-64))}.
+**
+** If the array part had 128 elements rather than 64, then every double would
+** have an exact representation in "nd" format. With 64 elements, all integral
+** doubles have an exact representation, and all non-integral doubles have
+** enough digits to make both %.99e and %.99f do the right thing.
+*/
+
+#if LJ_64
+#define ND_MUL2K_MAX_SHIFT      29
+#define ND_MUL2K_DIV1E9(val)    ((uint32_t)((val) / 1000000000))
+#else
+#define ND_MUL2K_MAX_SHIFT      11
+#define ND_MUL2K_DIV1E9(val)    ((uint32_t)((val) >> 9) / 1953125)
+#endif
+
+/* Multiply nd by 2^k and add carry_in (ndlo is assumed to be zero). */
+static uint32_t nd_mul2k(uint32_t* nd, uint32_t ndhi, uint32_t k,
+                         uint32_t carry_in, SFormat sf)
+{
+  uint32_t i, ndlo = 0, start = 1;
+  /* Performance hacks. */
+  if (k > ND_MUL2K_MAX_SHIFT*2 && STRFMT_FP(sf) != STRFMT_FP(STRFMT_T_FP_F)) {
+    start = ndhi - (STRFMT_PREC(sf) + 17) / 8;
+  }
+  /* Real logic. */
+  while (k >= ND_MUL2K_MAX_SHIFT) {
+    for (i = ndlo; i <= ndhi; i++) {
+      uint64_t val = ((uint64_t)nd[i] << ND_MUL2K_MAX_SHIFT) | carry_in;
+      carry_in = ND_MUL2K_DIV1E9(val);
+      nd[i] = (uint32_t)val - carry_in * 1000000000;
+    }
+    if (carry_in) {
+      nd[++ndhi] = carry_in; carry_in = 0;
+      if (start++ == ndlo) ++ndlo;
+    }
+    k -= ND_MUL2K_MAX_SHIFT;
+  }
+  if (k) {
+    for (i = ndlo; i <= ndhi; i++) {
+      uint64_t val = ((uint64_t)nd[i] << k) | carry_in;
+      carry_in = ND_MUL2K_DIV1E9(val);
+      nd[i] = (uint32_t)val - carry_in * 1000000000;
+    }
+    if (carry_in) nd[++ndhi] = carry_in;
+  }
+  return ndhi;
+}
+
+/* Divide nd by 2^k (ndlo is assumed to be zero). */
+static uint32_t nd_div2k(uint32_t* nd, uint32_t ndhi, uint32_t k, SFormat sf)
+{
+  uint32_t ndlo = 0, stop1 = ~0, stop2 = ~0;
+  /* Performance hacks. */
+  if (!ndhi) {
+    if (!nd[0]) {
+      return 0;
+    } else {
+      uint32_t s = lj_ffs(nd[0]);
+      if (s >= k) { nd[0] >>= k; return 0; }
+      nd[0] >>= s; k -= s;
+    }
+  }
+  if (k > 18) {
+    if (STRFMT_FP(sf) == STRFMT_FP(STRFMT_T_FP_F)) {
+      stop1 = 63 - (int32_t)STRFMT_PREC(sf) / 9;
+    } else {
+      int32_t floorlog2 = ndhi * 29 + lj_fls(nd[ndhi]) - k;
+      int32_t floorlog10 = (int32_t)(floorlog2 * 0.30102999566398114);
+      stop1 = 62 + (floorlog10 - (int32_t)STRFMT_PREC(sf)) / 9;
+      stop2 = 61 + ndhi - (int32_t)STRFMT_PREC(sf) / 8;
+    }
+  }
+  /* Real logic. */
+  while (k >= 9) {
+    uint32_t i = ndhi, carry = 0;
+    for (;;) {
+      uint32_t val = nd[i];
+      nd[i] = (val >> 9) + carry;
+      carry = (val & 0x1ff) * 1953125;
+      if (i == ndlo) break;
+      i = (i - 1) & 0x3f;
+    }
+    if (ndlo != stop1 && ndlo != stop2) {
+      if (carry) { ndlo = (ndlo - 1) & 0x3f; nd[ndlo] = carry; }
+      if (!nd[ndhi]) { ndhi = (ndhi - 1) & 0x3f; stop2--; }
+    } else if (!nd[ndhi]) {
+      if (ndhi != ndlo) { ndhi = (ndhi - 1) & 0x3f; stop2--; }
+      else return ndlo;
+    }
+    k -= 9;
+  }
+  if (k) {
+    uint32_t mask = (1U << k) - 1, mul = 1000000000 >> k, i = ndhi, carry = 0;
+    for (;;) {
+      uint32_t val = nd[i];
+      nd[i] = (val >> k) + carry;
+      carry = (val & mask) * mul;
+      if (i == ndlo) break;
+      i = (i - 1) & 0x3f;
+    }
+    if (carry) { ndlo = (ndlo - 1) & 0x3f; nd[ndlo] = carry; }
+  }
+  return ndlo;
+}
+
+/* Add m*10^e to nd (assumes ndlo <= e/9 <= ndhi and 0 <= m <= 9). */
+static uint32_t nd_add_m10e(uint32_t* nd, uint32_t ndhi, uint8_t m, int32_t e)
+{
+  uint32_t i, carry;
+  if (e >= 0) {
+    i = (uint32_t)e/9;
+    carry = m * (ndigits_dec_threshold[e - (int32_t)i*9] + 1);
+  } else {
+    int32_t f = (e-8)/9;
+    i = (uint32_t)(64 + f);
+    carry = m * (ndigits_dec_threshold[e - f*9] + 1);
+  }
+  for (;;) {
+    uint32_t val = nd[i] + carry;
+    if (LJ_UNLIKELY(val >= 1000000000)) {
+      val -= 1000000000;
+      nd[i] = val;
+      if (LJ_UNLIKELY(i == ndhi)) {
+        ndhi = (ndhi + 1) & 0x3f;
+        nd[ndhi] = 1;
+        break;
+      }
+      carry = 1;
+      i = (i + 1) & 0x3f;
+    } else {
+      nd[i] = val;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return ndhi;
+}
+
+/* Test whether two "nd" values are equal in their most significant digits. */
+static int nd_similar(uint32_t* nd, uint32_t ndhi, uint32_t* ref, MSize hilen,
+                      MSize prec)
+{
+  char nd9[9], ref9[9];
+  if (hilen <= prec) {
+    if (LJ_UNLIKELY(nd[ndhi] != *ref)) return 0;
+    prec -= hilen; ref--; ndhi = (ndhi - 1) & 0x3f;
+    if (prec >= 9) {
+      if (LJ_UNLIKELY(nd[ndhi] != *ref)) return 0;
+      prec -= 9; ref--; ndhi = (ndhi - 1) & 0x3f;
+    }
+  } else {
+    prec -= hilen - 9;
+  }
+  lj_assertX(prec < 9, "bad precision %d", prec);
+  lj_strfmt_wuint9(nd9, nd[ndhi]);
+  lj_strfmt_wuint9(ref9, *ref);
+  return !memcmp(nd9, ref9, prec) && (nd9[prec] < '5') == (ref9[prec] < '5');
+}
+
+/* -- Formatted conversions to buffer ------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Write formatted floating-point number to either sb or p. */
+static char *lj_strfmt_wfnum(SBuf *sb, SFormat sf, lua_Number n, char *p)
+{
+  MSize width = STRFMT_WIDTH(sf), prec = STRFMT_PREC(sf), len;
+  TValue t;
+  t.n = n;
+  if (LJ_UNLIKELY((t.u32.hi << 1) >= 0xffe00000)) {
+    /* Handle non-finite values uniformly for %a, %e, %f, %g. */
+    int prefix = 0, ch = (sf & STRFMT_F_UPPER) ? 0x202020 : 0;
+    if (((t.u32.hi & 0x000fffff) | t.u32.lo) != 0) {
+      ch ^= ('n' << 16) | ('a' << 8) | 'n';
+      if ((sf & STRFMT_F_SPACE)) prefix = ' ';
+    } else {
+      ch ^= ('i' << 16) | ('n' << 8) | 'f';
+      if ((t.u32.hi & 0x80000000)) prefix = '-';
+      else if ((sf & STRFMT_F_PLUS)) prefix = '+';
+      else if ((sf & STRFMT_F_SPACE)) prefix = ' ';
+    }
+    len = 3 + (prefix != 0);
+    if (!p) p = lj_buf_more(sb, width > len ? width : len);
+    if (!(sf & STRFMT_F_LEFT)) while (width-- > len) *p++ = ' ';
+    if (prefix) *p++ = prefix;
+    *p++ = (char)(ch >> 16); *p++ = (char)(ch >> 8); *p++ = (char)ch;
+  } else if (STRFMT_FP(sf) == STRFMT_FP(STRFMT_T_FP_A)) {
+    /* %a */
+    const char *hexdig = (sf & STRFMT_F_UPPER) ? "0123456789ABCDEFPX"
+                                               : "0123456789abcdefpx";
+    int32_t e = (t.u32.hi >> 20) & 0x7ff;
+    char prefix = 0, eprefix = '+';
+    if (t.u32.hi & 0x80000000) prefix = '-';
+    else if ((sf & STRFMT_F_PLUS)) prefix = '+';
+    else if ((sf & STRFMT_F_SPACE)) prefix = ' ';
+    t.u32.hi &= 0xfffff;
+    if (e) {
+      t.u32.hi |= 0x100000;
+      e -= 1023;
+    } else if (t.u32.lo | t.u32.hi) {
+      /* Non-zero denormal - normalise it. */
+      uint32_t shift = t.u32.hi ? 20-lj_fls(t.u32.hi) : 52-lj_fls(t.u32.lo);
+      e = -1022 - shift;
+      t.u64 <<= shift;
+    }
+    /* abs(n) == t.u64 * 2^(e - 52) */
+    /* If n != 0, bit 52 of t.u64 is set, and is the highest set bit. */
+    if ((int32_t)prec < 0) {
+      /* Default precision: use smallest precision giving exact result. */
+      prec = t.u32.lo ? 13-lj_ffs(t.u32.lo)/4 : 5-lj_ffs(t.u32.hi|0x100000)/4;
+    } else if (prec < 13) {
+      /* Precision is sufficiently low as to maybe require rounding. */
+      t.u64 += (((uint64_t)1) << (51 - prec*4));
+    }
+    if (e < 0) {
+      eprefix = '-';
+      e = -e;
+    }
+    len = 5 + ndigits_dec((uint32_t)e) + prec + (prefix != 0)
+            + ((prec | (sf & STRFMT_F_ALT)) != 0);
+    if (!p) p = lj_buf_more(sb, width > len ? width : len);
+    if (!(sf & (STRFMT_F_LEFT | STRFMT_F_ZERO))) {
+      while (width-- > len) *p++ = ' ';
+    }
+    if (prefix) *p++ = prefix;
+    *p++ = '0';
+    *p++ = hexdig[17]; /* x or X */
+    if ((sf & (STRFMT_F_LEFT | STRFMT_F_ZERO)) == STRFMT_F_ZERO) {
+      while (width-- > len) *p++ = '0';
+    }
+    *p++ = '0' + (t.u32.hi >> 20); /* Usually '1', sometimes '0' or '2'. */
+    if ((prec | (sf & STRFMT_F_ALT))) {
+      /* Emit fractional part. */
+      char *q = p + 1 + prec;
+      *p = '.';
+      if (prec < 13) t.u64 >>= (52 - prec*4);
+      else while (prec > 13) p[prec--] = '0';
+      while (prec) { p[prec--] = hexdig[t.u64 & 15]; t.u64 >>= 4; }
+      p = q;
+    }
+    *p++ = hexdig[16]; /* p or P */
+    *p++ = eprefix; /* + or - */
+    p = lj_strfmt_wint(p, e);
+  } else {
+    /* %e or %f or %g - begin by converting n to "nd" format. */
+    uint32_t nd[64];
+    uint32_t ndhi = 0, ndlo, i;
+    int32_t e = (t.u32.hi >> 20) & 0x7ff, ndebias = 0;
+    char prefix = 0, *q;
+    if (t.u32.hi & 0x80000000) prefix = '-';
+    else if ((sf & STRFMT_F_PLUS)) prefix = '+';
+    else if ((sf & STRFMT_F_SPACE)) prefix = ' ';
+    prec += ((int32_t)prec >> 31) & 7; /* Default precision is 6. */
+    if (STRFMT_FP(sf) == STRFMT_FP(STRFMT_T_FP_G)) {
+      /* %g - decrement precision if non-zero (to make it like %e). */
+      prec--;
+      prec ^= (uint32_t)((int32_t)prec >> 31);
+    }
+    if ((sf & STRFMT_T_FP_E) && prec < 14 && n != 0) {
+      /* Precision is sufficiently low that rescaling will probably work. */
+      if ((ndebias = rescale_e[e >> 6])) {
+        t.n = n * rescale_n[e >> 6];
+        if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!e)) t.n *= 1e10, ndebias -= 10;
+        t.u64 -= 2; /* Convert 2ulp below (later we convert 2ulp above). */
+        nd[0] = 0x100000 | (t.u32.hi & 0xfffff);
+        e = ((t.u32.hi >> 20) & 0x7ff) - 1075 - (ND_MUL2K_MAX_SHIFT < 29);
+        goto load_t_lo; rescale_failed:
+        t.n = n;
+        e = (t.u32.hi >> 20) & 0x7ff;
+        ndebias = ndhi = 0;
+      }
+    }
+    nd[0] = t.u32.hi & 0xfffff;
+    if (e == 0) e++; else nd[0] |= 0x100000;
+    e -= 1043;
+    if (t.u32.lo) {
+      e -= 32 + (ND_MUL2K_MAX_SHIFT < 29); load_t_lo:
+#if ND_MUL2K_MAX_SHIFT >= 29
+      nd[0] = (nd[0] << 3) | (t.u32.lo >> 29);
+      ndhi = nd_mul2k(nd, ndhi, 29, t.u32.lo & 0x1fffffff, sf);
+#elif ND_MUL2K_MAX_SHIFT >= 11
+      ndhi = nd_mul2k(nd, ndhi, 11, t.u32.lo >> 21, sf);
+      ndhi = nd_mul2k(nd, ndhi, 11, (t.u32.lo >> 10) & 0x7ff, sf);
+      ndhi = nd_mul2k(nd, ndhi, 11, (t.u32.lo <<  1) & 0x7ff, sf);
+#else
+#error "ND_MUL2K_MAX_SHIFT too small"
+#endif
+    }
+    if (e >= 0) {
+      ndhi = nd_mul2k(nd, ndhi, (uint32_t)e, 0, sf);
+      ndlo = 0;
+    } else {
+      ndlo = nd_div2k(nd, ndhi, (uint32_t)-e, sf);
+      if (ndhi && !nd[ndhi]) ndhi--;
+    }
+    /* abs(n) == nd * 10^ndebias (for slightly loose interpretation of ==) */
+    if ((sf & STRFMT_T_FP_E)) {
+      /* %e or %g - assume %e and start by calculating nd's exponent (nde). */
+      char eprefix = '+';
+      int32_t nde = -1;
+      MSize hilen;
+      if (ndlo && !nd[ndhi]) {
+        ndhi = 64; do {} while (!nd[--ndhi]);
+        nde -= 64 * 9;
+      }
+      hilen = ndigits_dec(nd[ndhi]);
+      nde += ndhi * 9 + hilen;
+      if (ndebias) {
+        /*
+        ** Rescaling was performed, but this introduced some error, and might
+        ** have pushed us across a rounding boundary. We check whether this
+        ** error affected the result by introducing even more error (2ulp in
+        ** either direction), and seeing whether a rounding boundary was
+        ** crossed. Having already converted the -2ulp case, we save off its
+        ** most significant digits, convert the +2ulp case, and compare them.
+        */
+        int32_t eidx = e + 70 + (ND_MUL2K_MAX_SHIFT < 29)
+                         + (t.u32.lo >= 0xfffffffe && !(~t.u32.hi << 12));
+        const int8_t *m_e = four_ulp_m_e + eidx * 2;
+        lj_assertG_(G(sbufL(sb)), 0 <= eidx && eidx < 128, "bad eidx %d", eidx);
+        nd[33] = nd[ndhi];
+        nd[32] = nd[(ndhi - 1) & 0x3f];
+        nd[31] = nd[(ndhi - 2) & 0x3f];
+        nd_add_m10e(nd, ndhi, (uint8_t)*m_e, m_e[1]);
+        if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!nd_similar(nd, ndhi, nd + 33, hilen, prec + 1))) {
+          goto rescale_failed;
+        }
+      }
+      if ((int32_t)(prec - nde) < (0x3f & -(int32_t)ndlo) * 9) {
+        /* Precision is sufficiently low as to maybe require rounding. */
+        ndhi = nd_add_m10e(nd, ndhi, 5, nde - prec - 1);
+        nde += (hilen != ndigits_dec(nd[ndhi]));
+      }
+      nde += ndebias;
+      if ((sf & STRFMT_T_FP_F)) {
+        /* %g */
+        if ((int32_t)prec >= nde && nde >= -4) {
+          if (nde < 0) ndhi = 0;
+          prec -= nde;
+          goto g_format_like_f;
+        } else if (!(sf & STRFMT_F_ALT) && prec && width > 5) {
+          /* Decrease precision in order to strip trailing zeroes. */
+          char tail[9];
+          uint32_t maxprec = hilen - 1 + ((ndhi - ndlo) & 0x3f) * 9;
+          if (prec >= maxprec) prec = maxprec;
+          else ndlo = (ndhi - (((int32_t)(prec - hilen) + 9) / 9)) & 0x3f;
+          i = prec - hilen - (((ndhi - ndlo) & 0x3f) * 9) + 10;
+          lj_strfmt_wuint9(tail, nd[ndlo]);
+          while (prec && tail[--i] == '0') {
+            prec--;
+            if (!i) {
+              if (ndlo == ndhi) { prec = 0; break; }
+              lj_strfmt_wuint9(tail, nd[++ndlo]);
+              i = 9;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if (nde < 0) {
+        /* Make nde non-negative. */
+        eprefix = '-';
+        nde = -nde;
+      }
+      len = 3 + prec + (prefix != 0) + ndigits_dec((uint32_t)nde) + (nde < 10)
+              + ((prec | (sf & STRFMT_F_ALT)) != 0);
+      if (!p) p = lj_buf_more(sb, (width > len ? width : len) + 5);
+      if (!(sf & (STRFMT_F_LEFT | STRFMT_F_ZERO))) {
+        while (width-- > len) *p++ = ' ';
+      }
+      if (prefix) *p++ = prefix;
+      if ((sf & (STRFMT_F_LEFT | STRFMT_F_ZERO)) == STRFMT_F_ZERO) {
+        while (width-- > len) *p++ = '0';
+      }
+      q = lj_strfmt_wint(p + 1, nd[ndhi]);
+      p[0] = p[1]; /* Put leading digit in the correct place. */
+      if ((prec | (sf & STRFMT_F_ALT))) {
+        /* Emit fractional part. */
+        p[1] = '.'; p += 2;
+        prec -= (MSize)(q - p); p = q; /* Account for digits already emitted. */
+        /* Then emit chunks of 9 digits (this may emit 8 digits too many). */
+        for (i = ndhi; (int32_t)prec > 0 && i != ndlo; prec -= 9) {
+          i = (i - 1) & 0x3f;
+          p = lj_strfmt_wuint9(p, nd[i]);
+        }
+        if ((sf & STRFMT_T_FP_F) && !(sf & STRFMT_F_ALT)) {
+          /* %g (and not %#g) - strip trailing zeroes. */
+          p += (int32_t)prec & ((int32_t)prec >> 31);
+          while (p[-1] == '0') p--;
+          if (p[-1] == '.') p--;
+        } else {
+          /* %e (or %#g) - emit trailing zeroes. */
+          while ((int32_t)prec > 0) { *p++ = '0'; prec--; }
+          p += (int32_t)prec;
+        }
+      } else {
+        p++;
+      }
+      *p++ = (sf & STRFMT_F_UPPER) ? 'E' : 'e';
+      *p++ = eprefix; /* + or - */
+      if (nde < 10) *p++ = '0'; /* Always at least two digits of exponent. */
+      p = lj_strfmt_wint(p, nde);
+    } else {
+      /* %f (or, shortly, %g in %f style) */
+      if (prec < (MSize)(0x3f & -(int32_t)ndlo) * 9) {
+        /* Precision is sufficiently low as to maybe require rounding. */
+        ndhi = nd_add_m10e(nd, ndhi, 5, 0 - prec - 1);
+      }
+      g_format_like_f:
+      if ((sf & STRFMT_T_FP_E) && !(sf & STRFMT_F_ALT) && prec && width) {
+        /* Decrease precision in order to strip trailing zeroes. */
+        if (ndlo) {
+          /* nd has a fractional part; we need to look at its digits. */
+          char tail[9];
+          uint32_t maxprec = (64 - ndlo) * 9;
+          if (prec >= maxprec) prec = maxprec;
+          else ndlo = 64 - (prec + 8) / 9;
+          i = prec - ((63 - ndlo) * 9);
+          lj_strfmt_wuint9(tail, nd[ndlo]);
+          while (prec && tail[--i] == '0') {
+            prec--;
+            if (!i) {
+              if (ndlo == 63) { prec = 0; break; }
+              lj_strfmt_wuint9(tail, nd[++ndlo]);
+              i = 9;
+            }
+          }
+        } else {
+          /* nd has no fractional part, so precision goes straight to zero. */
+          prec = 0;
+        }
+      }
+      len = ndhi * 9 + ndigits_dec(nd[ndhi]) + prec + (prefix != 0)
+                     + ((prec | (sf & STRFMT_F_ALT)) != 0);
+      if (!p) p = lj_buf_more(sb, (width > len ? width : len) + 8);
+      if (!(sf & (STRFMT_F_LEFT | STRFMT_F_ZERO))) {
+        while (width-- > len) *p++ = ' ';
+      }
+      if (prefix) *p++ = prefix;
+      if ((sf & (STRFMT_F_LEFT | STRFMT_F_ZERO)) == STRFMT_F_ZERO) {
+        while (width-- > len) *p++ = '0';
+      }
+      /* Emit integer part. */
+      p = lj_strfmt_wint(p, nd[ndhi]);
+      i = ndhi;
+      while (i) p = lj_strfmt_wuint9(p, nd[--i]);
+      if ((prec | (sf & STRFMT_F_ALT))) {
+        /* Emit fractional part. */
+        *p++ = '.';
+        /* Emit chunks of 9 digits (this may emit 8 digits too many). */
+        while ((int32_t)prec > 0 && i != ndlo) {
+          i = (i - 1) & 0x3f;
+          p = lj_strfmt_wuint9(p, nd[i]);
+          prec -= 9;
+        }
+        if ((sf & STRFMT_T_FP_E) && !(sf & STRFMT_F_ALT)) {
+          /* %g (and not %#g) - strip trailing zeroes. */
+          p += (int32_t)prec & ((int32_t)prec >> 31);
+          while (p[-1] == '0') p--;
+          if (p[-1] == '.') p--;
+        } else {
+          /* %f (or %#g) - emit trailing zeroes. */
+          while ((int32_t)prec > 0) { *p++ = '0'; prec--; }
+          p += (int32_t)prec;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if ((sf & STRFMT_F_LEFT)) while (width-- > len) *p++ = ' ';
+  return p;
+}
+
+/* Add formatted floating-point number to buffer. */
+SBuf *lj_strfmt_putfnum(SBuf *sb, SFormat sf, lua_Number n)
+{
+  sb->w = lj_strfmt_wfnum(sb, sf, n, NULL);
+  return sb;
+}
+
+/* -- Conversions to strings ---------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Convert number to string. */
+GCstr * LJ_FASTCALL lj_strfmt_num(lua_State *L, cTValue *o)
+{
+  char buf[STRFMT_MAXBUF_NUM];
+  MSize len = (MSize)(lj_strfmt_wfnum(NULL, STRFMT_G14, o->n, buf) - buf);
+  return lj_str_new(L, buf, len);
+}
+
diff --git a/src/lj_strscan.c b/src/lj_strscan.c
index 79c0c569..9dbf477a 100644
--- a/src/lj_strscan.c
+++ b/src/lj_strscan.c
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ static void strscan_double(uint64_t x, TValue *o, int32_t ex2, int32_t neg)
   /* Avoid double rounding for denormals. */
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY(ex2 <= -1075 && x != 0)) {
     /* NYI: all of this generates way too much code on 32 bit CPUs. */
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && LJ_64
+#if (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)) && LJ_64
     int32_t b = (int32_t)(__builtin_clzll(x)^63);
 #else
     int32_t b = (x>>32) ? 32+(int32_t)lj_fls((uint32_t)(x>>32)) :
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ static void strscan_double(uint64_t x, TValue *o, int32_t ex2, int32_t neg)
   }
 
   /* Convert to double using a signed int64_t conversion, then rescale. */
-  lua_assert((int64_t)x >= 0);
+  lj_assertX((int64_t)x >= 0, "bad double conversion");
   n = (double)(int64_t)x;
   if (neg) n = -n;
   if (ex2) n = ldexp(n, ex2);
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ static StrScanFmt strscan_hex(const uint8_t *p, TValue *o,
     break;
   }
 
-  /* Reduce range then convert to double. */
+  /* Reduce range, then convert to double. */
   if ((x & U64x(c0000000,0000000))) { x = (x >> 2) | (x & 3); ex2 += 2; }
   strscan_double(x, o, ex2, neg);
   return fmt;
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ static StrScanFmt strscan_dec(const uint8_t *p, TValue *o,
     uint32_t hi = 0, lo = (uint32_t)(xip-xi);
     int32_t ex2 = 0, idig = (int32_t)lo + (ex10 >> 1);
 
-    lua_assert(lo > 0 && (ex10 & 1) == 0);
+    lj_assertX(lo > 0 && (ex10 & 1) == 0, "bad lo %d ex10 %d", lo, ex10);
 
     /* Handle simple overflow/underflow. */
     if (idig > 310/2) { if (neg) setminfV(o); else setpinfV(o); return fmt; }
@@ -328,10 +328,55 @@ static StrScanFmt strscan_dec(const uint8_t *p, TValue *o,
   return fmt;
 }
 
+/* Parse binary number. */
+static StrScanFmt strscan_bin(const uint8_t *p, TValue *o,
+                              StrScanFmt fmt, uint32_t opt,
+                              int32_t ex2, int32_t neg, uint32_t dig)
+{
+  uint64_t x = 0;
+  uint32_t i;
+
+  if (ex2 || dig > 64) return STRSCAN_ERROR;
+
+  /* Scan binary digits. */
+  for (i = dig; i; i--, p++) {
+    if ((*p & ~1) != '0') return STRSCAN_ERROR;
+    x = (x << 1) | (*p & 1);
+  }
+
+  /* Format-specific handling. */
+  switch (fmt) {
+  case STRSCAN_INT:
+    if (!(opt & STRSCAN_OPT_TONUM) && x < 0x80000000u+neg) {
+      o->i = neg ? (int32_t)(~x+1u) : (int32_t)x;
+      return STRSCAN_INT;  /* Fast path for 32 bit integers. */
+    }
+    if (!(opt & STRSCAN_OPT_C)) { fmt = STRSCAN_NUM; break; }
+    /* fallthrough */
+  case STRSCAN_U32:
+    if (dig > 32) return STRSCAN_ERROR;
+    o->i = neg ? (int32_t)(~x+1u) : (int32_t)x;
+    return STRSCAN_U32;
+  case STRSCAN_I64:
+  case STRSCAN_U64:
+    o->u64 = neg ? ~x+1u : x;
+    return fmt;
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  /* Reduce range, then convert to double. */
+  if ((x & U64x(c0000000,0000000))) { x = (x >> 2) | (x & 3); ex2 += 2; }
+  strscan_double(x, o, ex2, neg);
+  return fmt;
+}
+
 /* Scan string containing a number. Returns format. Returns value in o. */
-StrScanFmt lj_strscan_scan(const uint8_t *p, TValue *o, uint32_t opt)
+StrScanFmt lj_strscan_scan(const uint8_t *p, MSize len, TValue *o,
+                           uint32_t opt)
 {
   int32_t neg = 0;
+  const uint8_t *pe = p + len;
 
   /* Remove leading space, parse sign and non-numbers. */
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY(!lj_char_isdigit(*p))) {
@@ -349,7 +394,7 @@ StrScanFmt lj_strscan_scan(const uint8_t *p, TValue *o, uint32_t opt)
         p += 3;
       }
       while (lj_char_isspace(*p)) p++;
-      if (*p) return STRSCAN_ERROR;
+      if (*p || p < pe) return STRSCAN_ERROR;
       o->u64 = tmp.u64;
       return STRSCAN_NUM;
     }
@@ -366,8 +411,12 @@ StrScanFmt lj_strscan_scan(const uint8_t *p, TValue *o, uint32_t opt)
 
     /* Determine base and skip leading zeros. */
     if (LJ_UNLIKELY(*p <= '0')) {
-      if (*p == '0' && casecmp(p[1], 'x'))
-        base = 16, cmask = LJ_CHAR_XDIGIT, p += 2;
+      if (*p == '0') {
+        if (casecmp(p[1], 'x'))
+          base = 16, cmask = LJ_CHAR_XDIGIT, p += 2;
+        else if (casecmp(p[1], 'b'))
+          base = 2, cmask = LJ_CHAR_DIGIT, p += 2;
+      }
       for ( ; ; p++) {
         if (*p == '0') {
           hasdig = 1;
@@ -396,6 +445,7 @@ StrScanFmt lj_strscan_scan(const uint8_t *p, TValue *o, uint32_t opt)
 
     /* Handle decimal point. */
     if (dp) {
+      if (base == 2) return STRSCAN_ERROR;
       fmt = STRSCAN_NUM;
       if (dig) {
         ex = (int32_t)(dp-(p-1)); dp = p-1;
@@ -406,7 +456,7 @@ StrScanFmt lj_strscan_scan(const uint8_t *p, TValue *o, uint32_t opt)
     }
 
     /* Parse exponent. */
-    if (casecmp(*p, (uint32_t)(base == 16 ? 'p' : 'e'))) {
+    if (base >= 10 && casecmp(*p, (uint32_t)(base == 16 ? 'p' : 'e'))) {
       uint32_t xx;
       int negx = 0;
       fmt = STRSCAN_NUM; p++;
@@ -445,6 +495,7 @@ StrScanFmt lj_strscan_scan(const uint8_t *p, TValue *o, uint32_t opt)
       while (lj_char_isspace(*p)) p++;
       if (*p) return STRSCAN_ERROR;
     }
+    if (p < pe) return STRSCAN_ERROR;
 
     /* Fast path for decimal 32 bit integers. */
     if (fmt == STRSCAN_INT && base == 10 &&
@@ -466,6 +517,8 @@ StrScanFmt lj_strscan_scan(const uint8_t *p, TValue *o, uint32_t opt)
       return strscan_oct(sp, o, fmt, neg, dig);
     if (base == 16)
       fmt = strscan_hex(sp, o, fmt, opt, ex, neg, dig);
+    else if (base == 2)
+      fmt = strscan_bin(sp, o, fmt, opt, ex, neg, dig);
     else
       fmt = strscan_dec(sp, o, fmt, opt, ex, neg, dig);
 
@@ -481,18 +534,19 @@ StrScanFmt lj_strscan_scan(const uint8_t *p, TValue *o, uint32_t opt)
 
 int LJ_FASTCALL lj_strscan_num(GCstr *str, TValue *o)
 {
-  StrScanFmt fmt = lj_strscan_scan((const uint8_t *)strdata(str), o,
+  StrScanFmt fmt = lj_strscan_scan((const uint8_t *)strdata(str), str->len, o,
                                    STRSCAN_OPT_TONUM);
-  lua_assert(fmt == STRSCAN_ERROR || fmt == STRSCAN_NUM);
+  lj_assertX(fmt == STRSCAN_ERROR || fmt == STRSCAN_NUM, "bad scan format");
   return (fmt != STRSCAN_ERROR);
 }
 
 #if LJ_DUALNUM
 int LJ_FASTCALL lj_strscan_number(GCstr *str, TValue *o)
 {
-  StrScanFmt fmt = lj_strscan_scan((const uint8_t *)strdata(str), o,
+  StrScanFmt fmt = lj_strscan_scan((const uint8_t *)strdata(str), str->len, o,
                                    STRSCAN_OPT_TOINT);
-  lua_assert(fmt == STRSCAN_ERROR || fmt == STRSCAN_NUM || fmt == STRSCAN_INT);
+  lj_assertX(fmt == STRSCAN_ERROR || fmt == STRSCAN_NUM || fmt == STRSCAN_INT,
+             "bad scan format");
   if (fmt == STRSCAN_INT) setitype(o, LJ_TISNUM);
   return (fmt != STRSCAN_ERROR);
 }
diff --git a/src/lj_strscan.h b/src/lj_strscan.h
index 8d036e6f..a6047cf2 100644
--- a/src/lj_strscan.h
+++ b/src/lj_strscan.h
@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ typedef enum {
   STRSCAN_INT, STRSCAN_U32, STRSCAN_I64, STRSCAN_U64,
 } StrScanFmt;
 
-LJ_FUNC StrScanFmt lj_strscan_scan(const uint8_t *p, TValue *o, uint32_t opt);
+LJ_FUNC StrScanFmt lj_strscan_scan(const uint8_t *p, MSize len, TValue *o,
+                                   uint32_t opt);
 LJ_FUNC int LJ_FASTCALL lj_strscan_num(GCstr *str, TValue *o);
 #if LJ_DUALNUM
 LJ_FUNC int LJ_FASTCALL lj_strscan_number(GCstr *str, TValue *o);
diff --git a/src/lj_tab.c b/src/lj_tab.c
index 26485dcd..a9b02dcc 100644
--- a/src/lj_tab.c
+++ b/src/lj_tab.c
@@ -16,25 +16,10 @@
 
 /* -- Object hashing ------------------------------------------------------ */
 
-/* Hash values are masked with the table hash mask and used as an index. */
-static LJ_AINLINE Node *hashmask(const GCtab *t, uint32_t hash)
-{
-  Node *n = noderef(t->node);
-  return &n[hash & t->hmask];
-}
-
-/* String hashes are precomputed when they are interned. */
-#define hashstr(t, s)           hashmask(t, (s)->hash)
-
-#define hashlohi(t, lo, hi)     hashmask((t), hashrot((lo), (hi)))
-#define hashnum(t, o)           hashlohi((t), (o)->u32.lo, ((o)->u32.hi << 1))
-#define hashptr(t, p)           hashlohi((t), u32ptr(p), u32ptr(p) + HASH_BIAS)
-#define hashgcref(t, r)         hashlohi((t), gcrefu(r), gcrefu(r) + HASH_BIAS)
-
 /* Hash an arbitrary key and return its anchor position in the hash table. */
 static Node *hashkey(const GCtab *t, cTValue *key)
 {
-  lua_assert(!tvisint(key));
+  lj_assertX(!tvisint(key), "attempt to hash integer");
   if (tvisstr(key))
     return hashstr(t, strV(key));
   else if (tvisnum(key))
@@ -53,13 +38,13 @@ static LJ_AINLINE void newhpart(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, uint32_t hbits)
 {
   uint32_t hsize;
   Node *node;
-  lua_assert(hbits != 0);
+  lj_assertL(hbits != 0, "zero hash size");
   if (hbits > LJ_MAX_HBITS)
     lj_err_msg(L, LJ_ERR_TABOV);
   hsize = 1u << hbits;
   node = lj_mem_newvec(L, hsize, Node);
-  setmref(node->freetop, &node[hsize]);
   setmref(t->node, node);
+  setfreetop(t, node, &node[hsize]);
   t->hmask = hsize-1;
 }
 
@@ -74,7 +59,7 @@ static LJ_AINLINE void clearhpart(GCtab *t)
 {
   uint32_t i, hmask = t->hmask;
   Node *node = noderef(t->node);
-  lua_assert(t->hmask != 0);
+  lj_assertX(t->hmask != 0, "empty hash part");
   for (i = 0; i <= hmask; i++) {
     Node *n = &node[i];
     setmref(n->next, NULL);
@@ -98,7 +83,8 @@ static GCtab *newtab(lua_State *L, uint32_t asize, uint32_t hbits)
   GCtab *t;
   /* First try to colocate the array part. */
   if (LJ_MAX_COLOSIZE != 0 && asize > 0 && asize <= LJ_MAX_COLOSIZE) {
-    lua_assert((sizeof(GCtab) & 7) == 0);
+    Node *nilnode;
+    lj_assertL((sizeof(GCtab) & 7) == 0, "bad GCtab size");
     t = (GCtab *)lj_mem_newgco(L, sizetabcolo(asize));
     t->gct = ~LJ_TTAB;
     t->nomm = (uint8_t)~0;
@@ -107,8 +93,13 @@ static GCtab *newtab(lua_State *L, uint32_t asize, uint32_t hbits)
     setgcrefnull(t->metatable);
     t->asize = asize;
     t->hmask = 0;
-    setmref(t->node, &G(L)->nilnode);
+    nilnode = &G(L)->nilnode;
+    setmref(t->node, nilnode);
+#if LJ_GC64
+    setmref(t->freetop, nilnode);
+#endif
   } else {  /* Otherwise separately allocate the array part. */
+    Node *nilnode;
     t = lj_mem_newobj(L, GCtab);
     t->gct = ~LJ_TTAB;
     t->nomm = (uint8_t)~0;
@@ -117,7 +108,11 @@ static GCtab *newtab(lua_State *L, uint32_t asize, uint32_t hbits)
     setgcrefnull(t->metatable);
     t->asize = 0;  /* In case the array allocation fails. */
     t->hmask = 0;
-    setmref(t->node, &G(L)->nilnode);
+    nilnode = &G(L)->nilnode;
+    setmref(t->node, nilnode);
+#if LJ_GC64
+    setmref(t->freetop, nilnode);
+#endif
     if (asize > 0) {
       if (asize > LJ_MAX_ASIZE)
         lj_err_msg(L, LJ_ERR_TABOV);
@@ -149,6 +144,12 @@ GCtab *lj_tab_new(lua_State *L, uint32_t asize, uint32_t hbits)
   return t;
 }
 
+/* The API of this function conforms to lua_createtable(). */
+GCtab *lj_tab_new_ah(lua_State *L, int32_t a, int32_t h)
+{
+  return lj_tab_new(L, (uint32_t)(a > 0 ? a+1 : 0), hsize2hbits(h));
+}
+
 #if LJ_HASJIT
 GCtab * LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_new1(lua_State *L, uint32_t ahsize)
 {
@@ -165,7 +166,8 @@ GCtab * LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_dup(lua_State *L, const GCtab *kt)
   GCtab *t;
   uint32_t asize, hmask;
   t = newtab(L, kt->asize, kt->hmask > 0 ? lj_fls(kt->hmask)+1 : 0);
-  lua_assert(kt->asize == t->asize && kt->hmask == t->hmask);
+  lj_assertL(kt->asize == t->asize && kt->hmask == t->hmask,
+             "mismatched size of table and template");
   t->nomm = 0;  /* Keys with metamethod names may be present. */
   asize = kt->asize;
   if (asize > 0) {
@@ -185,7 +187,7 @@ GCtab * LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_dup(lua_State *L, const GCtab *kt)
     Node *node = noderef(t->node);
     Node *knode = noderef(kt->node);
     ptrdiff_t d = (char *)node - (char *)knode;
-    setmref(node->freetop, (Node *)((char *)noderef(knode->freetop) + d));
+    setfreetop(t, node, (Node *)((char *)getfreetop(kt, knode) + d));
     for (i = 0; i <= hmask; i++) {
       Node *kn = &knode[i];
       Node *n = &node[i];
@@ -198,6 +200,17 @@ GCtab * LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_dup(lua_State *L, const GCtab *kt)
   return t;
 }
 
+/* Clear a table. */
+void LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_clear(GCtab *t)
+{
+  clearapart(t);
+  if (t->hmask > 0) {
+    Node *node = noderef(t->node);
+    setfreetop(t, node, &node[t->hmask+1]);
+    clearhpart(t);
+  }
+}
+
 /* Free a table. */
 void LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_free(global_State *g, GCtab *t)
 {
@@ -214,7 +227,7 @@ void LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_free(global_State *g, GCtab *t)
 /* -- Table resizing ------------------------------------------------------ */
 
 /* Resize a table to fit the new array/hash part sizes. */
-static void resizetab(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, uint32_t asize, uint32_t hbits)
+void lj_tab_resize(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, uint32_t asize, uint32_t hbits)
 {
   Node *oldnode = noderef(t->node);
   uint32_t oldasize = t->asize;
@@ -247,6 +260,9 @@ static void resizetab(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, uint32_t asize, uint32_t hbits)
   } else {
     global_State *g = G(L);
     setmref(t->node, &g->nilnode);
+#if LJ_GC64
+    setmref(t->freetop, &g->nilnode);
+#endif
     t->hmask = 0;
   }
   if (asize < oldasize) {  /* Array part shrinks? */
@@ -276,7 +292,7 @@ static void resizetab(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, uint32_t asize, uint32_t hbits)
 
 static uint32_t countint(cTValue *key, uint32_t *bins)
 {
-  lua_assert(!tvisint(key));
+  lj_assertX(!tvisint(key), "bad integer key");
   if (tvisnum(key)) {
     lua_Number nk = numV(key);
     int32_t k = lj_num2int(nk);
@@ -348,7 +364,7 @@ static void rehashtab(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, cTValue *ek)
   asize += countint(ek, bins);
   na = bestasize(bins, &asize);
   total -= na;
-  resizetab(L, t, asize, hsize2hbits(total));
+  lj_tab_resize(L, t, asize, hsize2hbits(total));
 }
 
 #if LJ_HASFFI
@@ -360,7 +376,7 @@ void lj_tab_rehash(lua_State *L, GCtab *t)
 
 void lj_tab_reasize(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, uint32_t nasize)
 {
-  resizetab(L, t, nasize+1, t->hmask > 0 ? lj_fls(t->hmask)+1 : 0);
+  lj_tab_resize(L, t, nasize+1, t->hmask > 0 ? lj_fls(t->hmask)+1 : 0);
 }
 
 /* -- Table getters ------------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -378,7 +394,7 @@ cTValue * LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_getinth(GCtab *t, int32_t key)
   return NULL;
 }
 
-cTValue *lj_tab_getstr(GCtab *t, GCstr *key)
+cTValue *lj_tab_getstr(GCtab *t, const GCstr *key)
 {
   Node *n = hashstr(t, key);
   do {
@@ -428,16 +444,17 @@ TValue *lj_tab_newkey(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, cTValue *key)
   Node *n = hashkey(t, key);
   if (!tvisnil(&n->val) || t->hmask == 0) {
     Node *nodebase = noderef(t->node);
-    Node *collide, *freenode = noderef(nodebase->freetop);
-    lua_assert(freenode >= nodebase && freenode <= nodebase+t->hmask+1);
+    Node *collide, *freenode = getfreetop(t, nodebase);
+    lj_assertL(freenode >= nodebase && freenode <= nodebase+t->hmask+1,
+               "bad freenode");
     do {
       if (freenode == nodebase) {  /* No free node found? */
         rehashtab(L, t, key);  /* Rehash table. */
         return lj_tab_set(L, t, key);  /* Retry key insertion. */
       }
     } while (!tvisnil(&(--freenode)->key));
-    setmref(nodebase->freetop, freenode);
-    lua_assert(freenode != &G(L)->nilnode);
+    setfreetop(t, nodebase, freenode);
+    lj_assertL(freenode != &G(L)->nilnode, "store to fallback hash");
     collide = hashkey(t, &n->key);
     if (collide != n) {  /* Colliding node not the main node? */
       while (noderef(collide->next) != n)  /* Find predecessor. */
@@ -493,7 +510,7 @@ TValue *lj_tab_newkey(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, cTValue *key)
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY(tvismzero(&n->key)))
     n->key.u64 = 0;
   lj_gc_anybarriert(L, t);
-  lua_assert(tvisnil(&n->val));
+  lj_assertL(tvisnil(&n->val), "new hash slot is not empty");
   return &n->val;
 }
 
@@ -510,7 +527,7 @@ TValue *lj_tab_setinth(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, int32_t key)
   return lj_tab_newkey(L, t, &k);
 }
 
-TValue *lj_tab_setstr(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, GCstr *key)
+TValue *lj_tab_setstr(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, const GCstr *key)
 {
   TValue k;
   Node *n = hashstr(t, key);
@@ -551,103 +568,126 @@ TValue *lj_tab_set(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, cTValue *key)
 
 /* -- Table traversal ----------------------------------------------------- */
 
-/* Get the traversal index of a key. */
-static uint32_t keyindex(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, cTValue *key)
+/* Table traversal indexes:
+**
+** Array key index: [0 .. t->asize-1]
+** Hash key index:  [t->asize .. t->asize+t->hmask]
+** Invalid key:     ~0
+*/
+
+/* Get the successor traversal index of a key. */
+uint32_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_keyindex(GCtab *t, cTValue *key)
 {
   TValue tmp;
   if (tvisint(key)) {
     int32_t k = intV(key);
     if ((uint32_t)k < t->asize)
-      return (uint32_t)k;  /* Array key indexes: [0..t->asize-1] */
+      return (uint32_t)k + 1;
     setnumV(&tmp, (lua_Number)k);
     key = &tmp;
   } else if (tvisnum(key)) {
     lua_Number nk = numV(key);
     int32_t k = lj_num2int(nk);
     if ((uint32_t)k < t->asize && nk == (lua_Number)k)
-      return (uint32_t)k;  /* Array key indexes: [0..t->asize-1] */
+      return (uint32_t)k + 1;
   }
   if (!tvisnil(key)) {
     Node *n = hashkey(t, key);
     do {
       if (lj_obj_equal(&n->key, key))
-        return t->asize + (uint32_t)(n - noderef(t->node));
-        /* Hash key indexes: [t->asize..t->asize+t->nmask] */
+        return t->asize + (uint32_t)((n+1) - noderef(t->node));
     } while ((n = nextnode(n)));
-    if (key->u32.hi == 0xfffe7fff)  /* ITERN was despecialized while running. */
-      return key->u32.lo - 1;
-    lj_err_msg(L, LJ_ERR_NEXTIDX);
-    return 0;  /* unreachable */
+    if (key->u32.hi == LJ_KEYINDEX)  /* Despecialized ITERN while running. */
+      return key->u32.lo;
+    return ~0u;  /* Invalid key to next. */
   }
-  return ~0u;  /* A nil key starts the traversal. */
+  return 0;  /* A nil key starts the traversal. */
 }
 
-/* Advance to the next step in a table traversal. */
-int lj_tab_next(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, TValue *key)
+/* Get the next key/value pair of a table traversal. */
+int lj_tab_next(GCtab *t, cTValue *key, TValue *o)
 {
-  uint32_t i = keyindex(L, t, key);  /* Find predecessor key index. */
-  for (i++; i < t->asize; i++)  /* First traverse the array keys. */
-    if (!tvisnil(arrayslot(t, i))) {
-      setintV(key, i);
-      copyTV(L, key+1, arrayslot(t, i));
+  uint32_t idx = lj_tab_keyindex(t, key);  /* Find successor index of key. */
+  /* First traverse the array part. */
+  for (; idx < t->asize; idx++) {
+    cTValue *a = arrayslot(t, idx);
+    if (LJ_LIKELY(!tvisnil(a))) {
+      setintV(o, idx);
+      o[1] = *a;
       return 1;
     }
-  for (i -= t->asize; i <= t->hmask; i++) {  /* Then traverse the hash keys. */
-    Node *n = &noderef(t->node)[i];
+  }
+  idx -= t->asize;
+  /* Then traverse the hash part. */
+  for (; idx <= t->hmask; idx++) {
+    Node *n = &noderef(t->node)[idx];
     if (!tvisnil(&n->val)) {
-      copyTV(L, key, &n->key);
-      copyTV(L, key+1, &n->val);
+      o[0] = n->key;
+      o[1] = n->val;
       return 1;
     }
   }
-  return 0;  /* End of traversal. */
+  return (int32_t)idx < 0 ? -1 : 0;  /* Invalid key or end of traversal. */
 }
 
 /* -- Table length calculation -------------------------------------------- */
 
-static MSize unbound_search(GCtab *t, MSize j)
+/* Compute table length. Slow path with mixed array/hash lookups. */
+LJ_NOINLINE static MSize tab_len_slow(GCtab *t, size_t hi)
 {
   cTValue *tv;
-  MSize i = j;  /* i is zero or a present index */
-  j++;
-  /* find `i' and `j' such that i is present and j is not */
-  while ((tv = lj_tab_getint(t, (int32_t)j)) && !tvisnil(tv)) {
-    i = j;
-    j *= 2;
-    if (j > (MSize)(INT_MAX-2)) {  /* overflow? */
-      /* table was built with bad purposes: resort to linear search */
-      i = 1;
-      while ((tv = lj_tab_getint(t, (int32_t)i)) && !tvisnil(tv)) i++;
-      return i - 1;
+  size_t lo = hi;
+  hi++;
+  /* Widening search for an upper bound. */
+  while ((tv = lj_tab_getint(t, (int32_t)hi)) && !tvisnil(tv)) {
+    lo = hi;
+    hi += hi;
+    if (hi > (size_t)(INT_MAX-2)) {  /* Punt and do a linear search. */
+      lo = 1;
+      while ((tv = lj_tab_getint(t, (int32_t)lo)) && !tvisnil(tv)) lo++;
+      return (MSize)(lo - 1);
     }
   }
-  /* now do a binary search between them */
-  while (j - i > 1) {
-    MSize m = (i+j)/2;
-    cTValue *tvb = lj_tab_getint(t, (int32_t)m);
-    if (tvb && !tvisnil(tvb)) i = m; else j = m;
+  /* Binary search to find a non-nil to nil transition. */
+  while (hi - lo > 1) {
+    size_t mid = (lo+hi) >> 1;
+    cTValue *tvb = lj_tab_getint(t, (int32_t)mid);
+    if (tvb && !tvisnil(tvb)) lo = mid; else hi = mid;
   }
-  return i;
+  return (MSize)lo;
 }
 
-/*
-** Try to find a boundary in table `t'. A `boundary' is an integer index
-** such that t[i] is non-nil and t[i+1] is nil (and 0 if t[1] is nil).
-*/
+/* Compute table length. Fast path. */
 MSize LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_len(GCtab *t)
 {
-  MSize j = (MSize)t->asize;
-  if (j > 1 && tvisnil(arrayslot(t, j-1))) {
-    MSize i = 1;
-    while (j - i > 1) {
-      MSize m = (i+j)/2;
-      if (tvisnil(arrayslot(t, m-1))) j = m; else i = m;
+  size_t hi = (size_t)t->asize;
+  if (hi) hi--;
+  /* In a growing array the last array element is very likely nil. */
+  if (hi > 0 && LJ_LIKELY(tvisnil(arrayslot(t, hi)))) {
+    /* Binary search to find a non-nil to nil transition in the array. */
+    size_t lo = 0;
+    while (hi - lo > 1) {
+      size_t mid = (lo+hi) >> 1;
+      if (tvisnil(arrayslot(t, mid))) hi = mid; else lo = mid;
     }
-    return i-1;
+    return (MSize)lo;
   }
-  if (j) j--;
-  if (t->hmask <= 0)
-    return j;
-  return unbound_search(t, j);
+  /* Without a hash part, there's an implicit nil after the last element. */
+  return t->hmask ? tab_len_slow(t, hi) : (MSize)hi;
 }
 
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+/* Verify hinted table length or compute it. */
+MSize LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_len_hint(GCtab *t, size_t hint)
+{
+  size_t asize = (size_t)t->asize;
+  cTValue *tv = arrayslot(t, hint);
+  if (LJ_LIKELY(hint+1 < asize)) {
+    if (LJ_LIKELY(!tvisnil(tv) && tvisnil(tv+1))) return (MSize)hint;
+  } else if (hint+1 <= asize && LJ_LIKELY(t->hmask == 0) && !tvisnil(tv)) {
+    return (MSize)hint;
+  }
+  return lj_tab_len(t);
+}
+#endif
+
diff --git a/src/lj_tab.h b/src/lj_tab.h
index bb3e273d..cddc4765 100644
--- a/src/lj_tab.h
+++ b/src/lj_tab.h
@@ -31,30 +31,52 @@ static LJ_AINLINE uint32_t hashrot(uint32_t lo, uint32_t hi)
   return hi;
 }
 
+/* Hash values are masked with the table hash mask and used as an index. */
+static LJ_AINLINE Node *hashmask(const GCtab *t, uint32_t hash)
+{
+  Node *n = noderef(t->node);
+  return &n[hash & t->hmask];
+}
+
+/* String IDs are generated when a string is interned. */
+#define hashstr(t, s)           hashmask(t, (s)->sid)
+
+#define hashlohi(t, lo, hi)     hashmask((t), hashrot((lo), (hi)))
+#define hashnum(t, o)           hashlohi((t), (o)->u32.lo, ((o)->u32.hi << 1))
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define hashgcref(t, r) \
+  hashlohi((t), (uint32_t)gcrefu(r), (uint32_t)(gcrefu(r) >> 32))
+#else
+#define hashgcref(t, r)         hashlohi((t), gcrefu(r), gcrefu(r) + HASH_BIAS)
+#endif
+
 #define hsize2hbits(s)  ((s) ? ((s)==1 ? 1 : 1+lj_fls((uint32_t)((s)-1))) : 0)
 
 LJ_FUNCA GCtab *lj_tab_new(lua_State *L, uint32_t asize, uint32_t hbits);
+LJ_FUNC GCtab *lj_tab_new_ah(lua_State *L, int32_t a, int32_t h);
 #if LJ_HASJIT
 LJ_FUNC GCtab * LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_new1(lua_State *L, uint32_t ahsize);
 #endif
 LJ_FUNCA GCtab * LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_dup(lua_State *L, const GCtab *kt);
+LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_clear(GCtab *t);
 LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_free(global_State *g, GCtab *t);
 #if LJ_HASFFI
 LJ_FUNC void lj_tab_rehash(lua_State *L, GCtab *t);
 #endif
+LJ_FUNC void lj_tab_resize(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, uint32_t asize, uint32_t hbits);
 LJ_FUNCA void lj_tab_reasize(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, uint32_t nasize);
 
 /* Caveat: all getters except lj_tab_get() can return NULL! */
 
 LJ_FUNCA cTValue * LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_getinth(GCtab *t, int32_t key);
-LJ_FUNC cTValue *lj_tab_getstr(GCtab *t, GCstr *key);
+LJ_FUNC cTValue *lj_tab_getstr(GCtab *t, const GCstr *key);
 LJ_FUNCA cTValue *lj_tab_get(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, cTValue *key);
 
 /* Caveat: all setters require a write barrier for the stored value. */
 
 LJ_FUNCA TValue *lj_tab_newkey(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, cTValue *key);
-LJ_FUNC TValue *lj_tab_setinth(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, int32_t key);
-LJ_FUNC TValue *lj_tab_setstr(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, GCstr *key);
+LJ_FUNCA TValue *lj_tab_setinth(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, int32_t key);
+LJ_FUNC TValue *lj_tab_setstr(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, const GCstr *key);
 LJ_FUNC TValue *lj_tab_set(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, cTValue *key);
 
 #define inarray(t, key)         ((MSize)(key) < (MSize)(t)->asize)
@@ -64,7 +86,11 @@ LJ_FUNC TValue *lj_tab_set(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, cTValue *key);
 #define lj_tab_setint(L, t, key) \
   (inarray((t), (key)) ? arrayslot((t), (key)) : lj_tab_setinth(L, (t), (key)))
 
-LJ_FUNCA int lj_tab_next(lua_State *L, GCtab *t, TValue *key);
+LJ_FUNC uint32_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_keyindex(GCtab *t, cTValue *key);
+LJ_FUNCA int lj_tab_next(GCtab *t, cTValue *key, TValue *o);
 LJ_FUNCA MSize LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_len(GCtab *t);
+#if LJ_HASJIT
+LJ_FUNC MSize LJ_FASTCALL lj_tab_len_hint(GCtab *t, size_t hint);
+#endif
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_target.h b/src/lj_target.h
index 8c881652..2f4d21c1 100644
--- a/src/lj_target.h
+++ b/src/lj_target.h
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ typedef uint32_t RegSP;
 /* Bitset for registers. 32 registers suffice for most architectures.
 ** Note that one set holds bits for both GPRs and FPRs.
 */
-#if LJ_TARGET_PPC || LJ_TARGET_MIPS
+#if LJ_TARGET_PPC || LJ_TARGET_MIPS || LJ_TARGET_ARM64
 typedef uint64_t RegSet;
 #else
 typedef uint32_t RegSet;
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ typedef uint32_t RegSet;
 #define rset_set(rs, r)         (rs |= RID2RSET(r))
 #define rset_clear(rs, r)       (rs &= ~RID2RSET(r))
 #define rset_exclude(rs, r)     (rs & ~RID2RSET(r))
-#if LJ_TARGET_PPC || LJ_TARGET_MIPS
+#if LJ_TARGET_PPC || LJ_TARGET_MIPS || LJ_TARGET_ARM64
 #define rset_picktop(rs)        ((Reg)(__builtin_clzll(rs)^63))
 #define rset_pickbot(rs)        ((Reg)__builtin_ctzll(rs))
 #else
@@ -138,6 +138,8 @@ typedef uint32_t RegCost;
 #include "lj_target_x86.h"
 #elif LJ_TARGET_ARM
 #include "lj_target_arm.h"
+#elif LJ_TARGET_ARM64
+#include "lj_target_arm64.h"
 #elif LJ_TARGET_PPC
 #include "lj_target_ppc.h"
 #elif LJ_TARGET_MIPS
@@ -150,7 +152,8 @@ typedef uint32_t RegCost;
 /* Return the address of an exit stub. */
 static LJ_AINLINE char *exitstub_addr_(char **group, uint32_t exitno)
 {
-  lua_assert(group[exitno / EXITSTUBS_PER_GROUP] != NULL);
+  lj_assertX(group[exitno / EXITSTUBS_PER_GROUP] != NULL,
+             "exit stub group for exit %d uninitialized", exitno);
   return (char *)group[exitno / EXITSTUBS_PER_GROUP] +
          EXITSTUB_SPACING*(exitno % EXITSTUBS_PER_GROUP);
 }
diff --git a/src/lj_target_arm.h b/src/lj_target_arm.h
index cdc8776d..7170fcab 100644
--- a/src/lj_target_arm.h
+++ b/src/lj_target_arm.h
@@ -211,6 +211,7 @@ typedef enum ARMIns {
   /* ARMv6T2 */
   ARMI_MOVW = 0xe3000000,
   ARMI_MOVT = 0xe3400000,
+  ARMI_BFI = 0xe7c00010,
 
   /* VFP */
   ARMI_VMOV_D = 0xeeb00b40,
@@ -243,10 +244,6 @@ typedef enum ARMIns {
   ARMI_VCVT_S32_F64 = 0xeebd0bc0,
   ARMI_VCVT_U32_F32 = 0xeebc0ac0,
   ARMI_VCVT_U32_F64 = 0xeebc0bc0,
-  ARMI_VCVTR_S32_F32 = 0xeebd0a40,
-  ARMI_VCVTR_S32_F64 = 0xeebd0b40,
-  ARMI_VCVTR_U32_F32 = 0xeebc0a40,
-  ARMI_VCVTR_U32_F64 = 0xeebc0b40,
   ARMI_VCVT_F32_S32 = 0xeeb80ac0,
   ARMI_VCVT_F64_S32 = 0xeeb80bc0,
   ARMI_VCVT_F32_U32 = 0xeeb80a40,
diff --git a/src/lj_target_arm64.h b/src/lj_target_arm64.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65a14307
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lj_target_arm64.h
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+/*
+** Definitions for ARM64 CPUs.
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef _LJ_TARGET_ARM64_H
+#define _LJ_TARGET_ARM64_H
+
+/* -- Registers IDs ------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#define GPRDEF(_) \
+  _(X0) _(X1) _(X2) _(X3) _(X4) _(X5) _(X6) _(X7) \
+  _(X8) _(X9) _(X10) _(X11) _(X12) _(X13) _(X14) _(X15) \
+  _(X16) _(X17) _(X18) _(X19) _(X20) _(X21) _(X22) _(X23) \
+  _(X24) _(X25) _(X26) _(X27) _(X28) _(FP) _(LR) _(SP)
+#define FPRDEF(_) \
+  _(D0) _(D1) _(D2) _(D3) _(D4) _(D5) _(D6) _(D7) \
+  _(D8) _(D9) _(D10) _(D11) _(D12) _(D13) _(D14) _(D15) \
+  _(D16) _(D17) _(D18) _(D19) _(D20) _(D21) _(D22) _(D23) \
+  _(D24) _(D25) _(D26) _(D27) _(D28) _(D29) _(D30) _(D31)
+#define VRIDDEF(_)
+
+#define RIDENUM(name)   RID_##name,
+
+enum {
+  GPRDEF(RIDENUM)               /* General-purpose registers (GPRs). */
+  FPRDEF(RIDENUM)               /* Floating-point registers (FPRs). */
+  RID_MAX,
+  RID_TMP = RID_LR,
+  RID_ZERO = RID_SP,
+
+  /* Calling conventions. */
+  RID_RET = RID_X0,
+  RID_RETLO = RID_X0,
+  RID_RETHI = RID_X1,
+  RID_FPRET = RID_D0,
+
+  /* These definitions must match with the *.dasc file(s): */
+  RID_BASE = RID_X19,           /* Interpreter BASE. */
+  RID_LPC = RID_X21,            /* Interpreter PC. */
+  RID_GL = RID_X22,             /* Interpreter GL. */
+  RID_LREG = RID_X23,           /* Interpreter L. */
+
+  /* Register ranges [min, max) and number of registers. */
+  RID_MIN_GPR = RID_X0,
+  RID_MAX_GPR = RID_SP+1,
+  RID_MIN_FPR = RID_MAX_GPR,
+  RID_MAX_FPR = RID_D31+1,
+  RID_NUM_GPR = RID_MAX_GPR - RID_MIN_GPR,
+  RID_NUM_FPR = RID_MAX_FPR - RID_MIN_FPR
+};
+
+#define RID_NUM_KREF            RID_NUM_GPR
+#define RID_MIN_KREF            RID_X0
+
+/* -- Register sets ------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Make use of all registers, except for x18, fp, lr and sp. */
+#define RSET_FIXED \
+  (RID2RSET(RID_X18)|RID2RSET(RID_FP)|RID2RSET(RID_LR)|RID2RSET(RID_SP)|\
+   RID2RSET(RID_GL))
+#define RSET_GPR        (RSET_RANGE(RID_MIN_GPR, RID_MAX_GPR) - RSET_FIXED)
+#define RSET_FPR        RSET_RANGE(RID_MIN_FPR, RID_MAX_FPR)
+#define RSET_ALL        (RSET_GPR|RSET_FPR)
+#define RSET_INIT       RSET_ALL
+
+/* lr is an implicit scratch register. */
+#define RSET_SCRATCH_GPR        (RSET_RANGE(RID_X0, RID_X17+1))
+#define RSET_SCRATCH_FPR \
+  (RSET_RANGE(RID_D0, RID_D7+1)|RSET_RANGE(RID_D16, RID_D31+1))
+#define RSET_SCRATCH            (RSET_SCRATCH_GPR|RSET_SCRATCH_FPR)
+#define REGARG_FIRSTGPR         RID_X0
+#define REGARG_LASTGPR          RID_X7
+#define REGARG_NUMGPR           8
+#define REGARG_FIRSTFPR         RID_D0
+#define REGARG_LASTFPR          RID_D7
+#define REGARG_NUMFPR           8
+
+/* -- Spill slots --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Spill slots are 32 bit wide. An even/odd pair is used for FPRs.
+**
+** SPS_FIXED: Available fixed spill slots in interpreter frame.
+** This definition must match with the vm_arm64.dasc file.
+** Pre-allocate some slots to avoid sp adjust in every root trace.
+**
+** SPS_FIRST: First spill slot for general use. Reserve min. two 32 bit slots.
+*/
+#define SPS_FIXED       4
+#define SPS_FIRST       2
+
+#define SPOFS_TMP       0
+
+#define sps_scale(slot)         (4 * (int32_t)(slot))
+#define sps_align(slot)         (((slot) - SPS_FIXED + 3) & ~3)
+
+/* -- Exit state ---------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* This definition must match with the *.dasc file(s). */
+typedef struct {
+  lua_Number fpr[RID_NUM_FPR];  /* Floating-point registers. */
+  intptr_t gpr[RID_NUM_GPR];    /* General-purpose registers. */
+  int32_t spill[256];           /* Spill slots. */
+} ExitState;
+
+/* Highest exit + 1 indicates stack check. */
+#define EXITSTATE_CHECKEXIT     1
+
+/* Return the address of a per-trace exit stub. */
+static LJ_AINLINE uint32_t *exitstub_trace_addr_(uint32_t *p, uint32_t exitno)
+{
+  while (*p == (LJ_LE ? 0xd503201f : 0x1f2003d5)) p++;  /* Skip A64I_NOP. */
+  return p + 3 + exitno;
+}
+/* Avoid dependence on lj_jit.h if only including lj_target.h. */
+#define exitstub_trace_addr(T, exitno) \
+  exitstub_trace_addr_((MCode *)((char *)(T)->mcode + (T)->szmcode), (exitno))
+
+/* -- Instructions -------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* ARM64 instructions are always little-endian. Swap for ARM64BE. */
+#if LJ_BE
+#define A64I_LE(x)      (lj_bswap(x))
+#else
+#define A64I_LE(x)      (x)
+#endif
+
+/* Instruction fields. */
+#define A64F_D(r)       (r)
+#define A64F_N(r)       ((r) << 5)
+#define A64F_A(r)       ((r) << 10)
+#define A64F_M(r)       ((r) << 16)
+#define A64F_IMMS(x)    ((x) << 10)
+#define A64F_IMMR(x)    ((x) << 16)
+#define A64F_U16(x)     ((x) << 5)
+#define A64F_U12(x)     ((x) << 10)
+#define A64F_S26(x)     (((uint32_t)(x) & 0x03ffffffu))
+#define A64F_S19(x)     (((uint32_t)(x) & 0x7ffffu) << 5)
+#define A64F_S14(x)     (((uint32_t)(x) & 0x3fffu) << 5)
+#define A64F_S9(x)      ((x) << 12)
+#define A64F_BIT(x)     ((x) << 19)
+#define A64F_SH(sh, x)  (((sh) << 22) | ((x) << 10))
+#define A64F_EX(ex)     (A64I_EX | ((ex) << 13))
+#define A64F_EXSH(ex,x) (A64I_EX | ((ex) << 13) | ((x) << 10))
+#define A64F_FP8(x)     ((x) << 13)
+#define A64F_CC(cc)     ((cc) << 12)
+#define A64F_LSL16(x)   (((x) / 16) << 21)
+#define A64F_BSH(sh)    ((sh) << 10)
+
+/* Check for valid field range. */
+#define A64F_S_OK(x, b) ((((x) + (1 << (b-1))) >> (b)) == 0)
+
+typedef enum A64Ins {
+  A64I_S = 0x20000000,
+  A64I_X = 0x80000000,
+  A64I_EX = 0x00200000,
+  A64I_ON = 0x00200000,
+  A64I_K12 = 0x1a000000,
+  A64I_K13 = 0x18000000,
+  A64I_LS_U = 0x01000000,
+  A64I_LS_S = 0x00800000,
+  A64I_LS_R = 0x01200800,
+  A64I_LS_SH = 0x00001000,
+  A64I_LS_UXTWx = 0x00004000,
+  A64I_LS_SXTWx = 0x0000c000,
+  A64I_LS_SXTXx = 0x0000e000,
+  A64I_LS_LSLx = 0x00006000,
+
+  A64I_ADDw = 0x0b000000,
+  A64I_ADDx = 0x8b000000,
+  A64I_ADDSw = 0x2b000000,
+  A64I_ADDSx = 0xab000000,
+  A64I_NEGw = 0x4b0003e0,
+  A64I_NEGx = 0xcb0003e0,
+  A64I_SUBw = 0x4b000000,
+  A64I_SUBx = 0xcb000000,
+  A64I_SUBSw = 0x6b000000,
+  A64I_SUBSx = 0xeb000000,
+
+  A64I_MULw = 0x1b007c00,
+  A64I_MULx = 0x9b007c00,
+  A64I_SMULL = 0x9b207c00,
+
+  A64I_ANDw = 0x0a000000,
+  A64I_ANDx = 0x8a000000,
+  A64I_ANDSw = 0x6a000000,
+  A64I_ANDSx = 0xea000000,
+  A64I_EORw = 0x4a000000,
+  A64I_EORx = 0xca000000,
+  A64I_ORRw = 0x2a000000,
+  A64I_ORRx = 0xaa000000,
+  A64I_TSTw  = 0x6a00001f,
+  A64I_TSTx  = 0xea00001f,
+
+  A64I_CMPw = 0x6b00001f,
+  A64I_CMPx = 0xeb00001f,
+  A64I_CMNw = 0x2b00001f,
+  A64I_CMNx = 0xab00001f,
+  A64I_CCMPw = 0x7a400000,
+  A64I_CCMPx = 0xfa400000,
+  A64I_CSELw = 0x1a800000,
+  A64I_CSELx = 0x9a800000,
+
+  A64I_ASRw = 0x13007c00,
+  A64I_ASRx = 0x9340fc00,
+  A64I_LSLx = 0xd3400000,
+  A64I_LSRx = 0xd340fc00,
+  A64I_SHRw = 0x1ac02000,
+  A64I_SHRx = 0x9ac02000,       /* lsl/lsr/asr/ror x0, x0, x0 */
+  A64I_REVw = 0x5ac00800,
+  A64I_REVx = 0xdac00c00,
+
+  A64I_EXTRw = 0x13800000,
+  A64I_EXTRx = 0x93c00000,
+  A64I_BFMw = 0x33000000,
+  A64I_BFMx = 0xb3400000,
+  A64I_SBFMw = 0x13000000,
+  A64I_SBFMx = 0x93400000,
+  A64I_SXTBw = 0x13001c00,
+  A64I_SXTHw = 0x13003c00,
+  A64I_SXTW = 0x93407c00,
+  A64I_UBFMw = 0x53000000,
+  A64I_UBFMx = 0xd3400000,
+  A64I_UXTBw = 0x53001c00,
+  A64I_UXTHw = 0x53003c00,
+
+  A64I_MOVw = 0x2a0003e0,
+  A64I_MOVx = 0xaa0003e0,
+  A64I_MVNw = 0x2a2003e0,
+  A64I_MVNx = 0xaa2003e0,
+  A64I_MOVKw = 0x72800000,
+  A64I_MOVKx = 0xf2800000,
+  A64I_MOVZw = 0x52800000,
+  A64I_MOVZx = 0xd2800000,
+  A64I_MOVNw = 0x12800000,
+  A64I_MOVNx = 0x92800000,
+
+  A64I_LDRB = 0x39400000,
+  A64I_LDRH = 0x79400000,
+  A64I_LDRw = 0xb9400000,
+  A64I_LDRx = 0xf9400000,
+  A64I_LDRLw = 0x18000000,
+  A64I_LDRLx = 0x58000000,
+  A64I_STRB = 0x39000000,
+  A64I_STRH = 0x79000000,
+  A64I_STRw = 0xb9000000,
+  A64I_STRx = 0xf9000000,
+  A64I_STPw = 0x29000000,
+  A64I_STPx = 0xa9000000,
+  A64I_LDPw = 0x29400000,
+  A64I_LDPx = 0xa9400000,
+
+  A64I_B = 0x14000000,
+  A64I_BCC = 0x54000000,
+  A64I_BL = 0x94000000,
+  A64I_BR = 0xd61f0000,
+  A64I_BLR = 0xd63f0000,
+  A64I_TBZ = 0x36000000,
+  A64I_TBNZ = 0x37000000,
+  A64I_CBZ = 0x34000000,
+  A64I_CBNZ = 0x35000000,
+
+  A64I_BRAAZ = 0xd61f081f,
+  A64I_BLRAAZ = 0xd63f081f,
+
+  A64I_NOP = 0xd503201f,
+
+  /* FP */
+  A64I_FADDd = 0x1e602800,
+  A64I_FSUBd = 0x1e603800,
+  A64I_FMADDd = 0x1f400000,
+  A64I_FMSUBd = 0x1f408000,
+  A64I_FNMADDd = 0x1f600000,
+  A64I_FNMSUBd = 0x1f608000,
+  A64I_FMULd = 0x1e600800,
+  A64I_FDIVd = 0x1e601800,
+  A64I_FNEGd = 0x1e614000,
+  A64I_FABS = 0x1e60c000,
+  A64I_FSQRTd = 0x1e61c000,
+  A64I_LDRs = 0xbd400000,
+  A64I_LDRd = 0xfd400000,
+  A64I_STRs = 0xbd000000,
+  A64I_STRd = 0xfd000000,
+  A64I_LDPs = 0x2d400000,
+  A64I_LDPd = 0x6d400000,
+  A64I_STPs = 0x2d000000,
+  A64I_STPd = 0x6d000000,
+  A64I_FCMPd = 0x1e602000,
+  A64I_FCMPZd = 0x1e602008,
+  A64I_FCSELd = 0x1e600c00,
+  A64I_FRINTMd = 0x1e654000,
+  A64I_FRINTPd = 0x1e64c000,
+  A64I_FRINTZd = 0x1e65c000,
+
+  A64I_FCVT_F32_F64 = 0x1e624000,
+  A64I_FCVT_F64_F32 = 0x1e22c000,
+  A64I_FCVT_F32_S32 = 0x1e220000,
+  A64I_FCVT_F64_S32 = 0x1e620000,
+  A64I_FCVT_F32_U32 = 0x1e230000,
+  A64I_FCVT_F64_U32 = 0x1e630000,
+  A64I_FCVT_F32_S64 = 0x9e220000,
+  A64I_FCVT_F64_S64 = 0x9e620000,
+  A64I_FCVT_F32_U64 = 0x9e230000,
+  A64I_FCVT_F64_U64 = 0x9e630000,
+  A64I_FCVT_S32_F64 = 0x1e780000,
+  A64I_FCVT_S32_F32 = 0x1e380000,
+  A64I_FCVT_U32_F64 = 0x1e790000,
+  A64I_FCVT_U32_F32 = 0x1e390000,
+  A64I_FCVT_S64_F64 = 0x9e780000,
+  A64I_FCVT_S64_F32 = 0x9e380000,
+  A64I_FCVT_U64_F64 = 0x9e790000,
+  A64I_FCVT_U64_F32 = 0x9e390000,
+
+  A64I_FMOV_S = 0x1e204000,
+  A64I_FMOV_D = 0x1e604000,
+  A64I_FMOV_R_S = 0x1e260000,
+  A64I_FMOV_S_R = 0x1e270000,
+  A64I_FMOV_R_D = 0x9e660000,
+  A64I_FMOV_D_R = 0x9e670000,
+  A64I_FMOV_DI = 0x1e601000,
+} A64Ins;
+
+#define A64I_BR_AUTH    (LJ_ABI_PAUTH ? A64I_BRAAZ : A64I_BR)
+#define A64I_BLR_AUTH   (LJ_ABI_PAUTH ? A64I_BLRAAZ : A64I_BLR)
+
+typedef enum A64Shift {
+  A64SH_LSL, A64SH_LSR, A64SH_ASR, A64SH_ROR
+} A64Shift;
+
+typedef enum A64Extend {
+  A64EX_UXTB, A64EX_UXTH, A64EX_UXTW, A64EX_UXTX,
+  A64EX_SXTB, A64EX_SXTH, A64EX_SXTW, A64EX_SXTX,
+} A64Extend;
+
+/* ARM condition codes. */
+typedef enum A64CC {
+  CC_EQ, CC_NE, CC_CS, CC_CC, CC_MI, CC_PL, CC_VS, CC_VC,
+  CC_HI, CC_LS, CC_GE, CC_LT, CC_GT, CC_LE, CC_AL,
+  CC_HS = CC_CS, CC_LO = CC_CC
+} A64CC;
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/lj_target_mips.h b/src/lj_target_mips.h
index 01ec0117..a3353884 100644
--- a/src/lj_target_mips.h
+++ b/src/lj_target_mips.h
@@ -13,11 +13,15 @@
   _(R8) _(R9) _(R10) _(R11) _(R12) _(R13) _(R14) _(R15) \
   _(R16) _(R17) _(R18) _(R19) _(R20) _(R21) _(R22) _(R23) \
   _(R24) _(R25) _(SYS1) _(SYS2) _(R28) _(SP) _(R30) _(RA)
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+#define FPRDEF(_)
+#else
 #define FPRDEF(_) \
   _(F0) _(F1) _(F2) _(F3) _(F4) _(F5) _(F6) _(F7) \
   _(F8) _(F9) _(F10) _(F11) _(F12) _(F13) _(F14) _(F15) \
   _(F16) _(F17) _(F18) _(F19) _(F20) _(F21) _(F22) _(F23) \
   _(F24) _(F25) _(F26) _(F27) _(F28) _(F29) _(F30) _(F31)
+#endif
 #define VRIDDEF(_)
 
 #define RIDENUM(name)   RID_##name,
@@ -39,7 +43,11 @@ enum {
   RID_RETHI = RID_R2,
   RID_RETLO = RID_R3,
 #endif
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+  RID_FPRET = RID_R2,
+#else
   RID_FPRET = RID_F0,
+#endif
   RID_CFUNCADDR = RID_R25,
 
   /* These definitions must match with the *.dasc file(s): */
@@ -52,8 +60,12 @@ enum {
   /* Register ranges [min, max) and number of registers. */
   RID_MIN_GPR = RID_R0,
   RID_MAX_GPR = RID_RA+1,
-  RID_MIN_FPR = RID_F0,
+  RID_MIN_FPR = RID_MAX_GPR,
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+  RID_MAX_FPR = RID_MIN_FPR,
+#else
   RID_MAX_FPR = RID_F31+1,
+#endif
   RID_NUM_GPR = RID_MAX_GPR - RID_MIN_GPR,
   RID_NUM_FPR = RID_MAX_FPR - RID_MIN_FPR       /* Only even regs are used. */
 };
@@ -68,28 +80,60 @@ enum {
   (RID2RSET(RID_ZERO)|RID2RSET(RID_TMP)|RID2RSET(RID_SP)|\
    RID2RSET(RID_SYS1)|RID2RSET(RID_SYS2)|RID2RSET(RID_JGL)|RID2RSET(RID_GP))
 #define RSET_GPR        (RSET_RANGE(RID_MIN_GPR, RID_MAX_GPR) - RSET_FIXED)
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+#define RSET_FPR                0
+#else
+#if LJ_32
 #define RSET_FPR \
   (RID2RSET(RID_F0)|RID2RSET(RID_F2)|RID2RSET(RID_F4)|RID2RSET(RID_F6)|\
    RID2RSET(RID_F8)|RID2RSET(RID_F10)|RID2RSET(RID_F12)|RID2RSET(RID_F14)|\
    RID2RSET(RID_F16)|RID2RSET(RID_F18)|RID2RSET(RID_F20)|RID2RSET(RID_F22)|\
    RID2RSET(RID_F24)|RID2RSET(RID_F26)|RID2RSET(RID_F28)|RID2RSET(RID_F30))
-#define RSET_ALL        (RSET_GPR|RSET_FPR)
-#define RSET_INIT       RSET_ALL
+#else
+#define RSET_FPR                RSET_RANGE(RID_MIN_FPR, RID_MAX_FPR)
+#endif
+#endif
+#define RSET_ALL                (RSET_GPR|RSET_FPR)
+#define RSET_INIT               RSET_ALL
 
 #define RSET_SCRATCH_GPR \
   (RSET_RANGE(RID_R1, RID_R15+1)|\
    RID2RSET(RID_R24)|RID2RSET(RID_R25))
+#if LJ_SOFTFP
+#define RSET_SCRATCH_FPR        0
+#else
+#if LJ_32
 #define RSET_SCRATCH_FPR \
   (RID2RSET(RID_F0)|RID2RSET(RID_F2)|RID2RSET(RID_F4)|RID2RSET(RID_F6)|\
    RID2RSET(RID_F8)|RID2RSET(RID_F10)|RID2RSET(RID_F12)|RID2RSET(RID_F14)|\
    RID2RSET(RID_F16)|RID2RSET(RID_F18))
+#else
+#define RSET_SCRATCH_FPR        RSET_RANGE(RID_F0, RID_F24)
+#endif
+#endif
 #define RSET_SCRATCH            (RSET_SCRATCH_GPR|RSET_SCRATCH_FPR)
 #define REGARG_FIRSTGPR         RID_R4
+#if LJ_32
 #define REGARG_LASTGPR          RID_R7
 #define REGARG_NUMGPR           4
+#else
+#define REGARG_LASTGPR          RID_R11
+#define REGARG_NUMGPR           8
+#endif
+#if LJ_ABI_SOFTFP
+#define REGARG_FIRSTFPR         0
+#define REGARG_LASTFPR          0
+#define REGARG_NUMFPR           0
+#else
 #define REGARG_FIRSTFPR         RID_F12
+#if LJ_32
 #define REGARG_LASTFPR          RID_F14
 #define REGARG_NUMFPR           2
+#else
+#define REGARG_LASTFPR          RID_F19
+#define REGARG_NUMFPR           8
+#endif
+#endif
 
 /* -- Spill slots --------------------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -100,7 +144,11 @@ enum {
 **
 ** SPS_FIRST: First spill slot for general use.
 */
+#if LJ_32
 #define SPS_FIXED       5
+#else
+#define SPS_FIXED       4
+#endif
 #define SPS_FIRST       4
 
 #define SPOFS_TMP       0
@@ -112,8 +160,10 @@ enum {
 
 /* This definition must match with the *.dasc file(s). */
 typedef struct {
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
   lua_Number fpr[RID_NUM_FPR];  /* Floating-point registers. */
-  int32_t gpr[RID_NUM_GPR];     /* General-purpose registers. */
+#endif
+  intptr_t gpr[RID_NUM_GPR];    /* General-purpose registers. */
   int32_t spill[256];           /* Spill slots. */
 } ExitState;
 
@@ -142,52 +192,87 @@ static LJ_AINLINE uint32_t *exitstub_trace_addr_(uint32_t *p)
 #define MIPSF_F(r)      ((r) << 6)
 #define MIPSF_A(n)      ((n) << 6)
 #define MIPSF_M(n)      ((n) << 11)
+#define MIPSF_L(n)      ((n) << 6)
 
 typedef enum MIPSIns {
+  MIPSI_D = 0x38,
+  MIPSI_DV = 0x10,
+  MIPSI_D32 = 0x3c,
   /* Integer instructions. */
-  MIPSI_MOVE = 0x00000021,
+  MIPSI_MOVE = 0x00000025,
   MIPSI_NOP = 0x00000000,
 
   MIPSI_LI = 0x24000000,
   MIPSI_LU = 0x34000000,
   MIPSI_LUI = 0x3c000000,
 
-  MIPSI_ADDIU = 0x24000000,
+  MIPSI_AND = 0x00000024,
   MIPSI_ANDI = 0x30000000,
+  MIPSI_OR = 0x00000025,
   MIPSI_ORI = 0x34000000,
+  MIPSI_XOR = 0x00000026,
   MIPSI_XORI = 0x38000000,
+  MIPSI_NOR = 0x00000027,
+
+  MIPSI_SLT = 0x0000002a,
+  MIPSI_SLTU = 0x0000002b,
   MIPSI_SLTI = 0x28000000,
   MIPSI_SLTIU = 0x2c000000,
 
   MIPSI_ADDU = 0x00000021,
+  MIPSI_ADDIU = 0x24000000,
+  MIPSI_SUB = 0x00000022,
   MIPSI_SUBU = 0x00000023,
+
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
   MIPSI_MUL = 0x70000002,
-  MIPSI_AND = 0x00000024,
-  MIPSI_OR = 0x00000025,
-  MIPSI_XOR = 0x00000026,
-  MIPSI_NOR = 0x00000027,
-  MIPSI_SLT = 0x0000002a,
-  MIPSI_SLTU = 0x0000002b,
+  MIPSI_DIV = 0x0000001a,
+  MIPSI_DIVU = 0x0000001b,
+
   MIPSI_MOVZ = 0x0000000a,
   MIPSI_MOVN = 0x0000000b,
+  MIPSI_MFHI = 0x00000010,
+  MIPSI_MFLO = 0x00000012,
+  MIPSI_MULT = 0x00000018,
+#else
+  MIPSI_MUL = 0x00000098,
+  MIPSI_MUH = 0x000000d8,
+  MIPSI_DIV = 0x0000009a,
+  MIPSI_DIVU = 0x0000009b,
+
+  MIPSI_SELEQZ = 0x00000035,
+  MIPSI_SELNEZ = 0x00000037,
+#endif
 
   MIPSI_SLL = 0x00000000,
   MIPSI_SRL = 0x00000002,
   MIPSI_SRA = 0x00000003,
-  MIPSI_ROTR = 0x00200002,      /* MIPS32R2 */
+  MIPSI_ROTR = 0x00200002,      /* MIPSXXR2 */
+  MIPSI_DROTR = 0x0020003a,
+  MIPSI_DROTR32 = 0x0020003e,
   MIPSI_SLLV = 0x00000004,
   MIPSI_SRLV = 0x00000006,
   MIPSI_SRAV = 0x00000007,
-  MIPSI_ROTRV = 0x00000046,     /* MIPS32R2 */
+  MIPSI_ROTRV = 0x00000046,     /* MIPSXXR2 */
+  MIPSI_DROTRV = 0x00000056,
+
+  MIPSI_INS = 0x7c000004,       /* MIPSXXR2 */
 
-  MIPSI_SEB = 0x7c000420,       /* MIPS32R2 */
-  MIPSI_SEH = 0x7c000620,       /* MIPS32R2 */
-  MIPSI_WSBH = 0x7c0000a0,      /* MIPS32R2 */
+  MIPSI_SEB = 0x7c000420,       /* MIPSXXR2 */
+  MIPSI_SEH = 0x7c000620,       /* MIPSXXR2 */
+  MIPSI_WSBH = 0x7c0000a0,      /* MIPSXXR2 */
+  MIPSI_DSBH = 0x7c0000a4,
 
   MIPSI_B = 0x10000000,
   MIPSI_J = 0x08000000,
   MIPSI_JAL = 0x0c000000,
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+  MIPSI_JALX = 0x74000000,
   MIPSI_JR = 0x00000008,
+#else
+  MIPSI_JR = 0x00000009,
+  MIPSI_BALC = 0xe8000000,
+#endif
   MIPSI_JALR = 0x0000f809,
 
   MIPSI_BEQ = 0x10000000,
@@ -199,7 +284,9 @@ typedef enum MIPSIns {
 
   /* Load/store instructions. */
   MIPSI_LW = 0x8c000000,
+  MIPSI_LD = 0xdc000000,
   MIPSI_SW = 0xac000000,
+  MIPSI_SD = 0xfc000000,
   MIPSI_LB = 0x80000000,
   MIPSI_SB = 0xa0000000,
   MIPSI_LH = 0x84000000,
@@ -211,11 +298,69 @@ typedef enum MIPSIns {
   MIPSI_LDC1 = 0xd4000000,
   MIPSI_SDC1 = 0xf4000000,
 
+  /* MIPS64 instructions. */
+  MIPSI_DADD = 0x0000002c,
+  MIPSI_DADDU = 0x0000002d,
+  MIPSI_DADDIU = 0x64000000,
+  MIPSI_DSUB = 0x0000002e,
+  MIPSI_DSUBU = 0x0000002f,
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+  MIPSI_DDIV = 0x0000001e,
+  MIPSI_DDIVU = 0x0000001f,
+  MIPSI_DMULT = 0x0000001c,
+  MIPSI_DMULTU = 0x0000001d,
+#else
+  MIPSI_DDIV = 0x0000009e,
+  MIPSI_DMOD = 0x000000de,
+  MIPSI_DDIVU = 0x0000009f,
+  MIPSI_DMODU = 0x000000df,
+  MIPSI_DMUL = 0x0000009c,
+  MIPSI_DMUH = 0x000000dc,
+#endif
+
+  MIPSI_DSLL = 0x00000038,
+  MIPSI_DSRL = 0x0000003a,
+  MIPSI_DSLLV = 0x00000014,
+  MIPSI_DSRLV = 0x00000016,
+  MIPSI_DSRA = 0x0000003b,
+  MIPSI_DSRAV = 0x00000017,
+  MIPSI_DSRA32 = 0x0000003f,
+  MIPSI_DSLL32 = 0x0000003c,
+  MIPSI_DSRL32 = 0x0000003e,
+  MIPSI_DSHD = 0x7c000164,
+
+  MIPSI_AADDU = LJ_32 ? MIPSI_ADDU : MIPSI_DADDU,
+  MIPSI_AADDIU = LJ_32 ? MIPSI_ADDIU : MIPSI_DADDIU,
+  MIPSI_ASUBU = LJ_32 ? MIPSI_SUBU : MIPSI_DSUBU,
+  MIPSI_AL = LJ_32 ? MIPSI_LW : MIPSI_LD,
+  MIPSI_AS = LJ_32 ? MIPSI_SW : MIPSI_SD,
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
+  MIPSI_LSA = 0x00000005,
+  MIPSI_DLSA = 0x00000015,
+  MIPSI_ALSA = LJ_32 ? MIPSI_LSA : MIPSI_DLSA,
+#endif
+
+  /* Extract/insert instructions. */
+  MIPSI_DEXTM = 0x7c000001,
+  MIPSI_DEXTU = 0x7c000002,
+  MIPSI_DEXT = 0x7c000003,
+  MIPSI_DINSM = 0x7c000005,
+  MIPSI_DINSU = 0x7c000006,
+  MIPSI_DINS = 0x7c000007,
+
+  MIPSI_FLOOR_D = 0x4620000b,
+
   /* FP instructions. */
   MIPSI_MOV_S = 0x46000006,
   MIPSI_MOV_D = 0x46200006,
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
   MIPSI_MOVT_D = 0x46210011,
   MIPSI_MOVF_D = 0x46200011,
+#else
+  MIPSI_MIN_D = 0x4620001C,
+  MIPSI_MAX_D = 0x4620001E,
+  MIPSI_SEL_D = 0x46200010,
+#endif
 
   MIPSI_ABS_D = 0x46200005,
   MIPSI_NEG_D = 0x46200007,
@@ -235,23 +380,37 @@ typedef enum MIPSIns {
   MIPSI_CVT_W_D = 0x46200024,
   MIPSI_CVT_S_W = 0x46800020,
   MIPSI_CVT_D_W = 0x46800021,
+  MIPSI_CVT_S_L = 0x46a00020,
+  MIPSI_CVT_D_L = 0x46a00021,
 
   MIPSI_TRUNC_W_S = 0x4600000d,
   MIPSI_TRUNC_W_D = 0x4620000d,
+  MIPSI_TRUNC_L_S = 0x46000009,
+  MIPSI_TRUNC_L_D = 0x46200009,
   MIPSI_FLOOR_W_S = 0x4600000f,
   MIPSI_FLOOR_W_D = 0x4620000f,
 
   MIPSI_MFC1 = 0x44000000,
   MIPSI_MTC1 = 0x44800000,
+  MIPSI_DMTC1 = 0x44a00000,
+  MIPSI_DMFC1 = 0x44200000,
 
+#if !LJ_TARGET_MIPSR6
   MIPSI_BC1F = 0x45000000,
   MIPSI_BC1T = 0x45010000,
-
   MIPSI_C_EQ_D = 0x46200032,
+  MIPSI_C_OLT_S = 0x46000034,
   MIPSI_C_OLT_D = 0x46200034,
   MIPSI_C_ULT_D = 0x46200035,
   MIPSI_C_OLE_D = 0x46200036,
   MIPSI_C_ULE_D = 0x46200037,
+#else
+  MIPSI_BC1EQZ = 0x45200000,
+  MIPSI_BC1NEZ = 0x45a00000,
+  MIPSI_CMP_EQ_D = 0x46a00002,
+  MIPSI_CMP_LT_S = 0x46800004,
+  MIPSI_CMP_LT_D = 0x46a00004,
+#endif
 
 } MIPSIns;
 
diff --git a/src/lj_target_ppc.h b/src/lj_target_ppc.h
index d881c540..50620c50 100644
--- a/src/lj_target_ppc.h
+++ b/src/lj_target_ppc.h
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ enum {
 /* This definition must match with the *.dasc file(s). */
 typedef struct {
   lua_Number fpr[RID_NUM_FPR];  /* Floating-point registers. */
-  int32_t gpr[RID_NUM_GPR];     /* General-purpose registers. */
+  intptr_t gpr[RID_NUM_GPR];    /* General-purpose registers. */
   int32_t spill[256];           /* Spill slots. */
 } ExitState;
 
diff --git a/src/lj_target_x86.h b/src/lj_target_x86.h
index 7d0e5e6d..7b8d62ad 100644
--- a/src/lj_target_x86.h
+++ b/src/lj_target_x86.h
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
   _(XMM0) _(XMM1) _(XMM2) _(XMM3) _(XMM4) _(XMM5) _(XMM6) _(XMM7)
 #endif
 #define VRIDDEF(_) \
-  _(MRM)
+  _(MRM) _(RIP)
 
 #define RIDENUM(name)   RID_##name,
 
@@ -31,15 +31,16 @@ enum {
   FPRDEF(RIDENUM)               /* Floating-point registers (FPRs). */
   RID_MAX,
   RID_MRM = RID_MAX,            /* Pseudo-id for ModRM operand. */
+  RID_RIP = RID_MAX+5,          /* Pseudo-id for RIP (x64 only), rm bits = 5. */
 
   /* Calling conventions. */
+  RID_SP = RID_ESP,
   RID_RET = RID_EAX,
 #if LJ_64
   RID_FPRET = RID_XMM0,
-#else
+#endif
   RID_RETLO = RID_EAX,
   RID_RETHI = RID_EDX,
-#endif
 
   /* These definitions must match with the *.dasc file(s): */
   RID_BASE = RID_EDX,           /* Interpreter BASE. */
@@ -62,8 +63,10 @@ enum {
 
 /* -- Register sets ------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-/* Make use of all registers, except the stack pointer. */
-#define RSET_GPR        (RSET_RANGE(RID_MIN_GPR, RID_MAX_GPR)-RID2RSET(RID_ESP))
+/* Make use of all registers, except the stack pointer (and maybe DISPATCH). */
+#define RSET_GPR        (RSET_RANGE(RID_MIN_GPR, RID_MAX_GPR) \
+                         - RID2RSET(RID_ESP) \
+                         - LJ_GC64*RID2RSET(RID_DISPATCH))
 #define RSET_FPR        (RSET_RANGE(RID_MIN_FPR, RID_MAX_FPR))
 #define RSET_ALL        (RSET_GPR|RSET_FPR)
 #define RSET_INIT       RSET_ALL
@@ -131,7 +134,11 @@ enum {
 #define SPS_FIXED       (4*2)
 #define SPS_FIRST       (4*2)   /* Don't use callee register save area. */
 #else
+#if LJ_GC64
+#define SPS_FIXED       2
+#else
 #define SPS_FIXED       4
+#endif
 #define SPS_FIRST       2
 #endif
 #else
@@ -157,6 +164,8 @@ typedef struct {
 #define EXITSTUB_SPACING        (2+2)
 #define EXITSTUBS_PER_GROUP     32
 
+#define EXITTRACE_VMSTATE       1       /* g->vmstate has traceno on exit. */
+
 /* -- x86 ModRM operand encoding ------------------------------------------ */
 
 typedef enum {
@@ -184,12 +193,18 @@ typedef struct {
 #define XO_f20f(o)      ((uint32_t)(0x0ff2fc + (0x##o<<24)))
 #define XO_f30f(o)      ((uint32_t)(0x0ff3fc + (0x##o<<24)))
 
+#define XV_660f38(o)    ((uint32_t)(0x79e2c4 + (0x##o<<24)))
+#define XV_f20f38(o)    ((uint32_t)(0x7be2c4 + (0x##o<<24)))
+#define XV_f20f3a(o)    ((uint32_t)(0x7be3c4 + (0x##o<<24)))
+#define XV_f30f38(o)    ((uint32_t)(0x7ae2c4 + (0x##o<<24)))
+
 /* This list of x86 opcodes is not intended to be complete. Opcodes are only
 ** included when needed. Take a look at DynASM or jit.dis_x86 to see the
 ** whole mess.
 */
 typedef enum {
   /* Fixed length opcodes. XI_* prefix. */
+  XI_O16 =      0x66,
   XI_NOP =      0x90,
   XI_XCHGa =    0x90,
   XI_CALL =     0xe8,
@@ -207,26 +222,28 @@ typedef enum {
   XI_PUSHi8 =   0x6a,
   XI_TESTb =    0x84,
   XI_TEST =     0x85,
+  XI_INT3 =     0xcc,
   XI_MOVmi =    0xc7,
   XI_GROUP5 =   0xff,
 
   /* Note: little-endian byte-order! */
   XI_FLDZ =     0xeed9,
   XI_FLD1 =     0xe8d9,
-  XI_FLDLG2 =   0xecd9,
-  XI_FLDLN2 =   0xedd9,
   XI_FDUP =     0xc0d9,  /* Really fld st0. */
   XI_FPOP =     0xd8dd,  /* Really fstp st0. */
   XI_FPOP1 =    0xd9dd,  /* Really fstp st1. */
   XI_FRNDINT =  0xfcd9,
-  XI_FSIN =     0xfed9,
-  XI_FCOS =     0xffd9,
-  XI_FPTAN =    0xf2d9,
-  XI_FPATAN =   0xf3d9,
   XI_FSCALE =   0xfdd9,
   XI_FYL2X =    0xf1d9,
 
+  /* VEX-encoded instructions. XV_* prefix. */
+  XV_RORX =     XV_f20f3a(f0),
+  XV_SARX =     XV_f30f38(f7),
+  XV_SHLX =     XV_660f38(f7),
+  XV_SHRX =     XV_f20f38(f7),
+
   /* Variable-length opcodes. XO_* prefix. */
+  XO_OR =       XO_(0b),
   XO_MOV =      XO_(8b),
   XO_MOVto =    XO_(89),
   XO_MOVtow =   XO_66(89),
@@ -277,10 +294,8 @@ typedef enum {
   XO_ROUNDSD =  0x0b3a0ffc,  /* Really 66 0f 3a 0b. See asm_fpmath. */
   XO_UCOMISD =  XO_660f(2e),
   XO_CVTSI2SD = XO_f20f(2a),
-  XO_CVTSD2SI = XO_f20f(2d),
   XO_CVTTSD2SI= XO_f20f(2c),
   XO_CVTSI2SS = XO_f30f(2a),
-  XO_CVTSS2SI = XO_f30f(2d),
   XO_CVTTSS2SI= XO_f30f(2c),
   XO_CVTSS2SD = XO_f30f(5a),
   XO_CVTSD2SS = XO_f20f(5a),
diff --git a/src/lj_trace.c b/src/lj_trace.c
index a72e73a3..f311d54b 100644
--- a/src/lj_trace.c
+++ b/src/lj_trace.c
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include "lj_vm.h"
 #include "lj_vmevent.h"
 #include "lj_target.h"
+#include "lj_prng.h"
 
 /* -- Error handling ------------------------------------------------------ */
 
@@ -104,7 +105,8 @@ static void perftools_addtrace(GCtrace *T)
     name++;
   else
     name = "(string)";
-  lua_assert(startpc >= proto_bc(pt) && startpc < proto_bc(pt) + pt->sizebc);
+  lj_assertX(startpc >= proto_bc(pt) && startpc < proto_bc(pt) + pt->sizebc,
+             "trace PC out of range");
   lineno = lj_debug_line(pt, proto_bcpos(pt, startpc));
   if (!fp) {
     char fname[40];
@@ -117,15 +119,26 @@ static void perftools_addtrace(GCtrace *T)
 }
 #endif
 
-/* Allocate space for copy of trace. */
-static GCtrace *trace_save_alloc(jit_State *J)
+/* Allocate space for copy of T. */
+GCtrace * LJ_FASTCALL lj_trace_alloc(lua_State *L, GCtrace *T)
 {
   size_t sztr = ((sizeof(GCtrace)+7)&~7);
-  size_t szins = (J->cur.nins-J->cur.nk)*sizeof(IRIns);
+  size_t szins = (T->nins-T->nk)*sizeof(IRIns);
   size_t sz = sztr + szins +
-              J->cur.nsnap*sizeof(SnapShot) +
-              J->cur.nsnapmap*sizeof(SnapEntry);
-  return lj_mem_newt(J->L, (MSize)sz, GCtrace);
+              T->nsnap*sizeof(SnapShot) +
+              T->nsnapmap*sizeof(SnapEntry);
+  GCtrace *T2 = lj_mem_newt(L, (MSize)sz, GCtrace);
+  char *p = (char *)T2 + sztr;
+  T2->gct = ~LJ_TTRACE;
+  T2->marked = 0;
+  T2->traceno = 0;
+  T2->ir = (IRIns *)p - T->nk;
+  T2->nins = T->nins;
+  T2->nk = T->nk;
+  T2->nsnap = T->nsnap;
+  T2->nsnapmap = T->nsnapmap;
+  memcpy(p, T->ir + T->nk, szins);
+  return T2;
 }
 
 /* Save current trace by copying and compacting it. */
@@ -139,12 +152,15 @@ static void trace_save(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T)
   setgcrefp(J2G(J)->gc.root, T);
   newwhite(J2G(J), T);
   T->gct = ~LJ_TTRACE;
-  T->ir = (IRIns *)p - J->cur.nk;
-  memcpy(p, J->cur.ir+J->cur.nk, szins);
+  T->ir = (IRIns *)p - J->cur.nk;  /* The IR has already been copied above. */
+#if LJ_ABI_PAUTH
+  T->mcauth = lj_ptr_sign((ASMFunction)T->mcode, T);
+#endif
   p += szins;
   TRACE_APPENDVEC(snap, nsnap, SnapShot)
   TRACE_APPENDVEC(snapmap, nsnapmap, SnapEntry)
   J->cur.traceno = 0;
+  J->curfinal = NULL;
   setgcrefp(J->trace[T->traceno], T);
   lj_gc_barriertrace(J2G(J), T->traceno);
   lj_gdbjit_addtrace(J, T);
@@ -172,7 +188,7 @@ void lj_trace_reenableproto(GCproto *pt)
 {
   if ((pt->flags & PROTO_ILOOP)) {
     BCIns *bc = proto_bc(pt);
-    BCPos i, sizebc = pt->sizebc;;
+    BCPos i, sizebc = pt->sizebc;
     pt->flags &= ~PROTO_ILOOP;
     if (bc_op(bc[0]) == BC_IFUNCF)
       setbc_op(&bc[0], BC_FUNCF);
@@ -194,27 +210,28 @@ static void trace_unpatch(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T)
     return;  /* No need to unpatch branches in parent traces (yet). */
   switch (bc_op(*pc)) {
   case BC_JFORL:
-    lua_assert(traceref(J, bc_d(*pc)) == T);
+    lj_assertJ(traceref(J, bc_d(*pc)) == T, "JFORL references other trace");
     *pc = T->startins;
     pc += bc_j(T->startins);
-    lua_assert(bc_op(*pc) == BC_JFORI);
+    lj_assertJ(bc_op(*pc) == BC_JFORI, "FORL does not point to JFORI");
     setbc_op(pc, BC_FORI);
     break;
   case BC_JITERL:
   case BC_JLOOP:
-    lua_assert(op == BC_ITERL || op == BC_LOOP || bc_isret(op));
+    lj_assertJ(op == BC_ITERL || op == BC_ITERN || op == BC_LOOP ||
+               bc_isret(op), "bad original bytecode %d", op);
     *pc = T->startins;
     break;
   case BC_JMP:
-    lua_assert(op == BC_ITERL);
+    lj_assertJ(op == BC_ITERL, "bad original bytecode %d", op);
     pc += bc_j(*pc)+2;
     if (bc_op(*pc) == BC_JITERL) {
-      lua_assert(traceref(J, bc_d(*pc)) == T);
+      lj_assertJ(traceref(J, bc_d(*pc)) == T, "JITERL references other trace");
       *pc = T->startins;
     }
     break;
   case BC_JFUNCF:
-    lua_assert(op == BC_FUNCF);
+    lj_assertJ(op == BC_FUNCF, "bad original bytecode %d", op);
     *pc = T->startins;
     break;
   default:  /* Already unpatched. */
@@ -226,7 +243,8 @@ static void trace_unpatch(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T)
 static void trace_flushroot(jit_State *J, GCtrace *T)
 {
   GCproto *pt = &gcref(T->startpt)->pt;
-  lua_assert(T->root == 0 && pt != NULL);
+  lj_assertJ(T->root == 0, "not a root trace");
+  lj_assertJ(pt != NULL, "trace has no prototype");
   /* First unpatch any modified bytecode. */
   trace_unpatch(J, T);
   /* Unlink root trace from chain anchored in prototype. */
@@ -274,7 +292,7 @@ int lj_trace_flushall(lua_State *L)
       if (T->root == 0)
         trace_flushroot(J, T);
       lj_gdbjit_deltrace(J, T);
-      T->traceno = 0;
+      T->traceno = T->link = 0;  /* Blacklist the link for cont_stitch. */
       setgcrefnull(J->trace[i]);
     }
   }
@@ -296,13 +314,42 @@ void lj_trace_initstate(global_State *g)
 {
   jit_State *J = G2J(g);
   TValue *tv;
-  /* Initialize SIMD constants. */
+
+  /* Initialize aligned SIMD constants. */
   tv = LJ_KSIMD(J, LJ_KSIMD_ABS);
   tv[0].u64 = U64x(7fffffff,ffffffff);
   tv[1].u64 = U64x(7fffffff,ffffffff);
   tv = LJ_KSIMD(J, LJ_KSIMD_NEG);
   tv[0].u64 = U64x(80000000,00000000);
   tv[1].u64 = U64x(80000000,00000000);
+
+  /* Initialize 32/64 bit constants. */
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
+  J->k64[LJ_K64_TOBIT].u64 = U64x(43380000,00000000);
+#if LJ_32
+  J->k64[LJ_K64_M2P64_31].u64 = U64x(c1e00000,00000000);
+#endif
+  J->k64[LJ_K64_2P64].u64 = U64x(43f00000,00000000);
+  J->k32[LJ_K32_M2P64_31] = LJ_64 ? 0xdf800000 : 0xcf000000;
+#endif
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64 || LJ_TARGET_MIPS64
+  J->k64[LJ_K64_M2P64].u64 = U64x(c3f00000,00000000);
+#endif
+#if LJ_TARGET_PPC
+  J->k32[LJ_K32_2P52_2P31] = 0x59800004;
+  J->k32[LJ_K32_2P52] = 0x59800000;
+#endif
+#if LJ_TARGET_PPC || LJ_TARGET_MIPS
+  J->k32[LJ_K32_2P31] = 0x4f000000;
+#endif
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPS
+  J->k64[LJ_K64_2P31].u64 = U64x(41e00000,00000000);
+#if LJ_64
+  J->k64[LJ_K64_2P63].u64 = U64x(43e00000,00000000);
+  J->k32[LJ_K32_2P63] = 0x5f000000;
+  J->k32[LJ_K32_M2P64] = 0xdf800000;
+#endif
+#endif
 }
 
 /* Free everything associated with the JIT compiler state. */
@@ -313,11 +360,11 @@ void lj_trace_freestate(global_State *g)
   {  /* This assumes all traces have already been freed. */
     ptrdiff_t i;
     for (i = 1; i < (ptrdiff_t)J->sizetrace; i++)
-      lua_assert(i == (ptrdiff_t)J->cur.traceno || traceref(J, i) == NULL);
+      lj_assertG(i == (ptrdiff_t)J->cur.traceno || traceref(J, i) == NULL,
+                 "trace still allocated");
   }
 #endif
   lj_mcode_free(J);
-  lj_ir_k64_freeall(J);
   lj_mem_freevec(g, J->snapmapbuf, J->sizesnapmap, SnapEntry);
   lj_mem_freevec(g, J->snapbuf, J->sizesnap, SnapShot);
   lj_mem_freevec(g, J->irbuf + J->irbotlim, J->irtoplim - J->irbotlim, IRIns);
@@ -329,8 +376,13 @@ void lj_trace_freestate(global_State *g)
 /* Blacklist a bytecode instruction. */
 static void blacklist_pc(GCproto *pt, BCIns *pc)
 {
-  setbc_op(pc, (int)bc_op(*pc)+(int)BC_ILOOP-(int)BC_LOOP);
-  pt->flags |= PROTO_ILOOP;
+  if (bc_op(*pc) == BC_ITERN) {
+    setbc_op(pc, BC_ITERC);
+    setbc_op(pc+1+bc_j(pc[1]), BC_JMP);
+  } else {
+    setbc_op(pc, (int)bc_op(*pc)+(int)BC_ILOOP-(int)BC_LOOP);
+    pt->flags |= PROTO_ILOOP;
+  }
 }
 
 /* Penalize a bytecode instruction. */
@@ -341,7 +393,7 @@ static void penalty_pc(jit_State *J, GCproto *pt, BCIns *pc, TraceError e)
     if (mref(J->penalty[i].pc, const BCIns) == pc) {  /* Cache slot found? */
       /* First try to bump its hotcount several times. */
       val = ((uint32_t)J->penalty[i].val << 1) +
-            LJ_PRNG_BITS(J, PENALTY_RNDBITS);
+            (lj_prng_u64(&J2G(J)->prng) & ((1u<<PENALTY_RNDBITS)-1));
       if (val > PENALTY_MAX) {
         blacklist_pc(pt, pc);  /* Blacklist it, if that didn't help. */
         return;
@@ -367,10 +419,11 @@ static void trace_start(jit_State *J)
   TraceNo traceno;
 
   if ((J->pt->flags & PROTO_NOJIT)) {  /* JIT disabled for this proto? */
-    if (J->parent == 0) {
+    if (J->parent == 0 && J->exitno == 0 && bc_op(*J->pc) != BC_ITERN) {
       /* Lazy bytecode patching to disable hotcount events. */
-      lua_assert(bc_op(*J->pc) == BC_FORL || bc_op(*J->pc) == BC_ITERL ||
-                 bc_op(*J->pc) == BC_LOOP || bc_op(*J->pc) == BC_FUNCF);
+      lj_assertJ(bc_op(*J->pc) == BC_FORL || bc_op(*J->pc) == BC_ITERL ||
+                 bc_op(*J->pc) == BC_LOOP || bc_op(*J->pc) == BC_FUNCF,
+                 "bad hot bytecode %d", bc_op(*J->pc));
       setbc_op(J->pc, (int)bc_op(*J->pc)+(int)BC_ILOOP-(int)BC_LOOP);
       J->pt->flags |= PROTO_ILOOP;
     }
@@ -378,10 +431,17 @@ static void trace_start(jit_State *J)
     return;
   }
 
+  /* Ensuring forward progress for BC_ITERN can trigger hotcount again. */
+  if (!J->parent && bc_op(*J->pc) == BC_JLOOP) {  /* Already compiled. */
+    J->state = LJ_TRACE_IDLE;  /* Silently ignored. */
+    return;
+  }
+
   /* Get a new trace number. */
   traceno = trace_findfree(J);
   if (LJ_UNLIKELY(traceno == 0)) {  /* No free trace? */
-    lua_assert((J2G(J)->hookmask & HOOK_GC) == 0);
+    lj_assertJ((J2G(J)->hookmask & HOOK_GC) == 0,
+               "recorder called from GC hook");
     lj_trace_flushall(J->L);
     J->state = LJ_TRACE_IDLE;  /* Silently ignored. */
     return;
@@ -401,6 +461,8 @@ static void trace_start(jit_State *J)
   J->guardemit.irt = 0;
   J->postproc = LJ_POST_NONE;
   lj_resetsplit(J);
+  J->retryrec = 0;
+  J->ktrace = 0;
   setgcref(J->cur.startpt, obj2gco(J->pt));
 
   L = J->L;
@@ -412,6 +474,12 @@ static void trace_start(jit_State *J)
     if (J->parent) {
       setintV(L->top++, J->parent);
       setintV(L->top++, J->exitno);
+    } else {
+      BCOp op = bc_op(*J->pc);
+      if (op == BC_CALLM || op == BC_CALL || op == BC_ITERC) {
+        setintV(L->top++, J->exitno);  /* Parent of stitched trace. */
+        setintV(L->top++, -1);
+      }
     }
   );
   lj_record_setup(J);
@@ -424,7 +492,7 @@ static void trace_stop(jit_State *J)
   BCOp op = bc_op(J->cur.startins);
   GCproto *pt = &gcref(J->cur.startpt)->pt;
   TraceNo traceno = J->cur.traceno;
-  GCtrace *T = trace_save_alloc(J);  /* Do this first. May throw OOM. */
+  GCtrace *T = J->curfinal;
   lua_State *L;
 
   switch (op) {
@@ -442,6 +510,7 @@ static void trace_stop(jit_State *J)
     J->cur.nextroot = pt->trace;
     pt->trace = (TraceNo1)traceno;
     break;
+  case BC_ITERN:
   case BC_RET:
   case BC_RET0:
   case BC_RET1:
@@ -449,7 +518,7 @@ static void trace_stop(jit_State *J)
     goto addroot;
   case BC_JMP:
     /* Patch exit branch in parent to side trace entry. */
-    lua_assert(J->parent != 0 && J->cur.root != 0);
+    lj_assertJ(J->parent != 0 && J->cur.root != 0, "not a side trace");
     lj_asm_patchexit(J, traceref(J, J->parent), J->exitno, J->cur.mcode);
     /* Avoid compiling a side trace twice (stack resizing uses parent exit). */
     {
@@ -465,8 +534,14 @@ static void trace_stop(jit_State *J)
       root->nextside = (TraceNo1)traceno;
     }
     break;
+  case BC_CALLM:
+  case BC_CALL:
+  case BC_ITERC:
+    /* Trace stitching: patch link of previous trace. */
+    traceref(J, J->exitno)->link = traceno;
+    break;
   default:
-    lua_assert(0);
+    lj_assertJ(0, "bad stop bytecode %d", op);
     break;
   }
 
@@ -479,6 +554,7 @@ static void trace_stop(jit_State *J)
   lj_vmevent_send(L, TRACE,
     setstrV(L, L->top++, lj_str_newlit(L, "stop"));
     setintV(L->top++, traceno);
+    setfuncV(L, L->top++, J->fn);
   );
 }
 
@@ -486,8 +562,8 @@ static void trace_stop(jit_State *J)
 static int trace_downrec(jit_State *J)
 {
   /* Restart recording at the return instruction. */
-  lua_assert(J->pt != NULL);
-  lua_assert(bc_isret(bc_op(*J->pc)));
+  lj_assertJ(J->pt != NULL, "no active prototype");
+  lj_assertJ(bc_isret(bc_op(*J->pc)), "not at a return bytecode");
   if (bc_op(*J->pc) == BC_RETM)
     return 0;  /* NYI: down-recursion with RETM. */
   J->parent = 0;
@@ -506,6 +582,10 @@ static int trace_abort(jit_State *J)
 
   J->postproc = LJ_POST_NONE;
   lj_mcode_abort(J);
+  if (J->curfinal) {
+    lj_trace_free(J2G(J), J->curfinal);
+    J->curfinal = NULL;
+  }
   if (tvisnumber(L->top-1))
     e = (TraceError)numberVint(L->top-1);
   if (e == LJ_TRERR_MCODELM) {
@@ -514,8 +594,17 @@ static int trace_abort(jit_State *J)
     return 1;  /* Retry ASM with new MCode area. */
   }
   /* Penalize or blacklist starting bytecode instruction. */
-  if (J->parent == 0 && !bc_isret(bc_op(J->cur.startins)))
-    penalty_pc(J, &gcref(J->cur.startpt)->pt, mref(J->cur.startpc, BCIns), e);
+  if (J->parent == 0 && !bc_isret(bc_op(J->cur.startins))) {
+    if (J->exitno == 0) {
+      BCIns *startpc = mref(J->cur.startpc, BCIns);
+      if (e == LJ_TRERR_RETRY)
+        hotcount_set(J2GG(J), startpc+1, 1);  /* Immediate retry. */
+      else
+        penalty_pc(J, &gcref(J->cur.startpt)->pt, startpc, e);
+    } else {
+      traceref(J, J->exitno)->link = J->exitno;  /* Self-link is blacklisted. */
+    }
+  }
 
   /* Is there anything to abort? */
   traceno = J->cur.traceno;
@@ -581,8 +670,13 @@ static TValue *trace_state(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction dummy, void *ud)
       J->state = LJ_TRACE_RECORD;  /* trace_start() may change state. */
       trace_start(J);
       lj_dispatch_update(J2G(J));
-      break;
+      if (J->state != LJ_TRACE_RECORD_1ST)
+        break;
+      /* fallthrough */
 
+    case LJ_TRACE_RECORD_1ST:
+      J->state = LJ_TRACE_RECORD;
+      /* fallthrough */
     case LJ_TRACE_RECORD:
       trace_pendpatch(J, 0);
       setvmstate(J2G(J), RECORD);
@@ -688,15 +782,30 @@ static void trace_hotside(jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc)
 {
   SnapShot *snap = &traceref(J, J->parent)->snap[J->exitno];
   if (!(J2G(J)->hookmask & (HOOK_GC|HOOK_VMEVENT)) &&
+      isluafunc(curr_func(J->L)) &&
       snap->count != SNAPCOUNT_DONE &&
       ++snap->count >= J->param[JIT_P_hotexit]) {
-    lua_assert(J->state == LJ_TRACE_IDLE);
+    lj_assertJ(J->state == LJ_TRACE_IDLE, "hot side exit while recording");
     /* J->parent is non-zero for a side trace. */
     J->state = LJ_TRACE_START;
     lj_trace_ins(J, pc);
   }
 }
 
+/* Stitch a new trace to the previous trace. */
+void LJ_FASTCALL lj_trace_stitch(jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc)
+{
+  /* Only start a new trace if not recording or inside __gc call or vmevent. */
+  if (J->state == LJ_TRACE_IDLE &&
+      !(J2G(J)->hookmask & (HOOK_GC|HOOK_VMEVENT))) {
+    J->parent = 0;  /* Have to treat it like a root trace. */
+    /* J->exitno is set to the invoking trace. */
+    J->state = LJ_TRACE_START;
+    lj_trace_ins(J, pc);
+  }
+}
+
+
 /* Tiny struct to pass data to protected call. */
 typedef struct ExitDataCP {
   jit_State *J;
@@ -740,7 +849,7 @@ static void trace_exit_regs(lua_State *L, ExitState *ex)
 }
 #endif
 
-#ifdef EXITSTATE_PCREG
+#if defined(EXITSTATE_PCREG) || (LJ_UNWIND_JIT && !EXITTRACE_VMSTATE)
 /* Determine trace number from pc of exit instruction. */
 static TraceNo trace_exit_find(jit_State *J, MCode *pc)
 {
@@ -750,7 +859,7 @@ static TraceNo trace_exit_find(jit_State *J, MCode *pc)
     if (T && pc >= T->mcode && pc < (MCode *)((char *)T->mcode + T->szmcode))
       return traceno;
   }
-  lua_assert(0);
+  lj_assertJ(0, "bad exit pc");
   return 0;
 }
 #endif
@@ -762,68 +871,81 @@ int LJ_FASTCALL lj_trace_exit(jit_State *J, void *exptr)
   lua_State *L = J->L;
   ExitState *ex = (ExitState *)exptr;
   ExitDataCP exd;
-  int errcode;
-  const BCIns *pc;
+  int errcode, exitcode = J->exitcode;
+  TValue exiterr;
+  const BCIns *pc, *retpc;
   void *cf;
   GCtrace *T;
+
+  setnilV(&exiterr);
+  if (exitcode) {  /* Trace unwound with error code. */
+    J->exitcode = 0;
+    copyTV(L, &exiterr, L->top-1);
+  }
+
 #ifdef EXITSTATE_PCREG
   J->parent = trace_exit_find(J, (MCode *)(intptr_t)ex->gpr[EXITSTATE_PCREG]);
 #endif
   T = traceref(J, J->parent); UNUSED(T);
 #ifdef EXITSTATE_CHECKEXIT
   if (J->exitno == T->nsnap) {  /* Treat stack check like a parent exit. */
-    lua_assert(T->root != 0);
+    lj_assertJ(T->root != 0, "stack check in root trace");
     J->exitno = T->ir[REF_BASE].op2;
     J->parent = T->ir[REF_BASE].op1;
     T = traceref(J, J->parent);
   }
 #endif
-  lua_assert(T != NULL && J->exitno < T->nsnap);
+  lj_assertJ(T != NULL && J->exitno < T->nsnap, "bad trace or exit number");
   exd.J = J;
   exd.exptr = exptr;
   errcode = lj_vm_cpcall(L, NULL, &exd, trace_exit_cp);
   if (errcode)
     return -errcode;  /* Return negated error code. */
 
-  lj_vmevent_send(L, TEXIT,
-    lj_state_checkstack(L, 4+RID_NUM_GPR+RID_NUM_FPR+LUA_MINSTACK);
-    setintV(L->top++, J->parent);
-    setintV(L->top++, J->exitno);
-    trace_exit_regs(L, ex);
-  );
+  if (exitcode) copyTV(L, L->top++, &exiterr);  /* Anchor the error object. */
+
+  if (!(LJ_HASPROFILE && (G(L)->hookmask & HOOK_PROFILE)))
+    lj_vmevent_send(L, TEXIT,
+      lj_state_checkstack(L, 4+RID_NUM_GPR+RID_NUM_FPR+LUA_MINSTACK);
+      setintV(L->top++, J->parent);
+      setintV(L->top++, J->exitno);
+      trace_exit_regs(L, ex);
+    );
 
   pc = exd.pc;
   cf = cframe_raw(L->cframe);
   setcframe_pc(cf, pc);
-  if (G(L)->gc.state == GCSatomic || G(L)->gc.state == GCSfinalize) {
+  if (exitcode) {
+    return -exitcode;
+  } else if (LJ_HASPROFILE && (G(L)->hookmask & HOOK_PROFILE)) {
+    /* Just exit to interpreter. */
+  } else if (G(L)->gc.state == GCSatomic || G(L)->gc.state == GCSfinalize) {
     if (!(G(L)->hookmask & HOOK_GC))
       lj_gc_step(L);  /* Exited because of GC: drive GC forward. */
   } else {
     trace_hotside(J, pc);
   }
-  if (bc_op(*pc) == BC_JLOOP) {
-    BCIns *retpc = &traceref(J, bc_d(*pc))->startins;
-    if (bc_isret(bc_op(*retpc))) {
-      if (J->state == LJ_TRACE_RECORD) {
-        J->patchins = *pc;
-        J->patchpc = (BCIns *)pc;
-        *J->patchpc = *retpc;
-        J->bcskip = 1;
-      } else {
-        pc = retpc;
-        setcframe_pc(cf, pc);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  /* Return MULTRES or 0. */
+  /* Return MULTRES or 0 or -17. */
   ERRNO_RESTORE
   switch (bc_op(*pc)) {
   case BC_CALLM: case BC_CALLMT:
-    return (int)((BCReg)(L->top - L->base) - bc_a(*pc) - bc_c(*pc));
+    return (int)((BCReg)(L->top - L->base) - bc_a(*pc) - bc_c(*pc) - LJ_FR2);
   case BC_RETM:
     return (int)((BCReg)(L->top - L->base) + 1 - bc_a(*pc) - bc_d(*pc));
   case BC_TSETM:
     return (int)((BCReg)(L->top - L->base) + 1 - bc_a(*pc));
+  case BC_JLOOP:
+    retpc = &traceref(J, bc_d(*pc))->startins;
+    if (bc_isret(bc_op(*retpc)) || bc_op(*retpc) == BC_ITERN) {
+      /* Dispatch to original ins to ensure forward progress. */
+      if (J->state != LJ_TRACE_RECORD) return -17;
+      /* Unpatch bytecode when recording. */
+      J->patchins = *pc;
+      J->patchpc = (BCIns *)pc;
+      *J->patchpc = *retpc;
+      J->bcskip = 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
   default:
     if (bc_op(*pc) >= BC_FUNCF)
       return (int)((BCReg)(L->top - L->base) + 1);
@@ -831,4 +953,41 @@ int LJ_FASTCALL lj_trace_exit(jit_State *J, void *exptr)
   }
 }
 
+#if LJ_UNWIND_JIT
+/* Given an mcode address determine trace exit address for unwinding. */
+uintptr_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_trace_unwind(jit_State *J, uintptr_t addr, ExitNo *ep)
+{
+#if EXITTRACE_VMSTATE
+  TraceNo traceno = J2G(J)->vmstate;
+#else
+  TraceNo traceno = trace_exit_find(J, (MCode *)addr);
+#endif
+  GCtrace *T = traceref(J, traceno);
+  if (T
+#if EXITTRACE_VMSTATE
+      && addr >= (uintptr_t)T->mcode && addr < (uintptr_t)T->mcode + T->szmcode
+#endif
+     ) {
+    SnapShot *snap = T->snap;
+    SnapNo lo = 0, exitno = T->nsnap;
+    uintptr_t ofs = (uintptr_t)((MCode *)addr - T->mcode);  /* MCode units! */
+    /* Rightmost binary search for mcode offset to determine exit number. */
+    do {
+      SnapNo mid = (lo+exitno) >> 1;
+      if (ofs < snap[mid].mcofs) exitno = mid; else lo = mid + 1;
+    } while (lo < exitno);
+    exitno--;
+    *ep = exitno;
+#ifdef EXITSTUBS_PER_GROUP
+    return (uintptr_t)exitstub_addr(J, exitno);
+#else
+    return (uintptr_t)exitstub_trace_addr(T, exitno);
+#endif
+  }
+  /* Cannot correlate addr with trace/exit. This will be fatal. */
+  lj_assertJ(0, "bad exit pc");
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_trace.h b/src/lj_trace.h
index d708a217..5dcd365e 100644
--- a/src/lj_trace.h
+++ b/src/lj_trace.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ LJ_FUNC_NORET void lj_trace_err(jit_State *J, TraceError e);
 LJ_FUNC_NORET void lj_trace_err_info(jit_State *J, TraceError e);
 
 /* Trace management. */
+LJ_FUNC GCtrace * LJ_FASTCALL lj_trace_alloc(lua_State *L, GCtrace *T);
 LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL lj_trace_free(global_State *g, GCtrace *T);
 LJ_FUNC void lj_trace_reenableproto(GCproto *pt);
 LJ_FUNC void lj_trace_flushproto(global_State *g, GCproto *pt);
@@ -34,7 +35,11 @@ LJ_FUNC void lj_trace_freestate(global_State *g);
 /* Event handling. */
 LJ_FUNC void lj_trace_ins(jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc);
 LJ_FUNCA void LJ_FASTCALL lj_trace_hot(jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc);
+LJ_FUNCA void LJ_FASTCALL lj_trace_stitch(jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc);
 LJ_FUNCA int LJ_FASTCALL lj_trace_exit(jit_State *J, void *exptr);
+#if LJ_UNWIND_EXT
+LJ_FUNC uintptr_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_trace_unwind(jit_State *J, uintptr_t addr, ExitNo *ep);
+#endif
 
 /* Signal asynchronous abort of trace or end of trace. */
 #define lj_trace_abort(g)       (G2J(g)->state &= ~LJ_TRACE_ACTIVE)
diff --git a/src/lj_traceerr.h b/src/lj_traceerr.h
index 8b28e65c..19ce30ad 100644
--- a/src/lj_traceerr.h
+++ b/src/lj_traceerr.h
@@ -7,10 +7,12 @@
 
 /* Recording. */
 TREDEF(RECERR,  "error thrown or hook called during recording")
+TREDEF(TRACEUV, "trace too short")
 TREDEF(TRACEOV, "trace too long")
 TREDEF(STACKOV, "trace too deep")
 TREDEF(SNAPOV,  "too many snapshots")
 TREDEF(BLACKL,  "blacklisted")
+TREDEF(RETRY,   "retry recording")
 TREDEF(NYIBC,   "NYI: bytecode %d")
 
 /* Recording loop ops. */
@@ -23,8 +25,6 @@ TREDEF(BADTYPE,	"bad argument type")
 TREDEF(CJITOFF, "JIT compilation disabled for function")
 TREDEF(CUNROLL, "call unroll limit reached")
 TREDEF(DOWNREC, "down-recursion, restarting")
-TREDEF(NYICF,   "NYI: C function %s")
-TREDEF(NYIFF,   "NYI: FastFunc %s")
 TREDEF(NYIFFU,  "NYI: unsupported variant of FastFunc %s")
 TREDEF(NYIRETL, "NYI: return to lower frame")
 
diff --git a/src/lj_udata.c b/src/lj_udata.c
index b17c2529..7acd9e32 100644
--- a/src/lj_udata.c
+++ b/src/lj_udata.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #include "lj_obj.h"
 #include "lj_gc.h"
+#include "lj_err.h"
 #include "lj_udata.h"
 
 GCudata *lj_udata_new(lua_State *L, MSize sz, GCtab *env)
@@ -32,3 +33,30 @@ void LJ_FASTCALL lj_udata_free(global_State *g, GCudata *ud)
   lj_mem_free(g, ud, sizeudata(ud));
 }
 
+#if LJ_64
+void *lj_lightud_intern(lua_State *L, void *p)
+{
+  global_State *g = G(L);
+  uint64_t u = (uint64_t)p;
+  uint32_t up = lightudup(u);
+  uint32_t *segmap = mref(g->gc.lightudseg, uint32_t);
+  MSize segnum = g->gc.lightudnum;
+  if (segmap) {
+    MSize seg;
+    for (seg = 0; seg <= segnum; seg++)
+      if (segmap[seg] == up)  /* Fast path. */
+        return (void *)(((uint64_t)seg << LJ_LIGHTUD_BITS_LO) | lightudlo(u));
+    segnum++;
+    /* Leave last segment unused to avoid clash with ITERN key. */
+    if (segnum >= (1 << LJ_LIGHTUD_BITS_SEG)-1) lj_err_msg(L, LJ_ERR_BADLU);
+  }
+  if (!((segnum-1) & segnum) && segnum != 1) {
+    lj_mem_reallocvec(L, segmap, segnum, segnum ? 2*segnum : 2u, uint32_t);
+    setmref(g->gc.lightudseg, segmap);
+  }
+  g->gc.lightudnum = segnum;
+  segmap[segnum] = up;
+  return (void *)(((uint64_t)segnum << LJ_LIGHTUD_BITS_LO) | lightudlo(u));
+}
+#endif
+
diff --git a/src/lj_udata.h b/src/lj_udata.h
index f1c2ca7f..143bf81d 100644
--- a/src/lj_udata.h
+++ b/src/lj_udata.h
@@ -10,5 +10,8 @@
 
 LJ_FUNC GCudata *lj_udata_new(lua_State *L, MSize sz, GCtab *env);
 LJ_FUNC void LJ_FASTCALL lj_udata_free(global_State *g, GCudata *ud);
+#if LJ_64
+LJ_FUNC void * LJ_FASTCALL lj_lightud_intern(lua_State *L, void *p);
+#endif
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_vm.h b/src/lj_vm.h
index 133a78cc..63d09439 100644
--- a/src/lj_vm.h
+++ b/src/lj_vm.h
@@ -17,11 +17,18 @@ LJ_ASMF int lj_vm_cpcall(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud,
 LJ_ASMF int lj_vm_resume(lua_State *L, TValue *base, int nres1, ptrdiff_t ef);
 LJ_ASMF_NORET void LJ_FASTCALL lj_vm_unwind_c(void *cframe, int errcode);
 LJ_ASMF_NORET void LJ_FASTCALL lj_vm_unwind_ff(void *cframe);
+#if LJ_ABI_WIN && LJ_TARGET_X86
+LJ_ASMF_NORET void LJ_FASTCALL lj_vm_rtlunwind(void *cframe, void *excptrec,
+                                               void *unwinder, int errcode);
+#endif
 LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_unwind_c_eh(void);
 LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_unwind_ff_eh(void);
 #if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
 LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_unwind_rethrow(void);
 #endif
+#if LJ_TARGET_MIPS
+LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_unwind_stub(void);
+#endif
 
 /* Miscellaneous functions. */
 #if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
@@ -43,13 +50,15 @@ LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_record(void);
 LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_inshook(void);
 LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_rethook(void);
 LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_callhook(void);
+LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_profhook(void);
+LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_IITERN(void);
 
 /* Trace exit handling. */
-LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_exit_handler(void);
-LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_exit_interp(void);
+LJ_ASMF char lj_vm_exit_handler[];
+LJ_ASMF char lj_vm_exit_interp[];
 
 /* Internal math helper functions. */
-#if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64 || LJ_TARGET_PPC
+#if LJ_TARGET_PPC || LJ_TARGET_ARM64 || (LJ_TARGET_MIPS && LJ_ABI_SOFTFP)
 #define lj_vm_floor     floor
 #define lj_vm_ceil      ceil
 #else
@@ -60,23 +69,22 @@ LJ_ASMF double lj_vm_floor_sf(double);
 LJ_ASMF double lj_vm_ceil_sf(double);
 #endif
 #endif
-#if defined(LUAJIT_NO_LOG2) || LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
+#ifdef LUAJIT_NO_LOG2
 LJ_ASMF double lj_vm_log2(double);
 #else
 #define lj_vm_log2      log2
 #endif
+#if !(defined(_LJ_DISPATCH_H) && LJ_TARGET_MIPS)
+LJ_ASMF int32_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_vm_modi(int32_t, int32_t);
+#endif
 
 #if LJ_HASJIT
 #if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
 LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_floor_sse(void);
 LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_ceil_sse(void);
 LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_trunc_sse(void);
-LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_exp_x87(void);
-LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_exp2_x87(void);
-LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_pow_sse(void);
-LJ_ASMF void lj_vm_powi_sse(void);
-#else
-#if LJ_TARGET_PPC
+#endif
+#if LJ_TARGET_PPC || LJ_TARGET_ARM64
 #define lj_vm_trunc     trunc
 #else
 LJ_ASMF double lj_vm_trunc(double);
@@ -84,17 +92,10 @@ LJ_ASMF double lj_vm_trunc(double);
 LJ_ASMF double lj_vm_trunc_sf(double);
 #endif
 #endif
-LJ_ASMF double lj_vm_powi(double, int32_t);
-#ifdef LUAJIT_NO_EXP2
-LJ_ASMF double lj_vm_exp2(double);
-#else
-#define lj_vm_exp2      exp2
-#endif
-#endif
-LJ_ASMF int32_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_vm_modi(int32_t, int32_t);
 #if LJ_HASFFI
 LJ_ASMF int lj_vm_errno(void);
 #endif
+LJ_ASMF TValue *lj_vm_next(GCtab *t, uint32_t idx);
 #endif
 
 /* Continuations for metamethods. */
@@ -104,13 +105,12 @@ LJ_ASMF void lj_cont_nop(void);  /* Do nothing, just continue execution. */
 LJ_ASMF void lj_cont_condt(void);  /* Branch if result is true. */
 LJ_ASMF void lj_cont_condf(void);  /* Branch if result is false. */
 LJ_ASMF void lj_cont_hook(void);  /* Continue from hook yield. */
-
-enum { LJ_CONT_TAILCALL, LJ_CONT_FFI_CALLBACK };  /* Special continuations. */
+LJ_ASMF void lj_cont_stitch(void);  /* Trace stitching. */
 
 /* Start of the ASM code. */
 LJ_ASMF char lj_vm_asm_begin[];
 
 /* Bytecode offsets are relative to lj_vm_asm_begin. */
-#define makeasmfunc(ofs)        ((ASMFunction)(lj_vm_asm_begin + (ofs)))
+#define makeasmfunc(ofs) lj_ptr_sign((ASMFunction)(lj_vm_asm_begin + (ofs)), 0)
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lj_vmevent.c b/src/lj_vmevent.c
index a25547ee..477ee79b 100644
--- a/src/lj_vmevent.c
+++ b/src/lj_vmevent.c
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ ptrdiff_t lj_vmevent_prepare(lua_State *L, VMEvent ev)
     if (tv && tvisfunc(tv)) {
       lj_state_checkstack(L, LUA_MINSTACK);
       setfuncV(L, L->top++, funcV(tv));
+      if (LJ_FR2) setnilV(L->top++);
       return savestack(L, L->top);
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/lj_vmevent.h b/src/lj_vmevent.h
index 13fb9b92..d757a8b5 100644
--- a/src/lj_vmevent.h
+++ b/src/lj_vmevent.h
@@ -24,9 +24,10 @@
 /* VM event IDs. */
 typedef enum {
   VMEVENT_DEF(BC,       0x00003883),
-  VMEVENT_DEF(TRACE,    0xb2d91467),
-  VMEVENT_DEF(RECORD,   0x9284bf4f),
-  VMEVENT_DEF(TEXIT,    0xb29df2b0),
+  VMEVENT_DEF(TRACE,    0x12d91467),
+  VMEVENT_DEF(RECORD,   0x1284bf4f),
+  VMEVENT_DEF(TEXIT,    0x129df2b0),
+  VMEVENT_DEF(ERRFIN,   0x12d93888),
   LJ_VMEVENT__MAX
 } VMEvent;
 
diff --git a/src/lj_vmmath.c b/src/lj_vmmath.c
index 2da5f6b7..3351e72b 100644
--- a/src/lj_vmmath.c
+++ b/src/lj_vmmath.c
@@ -13,16 +13,40 @@
 #include "lj_ir.h"
 #include "lj_vm.h"
 
-/* -- Helper functions for generated machine code ------------------------- */
+/* -- Wrapper functions --------------------------------------------------- */
 
-#if LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
-/* Wrapper functions to avoid linker issues on OSX. */
-LJ_FUNCA double lj_vm_sinh(double x) { return sinh(x); }
-LJ_FUNCA double lj_vm_cosh(double x) { return cosh(x); }
-LJ_FUNCA double lj_vm_tanh(double x) { return tanh(x); }
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86 && __ELF__ && __PIC__
+/* Wrapper functions to deal with the ELF/x86 PIC disaster. */
+LJ_FUNCA double lj_wrap_log(double x) { return log(x); }
+LJ_FUNCA double lj_wrap_log10(double x) { return log10(x); }
+LJ_FUNCA double lj_wrap_exp(double x) { return exp(x); }
+LJ_FUNCA double lj_wrap_sin(double x) { return sin(x); }
+LJ_FUNCA double lj_wrap_cos(double x) { return cos(x); }
+LJ_FUNCA double lj_wrap_tan(double x) { return tan(x); }
+LJ_FUNCA double lj_wrap_asin(double x) { return asin(x); }
+LJ_FUNCA double lj_wrap_acos(double x) { return acos(x); }
+LJ_FUNCA double lj_wrap_atan(double x) { return atan(x); }
+LJ_FUNCA double lj_wrap_sinh(double x) { return sinh(x); }
+LJ_FUNCA double lj_wrap_cosh(double x) { return cosh(x); }
+LJ_FUNCA double lj_wrap_tanh(double x) { return tanh(x); }
+LJ_FUNCA double lj_wrap_atan2(double x, double y) { return atan2(x, y); }
+LJ_FUNCA double lj_wrap_pow(double x, double y) { return pow(x, y); }
+LJ_FUNCA double lj_wrap_fmod(double x, double y) { return fmod(x, y); }
 #endif
 
-#if !LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
+/* -- Helper functions ---------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Required to prevent the C compiler from applying FMA optimizations.
+**
+** Yes, there's -ffp-contract and the FP_CONTRACT pragma ... in theory.
+** But the current state of C compilers is a mess in this regard.
+** Also, this function is not performance sensitive at all.
+*/
+LJ_NOINLINE static double lj_vm_floormul(double x, double y)
+{
+  return lj_vm_floor(x / y) * y;
+}
+
 double lj_vm_foldarith(double x, double y, int op)
 {
   switch (op) {
@@ -30,42 +54,27 @@ double lj_vm_foldarith(double x, double y, int op)
   case IR_SUB - IR_ADD: return x-y; break;
   case IR_MUL - IR_ADD: return x*y; break;
   case IR_DIV - IR_ADD: return x/y; break;
-  case IR_MOD - IR_ADD: return x-lj_vm_floor(x/y)*y; break;
+  case IR_MOD - IR_ADD: return x-lj_vm_floormul(x, y); break;
   case IR_POW - IR_ADD: return pow(x, y); break;
   case IR_NEG - IR_ADD: return -x; break;
   case IR_ABS - IR_ADD: return fabs(x); break;
 #if LJ_HASJIT
-  case IR_ATAN2 - IR_ADD: return atan2(x, y); break;
   case IR_LDEXP - IR_ADD: return ldexp(x, (int)y); break;
-  case IR_MIN - IR_ADD: return x > y ? y : x; break;
-  case IR_MAX - IR_ADD: return x < y ? y : x; break;
+  case IR_MIN - IR_ADD: return x < y ? x : y; break;
+  case IR_MAX - IR_ADD: return x > y ? x : y; break;
 #endif
   default: return x;
   }
 }
-#endif
 
-#if LJ_HASJIT
-
-#ifdef LUAJIT_NO_LOG2
-double lj_vm_log2(double a)
-{
-  return log(a) * 1.4426950408889634074;
-}
-#endif
-
-#ifdef LUAJIT_NO_EXP2
-double lj_vm_exp2(double a)
-{
-  return exp(a * 0.6931471805599453);
-}
-#endif
+/* -- Helper functions for generated machine code ------------------------- */
 
-#if !(LJ_TARGET_ARM || LJ_TARGET_PPC)
+#if (LJ_HASJIT && !(LJ_TARGET_ARM || LJ_TARGET_ARM64 || LJ_TARGET_PPC)) || LJ_TARGET_MIPS
 int32_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_vm_modi(int32_t a, int32_t b)
 {
   uint32_t y, ua, ub;
-  lua_assert(b != 0);  /* This must be checked before using this function. */
+  /* This must be checked before using this function. */
+  lj_assertX(b != 0, "modulo with zero divisor");
   ua = a < 0 ? ~(uint32_t)a+1u : (uint32_t)a;
   ub = b < 0 ? ~(uint32_t)b+1u : (uint32_t)b;
   y = ua % ub;
@@ -75,38 +84,14 @@ int32_t LJ_FASTCALL lj_vm_modi(int32_t a, int32_t b)
 }
 #endif
 
-#if !LJ_TARGET_X86ORX64
-/* Unsigned x^k. */
-static double lj_vm_powui(double x, uint32_t k)
-{
-  double y;
-  lua_assert(k != 0);
-  for (; (k & 1) == 0; k >>= 1) x *= x;
-  y = x;
-  if ((k >>= 1) != 0) {
-    for (;;) {
-      x *= x;
-      if (k == 1) break;
-      if (k & 1) y *= x;
-      k >>= 1;
-    }
-    y *= x;
-  }
-  return y;
-}
+#if LJ_HASJIT
 
-/* Signed x^k. */
-double lj_vm_powi(double x, int32_t k)
+#ifdef LUAJIT_NO_LOG2
+double lj_vm_log2(double a)
 {
-  if (k > 1)
-    return lj_vm_powui(x, (uint32_t)k);
-  else if (k == 1)
-    return x;
-  else if (k == 0)
-    return 1.0;
-  else
-    return 1.0 / lj_vm_powui(x, ~(uint32_t)k+1u);
+  return log(a) * 1.4426950408889634074;
 }
+#endif
 
 /* Computes fpm(x) for extended math functions. */
 double lj_vm_foldfpm(double x, int fpm)
@@ -116,19 +101,12 @@ double lj_vm_foldfpm(double x, int fpm)
   case IRFPM_CEIL: return lj_vm_ceil(x);
   case IRFPM_TRUNC: return lj_vm_trunc(x);
   case IRFPM_SQRT: return sqrt(x);
-  case IRFPM_EXP: return exp(x);
-  case IRFPM_EXP2: return lj_vm_exp2(x);
   case IRFPM_LOG: return log(x);
   case IRFPM_LOG2: return lj_vm_log2(x);
-  case IRFPM_LOG10: return log10(x);
-  case IRFPM_SIN: return sin(x);
-  case IRFPM_COS: return cos(x);
-  case IRFPM_TAN: return tan(x);
-  default: lua_assert(0);
+  default: lj_assertX(0, "bad fpm %d", fpm);
   }
   return 0;
 }
-#endif
 
 #if LJ_HASFFI
 int lj_vm_errno(void)
diff --git a/src/ljamalg.c b/src/ljamalg.c
index f9315d5c..f1dce6a3 100644
--- a/src/ljamalg.c
+++ b/src/ljamalg.c
@@ -3,16 +3,6 @@
 ** Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
 */
 
-/*
-+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-| WARNING: Compiling the amalgamation needs a lot of virtual memory        |
-| (around 300 MB with GCC 4.x)! If you don't have enough physical memory   |
-| your machine will start swapping to disk and the compile will not finish |
-| within a reasonable amount of time.                                      |
-| So either compile on a bigger machine or use the non-amalgamated build.  |
-+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-*/
-
 #define ljamalg_c
 #define LUA_CORE
 
@@ -28,23 +18,30 @@
 #include "lua.h"
 #include "lauxlib.h"
 
+#include "lj_assert.c"
 #include "lj_gc.c"
 #include "lj_err.c"
 #include "lj_char.c"
 #include "lj_bc.c"
 #include "lj_obj.c"
+#include "lj_buf.c"
 #include "lj_str.c"
 #include "lj_tab.c"
 #include "lj_func.c"
 #include "lj_udata.c"
 #include "lj_meta.c"
 #include "lj_debug.c"
+#include "lj_prng.c"
 #include "lj_state.c"
 #include "lj_dispatch.c"
 #include "lj_vmevent.c"
 #include "lj_vmmath.c"
 #include "lj_strscan.c"
+#include "lj_strfmt.c"
+#include "lj_strfmt_num.c"
+#include "lj_serialize.c"
 #include "lj_api.c"
+#include "lj_profile.c"
 #include "lj_lex.c"
 #include "lj_parse.c"
 #include "lj_bcread.c"
@@ -89,5 +86,6 @@
 #include "lib_bit.c"
 #include "lib_jit.c"
 #include "lib_ffi.c"
+#include "lib_buffer.c"
 #include "lib_init.c"
 
diff --git a/src/lua.h b/src/lua.h
index 2bd683c2..6d1634d1 100644
--- a/src/lua.h
+++ b/src/lua.h
@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@
 #define lua_upvalueindex(i)     (LUA_GLOBALSINDEX-(i))
 
 
-/* thread status; 0 is OK */
+/* thread status */
+#define LUA_OK          0
 #define LUA_YIELD       1
 #define LUA_ERRRUN      2
 #define LUA_ERRSYNTAX   3
@@ -226,6 +227,7 @@ LUA_API int  (lua_status) (lua_State *L);
 #define LUA_GCSTEP              5
 #define LUA_GCSETPAUSE          6
 #define LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL        7
+#define LUA_GCISRUNNING         9
 
 LUA_API int (lua_gc) (lua_State *L, int what, int data);
 
@@ -346,6 +348,13 @@ LUA_API void *lua_upvalueid (lua_State *L, int idx, int n);
 LUA_API void lua_upvaluejoin (lua_State *L, int idx1, int n1, int idx2, int n2);
 LUA_API int lua_loadx (lua_State *L, lua_Reader reader, void *dt,
                        const char *chunkname, const char *mode);
+LUA_API const lua_Number *lua_version (lua_State *L);
+LUA_API void lua_copy (lua_State *L, int fromidx, int toidx);
+LUA_API lua_Number lua_tonumberx (lua_State *L, int idx, int *isnum);
+LUA_API lua_Integer lua_tointegerx (lua_State *L, int idx, int *isnum);
+
+/* From Lua 5.3. */
+LUA_API int lua_isyieldable (lua_State *L);
 
 
 struct lua_Debug {
diff --git a/src/luaconf.h b/src/luaconf.h
index 8fc3eee5..f47f0680 100644
--- a/src/luaconf.h
+++ b/src/luaconf.h
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 #endif
 #define LUA_LROOT       "/usr/local"
 #define LUA_LUADIR      "/lua/5.1/"
-#define LUA_LJDIR       "/luajit-2.0/"
+#define LUA_LJDIR       "/luajit-2.1/"
 
 #ifdef LUA_ROOT
 #define LUA_JROOT       LUA_ROOT
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
 #define LUA_IGMARK      "-"
 #define LUA_PATH_CONFIG \
   LUA_DIRSEP "\n" LUA_PATHSEP "\n" LUA_PATH_MARK "\n" \
-  LUA_EXECDIR "\n" LUA_IGMARK
+  LUA_EXECDIR "\n" LUA_IGMARK "\n"
 
 /* Quoting in error messages. */
 #define LUA_QL(x)       "'" x "'"
@@ -92,10 +92,6 @@
 #define LUAI_GCMUL      200     /* Run GC at 200% of allocation speed. */
 #define LUA_MAXCAPTURES 32      /* Max. pattern captures. */
 
-/* Compatibility with older library function names. */
-#define LUA_COMPAT_MOD          /* OLD: math.mod, NEW: math.fmod */
-#define LUA_COMPAT_GFIND        /* OLD: string.gfind, NEW: string.gmatch */
-
 /* Configuration for the frontend (the luajit executable). */
 #if defined(luajit_c)
 #define LUA_PROGNAME    "luajit"  /* Fallback frontend name. */
@@ -140,7 +136,7 @@
 
 #define LUALIB_API      LUA_API
 
-/* Support for internal assertions. */
+/* Compatibility support for assertions. */
 #if defined(LUA_USE_ASSERT) || defined(LUA_USE_APICHECK)
 #include <assert.h>
 #endif
diff --git a/src/luajit.c b/src/luajit.c
index 85579cda..73e29d44 100644
--- a/src/luajit.c
+++ b/src/luajit.c
@@ -62,8 +62,9 @@ static void laction(int i)
 
 static void print_usage(void)
 {
-  fprintf(stderr,
-  "usage: %s [options]... [script [args]...].\n"
+  fputs("usage: ", stderr);
+  fputs(progname, stderr);
+  fputs(" [options]... [script [args]...].\n"
   "Available options are:\n"
   "  -e chunk  Execute string " LUA_QL("chunk") ".\n"
   "  -l name   Require library " LUA_QL("name") ".\n"
@@ -74,16 +75,14 @@ static void print_usage(void)
   "  -v        Show version information.\n"
   "  -E        Ignore environment variables.\n"
   "  --        Stop handling options.\n"
-  "  -         Execute stdin and stop handling options.\n"
-  ,
-  progname);
+  "  -         Execute stdin and stop handling options.\n", stderr);
   fflush(stderr);
 }
 
 static void l_message(const char *msg)
 {
-  if (progname) fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", progname);
-  fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", msg);
+  if (progname) { fputs(progname, stderr); fputc(':', stderr); fputc(' ', stderr); }
+  fputs(msg, stderr); fputc('\n', stderr);
   fflush(stderr);
 }
 
@@ -126,7 +125,7 @@ static int docall(lua_State *L, int narg, int clear)
 #endif
   lua_remove(L, base);  /* remove traceback function */
   /* force a complete garbage collection in case of errors */
-  if (status != 0) lua_gc(L, LUA_GCCOLLECT, 0);
+  if (status != LUA_OK) lua_gc(L, LUA_GCCOLLECT, 0);
   return status;
 }
 
@@ -155,22 +154,15 @@ static void print_jit_status(lua_State *L)
   lua_settop(L, 0);  /* clear stack */
 }
 
-static int getargs(lua_State *L, char **argv, int n)
+static void createargtable(lua_State *L, char **argv, int argc, int argf)
 {
-  int narg;
   int i;
-  int argc = 0;
-  while (argv[argc]) argc++;  /* count total number of arguments */
-  narg = argc - (n + 1);  /* number of arguments to the script */
-  luaL_checkstack(L, narg + 3, "too many arguments to script");
-  for (i = n+1; i < argc; i++)
-    lua_pushstring(L, argv[i]);
-  lua_createtable(L, narg, n + 1);
+  lua_createtable(L, argc - argf, argf);
   for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
     lua_pushstring(L, argv[i]);
-    lua_rawseti(L, -2, i - n);
+    lua_rawseti(L, -2, i - argf);
   }
-  return narg;
+  lua_setglobal(L, "arg");
 }
 
 static int dofile(lua_State *L, const char *name)
@@ -259,9 +251,9 @@ static void dotty(lua_State *L)
   const char *oldprogname = progname;
   progname = NULL;
   while ((status = loadline(L)) != -1) {
-    if (status == 0) status = docall(L, 0, 0);
+    if (status == LUA_OK) status = docall(L, 0, 0);
     report(L, status);
-    if (status == 0 && lua_gettop(L) > 0) {  /* any result to print? */
+    if (status == LUA_OK && lua_gettop(L) > 0) {  /* any result to print? */
       lua_getglobal(L, "print");
       lua_insert(L, 1);
       if (lua_pcall(L, lua_gettop(L)-1, 0, 0) != 0)
@@ -275,21 +267,30 @@ static void dotty(lua_State *L)
   progname = oldprogname;
 }
 
-static int handle_script(lua_State *L, char **argv, int n)
+static int handle_script(lua_State *L, char **argx)
 {
   int status;
-  const char *fname;
-  int narg = getargs(L, argv, n);  /* collect arguments */
-  lua_setglobal(L, "arg");
-  fname = argv[n];
-  if (strcmp(fname, "-") == 0 && strcmp(argv[n-1], "--") != 0)
+  const char *fname = argx[0];
+  if (strcmp(fname, "-") == 0 && strcmp(argx[-1], "--") != 0)
     fname = NULL;  /* stdin */
   status = luaL_loadfile(L, fname);
-  lua_insert(L, -(narg+1));
-  if (status == 0)
+  if (status == LUA_OK) {
+    /* Fetch args from arg table. LUA_INIT or -e might have changed them. */
+    int narg = 0;
+    lua_getglobal(L, "arg");
+    if (lua_istable(L, -1)) {
+      do {
+        narg++;
+        lua_rawgeti(L, -narg, narg);
+      } while (!lua_isnil(L, -1));
+      lua_pop(L, 1);
+      lua_remove(L, -narg);
+      narg--;
+    } else {
+      lua_pop(L, 1);
+    }
     status = docall(L, narg, 0);
-  else
-    lua_pop(L, narg);
+  }
   return report(L, status);
 }
 
@@ -385,7 +386,8 @@ static int dobytecode(lua_State *L, char **argv)
   }
   for (argv++; *argv != NULL; narg++, argv++)
     lua_pushstring(L, *argv);
-  return report(L, lua_pcall(L, narg, 0, 0));
+  report(L, lua_pcall(L, narg, 0, 0));
+  return -1;
 }
 
 /* check that argument has no extra characters at the end */
@@ -406,7 +408,7 @@ static int collectargs(char **argv, int *flags)
     switch (argv[i][1]) {  /* Check option. */
     case '-':
       notail(argv[i]);
-      return (argv[i+1] != NULL ? i+1 : 0);
+      return i+1;
     case '\0':
       return i;
     case 'i':
@@ -432,23 +434,23 @@ static int collectargs(char **argv, int *flags)
     case 'b':  /* LuaJIT extension */
       if (*flags) return -1;
       *flags |= FLAGS_EXEC;
-      return 0;
+      return i+1;
     case 'E':
       *flags |= FLAGS_NOENV;
       break;
     default: return -1;  /* invalid option */
     }
   }
-  return 0;
+  return i;
 }
 
-static int runargs(lua_State *L, char **argv, int n)
+static int runargs(lua_State *L, char **argv, int argn)
 {
   int i;
-  for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {
+  for (i = 1; i < argn; i++) {
     if (argv[i] == NULL) continue;
     lua_assert(argv[i][0] == '-');
-    switch (argv[i][1]) {  /* option */
+    switch (argv[i][1]) {
     case 'e': {
       const char *chunk = argv[i] + 2;
       if (*chunk == '\0') chunk = argv[++i];
@@ -462,10 +464,10 @@ static int runargs(lua_State *L, char **argv, int n)
       if (*filename == '\0') filename = argv[++i];
       lua_assert(filename != NULL);
       if (dolibrary(L, filename))
-        return 1;  /* stop if file fails */
+        return 1;
       break;
       }
-    case 'j': {  /* LuaJIT extension */
+    case 'j': {  /* LuaJIT extension. */
       const char *cmd = argv[i] + 2;
       if (*cmd == '\0') cmd = argv[++i];
       lua_assert(cmd != NULL);
@@ -473,16 +475,16 @@ static int runargs(lua_State *L, char **argv, int n)
         return 1;
       break;
       }
-    case 'O':  /* LuaJIT extension */
+    case 'O':  /* LuaJIT extension. */
       if (dojitopt(L, argv[i] + 2))
         return 1;
       break;
-    case 'b':  /* LuaJIT extension */
+    case 'b':  /* LuaJIT extension. */
       return dobytecode(L, argv+i);
     default: break;
     }
   }
-  return 0;
+  return LUA_OK;
 }
 
 static int handle_luainit(lua_State *L)
@@ -493,7 +495,7 @@ static int handle_luainit(lua_State *L)
   const char *init = getenv(LUA_INIT);
 #endif
   if (init == NULL)
-    return 0;  /* status OK */
+    return LUA_OK;
   else if (init[0] == '@')
     return dofile(L, init+1);
   else
@@ -510,44 +512,55 @@ static int pmain(lua_State *L)
 {
   struct Smain *s = &smain;
   char **argv = s->argv;
-  int script;
+  int argn;
   int flags = 0;
   globalL = L;
-  LUAJIT_VERSION_SYM();  /* linker-enforced version check */
-  script = collectargs(argv, &flags);
-  if (script < 0) {  /* invalid args? */
+  LUAJIT_VERSION_SYM();  /* Linker-enforced version check. */
+
+  argn = collectargs(argv, &flags);
+  if (argn < 0) {  /* Invalid args? */
     print_usage();
     s->status = 1;
     return 0;
   }
+
   if ((flags & FLAGS_NOENV)) {
     lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
     lua_setfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "LUA_NOENV");
   }
-  lua_gc(L, LUA_GCSTOP, 0);  /* stop collector during initialization */
-  luaL_openlibs(L);  /* open libraries */
+
+  /* Stop collector during library initialization. */
+  lua_gc(L, LUA_GCSTOP, 0);
+  luaL_openlibs(L);
   lua_gc(L, LUA_GCRESTART, -1);
+
+  createargtable(L, argv, s->argc, argn);
+
   if (!(flags & FLAGS_NOENV)) {
     s->status = handle_luainit(L);
-    if (s->status != 0) return 0;
+    if (s->status != LUA_OK) return 0;
   }
+
   if ((flags & FLAGS_VERSION)) print_version();
-  s->status = runargs(L, argv, (script > 0) ? script : s->argc);
-  if (s->status != 0) return 0;
-  if (script) {
-    s->status = handle_script(L, argv, script);
-    if (s->status != 0) return 0;
+
+  s->status = runargs(L, argv, argn);
+  if (s->status != LUA_OK) return 0;
+
+  if (s->argc > argn) {
+    s->status = handle_script(L, argv + argn);
+    if (s->status != LUA_OK) return 0;
   }
+
   if ((flags & FLAGS_INTERACTIVE)) {
     print_jit_status(L);
     dotty(L);
-  } else if (script == 0 && !(flags & (FLAGS_EXEC|FLAGS_VERSION))) {
+  } else if (s->argc == argn && !(flags & (FLAGS_EXEC|FLAGS_VERSION))) {
     if (lua_stdin_is_tty()) {
       print_version();
       print_jit_status(L);
       dotty(L);
     } else {
-      dofile(L, NULL);  /* executes stdin as a file */
+      dofile(L, NULL);  /* Executes stdin as a file. */
     }
   }
   return 0;
@@ -558,7 +571,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
   int status;
   lua_State *L;
   if (!argv[0]) argv = empty_argv; else if (argv[0][0]) progname = argv[0];
-  L = lua_open();  /* create state */
+  L = lua_open();
   if (L == NULL) {
     l_message("cannot create state: not enough memory");
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -568,6 +581,6 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
   status = lua_cpcall(L, pmain, NULL);
   report(L, status);
   lua_close(L);
-  return (status || smain.status) ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+  return (status || smain.status > 0) ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/luajit_rolling.h b/src/luajit_rolling.h
index 27368836..e564477a 100644
--- a/src/luajit_rolling.h
+++ b/src/luajit_rolling.h
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@
 
 #include "lua.h"
 
-#define LUAJIT_VERSION          "LuaJIT 2.0.ROLLING"
-#define LUAJIT_VERSION_NUM      20099  /* Deprecated. */
-#define LUAJIT_VERSION_SYM      luaJIT_version_2_0_ROLLING
+#define LUAJIT_VERSION          "LuaJIT 2.1.ROLLING"
+#define LUAJIT_VERSION_NUM      20199  /* Deprecated. */
+#define LUAJIT_VERSION_SYM      luaJIT_version_2_1_ROLLING
 #define LUAJIT_COPYRIGHT        "Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall"
 #define LUAJIT_URL              "https://luajit.org/"
 
@@ -64,6 +64,15 @@ enum {
 /* Control the JIT engine. */
 LUA_API int luaJIT_setmode(lua_State *L, int idx, int mode);
 
+/* Low-overhead profiling API. */
+typedef void (*luaJIT_profile_callback)(void *data, lua_State *L,
+                                        int samples, int vmstate);
+LUA_API void luaJIT_profile_start(lua_State *L, const char *mode,
+                                  luaJIT_profile_callback cb, void *data);
+LUA_API void luaJIT_profile_stop(lua_State *L);
+LUA_API const char *luaJIT_profile_dumpstack(lua_State *L, const char *fmt,
+                                             int depth, size_t *len);
+
 /* Enforce (dynamic) linker error for version mismatches. Call from main. */
 LUA_API void LUAJIT_VERSION_SYM(void);
 
diff --git a/src/lualib.h b/src/lualib.h
index 316782fc..ea116eb1 100644
--- a/src/lualib.h
+++ b/src/lualib.h
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ LUALIB_API int luaopen_debug(lua_State *L);
 LUALIB_API int luaopen_bit(lua_State *L);
 LUALIB_API int luaopen_jit(lua_State *L);
 LUALIB_API int luaopen_ffi(lua_State *L);
+LUALIB_API int luaopen_string_buffer(lua_State *L);
 
 LUALIB_API void luaL_openlibs(lua_State *L);
 
diff --git a/src/msvcbuild.bat b/src/msvcbuild.bat
index 6d6c1aa2..dfe98e16 100644
--- a/src/msvcbuild.bat
+++ b/src/msvcbuild.bat
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 @rem Then cd to this directory and run this script. Use the following

 @rem options (in order), if needed. The default is a dynamic release build.

 @rem

+@rem   nogc64   disable LJ_GC64 mode for x64

 @rem   debug    emit debug symbols

 @rem   amalg    amalgamated build

 @rem   static   static linkage

@@ -20,10 +21,11 @@
 @set LJLIB=lib /nologo /nodefaultlib

 @set DASMDIR=..\dynasm

 @set DASM=%DASMDIR%\dynasm.lua

+@set DASC=vm_x64.dasc

 @set LJDLLNAME=lua51.dll

 @set LJLIBNAME=lua51.lib

 @set BUILDTYPE=release

-@set ALL_LIB=lib_base.c lib_math.c lib_bit.c lib_string.c lib_table.c lib_io.c lib_os.c lib_package.c lib_debug.c lib_jit.c lib_ffi.c

+@set ALL_LIB=lib_base.c lib_math.c lib_bit.c lib_string.c lib_table.c lib_io.c lib_os.c lib_package.c lib_debug.c lib_jit.c lib_ffi.c lib_buffer.c

 

 %LJCOMPILE% host\minilua.c

 @if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

@@ -36,10 +38,17 @@ if exist minilua.exe.manifest^
 @set LJARCH=x64

 @minilua

 @if errorlevel 8 goto :X64

+@set DASC=vm_x86.dasc

 @set DASMFLAGS=-D WIN -D JIT -D FFI

 @set LJARCH=x86

+@set LJCOMPILE=%LJCOMPILE% /arch:SSE2

 :X64

-minilua %DASM% -LN %DASMFLAGS% -o host\buildvm_arch.h vm_x86.dasc

+@if "%1" neq "nogc64" goto :GC64

+@shift

+@set DASC=vm_x86.dasc

+@set LJCOMPILE=%LJCOMPILE% /DLUAJIT_DISABLE_GC64

+:GC64

+minilua %DASM% -LN %DASMFLAGS% -o host\buildvm_arch.h %DASC%

 @if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

 

 %LJCOMPILE% /I "." /I %DASMDIR% host\buildvm*.c

@@ -68,6 +77,7 @@ buildvm -m folddef -o lj_folddef.h lj_opt_fold.c
 @shift

 @set BUILDTYPE=debug

 @set LJCOMPILE=%LJCOMPILE% /Zi %DEBUGCFLAGS%

+@set LJLINK=%LJLINK% /opt:ref /opt:icf /incremental:no

 :NODEBUG

 @set LJLINK=%LJLINK% /%BUILDTYPE%

 @if "%1"=="amalg" goto :AMALGDLL

diff --git a/src/nxbuild.bat b/src/nxbuild.bat
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5c7088ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nxbuild.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+@rem Script to build LuaJIT with NintendoSDK + NX Addon.

+@rem Donated to the public domain by Swyter.

+@rem

+@rem To run this script you must open a "Native Tools Command Prompt for VS".

+@rem

+@rem Either the x86 version for NX32, or x64 for the NX64 target.

+@rem This is because the pointer size of the LuaJIT host tools (buildvm.exe)

+@rem must match the cross-compiled target (32 or 64 bits).

+@rem

+@rem Then cd to this directory and run this script.

+@rem

+@rem Recommended invocation:

+@rem

+@rem nxbuild            # release build, amalgamated

+@rem nxbuild debug      # debug build, amalgamated

+@rem

+@rem Additional command-line options (not generally recommended):

+@rem

+@rem noamalg            # (after debug) non-amalgamated build

+

+@if not defined INCLUDE goto :FAIL

+@if not defined NINTENDO_SDK_ROOT goto :FAIL

+@if not defined PLATFORM goto :FAIL

+

+@if "%platform%" == "x86" goto :DO_NX32

+@if "%platform%" == "x64" goto :DO_NX64

+

+@echo Error: Current host platform is %platform%!

+@echo.

+@goto :FAIL

+

+@setlocal

+

+:DO_NX32

+@set DASC=vm_arm.dasc

+@set DASMFLAGS= -D HFABI -D FPU

+@set DASMTARGET= -D LUAJIT_TARGET=LUAJIT_ARCH_ARM

+@set HOST_PTR_SIZE=4

+goto :BEGIN

+

+:DO_NX64

+@set DASC=vm_arm64.dasc

+@set DASMFLAGS= -D ENDIAN_LE

+@set DASMTARGET= -D LUAJIT_TARGET=LUAJIT_ARCH_ARM64

+@set HOST_PTR_SIZE=8

+

+:BEGIN

+@rem ---- Host compiler ----

+@set LJCOMPILE=cl /nologo /c /MD /O2 /W3 /wo4146 /wo4244 /D_CRT_SECURE_NO_DEPRECATE

+@set LJLINK=link /nologo

+@set LJMT=mt /nologo

+@set DASMDIR=..\dynasm

+@set DASM=%DASMDIR%\dynasm.lua

+@set ALL_LIB=lib_base.c lib_math.c lib_bit.c lib_string.c lib_table.c lib_io.c lib_os.c lib_package.c lib_debug.c lib_jit.c lib_ffi.c lib_buffer.c

+

+%LJCOMPILE% host\minilua.c

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+%LJLINK% /out:minilua.exe minilua.obj

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+if exist minilua.exe.manifest^

+  %LJMT% -manifest minilua.exe.manifest -outputresource:minilua.exe

+

+@rem Check that we have the right 32/64 bit host compiler to generate the right virtual machine files.

+@minilua

+@if "%ERRORLEVEL%" == "%HOST_PTR_SIZE%" goto :PASSED_PTR_CHECK

+

+@echo The pointer size of the host in bytes (%HOST_PTR_SIZE%) does not match the expected value (%errorlevel%).

+@echo Check that the script is being ran under the correct x86/x64 VS prompt.

+@goto :BAD

+

+:PASSED_PTR_CHECK

+@set DASMFLAGS=%DASMFLAGS% %DASMTARGET% -D LJ_TARGET_NX -D LUAJIT_OS=LUAJIT_OS_OTHER -D LUAJIT_DISABLE_JIT -D LUAJIT_DISABLE_FFI

+minilua %DASM% -LN %DASMFLAGS% -o host\buildvm_arch.h %DASC%

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+%LJCOMPILE% /I "." /I %DASMDIR% %DASMTARGET% -D LJ_TARGET_NX -DLUAJIT_OS=LUAJIT_OS_OTHER -DLUAJIT_DISABLE_JIT -DLUAJIT_DISABLE_FFI host\buildvm*.c

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+%LJLINK% /out:buildvm.exe buildvm*.obj

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+if exist buildvm.exe.manifest^

+  %LJMT% -manifest buildvm.exe.manifest -outputresource:buildvm.exe

+

+buildvm -m elfasm -o lj_vm.s

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m bcdef -o lj_bcdef.h %ALL_LIB%

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m ffdef -o lj_ffdef.h %ALL_LIB%

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m libdef -o lj_libdef.h %ALL_LIB%

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m recdef -o lj_recdef.h %ALL_LIB%

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m vmdef -o jit\vmdef.lua %ALL_LIB%

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m folddef -o lj_folddef.h lj_opt_fold.c

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+

+@rem ---- Cross compiler ----

+@if "%platform%" neq "x64" goto :NX32_CROSSBUILD

+@set LJCOMPILE="%NINTENDO_SDK_ROOT%\Compilers\NX\nx\aarch64\bin\clang" -Wall -I%NINTENDO_SDK_ROOT%\Include %DASMTARGET% -DLUAJIT_OS=LUAJIT_OS_OTHER -DLUAJIT_DISABLE_JIT -DLUAJIT_DISABLE_FFI -DLUAJIT_USE_SYSMALLOC -c

+@set LJLIB="%NINTENDO_SDK_ROOT%\Compilers\NX\nx\aarch64\bin\aarch64-nintendo-nx-elf-ar" rc

+@set TARGETLIB_SUFFIX=nx64

+

+%NINTENDO_SDK_ROOT%\Compilers\NX\nx\aarch64\bin\aarch64-nintendo-nx-elf-as -o lj_vm.o lj_vm.s

+goto :DEBUGCHECK

+

+:NX32_CROSSBUILD

+@set LJCOMPILE="%NINTENDO_SDK_ROOT%\Compilers\NX\nx\armv7l\bin\clang" -Wall -I%NINTENDO_SDK_ROOT%\Include %DASMTARGET% -DLUAJIT_OS=LUAJIT_OS_OTHER -DLUAJIT_DISABLE_JIT -DLUAJIT_DISABLE_FFI -DLUAJIT_USE_SYSMALLOC -c

+@set LJLIB="%NINTENDO_SDK_ROOT%\Compilers\NX\nx\armv7l\bin\armv7l-nintendo-nx-eabihf-ar" rc

+@set TARGETLIB_SUFFIX=nx32

+

+%NINTENDO_SDK_ROOT%\Compilers\NX\nx\armv7l\bin\armv7l-nintendo-nx-eabihf-as -o lj_vm.o lj_vm.s

+:DEBUGCHECK

+

+@if "%1" neq "debug" goto :NODEBUG

+@shift

+@set LJCOMPILE=%LJCOMPILE% -DNN_SDK_BUILD_DEBUG -g -O0

+@set TARGETLIB=libluajitD_%TARGETLIB_SUFFIX%.a

+goto :BUILD

+:NODEBUG

+@set LJCOMPILE=%LJCOMPILE% -DNN_SDK_BUILD_RELEASE -O3

+@set TARGETLIB=libluajit_%TARGETLIB_SUFFIX%.a

+:BUILD

+del %TARGETLIB%

+@set LJCOMPILE=%LJCOMPILE% -fPIC

+@if "%1" neq "noamalg" goto :AMALG

+for %%f in (lj_*.c lib_*.c) do (

+  %LJCOMPILE% %%f

+  @if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+)

+

+%LJLIB% %TARGETLIB% lj_*.o lib_*.o

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+@goto :NOAMALG

+:AMALG

+%LJCOMPILE% ljamalg.c

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+%LJLIB% %TARGETLIB% ljamalg.o lj_vm.o

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+:NOAMALG

+

+@del *.o *.obj *.manifest minilua.exe buildvm.exe

+@echo.

+@echo === Successfully built LuaJIT for Nintendo Switch (%TARGETLIB_SUFFIX%) ===

+

+@goto :END

+:BAD

+@echo.

+@echo *******************************************************

+@echo *** Build FAILED -- Please check the error messages ***

+@echo *******************************************************

+@goto :END

+:FAIL

+@echo To run this script you must open a "Native Tools Command Prompt for VS".

+@echo.

+@echo Either the x86 version for NX32, or x64 for the NX64 target.

+@echo This is because the pointer size of the LuaJIT host tools (buildvm.exe)

+@echo must match the cross-compiled target (32 or 64 bits).

+@echo.

+@echo Keep in mind that NintendoSDK + NX Addon must be installed, too.

+:END

diff --git a/src/ps4build.bat b/src/ps4build.bat
index 337a44fa..034e2c87 100644
--- a/src/ps4build.bat
+++ b/src/ps4build.bat
@@ -2,7 +2,19 @@
 @rem Donated to the public domain.

 @rem

 @rem Open a "Visual Studio .NET Command Prompt" (64 bit host compiler)

+@rem or "VS2015 x64 Native Tools Command Prompt".

+@rem

 @rem Then cd to this directory and run this script.

+@rem

+@rem Recommended invocation:

+@rem

+@rem ps4build        release build, amalgamated, 64-bit GC

+@rem ps4build debug    debug build, amalgamated, 64-bit GC

+@rem

+@rem Additional command-line options (not generally recommended):

+@rem

+@rem gc32 (before debug)    32-bit GC

+@rem noamalg (after debug)  non-amalgamated build

 

 @if not defined INCLUDE goto :FAIL

 @if not defined SCE_ORBIS_SDK_DIR goto :FAIL

@@ -14,7 +26,15 @@
 @set LJMT=mt /nologo

 @set DASMDIR=..\dynasm

 @set DASM=%DASMDIR%\dynasm.lua

-@set ALL_LIB=lib_base.c lib_math.c lib_bit.c lib_string.c lib_table.c lib_io.c lib_os.c lib_package.c lib_debug.c lib_jit.c lib_ffi.c

+@set ALL_LIB=lib_base.c lib_math.c lib_bit.c lib_string.c lib_table.c lib_io.c lib_os.c lib_package.c lib_debug.c lib_jit.c lib_ffi.c lib_buffer.c

+@set GC64=

+@set DASC=vm_x64.dasc

+

+@if "%1" neq "gc32" goto :NOGC32

+@shift

+@set GC64=-DLUAJIT_DISABLE_GC64

+@set DASC=vm_x86.dasc

+:NOGC32

 

 %LJCOMPILE% host\minilua.c

 @if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

@@ -28,10 +48,10 @@ if exist minilua.exe.manifest^
 @if not errorlevel 8 goto :FAIL

 

 @set DASMFLAGS=-D P64 -D NO_UNWIND

-minilua %DASM% -LN %DASMFLAGS% -o host\buildvm_arch.h vm_x86.dasc

+minilua %DASM% -LN %DASMFLAGS% -o host\buildvm_arch.h %DASC%

 @if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

 

-%LJCOMPILE% /I "." /I %DASMDIR% -DLUAJIT_TARGET=LUAJIT_ARCH_X64 -DLUAJIT_OS=LUAJIT_OS_OTHER -DLUAJIT_DISABLE_JIT -DLUAJIT_DISABLE_FFI -DLUAJIT_NO_UNWIND host\buildvm*.c

+%LJCOMPILE% /I "." /I %DASMDIR% %GC64% -DLUAJIT_TARGET=LUAJIT_ARCH_X64 -DLUAJIT_OS=LUAJIT_OS_OTHER -DLUAJIT_DISABLE_JIT -DLUAJIT_DISABLE_FFI -DLUAJIT_USE_SYSMALLOC -DLUAJIT_NO_UNWIND host\buildvm*.c

 @if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

 %LJLINK% /out:buildvm.exe buildvm*.obj

 @if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

@@ -54,23 +74,23 @@ buildvm -m folddef -o lj_folddef.h lj_opt_fold.c
 @if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

 

 @rem ---- Cross compiler ----

-@set LJCOMPILE="%SCE_ORBIS_SDK_DIR%\host_tools\bin\orbis-clang" -c -Wall -DLUAJIT_DISABLE_FFI

+@set LJCOMPILE="%SCE_ORBIS_SDK_DIR%\host_tools\bin\orbis-clang" -c -Wall -DLUAJIT_DISABLE_FFI %GC64%

 @set LJLIB="%SCE_ORBIS_SDK_DIR%\host_tools\bin\orbis-ar" rcus

 @set INCLUDE=""

 

-orbis-as -o lj_vm.o lj_vm.s

+"%SCE_ORBIS_SDK_DIR%\host_tools\bin\orbis-as" -o lj_vm.o lj_vm.s

 

 @if "%1" neq "debug" goto :NODEBUG

 @shift

 @set LJCOMPILE=%LJCOMPILE% -g -O0

-@set TARGETLIB=libluajitD.a

+@set TARGETLIB=libluajitD_ps4.a

 goto :BUILD

 :NODEBUG

 @set LJCOMPILE=%LJCOMPILE% -O2

-@set TARGETLIB=libluajit.a

+@set TARGETLIB=libluajit_ps4.a

 :BUILD

 del %TARGETLIB%

-@if "%1"=="amalg" goto :AMALG

+@if "%1" neq "noamalg" goto :AMALG

 for %%f in (lj_*.c lib_*.c) do (

   %LJCOMPILE% %%f

   @if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

diff --git a/src/ps5build.bat b/src/ps5build.bat
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56818c2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ps5build.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+@rem Script to build LuaJIT with the PS5 SDK.

+@rem Donated to the public domain.

+@rem

+@rem Open a "Visual Studio .NET Command Prompt" (64 bit host compiler)

+@rem or "VS20xx x64 Native Tools Command Prompt".

+@rem

+@rem Then cd to this directory and run this script.

+@rem

+@rem Recommended invocation:

+@rem

+@rem ps5build        release build, amalgamated, 64-bit GC

+@rem ps5build debug    debug build, amalgamated, 64-bit GC

+@rem

+@rem Additional command-line options (not generally recommended):

+@rem

+@rem gc32 (before debug)    32-bit GC

+@rem noamalg (after debug)  non-amalgamated build

+

+@if not defined INCLUDE goto :FAIL

+@if not defined SCE_PROSPERO_SDK_DIR goto :FAIL

+

+@setlocal

+@rem ---- Host compiler ----

+@set LJCOMPILE=cl /nologo /c /MD /O2 /W3 /D_CRT_SECURE_NO_DEPRECATE

+@set LJLINK=link /nologo

+@set LJMT=mt /nologo

+@set DASMDIR=..\dynasm

+@set DASM=%DASMDIR%\dynasm.lua

+@set ALL_LIB=lib_base.c lib_math.c lib_bit.c lib_string.c lib_table.c lib_io.c lib_os.c lib_package.c lib_debug.c lib_jit.c lib_ffi.c lib_buffer.c

+@set GC64=

+@set DASC=vm_x64.dasc

+

+@if "%1" neq "gc32" goto :NOGC32

+@shift

+@set GC64=-DLUAJIT_DISABLE_GC64

+@set DASC=vm_x86.dasc

+:NOGC32

+

+%LJCOMPILE% host\minilua.c

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+%LJLINK% /out:minilua.exe minilua.obj

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+if exist minilua.exe.manifest^

+  %LJMT% -manifest minilua.exe.manifest -outputresource:minilua.exe

+

+@rem Check for 64 bit host compiler.

+@minilua

+@if not errorlevel 8 goto :FAIL

+

+@set DASMFLAGS=-D P64 -D NO_UNWIND

+minilua %DASM% -LN %DASMFLAGS% -o host\buildvm_arch.h %DASC%

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+

+%LJCOMPILE% /I "." /I %DASMDIR% %GC64% -DLUAJIT_TARGET=LUAJIT_ARCH_X64 -DLUAJIT_OS=LUAJIT_OS_OTHER -DLUAJIT_DISABLE_JIT -DLUAJIT_DISABLE_FFI -DLUAJIT_NO_UNWIND host\buildvm*.c

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+%LJLINK% /out:buildvm.exe buildvm*.obj

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+if exist buildvm.exe.manifest^

+  %LJMT% -manifest buildvm.exe.manifest -outputresource:buildvm.exe

+

+buildvm -m elfasm -o lj_vm.s

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m bcdef -o lj_bcdef.h %ALL_LIB%

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m ffdef -o lj_ffdef.h %ALL_LIB%

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m libdef -o lj_libdef.h %ALL_LIB%

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m recdef -o lj_recdef.h %ALL_LIB%

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m vmdef -o jit\vmdef.lua %ALL_LIB%

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m folddef -o lj_folddef.h lj_opt_fold.c

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+

+@rem ---- Cross compiler ----

+@set LJCOMPILE="%SCE_PROSPERO_SDK_DIR%\host_tools\bin\prospero-clang" -c -Wall -DLUAJIT_DISABLE_FFI -DLUAJIT_USE_SYSMALLOC %GC64%

+@set LJLIB="%SCE_PROSPERO_SDK_DIR%\host_tools\bin\prospero-llvm-ar" rcus

+@set INCLUDE=""

+

+"%SCE_PROSPERO_SDK_DIR%\host_tools\bin\prospero-clang" -c -o lj_vm.o lj_vm.s

+

+@if "%1" neq "debug" goto :NODEBUG

+@shift

+@set LJCOMPILE=%LJCOMPILE% -g -O0

+@set TARGETLIB=libluajitD_ps5.a

+goto :BUILD

+:NODEBUG

+@set LJCOMPILE=%LJCOMPILE% -O2

+@set TARGETLIB=libluajit_ps5.a

+:BUILD

+del %TARGETLIB%

+@if "%1" neq "noamalg" goto :AMALG

+for %%f in (lj_*.c lib_*.c) do (

+  %LJCOMPILE% %%f

+  @if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+)

+

+%LJLIB% %TARGETLIB% lj_*.o lib_*.o

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+@goto :NOAMALG

+:AMALG

+%LJCOMPILE% ljamalg.c

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+%LJLIB% %TARGETLIB% ljamalg.o lj_vm.o

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+:NOAMALG

+

+@del *.o *.obj *.manifest minilua.exe buildvm.exe

+@echo.

+@echo === Successfully built LuaJIT for PS5 ===

+

+@goto :END

+:BAD

+@echo.

+@echo *******************************************************

+@echo *** Build FAILED -- Please check the error messages ***

+@echo *******************************************************

+@goto :END

+:FAIL

+@echo To run this script you must open a "Visual Studio .NET Command Prompt"

+@echo (64 bit host compiler). The PS5 Prospero SDK must be installed, too.

+:END

diff --git a/src/psvitabuild.bat b/src/psvitabuild.bat
index 3991dc65..2980e157 100644
--- a/src/psvitabuild.bat
+++ b/src/psvitabuild.bat
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 @set LJMT=mt /nologo

 @set DASMDIR=..\dynasm

 @set DASM=%DASMDIR%\dynasm.lua

-@set ALL_LIB=lib_base.c lib_math.c lib_bit.c lib_string.c lib_table.c lib_io.c lib_os.c lib_package.c lib_debug.c lib_jit.c lib_ffi.c

+@set ALL_LIB=lib_base.c lib_math.c lib_bit.c lib_string.c lib_table.c lib_io.c lib_os.c lib_package.c lib_debug.c lib_jit.c lib_ffi.c lib_buffer.c

 

 %LJCOMPILE% host\minilua.c

 @if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

diff --git a/src/vm_arm.dasc b/src/vm_arm.dasc
index 7dae1a53..4f0798e0 100644
--- a/src/vm_arm.dasc
+++ b/src/vm_arm.dasc
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@
 |.type NODE,            Node
 |.type NARGS8,          int
 |.type TRACE,           GCtrace
+|.type SBUF,            SBuf
 |
 |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |
@@ -372,6 +373,17 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   st_vmstate CARG2
   |  b ->vm_returnc
   |
+  |->vm_unwind_ext:                     // Complete external unwind.
+#if !LJ_NO_UNWIND
+  |  push {r0, r1, r2, lr}
+  |  bl extern _Unwind_Complete
+  |  ldr r0, [sp]
+  |  bl extern _Unwind_DeleteException
+  |  pop {r0, r1, r2, lr}
+  |  mov r0, r1
+  |  bx r2
+#endif
+  |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |//-- Grow stack for calls -----------------------------------------------
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -418,13 +430,14 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |    add CARG2, sp, #CFRAME_RESUME
   |  ldrb CARG1, L->status
   |   str CARG3, SAVE_ERRF
-  |    str CARG2, L->cframe
+  |   str L, SAVE_PC                    // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
   |   str CARG3, SAVE_CFRAME
   |  cmp CARG1, #0
-  |   str L, SAVE_PC                    // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
+  |    str CARG2, L->cframe
   |  beq >3
   |
   |  // Resume after yield (like a return).
+  |  str L, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)]
   |  mov RA, BASE
   |   ldr BASE, L->base
   |   ldr CARG1, L->top
@@ -458,14 +471,15 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   str CARG3, SAVE_NRES
   |    mov L, CARG1
   |   str CARG1, SAVE_L
-  |    mov BASE, CARG2
-  |  str sp, L->cframe                  // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
   |    ldr DISPATCH, L->glref           // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
+  |     mov BASE, CARG2
   |   str CARG1, SAVE_PC                // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
   |  str RC, SAVE_CFRAME
   |    add DISPATCH, DISPATCH, #GG_G2DISP
+  |  str sp, L->cframe                  // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
   |
   |3:  // Entry point for vm_cpcall/vm_resume (BASE = base, PC = ftype).
+  |  str L, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)]
   |  ldr RB, L->base                    // RB = old base (for vmeta_call).
   |   ldr CARG1, L->top
   |    mov MASKR8, #255
@@ -491,20 +505,21 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov L, CARG1
   |   ldr RA, L:CARG1->stack
   |  str CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |    ldr DISPATCH, L->glref           // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
   |   ldr RB, L->top
   |  str CARG1, SAVE_PC                 // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
   |  ldr RC, L->cframe
+  |    add DISPATCH, DISPATCH, #GG_G2DISP
   |   sub RA, RA, RB                    // Compute -savestack(L, L->top).
-  |  str sp, L->cframe                  // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
   |  mov RB, #0
   |   str RA, SAVE_NRES                 // Neg. delta means cframe w/o frame.
   |  str RB, SAVE_ERRF                  // No error function.
   |  str RC, SAVE_CFRAME
+  |  str sp, L->cframe                  // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
+  |    str L, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)]
   |  blx CARG4                  // (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud)
-  |   ldr DISPATCH, L->glref            // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
   |  movs BASE, CRET1
-  |    mov PC, #FRAME_CP
-  |   add DISPATCH, DISPATCH, #GG_G2DISP
+  |   mov PC, #FRAME_CP
   |  bne <3                             // Else continue with the call.
   |  b ->vm_leave_cp                    // No base? Just remove C frame.
   |
@@ -614,6 +629,16 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  ldr LFUNC:CARG3, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]  // Guaranteed to be a function here.
   |  b ->vm_call_dispatch_f
   |
+  |->vmeta_tgetr:
+  |  .IOS mov RC, BASE
+  |  bl extern lj_tab_getinth           // (GCtab *t, int32_t key)
+  |  // Returns cTValue * or NULL.
+  |  .IOS mov BASE, RC
+  |  cmp CRET1, #0
+  |  ldrdne CARG12, [CRET1]
+  |  mvneq CARG2, #~LJ_TNIL
+  |  b ->BC_TGETR_Z
+  |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |
   |->vmeta_tsets1:
@@ -671,6 +696,16 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  ldr LFUNC:CARG3, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]  // Guaranteed to be a function here.
   |  b ->vm_call_dispatch_f
   |
+  |->vmeta_tsetr:
+  |  str BASE, L->base
+  |  .IOS mov RC, BASE
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |  str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  bl extern lj_tab_setinth  // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, int32_t key)
+  |  // Returns TValue *.
+  |  .IOS mov BASE, RC
+  |  b ->BC_TSETR_Z
+  |
   |//-- Comparison metamethods ---------------------------------------------
   |
   |->vmeta_comp:
@@ -735,6 +770,17 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  b <3
   |.endif
   |
+  |->vmeta_istype:
+  |  sub PC, PC, #4
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |   mov CARG1, L
+  |   lsr CARG2, RA, #3
+  |   mov CARG3, RC
+  |  str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  bl extern lj_meta_istype  // (lua_State *L, BCReg ra, BCReg tp)
+  |  .IOS ldr BASE, L->base
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |
   |//-- Arithmetic metamethods ---------------------------------------------
   |
   |->vmeta_arith_vn:
@@ -966,9 +1012,9 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  cmp TAB:RB, #0
   |  beq ->fff_restv
   |  ldr CARG3, TAB:RB->hmask
-  |   ldr CARG4, STR:RC->hash
+  |   ldr CARG4, STR:RC->sid
   |    ldr NODE:INS, TAB:RB->node
-  |  and CARG3, CARG3, CARG4            // idx = str->hash & tab->hmask
+  |  and CARG3, CARG3, CARG4            // idx = str->sid & tab->hmask
   |  add CARG3, CARG3, CARG3, lsl #1
   |    add NODE:INS, NODE:INS, CARG3, lsl #3    // node = tab->node + idx*3*8
   |3:  // Rearranged logic, because we expect _not_ to find the key.
@@ -1052,7 +1098,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  ffgccheck
   |  mov CARG1, L
   |  mov CARG2, BASE
-  |  bl extern lj_str_fromnumber        // (lua_State *L, cTValue *o)
+  |  bl extern lj_strfmt_number         // (lua_State *L, cTValue *o)
   |  // Returns GCstr *.
   |  ldr BASE, L->base
   |  mvn CARG2, #~LJ_TSTR
@@ -1065,24 +1111,18 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  checktab CARG2, ->fff_fallback
   |   strd CARG34, [BASE, NARGS8:RC]    // Set missing 2nd arg to nil.
   |   ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
-  |  mov CARG2, CARG1
-  |    str BASE, L->base                // Add frame since C call can throw.
-  |  mov CARG1, L
-  |    str BASE, L->top                 // Dummy frame length is ok.
-  |  add CARG3, BASE, #8
-  |   str PC, SAVE_PC
-  |  bl extern lj_tab_next      // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, TValue *key)
-  |  // Returns 0 at end of traversal.
+  |  add CARG2, BASE, #8
+  |  sub CARG3, BASE, #8
+  |  bl extern lj_tab_next              // (GCtab *t, cTValue *key, TValue *o)
+  |  // Returns 1=found, 0=end, -1=error.
   |  .IOS ldr BASE, L->base
   |  cmp CRET1, #0
-  |  mvneq CRET2, #~LJ_TNIL
-  |  beq ->fff_restv                    // End of traversal: return nil.
-  |  ldrd CARG12, [BASE, #8]            // Copy key and value to results.
-  |   ldrd CARG34, [BASE, #16]
-  |    mov RC, #(2+1)*8
-  |  strd CARG12, [BASE, #-8]
-  |   strd CARG34, [BASE]
-  |  b ->fff_res
+  |   mov RC, #(2+1)*8
+  |  bgt ->fff_res                      // Found key/value.
+  |  bmi ->fff_fallback                 // Invalid key.
+  |  // End of traversal: return nil.
+  |  mvn CRET2, #~LJ_TNIL
+  |  b ->fff_restv
   |
   |.ffunc_1 pairs
   |  checktab CARG2, ->fff_fallback
@@ -1230,9 +1270,10 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  ldr CARG3, L:RA->base
   |    mv_vmstate CARG2, INTERP
   |  ldr CARG4, L:RA->top
-  |    st_vmstate CARG2
   |   cmp CRET1, #LUA_YIELD
   |  ldr BASE, L->base
+  |    str L, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)]
+  |    st_vmstate CARG2
   |   bhi >8
   |  subs RC, CARG4, CARG3
   |   ldr CARG1, L->maxstack
@@ -1500,19 +1541,6 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  math_extern2 atan2
   |  math_extern2 fmod
   |
-  |->ff_math_deg:
-  |.if FPU
-  |  .ffunc_d math_rad
-  |  vldr d1, CFUNC:CARG3->upvalue[0]
-  |  vmul.f64 d0, d0, d1
-  |  b ->fff_resd
-  |.else
-  |  .ffunc_n math_rad
-  |  ldrd CARG34, CFUNC:CARG3->upvalue[0]
-  |  bl extern __aeabi_dmul
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |.endif
-  |
   |.if HFABI
   |  .ffunc math_ldexp
   |  ldr CARG4, [BASE, #4]
@@ -1682,17 +1710,11 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.endif
   |.endmacro
   |
-  |  math_minmax math_min, gt, hi
-  |  math_minmax math_max, lt, lo
+  |  math_minmax math_min, gt, pl
+  |  math_minmax math_max, lt, le
   |
   |//-- String library -----------------------------------------------------
   |
-  |.ffunc_1 string_len
-  |  checkstr CARG2, ->fff_fallback
-  |  ldr CARG1, STR:CARG1->len
-  |  mvn CARG2, #~LJ_TISNUM
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |
   |.ffunc string_byte                   // Only handle the 1-arg case here.
   |  ldrd CARG12, [BASE]
   |    ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
@@ -1725,6 +1747,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov CARG1, L
   |   str PC, SAVE_PC
   |  bl extern lj_str_new               // (lua_State *L, char *str, size_t l)
+  |->fff_resstr:
   |  // Returns GCstr *.
   |  ldr BASE, L->base
   |   mvn CARG2, #~LJ_TSTR
@@ -1768,91 +1791,28 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mvn CARG2, #~LJ_TSTR
   |  b ->fff_restv
   |
-  |.ffunc string_rep                    // Only handle the 1-char case inline.
+  |.macro ffstring_op, name
+  |  .ffunc string_ .. name
   |  ffgccheck
-  |  ldrd CARG12, [BASE]
-  |   ldrd CARG34, [BASE, #8]
-  |    cmp NARGS8:RC, #16
-  |    bne ->fff_fallback               // Exactly 2 arguments
-  |  checktp CARG2, LJ_TSTR
-  |   checktpeq CARG4, LJ_TISNUM
-  |   bne ->fff_fallback
-  |  subs CARG4, CARG3, #1
-  |   ldr CARG2, STR:CARG1->len
-  |  blt ->fff_emptystr                 // Count <= 0?
-  |   cmp CARG2, #1
-  |   blo ->fff_emptystr                // Zero-length string?
-  |   bne ->fff_fallback                // Fallback for > 1-char strings.
-  |  ldr RB, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.sz)]
-  |   ldr CARG2, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.buf)]
-  |   ldr CARG1, STR:CARG1[1]
-  |  cmp RB, CARG3
-  |  blo ->fff_fallback
-  |1:  // Fill buffer with char.
-  |   strb CARG1, [CARG2, CARG4]
-  |  subs CARG4, CARG4, #1
-  |  bge <1
-  |  b ->fff_newstr
-  |
-  |.ffunc string_reverse
-  |  ffgccheck
-  |  ldrd CARG12, [BASE]
-  |   cmp NARGS8:RC, #8
-  |   blo ->fff_fallback
-  |  checkstr CARG2, ->fff_fallback
-  |  ldr CARG3, STR:CARG1->len
-  |   ldr RB, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.sz)]
-  |    ldr CARG2, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.buf)]
-  |  mov CARG4, CARG3
-  |  add CARG1, STR:CARG1, #sizeof(GCstr)
-  |   cmp RB, CARG3
-  |   blo ->fff_fallback
-  |1:  // Reverse string copy.
-  |  ldrb RB, [CARG1], #1
-  |   subs CARG4, CARG4, #1
-  |   blt ->fff_newstr
-  |  strb RB, [CARG2, CARG4]
-  |  b <1
-  |
-  |.macro ffstring_case, name, lo
-  |  .ffunc name
-  |  ffgccheck
-  |  ldrd CARG12, [BASE]
+  |  ldr CARG3, [BASE, #4]
   |   cmp NARGS8:RC, #8
+  |  ldr STR:CARG2, [BASE]
   |   blo ->fff_fallback
-  |  checkstr CARG2, ->fff_fallback
-  |  ldr CARG3, STR:CARG1->len
-  |   ldr RB, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.sz)]
-  |    ldr CARG2, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.buf)]
-  |  mov CARG4, #0
-  |  add CARG1, STR:CARG1, #sizeof(GCstr)
-  |   cmp RB, CARG3
-  |   blo ->fff_fallback
-  |1:  // ASCII case conversion.
-  |  ldrb RB, [CARG1, CARG4]
-  |   cmp CARG4, CARG3
-  |   bhs ->fff_newstr
-  |  sub RC, RB, #lo
-  |  cmp RC, #26
-  |  eorlo RB, RB, #0x20
-  |  strb RB, [CARG2, CARG4]
-  |   add CARG4, CARG4, #1
-  |  b <1
+  |  sub SBUF:CARG1, DISPATCH, #-DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf)
+  |  checkstr CARG3, ->fff_fallback
+  |  ldr CARG4, SBUF:CARG1->b
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |   str L, SBUF:CARG1->L
+  |  str CARG4, SBUF:CARG1->w
+  |  bl extern lj_buf_putstr_ .. name
+  |  bl extern lj_buf_tostr
+  |  b ->fff_resstr
   |.endmacro
   |
-  |ffstring_case string_lower, 65
-  |ffstring_case string_upper, 97
-  |
-  |//-- Table library ------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |.ffunc_1 table_getn
-  |  checktab CARG2, ->fff_fallback
-  |  .IOS mov RA, BASE
-  |  bl extern lj_tab_len               // (GCtab *t)
-  |  // Returns uint32_t (but less than 2^31).
-  |  .IOS mov BASE, RA
-  |  mvn CARG2, #~LJ_TISNUM
-  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |ffstring_op reverse
+  |ffstring_op lower
+  |ffstring_op upper
   |
   |//-- Bit library --------------------------------------------------------
   |
@@ -2127,6 +2087,66 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   ldr INS, [PC, #-4]
   |  bx CRET1
   |
+  |->cont_stitch:                       // Trace stitching.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  // RA = resultptr, CARG4 = meta base
+  |   ldr RB, SAVE_MULTRES
+  |  ldr INS, [PC, #-4]
+  |    ldr TRACE:CARG3, [CARG4, #-24]   // Save previous trace.
+  |   subs RB, RB, #8
+  |  decode_RA8 RC, INS                 // Call base.
+  |   beq >2
+  |1:  // Move results down.
+  |  ldrd CARG12, [RA]
+  |    add RA, RA, #8
+  |   subs RB, RB, #8
+  |  strd CARG12, [BASE, RC]
+  |    add RC, RC, #8
+  |   bne <1
+  |2:
+  |   decode_RA8 RA, INS
+  |   decode_RB8 RB, INS
+  |   add RA, RA, RB
+  |3:
+  |   cmp RA, RC
+  |  mvn CARG2, #~LJ_TNIL
+  |   bhi >9                            // More results wanted?
+  |
+  |  ldrh RA, TRACE:CARG3->traceno
+  |  ldrh RC, TRACE:CARG3->link
+  |  cmp RC, RA
+  |  beq ->cont_nop                     // Blacklisted.
+  |  cmp RC, #0
+  |  bne =>BC_JLOOP                     // Jump to stitched trace.
+  |
+  |  // Stitch a new trace to the previous trace.
+  |  str RA, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_J(exitno)]
+  |  str L, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_J(L)]
+  |  str BASE, L->base
+  |  sub CARG1, DISPATCH, #-GG_DISP2J
+  |  mov CARG2, PC
+  |  bl extern lj_dispatch_stitch       // (jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc)
+  |  ldr BASE, L->base
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |
+  |9:  // Fill up results with nil.
+  |  strd CARG12, [BASE, RC]
+  |  add RC, RC, #8
+  |  b <3
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_profhook:                       // Dispatch target for profiler hook.
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |  mov CARG2, PC
+  |  bl extern lj_dispatch_profile      // (lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
+  |  // HOOK_PROFILE is off again, so re-dispatch to dynamic instruction.
+  |  ldr BASE, L->base
+  |  sub PC, PC, #4
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+#endif
+  |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |//-- Trace exit handler -------------------------------------------------
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2151,14 +2171,14 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  add CARG1, CARG1, CARG2, asr #6
   |   ldr CARG2, [lr, #4]       // Load exit stub group offset.
   |   sub CARG1, CARG1, lr
-  |  ldr L, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(jit_L)]
+  |  ldr L, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)]
   |   add CARG1, CARG2, CARG1, lsr #2   // Compute exit number.
   |    ldr BASE, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)]
   |   str CARG1, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_J(exitno)]
   |   mov CARG4, #0
-  |  str L, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_J(L)]
   |    str BASE, L->base
-  |   str CARG4, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(jit_L)]
+  |  str L, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_J(L)]
+  |   str CARG4, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)]
   |  sub CARG1, DISPATCH, #-GG_DISP2J
   |  mov CARG2, sp
   |  bl extern lj_trace_exit            // (jit_State *J, ExitState *ex)
@@ -2176,14 +2196,15 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.if JIT
   |  ldr L, SAVE_L
   |1:
-  |  cmp CARG1, #0
-  |  blt >3                             // Check for error from exit.
+  |  cmn CARG1, #LUA_ERRERR
+  |  bhs >9                             // Check for error from exit.
   |   lsl RC, CARG1, #3
   |  ldr LFUNC:CARG2, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
   |   str RC, SAVE_MULTRES
   |   mov CARG3, #0
+  |   str BASE, L->base
   |  ldr CARG2, LFUNC:CARG2->field_pc
-  |   str CARG3, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(jit_L)]
+  |   str CARG3, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)]
   |    mv_vmstate CARG4, INTERP
   |  ldr KBASE, [CARG2, #PC2PROTO(k)]
   |  // Modified copy of ins_next which handles function header dispatch, too.
@@ -2192,17 +2213,48 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   ldr INS, [PC], #4
   |     lsl MASKR8, MASKR8, #3          // MASKR8 = 255*8.
   |    st_vmstate CARG4
+  |  cmn CARG1, #17                     // Static dispatch?
+  |  beq >5
+  |  cmp OP, #BC_FUNCC+2                // Fast function?
+  |  bhs >4
+  |2:
   |  cmp OP, #BC_FUNCF                  // Function header?
   |  ldr OP, [DISPATCH, OP, lsl #2]
   |   decode_RA8 RA, INS
   |   lsrlo RC, INS, #16        // No: Decode operands A*8 and D.
   |   subhs RC, RC, #8
   |   addhs RA, RA, BASE        // Yes: RA = BASE+framesize*8, RC = nargs*8
+  |   ldrhs CARG3, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
   |  bx OP
   |
-  |3:  // Rethrow error from the right C frame.
+  |4:  // Check frame below fast function.
+  |  ldr CARG1, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+  |  ands CARG2, CARG1, #FRAME_TYPE
+  |  bne <2                     // Trace stitching continuation?
+  |  // Otherwise set KBASE for Lua function below fast function.
+  |  ldr CARG3, [CARG1, #-4]
+  |  decode_RA8 CARG1, CARG3
+  |  sub CARG2, BASE, CARG1
+  |  ldr LFUNC:CARG3, [CARG2, #-16]
+  |  ldr CARG3, LFUNC:CARG3->field_pc
+  |  ldr KBASE, [CARG3, #PC2PROTO(k)]
+  |  b <2
+  |
+  |5:  // Dispatch to static entry of original ins replaced by BC_JLOOP.
+  |  ldr CARG1, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_J(trace)]
+  |  decode_RD RC, INS
+  |  ldr TRACE:CARG1, [CARG1, RC, lsl #2]
+  |  ldr INS, TRACE:CARG1->startins
+  |  decode_OP OP, INS
+  |   decode_RA8 RA, INS
+  |  add OP, DISPATCH, OP, lsl #2
+  |   decode_RD RC, INS
+  |  ldr pc, [OP, #GG_DISP2STATIC]
+  |
+  |9:  // Rethrow error from the right C frame.
+  |  rsb CARG2, CARG1, #0
   |  mov CARG1, L
-  |  bl extern lj_err_run               // (lua_State *L)
+  |  bl extern lj_err_trace             // (lua_State *L, int errcode)
   |.endif
   |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2385,6 +2437,64 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |//-- Miscellaneous functions --------------------------------------------
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |
+  |.define NEXT_TAB,            TAB:CARG1
+  |.define NEXT_RES,            CARG1
+  |.define NEXT_IDX,            CARG2
+  |.define NEXT_TMP0,           CARG3
+  |.define NEXT_TMP1,           CARG4
+  |.define NEXT_LIM,            r12
+  |.define NEXT_RES_PTR,        sp
+  |.define NEXT_RES_VAL,        [sp]
+  |.define NEXT_RES_KEY_I,      [sp, #8]
+  |.define NEXT_RES_KEY_IT,     [sp, #12]
+  |
+  |// TValue *lj_vm_next(GCtab *t, uint32_t idx)
+  |// Next idx returned in CRET2.
+  |->vm_next:
+  |.if JIT
+  |  ldr NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_TAB->array
+  |   ldr NEXT_LIM, NEXT_TAB->asize
+  |  add NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_IDX, lsl #3
+  |1:  // Traverse array part.
+  |   subs NEXT_TMP1, NEXT_IDX, NEXT_LIM
+  |   bhs >5
+  |  ldr NEXT_TMP1, [NEXT_TMP0, #4]
+  |   str NEXT_IDX, NEXT_RES_KEY_I
+  |   add NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_TMP0, #8
+  |   add NEXT_IDX, NEXT_IDX, #1
+  |  checktp NEXT_TMP1, LJ_TNIL
+  |  beq <1                             // Skip holes in array part.
+  |  ldr NEXT_TMP0, [NEXT_TMP0, #-8]
+  |   mov NEXT_RES, NEXT_RES_PTR
+  |  strd NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_RES_VAL       // Stores NEXT_TMP1, too.
+  |  mvn NEXT_TMP0, #~LJ_TISNUM
+  |  str NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_RES_KEY_IT
+  |  bx lr
+  |
+  |5:  // Traverse hash part.
+  |  ldr NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_TAB->hmask
+  |   ldr NODE:NEXT_RES, NEXT_TAB->node
+  |   add NEXT_TMP1, NEXT_TMP1, NEXT_TMP1, lsl #1
+  |  add NEXT_LIM, NEXT_LIM, NEXT_TMP0
+  |   add NODE:NEXT_RES, NODE:NEXT_RES, NEXT_TMP1, lsl #3
+  |6:
+  |  cmp NEXT_IDX, NEXT_LIM
+  |  bhi >9
+  |  ldr NEXT_TMP1, NODE:NEXT_RES->val.it
+  |  checktp NEXT_TMP1, LJ_TNIL
+  |   add NEXT_IDX, NEXT_IDX, #1
+  |  bxne lr
+  |  // Skip holes in hash part.
+  |  add NEXT_RES, NEXT_RES, #sizeof(Node)
+  |  b <6
+  |
+  |9:  // End of iteration. Set the key to nil (not the value).
+  |  mvn NEXT_TMP0, #0
+  |   mov NEXT_RES, NEXT_RES_PTR
+  |  str NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_RES_KEY_IT
+  |  bx lr
+  |.endif
+  |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |//-- FFI helper functions -----------------------------------------------
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2832,6 +2942,25 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  ins_next
     break;
 
+  case BC_ISTYPE:
+    |  // RA = src*8, RC = -type
+    |  ldrd CARG12, [BASE, RA]
+    |   ins_next1
+    |  cmn CARG2, RC
+    |   ins_next2
+    |  bne ->vmeta_istype
+    |   ins_next3
+    break;
+  case BC_ISNUM:
+    |  // RA = src*8, RC = -(TISNUM-1)
+    |  ldrd CARG12, [BASE, RA]
+    |   ins_next1
+    |  checktp CARG2, LJ_TISNUM
+    |   ins_next2
+    |  bhs ->vmeta_istype
+    |   ins_next3
+    break;
+
   /* -- Unary ops --------------------------------------------------------- */
 
   case BC_MOV:
@@ -3436,10 +3565,10 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |->BC_TGETS_Z:
     |  // (TAB:RB =) TAB:CARG1 = GCtab *, STR:RC = GCstr *, RA = dst*8
     |  ldr CARG3, TAB:CARG1->hmask
-    |   ldr CARG4, STR:RC->hash
+    |   ldr CARG4, STR:RC->sid
     |    ldr NODE:INS, TAB:CARG1->node
     |     mov TAB:RB, TAB:CARG1
-    |  and CARG3, CARG3, CARG4                  // idx = str->hash & tab->hmask
+    |  and CARG3, CARG3, CARG4                  // idx = str->sid & tab->hmask
     |  add CARG3, CARG3, CARG3, lsl #1
     |    add NODE:INS, NODE:INS, CARG3, lsl #3  // node = tab->node + idx*3*8
     |1:
@@ -3502,6 +3631,24 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  bne <1                           // 'no __index' flag set: done.
     |  b ->vmeta_tgetb
     break;
+  case BC_TGETR:
+    |  decode_RB8 RB, INS
+    |   decode_RC8 RC, INS
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RB = table*8, RC = key*8
+    |  ldr TAB:CARG1, [BASE, RB]
+    |   ldr CARG2, [BASE, RC]
+    |  ldr CARG4, TAB:CARG1->array
+    |    ldr CARG3, TAB:CARG1->asize
+    |  add CARG4, CARG4, CARG2, lsl #3
+    |    cmp CARG2, CARG3               // In array part?
+    |    bhs ->vmeta_tgetr
+    |  ldrd CARG12, [CARG4]
+    |->BC_TGETR_Z:
+    |   ins_next1
+    |   ins_next2
+    |  strd CARG12, [BASE, RA]
+    |   ins_next3
+    break;
 
   case BC_TSETV:
     |  decode_RB8 RB, INS
@@ -3565,10 +3712,10 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |->BC_TSETS_Z:
     |  // (TAB:RB =) TAB:CARG1 = GCtab *, STR:RC = GCstr *, RA = dst*8
     |  ldr CARG3, TAB:CARG1->hmask
-    |   ldr CARG4, STR:RC->hash
+    |   ldr CARG4, STR:RC->sid
     |    ldr NODE:INS, TAB:CARG1->node
     |     mov TAB:RB, TAB:CARG1
-    |  and CARG3, CARG3, CARG4                  // idx = str->hash & tab->hmask
+    |  and CARG3, CARG3, CARG4                  // idx = str->sid & tab->hmask
     |  add CARG3, CARG3, CARG3, lsl #1
     |   mov CARG4, #0
     |    add NODE:INS, NODE:INS, CARG3, lsl #3  // node = tab->node + idx*3*8
@@ -3672,6 +3819,32 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  barrierback TAB:CARG1, INS, CARG3
     |  b <2
     break;
+  case BC_TSETR:
+    |  decode_RB8 RB, INS
+    |   decode_RC8 RC, INS
+    |  // RA = src*8, RB = table*8, RC = key*8
+    |  ldr TAB:CARG2, [BASE, RB]
+    |   ldr CARG3, [BASE, RC]
+    |     ldrb INS, TAB:CARG2->marked
+    |  ldr CARG1, TAB:CARG2->array
+    |    ldr CARG4, TAB:CARG2->asize
+    |     tst INS, #LJ_GC_BLACK         // isblack(table)
+    |  add CARG1, CARG1, CARG3, lsl #3
+    |     bne >7
+    |2:
+    |    cmp CARG3, CARG4               // In array part?
+    |    bhs ->vmeta_tsetr
+    |->BC_TSETR_Z:
+    |  ldrd CARG34, [BASE, RA]
+    |   ins_next1
+    |   ins_next2
+    |  strd CARG34, [CARG1]
+    |   ins_next3
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:CARG2, INS, RB
+    |  b <2
+    break;
 
   case BC_TSETM:
     |  // RA = base*8 (table at base-1), RC = num_const (start index)
@@ -3812,10 +3985,11 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     break;
 
   case BC_ITERN:
-    |  // RA = base*8, (RB = nresults+1, RC = nargs+1 (2+1))
     |.if JIT
-    |  // NYI: add hotloop, record BC_ITERN.
+    |  hotloop
     |.endif
+    |->vm_IITERN:
+    |  // RA = base*8, (RB = nresults+1, RC = nargs+1 (2+1))
     |  add RA, BASE, RA
     |  ldr TAB:RB, [RA, #-16]
     |  ldr CARG1, [RA, #-8]             // Get index from control var.
@@ -3881,7 +4055,7 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   ins_next1
     |   ins_next2
     |  mov CARG1, #0
-    |  mvn CARG2, #0x00018000
+    |  mvn CARG2, #~LJ_KEYINDEX
     |  strd CARG1, [RA, #-8]            // Initialize control var.
     |1:
     |   ins_next3
@@ -3890,9 +4064,25 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   mov OP, #BC_ITERC
     |  strb CARG1, [PC, #-4]
     |   sub PC, RC, #0x20000
+    |.if JIT
+    |   ldrb CARG1, [PC]
+    |   cmp CARG1, #BC_ITERN
+    |   bne >6
+    |.endif
     |   strb OP, [PC]                   // Subsumes ins_next1.
     |   ins_next2
     |  b <1
+    |.if JIT
+    |6:  // Unpatch JLOOP.
+    |  ldr CARG1, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_J(trace)]
+    |  ldrh CARG2, [PC, #2]
+    |  ldr TRACE:CARG1, [CARG1, CARG2, lsl #2]
+    |  // Subsumes ins_next1 and ins_next2.
+    |  ldr INS, TRACE:CARG1->startins
+    |  bfi INS, OP, #0, #8
+    |  str INS, [PC], #4
+    |  b <1
+    |.endif
     break;
 
   case BC_VARG:
@@ -4269,7 +4459,7 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   st_vmstate CARG2
     |  ldr RA, TRACE:RC->mcode
     |   str BASE, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)]
-    |   str L, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(jit_L)]
+    |   str L, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.L)]
     |  bx RA
     |.endif
     break;
@@ -4387,6 +4577,7 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  ldr BASE, L->base
     |    mv_vmstate CARG3, INTERP
     |   ldr CRET2, L->top
+    |    str L, [DISPATCH, #DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)]
     |   lsl RC, CRET1, #3
     |    st_vmstate CARG3
     |  ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
diff --git a/src/vm_arm64.dasc b/src/vm_arm64.dasc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a7a9392c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/vm_arm64.dasc
@@ -0,0 +1,4201 @@
+|// Low-level VM code for ARM64 CPUs.
+|// Bytecode interpreter, fast functions and helper functions.
+|// Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+|
+|.arch arm64
+|.section code_op, code_sub
+|
+|.actionlist build_actionlist
+|.globals GLOB_
+|.globalnames globnames
+|.externnames extnames
+|
+|// Note: The ragged indentation of the instructions is intentional.
+|//       The starting columns indicate data dependencies.
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+|
+|// ARM64 registers and the AAPCS64 ABI 1.0 at a glance:
+|//
+|// x0-x17 temp, x19-x28 callee-saved, x29 fp, x30 lr
+|// x18 is reserved on most platforms. Don't use it, save it or restore it.
+|// x31 doesn't exist. Register number 31 either means xzr/wzr (zero) or sp,
+|// depending on the instruction.
+|// v0-v7 temp, v8-v15 callee-saved (only d8-d15 preserved), v16-v31 temp
+|//
+|// x0-x7/v0-v7 hold parameters and results.
+|
+|// Fixed register assignments for the interpreter.
+|
+|// The following must be C callee-save.
+|.define BASE,          x19     // Base of current Lua stack frame.
+|.define KBASE,         x20     // Constants of current Lua function.
+|.define PC,            x21     // Next PC.
+|.define GLREG,         x22     // Global state.
+|.define LREG,          x23     // Register holding lua_State (also in SAVE_L).
+|.define TISNUM,        x24     // Constant LJ_TISNUM << 47.
+|.define TISNUMhi,      x25     // Constant LJ_TISNUM << 15.
+|.define TISNIL,        x26     // Constant -1LL.
+|.define fp,            x29     // Yes, we have to maintain a frame pointer.
+|
+|.define ST_INTERP,     w26     // Constant -1.
+|
+|// The following temporaries are not saved across C calls, except for RA/RC.
+|.define RA,            x27
+|.define RC,            x28
+|.define RB,            x17
+|.define RAw,           w27
+|.define RCw,           w28
+|.define RBw,           w17
+|.define INS,           x16
+|.define INSw,          w16
+|.define ITYPE,         x15
+|.define TMP0,          x8
+|.define TMP1,          x9
+|.define TMP2,          x10
+|.define TMP3,          x11
+|.define TMP0w,         w8
+|.define TMP1w,         w9
+|.define TMP2w,         w10
+|.define TMP3w,         w11
+|
+|// Calling conventions. Also used as temporaries.
+|.define CARG1,         x0
+|.define CARG2,         x1
+|.define CARG3,         x2
+|.define CARG4,         x3
+|.define CARG5,         x4
+|.define CARG1w,        w0
+|.define CARG2w,        w1
+|.define CARG3w,        w2
+|.define CARG4w,        w3
+|.define CARG5w,        w4
+|
+|.define FARG1,         d0
+|.define FARG2,         d1
+|
+|.define CRET1,         x0
+|.define CRET1w,        w0
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+|
+|// ARM64e pointer authentication codes (PAC).
+|.if PAUTH
+|.macro sp_auth; pacibsp; .endmacro
+|.macro br_auth, reg; braaz reg; .endmacro
+|.macro blr_auth, reg; blraaz reg; .endmacro
+|.macro ret_auth; retab; .endmacro
+|.else
+|.macro sp_auth; .endmacro
+|.macro br_auth, reg; br reg; .endmacro
+|.macro blr_auth, reg; blr reg; .endmacro
+|.macro ret_auth; ret; .endmacro
+|.endif
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+|
+|// Stack layout while in interpreter. Must match with lj_frame.h.
+|
+|.define CFRAME_SPACE,  208
+|//----- 16 byte aligned, <-- sp entering interpreter
+|.define SAVE_FP_LR_,   192
+|.define SAVE_GPR_,     112             // 112+10*8: 64 bit GPR saves
+|.define SAVE_FPR_,     48              // 48+8*8: 64 bit FPR saves
+|// Unused              [sp, #44]       // 32 bit values
+|.define SAVE_NRES,     [sp, #40]
+|.define SAVE_ERRF,     [sp, #36]
+|.define SAVE_MULTRES,  [sp, #32]
+|.define TMPD,          [sp, #24]       // 64 bit values
+|.define SAVE_L,        [sp, #16]
+|.define SAVE_PC,       [sp, #8]
+|.define SAVE_CFRAME,   [sp, #0]
+|//----- 16 byte aligned, <-- sp while in interpreter.
+|
+|.define TMPDofs,       #24
+|
+|.macro save_, gpr1, gpr2, fpr1, fpr2
+|  stp d..fpr2, d..fpr1, [sp, # SAVE_FPR_+(14-fpr1)*8]
+|  stp x..gpr2, x..gpr1, [sp, # SAVE_GPR_+(27-gpr1)*8]
+|.endmacro
+|.macro rest_, gpr1, gpr2, fpr1, fpr2
+|  ldp d..fpr2, d..fpr1, [sp, # SAVE_FPR_+(14-fpr1)*8]
+|  ldp x..gpr2, x..gpr1, [sp, # SAVE_GPR_+(27-gpr1)*8]
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.macro saveregs
+|  sp_auth
+|  sub sp, sp, # CFRAME_SPACE
+|  stp fp, lr, [sp, # SAVE_FP_LR_]
+|  add fp, sp, # SAVE_FP_LR_
+|  stp x20, x19, [sp, # SAVE_GPR_+(27-19)*8]
+|  save_ 21, 22, 8, 9
+|  save_ 23, 24, 10, 11
+|  save_ 25, 26, 12, 13
+|  save_ 27, 28, 14, 15
+|.endmacro
+|.macro restoreregs
+|  ldp x20, x19, [sp, # SAVE_GPR_+(27-19)*8]
+|  rest_ 21, 22, 8, 9
+|  rest_ 23, 24, 10, 11
+|  rest_ 25, 26, 12, 13
+|  rest_ 27, 28, 14, 15
+|  ldp fp, lr, [sp, # SAVE_FP_LR_]
+|  add sp, sp, # CFRAME_SPACE
+|.endmacro
+|
+|// Type definitions. Some of these are only used for documentation.
+|.type L,               lua_State,      LREG
+|.type GL,              global_State,   GLREG
+|.type TVALUE,          TValue
+|.type GCOBJ,           GCobj
+|.type STR,             GCstr
+|.type TAB,             GCtab
+|.type LFUNC,           GCfuncL
+|.type CFUNC,           GCfuncC
+|.type PROTO,           GCproto
+|.type UPVAL,           GCupval
+|.type NODE,            Node
+|.type NARGS8,          int
+|.type TRACE,           GCtrace
+|.type SBUF,            SBuf
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+|
+|// Trap for not-yet-implemented parts.
+|.macro NYI; brk; .endmacro
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+|
+|// Access to frame relative to BASE.
+|.define FRAME_FUNC,    #-16
+|.define FRAME_PC,      #-8
+|
+|// Endian-specific defines.
+|.if ENDIAN_LE
+|.define LO,            0
+|.define OFS_RD,        2
+|.define OFS_RB,        3
+|.define OFS_RA,        1
+|.define OFS_OP,        0
+|.else
+|.define LO,            4
+|.define OFS_RD,        0
+|.define OFS_RB,        0
+|.define OFS_RA,        2
+|.define OFS_OP,        3
+|.endif
+|
+|.macro decode_RA, dst, ins; ubfx dst, ins, #8, #8; .endmacro
+|.macro decode_RB, dst, ins; ubfx dst, ins, #24, #8; .endmacro
+|.macro decode_RC, dst, ins; ubfx dst, ins, #16, #8; .endmacro
+|.macro decode_RD, dst, ins; ubfx dst, ins, #16, #16; .endmacro
+|.macro decode_RC8RD, dst, src; ubfiz dst, src, #3, #8; .endmacro
+|
+|// Instruction decode+dispatch.
+|.macro ins_NEXT
+|  ldr INSw, [PC], #4
+|  add TMP1, GL, INS, uxtb #3
+|   decode_RA RA, INS
+|  ldr TMP0, [TMP1, #GG_G2DISP]
+|   decode_RD RC, INS
+|  br_auth TMP0
+|.endmacro
+|
+|// Instruction footer.
+|.if 1
+|  // Replicated dispatch. Less unpredictable branches, but higher I-Cache use.
+|  .define ins_next, ins_NEXT
+|  .define ins_next_, ins_NEXT
+|.else
+|  // Common dispatch. Lower I-Cache use, only one (very) unpredictable branch.
+|  // Affects only certain kinds of benchmarks (and only with -j off).
+|  .macro ins_next
+|    b ->ins_next
+|  .endmacro
+|  .macro ins_next_
+|  ->ins_next:
+|    ins_NEXT
+|  .endmacro
+|.endif
+|
+|// Call decode and dispatch.
+|.macro ins_callt
+|  // BASE = new base, CARG3 = LFUNC/CFUNC, RC = nargs*8, FRAME_PC(BASE) = PC
+|  ldr PC, LFUNC:CARG3->pc
+|  ldr INSw, [PC], #4
+|  add TMP1, GL, INS, uxtb #3
+|   decode_RA RA, INS
+|  ldr TMP0, [TMP1, #GG_G2DISP]
+|   add RA, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+|  br_auth TMP0
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.macro ins_call
+|  // BASE = new base, CARG3 = LFUNC/CFUNC, RC = nargs*8, PC = caller PC
+|  str PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+|  ins_callt
+|.endmacro
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+|
+|// Macros to check the TValue type and extract the GCobj. Branch on failure.
+|.macro checktp, reg, tp, target
+|  asr ITYPE, reg, #47
+|  cmn ITYPE, #-tp
+|   and reg, reg, #LJ_GCVMASK
+|  bne target
+|.endmacro
+|.macro checktp, dst, reg, tp, target
+|  asr ITYPE, reg, #47
+|  cmn ITYPE, #-tp
+|   and dst, reg, #LJ_GCVMASK
+|  bne target
+|.endmacro
+|.macro checkstr, reg, target; checktp reg, LJ_TSTR, target; .endmacro
+|.macro checktab, reg, target; checktp reg, LJ_TTAB, target; .endmacro
+|.macro checkfunc, reg, target; checktp reg, LJ_TFUNC, target; .endmacro
+|.macro checkint, reg, target
+|  cmp TISNUMhi, reg, lsr #32
+|  bne target
+|.endmacro
+|.macro checknum, reg, target
+|  cmp TISNUMhi, reg, lsr #32
+|  bls target
+|.endmacro
+|.macro checknumber, reg, target
+|  cmp TISNUMhi, reg, lsr #32
+|  blo target
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.macro mov_false, reg; movn reg, #0x8000, lsl #32; .endmacro
+|.macro mov_true, reg; movn reg, #0x0001, lsl #48; .endmacro
+|
+#define GL_J(field)     (GG_G2J + (int)offsetof(jit_State, field))
+|
+#define PC2PROTO(field)  ((int)offsetof(GCproto, field)-(int)sizeof(GCproto))
+|
+|.macro hotcheck, delta
+|  lsr CARG1, PC, #1
+|  and CARG1, CARG1, #126
+|  add CARG1, CARG1, #GG_G2DISP+GG_DISP2HOT
+|  ldrh CARG2w, [GL, CARG1]
+|  subs CARG2, CARG2, #delta
+|  strh CARG2w, [GL, CARG1]
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.macro hotloop
+|  hotcheck HOTCOUNT_LOOP
+|  blo ->vm_hotloop
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.macro hotcall
+|  hotcheck HOTCOUNT_CALL
+|  blo ->vm_hotcall
+|.endmacro
+|
+|// Set current VM state.
+|.macro mv_vmstate, reg, st; movn reg, #LJ_VMST_..st; .endmacro
+|.macro st_vmstate, reg; str reg, GL->vmstate; .endmacro
+|
+|// Move table write barrier back. Overwrites mark and tmp.
+|.macro barrierback, tab, mark, tmp
+|  ldr tmp, GL->gc.grayagain
+|   and mark, mark, #~LJ_GC_BLACK       // black2gray(tab)
+|  str tab, GL->gc.grayagain
+|   strb mark, tab->marked
+|  str tmp, tab->gclist
+|.endmacro
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#if !LJ_DUALNUM
+#error "Only dual-number mode supported for ARM64 target"
+#endif
+
+/* Generate subroutines used by opcodes and other parts of the VM. */
+/* The .code_sub section should be last to help static branch prediction. */
+static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
+{
+  |.code_sub
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Return handling ----------------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vm_returnp:
+  |  // See vm_return. Also: RB = previous base.
+  |  tbz PC, #2, ->cont_dispatch        // (PC & FRAME_P) == 0?
+  |
+  |  // Return from pcall or xpcall fast func.
+  |  ldr PC, [RB, FRAME_PC]             // Fetch PC of previous frame.
+  |   mov_true TMP0
+  |  mov BASE, RB
+  |  // Prepending may overwrite the pcall frame, so do it at the end.
+  |   str TMP0, [RA, #-8]!              // Prepend true to results.
+  |
+  |->vm_returnc:
+  |  adds RC, RC, #8                    // RC = (nresults+1)*8.
+  |  mov CRET1, #LUA_YIELD
+  |  beq ->vm_unwind_c_eh
+  |  str RCw, SAVE_MULTRES
+  |  ands CARG1, PC, #FRAME_TYPE
+  |  beq ->BC_RET_Z                     // Handle regular return to Lua.
+  |
+  |->vm_return:
+  |  // BASE = base, RA = resultptr, RC/MULTRES = (nresults+1)*8, PC = return
+  |  // CARG1 = PC & FRAME_TYPE
+  |  and RB, PC, #~FRAME_TYPEP
+  |   cmp CARG1, #FRAME_C
+  |  sub RB, BASE, RB                   // RB = previous base.
+  |   bne ->vm_returnp
+  |
+  |  str RB, L->base
+  |   ldrsw CARG2, SAVE_NRES            // CARG2 = nresults+1.
+  |    mv_vmstate TMP0w, C
+  |   sub BASE, BASE, #16
+  |  subs TMP2, RC, #8
+  |    st_vmstate TMP0w
+  |  beq >2
+  |1:
+  |  subs TMP2, TMP2, #8
+  |   ldr TMP0, [RA], #8
+  |   str TMP0, [BASE], #8
+  |  bne <1
+  |2:
+  |  cmp RC, CARG2, lsl #3              // More/less results wanted?
+  |  bne >6
+  |3:
+  |  str BASE, L->top                   // Store new top.
+  |
+  |->vm_leave_cp:
+  |  ldr RC, SAVE_CFRAME                // Restore previous C frame.
+  |   mov CRET1, #0                     // Ok return status for vm_pcall.
+  |  str RC, L->cframe
+  |
+  |->vm_leave_unw:
+  |  restoreregs
+  |  ret_auth
+  |
+  |6:
+  |  bgt >7                             // Less results wanted?
+  |  // More results wanted. Check stack size and fill up results with nil.
+  |  ldr CARG3, L->maxstack
+  |  cmp BASE, CARG3
+  |  bhs >8
+  |   str TISNIL, [BASE], #8
+  |  add RC, RC, #8
+  |  b <2
+  |
+  |7:  // Less results wanted.
+  |  cbz CARG2, <3                      // LUA_MULTRET+1 case?
+  |  sub CARG1, RC, CARG2, lsl #3
+  |  sub BASE, BASE, CARG1              // Shrink top.
+  |  b <3
+  |
+  |8:  // Corner case: need to grow stack for filling up results.
+  |  // This can happen if:
+  |  // - A C function grows the stack (a lot).
+  |  // - The GC shrinks the stack in between.
+  |  // - A return back from a lua_call() with (high) nresults adjustment.
+  |  str BASE, L->top                   // Save current top held in BASE (yes).
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |  bl extern lj_state_growstack       // (lua_State *L, int n)
+  |  ldr BASE, L->top                   // Need the (realloced) L->top in BASE.
+  |  ldrsw CARG2, SAVE_NRES
+  |  b <2
+  |
+  |->vm_unwind_c:                       // Unwind C stack, return from vm_pcall.
+  |  // (void *cframe, int errcode)
+  |  mov sp, CARG1
+  |  mov CRET1, CARG2
+  |->vm_unwind_c_eh:                    // Landing pad for external unwinder.
+  |  ldr L, SAVE_L
+  |   mv_vmstate TMP0w, C
+  |  ldr GL, L->glref
+  |   st_vmstate TMP0w
+  |  b ->vm_leave_unw
+  |
+  |->vm_unwind_ff:                      // Unwind C stack, return from ff pcall.
+  |  // (void *cframe)
+  |  and sp, CARG1, #CFRAME_RAWMASK
+  |->vm_unwind_ff_eh:                   // Landing pad for external unwinder.
+  |  ldr L, SAVE_L
+  |    movz TISNUM, #(LJ_TISNUM>>1)&0xffff, lsl #48
+  |    movz TISNUMhi, #(LJ_TISNUM>>1)&0xffff, lsl #16
+  |    movn TISNIL, #0
+  |    mov RC, #16                      // 2 results: false + error message.
+  |  ldr BASE, L->base
+  |   ldr GL, L->glref                  // Setup pointer to global state.
+  |    mov_false TMP0
+  |  sub RA, BASE, #8                   // Results start at BASE-8.
+  |  ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]           // Fetch PC of previous frame.
+  |    str TMP0, [BASE, #-8]            // Prepend false to error message.
+  |   st_vmstate ST_INTERP
+  |  b ->vm_returnc
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Grow stack for calls -----------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vm_growstack_c:                    // Grow stack for C function.
+  |  // CARG1 = L
+  |  mov CARG2, #LUA_MINSTACK
+  |  b >2
+  |
+  |->vm_growstack_l:                    // Grow stack for Lua function.
+  |  // BASE = new base, RA = BASE+framesize*8, RC = nargs*8, PC = first PC
+  |  add RC, BASE, RC
+  |   sub RA, RA, BASE
+  |    mov CARG1, L
+  |  stp BASE, RC, L->base
+  |   add PC, PC, #4                    // Must point after first instruction.
+  |   lsr CARG2, RA, #3
+  |2:
+  |  // L->base = new base, L->top = top
+  |  str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  bl extern lj_state_growstack       // (lua_State *L, int n)
+  |  ldp BASE, RC, L->base
+  |  ldr LFUNC:CARG3, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
+  |   sub NARGS8:RC, RC, BASE
+  |  and LFUNC:CARG3, CARG3, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |  // BASE = new base, RB = LFUNC/CFUNC, RC = nargs*8, FRAME_PC(BASE) = PC
+  |  ins_callt                          // Just retry the call.
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Entry points into the assembler VM ---------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vm_resume:                         // Setup C frame and resume thread.
+  |  // (lua_State *L, TValue *base, int nres1 = 0, ptrdiff_t ef = 0)
+  |  saveregs
+  |  mov L, CARG1
+  |    ldr GL, L->glref                 // Setup pointer to global state.
+  |  mov BASE, CARG2
+  |   str L, SAVE_L
+  |  mov PC, #FRAME_CP
+  |   str wzr, SAVE_NRES
+  |    add TMP0, sp, #CFRAME_RESUME
+  |  ldrb TMP1w, L->status
+  |   str wzr, SAVE_ERRF
+  |   str L, SAVE_PC                    // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
+  |   str xzr, SAVE_CFRAME
+  |    str TMP0, L->cframe
+  |  cbz TMP1w, >3
+  |
+  |  // Resume after yield (like a return).
+  |  str L, GL->cur_L
+  |  mov RA, BASE
+  |   ldp BASE, CARG1, L->base
+  |    movz TISNUM, #(LJ_TISNUM>>1)&0xffff, lsl #48
+  |    movz TISNUMhi, #(LJ_TISNUM>>1)&0xffff, lsl #16
+  |  ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+  |     strb wzr, L->status
+  |    movn TISNIL, #0
+  |   sub RC, CARG1, BASE
+  |  ands CARG1, PC, #FRAME_TYPE
+  |   add RC, RC, #8
+  |     st_vmstate ST_INTERP
+  |   str RCw, SAVE_MULTRES
+  |  beq ->BC_RET_Z
+  |  b ->vm_return
+  |
+  |->vm_pcall:                          // Setup protected C frame and enter VM.
+  |  // (lua_State *L, TValue *base, int nres1, ptrdiff_t ef)
+  |  saveregs
+  |  mov PC, #FRAME_CP
+  |  str CARG4w, SAVE_ERRF
+  |  b >1
+  |
+  |->vm_call:                           // Setup C frame and enter VM.
+  |  // (lua_State *L, TValue *base, int nres1)
+  |  saveregs
+  |  mov PC, #FRAME_C
+  |
+  |1:  // Entry point for vm_pcall above (PC = ftype).
+  |  ldr RC, L:CARG1->cframe
+  |   str CARG3w, SAVE_NRES
+  |    mov L, CARG1
+  |   str CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |    ldr GL, L->glref                 // Setup pointer to global state.
+  |     mov BASE, CARG2
+  |   str CARG1, SAVE_PC                // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
+  |  add TMP0, sp, #0
+  |   str RC, SAVE_CFRAME
+  |  str TMP0, L->cframe                // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
+  |
+  |3:  // Entry point for vm_cpcall/vm_resume (BASE = base, PC = ftype).
+  |  str L, GL->cur_L
+  |  ldp RB, CARG1, L->base             // RB = old base (for vmeta_call).
+  |    movz TISNUM, #(LJ_TISNUM>>1)&0xffff, lsl #48
+  |    movz TISNUMhi, #(LJ_TISNUM>>1)&0xffff, lsl #16
+  |  add PC, PC, BASE
+  |    movn TISNIL, #0
+  |  sub PC, PC, RB                     // PC = frame delta + frame type
+  |   sub NARGS8:RC, CARG1, BASE
+  |    st_vmstate ST_INTERP
+  |
+  |->vm_call_dispatch:
+  |  // RB = old base, BASE = new base, RC = nargs*8, PC = caller PC
+  |  ldr CARG3, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
+  |  checkfunc CARG3, ->vmeta_call
+  |
+  |->vm_call_dispatch_f:
+  |  ins_call
+  |  // BASE = new base, CARG3 = func, RC = nargs*8, PC = caller PC
+  |
+  |->vm_cpcall:                         // Setup protected C frame, call C.
+  |  // (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud, lua_CPFunction cp)
+  |  saveregs
+  |  mov L, CARG1
+  |   ldr RA, L:CARG1->stack
+  |  str CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |    ldr GL, L->glref                 // Setup pointer to global state.
+  |   ldr RB, L->top
+  |  str CARG1, SAVE_PC                 // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
+  |  ldr RC, L->cframe
+  |   sub RA, RA, RB                    // Compute -savestack(L, L->top).
+  |   str RAw, SAVE_NRES                // Neg. delta means cframe w/o frame.
+  |  str wzr, SAVE_ERRF                 // No error function.
+  |  add TMP0, sp, #0
+  |   str RC, SAVE_CFRAME
+  |  str TMP0, L->cframe                // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
+  |    str L, GL->cur_L
+  |  blr_auth CARG4             // (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud)
+  |  mov BASE, CRET1
+  |   mov PC, #FRAME_CP
+  |  cbnz BASE, <3                      // Else continue with the call.
+  |  b ->vm_leave_cp                    // No base? Just remove C frame.
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Metamethod handling ------------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |//-- Continuation dispatch ----------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->cont_dispatch:
+  |  // BASE = meta base, RA = resultptr, RC = (nresults+1)*8
+  |  ldr LFUNC:CARG3, [RB, FRAME_FUNC]
+  |    ldr CARG1, [BASE, #-32]          // Get continuation.
+  |   mov CARG4, BASE
+  |   mov BASE, RB                      // Restore caller BASE.
+  |  and LFUNC:CARG3, CARG3, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |.if FFI
+  |    cmp CARG1, #1
+  |.endif
+  |   ldr PC, [CARG4, #-24]             // Restore PC from [cont|PC].
+  |    add TMP0, RA, RC
+  |    str TISNIL, [TMP0, #-8]          // Ensure one valid arg.
+  |.if FFI
+  |    bls >1
+  |.endif
+  |  ldr CARG3, LFUNC:CARG3->pc
+  |  ldr KBASE, [CARG3, #PC2PROTO(k)]
+  |  // BASE = base, RA = resultptr, CARG4 = meta base
+  |    br_auth CARG1
+  |
+  |.if FFI
+  |1:
+  |  beq ->cont_ffi_callback            // cont = 1: return from FFI callback.
+  |  // cont = 0: tailcall from C function.
+  |   sub CARG4, CARG4, #32
+  |   sub RC, CARG4, BASE
+  |  b ->vm_call_tail
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->cont_cat:                          // RA = resultptr, CARG4 = meta base
+  |  ldr INSw, [PC, #-4]
+  |   sub CARG2, CARG4, #32
+  |   ldr TMP0, [RA]
+  |     str BASE, L->base
+  |  decode_RB RB, INS
+  |   decode_RA RA, INS
+  |  add TMP1, BASE, RB, lsl #3
+  |  subs TMP1, CARG2, TMP1
+  |  beq >1
+  |   str TMP0, [CARG2]
+  |  lsr CARG3, TMP1, #3
+  |  b ->BC_CAT_Z
+  |
+  |1:
+  |   str TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |
+  |//-- Table indexing metamethods -----------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tgets1:
+  |  movn CARG4, #~LJ_TSTR
+  |   add CARG2, BASE, RB, lsl #3
+  |  add CARG4, STR:RC, CARG4, lsl #47
+  |  b >2
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tgets:
+  |  movk CARG2, #(LJ_TTAB>>1)&0xffff, lsl #48
+  |  str CARG2, GL->tmptv
+  |  add CARG2, GL, #offsetof(global_State, tmptv)
+  |2:
+  |   add CARG3, sp, TMPDofs
+  |  str CARG4, TMPD
+  |  b >1
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tgetb:                       // RB = table, RC = index
+  |  add RC, RC, TISNUM
+  |   add CARG2, BASE, RB, lsl #3
+  |   add CARG3, sp, TMPDofs
+  |  str RC, TMPD
+  |  b >1
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tgetv:                       // RB = table, RC = key
+  |  add CARG2, BASE, RB, lsl #3
+  |   add CARG3, BASE, RC, lsl #3
+  |1:
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  bl extern lj_meta_tget             // (lua_State *L, TValue *o, TValue *k)
+  |  // Returns TValue * (finished) or NULL (metamethod).
+  |  cbz CRET1, >3
+  |  ldr TMP0, [CRET1]
+  |  str TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+  |  ins_next
+  |
+  |3:  // Call __index metamethod.
+  |  // BASE = base, L->top = new base, stack = cont/func/t/k
+  |   sub TMP1, BASE, #FRAME_CONT
+  |  ldr BASE, L->top
+  |    mov NARGS8:RC, #16               // 2 args for func(t, k).
+  |  ldr LFUNC:CARG3, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]  // Guaranteed to be a function here.
+  |    str PC, [BASE, #-24]             // [cont|PC]
+  |   sub PC, BASE, TMP1
+  |  and LFUNC:CARG3, CARG3, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |  b ->vm_call_dispatch_f
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tgetr:
+  |  sxtw CARG2, TMP1w
+  |  bl extern lj_tab_getinth           // (GCtab *t, int32_t key)
+  |  // Returns cTValue * or NULL.
+  |  mov TMP0, TISNIL
+  |  cbz CRET1, ->BC_TGETR_Z
+  |  ldr TMP0, [CRET1]
+  |  b ->BC_TGETR_Z
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tsets1:
+  |  movn CARG4, #~LJ_TSTR
+  |   add CARG2, BASE, RB, lsl #3
+  |  add CARG4, STR:RC, CARG4, lsl #47
+  |  b >2
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tsets:
+  |  movk CARG2, #(LJ_TTAB>>1)&0xffff, lsl #48
+  |  str CARG2, GL->tmptv
+  |  add CARG2, GL, #offsetof(global_State, tmptv)
+  |2:
+  |   add CARG3, sp, TMPDofs
+  |  str CARG4, TMPD
+  |  b >1
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tsetb:                       // RB = table, RC = index
+  |  add RC, RC, TISNUM
+  |   add CARG2, BASE, RB, lsl #3
+  |   add CARG3, sp, TMPDofs
+  |  str RC, TMPD
+  |  b >1
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tsetv:
+  |  add CARG2, BASE, RB, lsl #3
+  |   add CARG3, BASE, RC, lsl #3
+  |1:
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  bl extern lj_meta_tset             // (lua_State *L, TValue *o, TValue *k)
+  |  // Returns TValue * (finished) or NULL (metamethod).
+  |   ldr TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+  |  cbz CRET1, >3
+  |  // NOBARRIER: lj_meta_tset ensures the table is not black.
+  |   str TMP0, [CRET1]
+  |  ins_next
+  |
+  |3:  // Call __newindex metamethod.
+  |  // BASE = base, L->top = new base, stack = cont/func/t/k/(v)
+  |   sub TMP1, BASE, #FRAME_CONT
+  |  ldr BASE, L->top
+  |    mov NARGS8:RC, #24               // 3 args for func(t, k, v).
+  |  ldr LFUNC:CARG3, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]  // Guaranteed to be a function here.
+  |   str TMP0, [BASE, #16]             // Copy value to third argument.
+  |    str PC, [BASE, #-24]             // [cont|PC]
+  |   sub PC, BASE, TMP1
+  |  and LFUNC:CARG3, CARG3, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |  b ->vm_call_dispatch_f
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tsetr:
+  |  sxtw CARG3, TMP1w
+  |  str BASE, L->base
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |  str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  bl extern lj_tab_setinth  // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, int32_t key)
+  |  // Returns TValue *.
+  |  b ->BC_TSETR_Z
+  |
+  |//-- Comparison metamethods ---------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_comp:
+  |  add CARG2, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+  |   sub PC, PC, #4
+  |  add CARG3, BASE, RC, lsl #3
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  uxtb CARG4w, INSw
+  |  bl extern lj_meta_comp  // (lua_State *L, TValue *o1, *o2, int op)
+  |  // Returns 0/1 or TValue * (metamethod).
+  |3:
+  |  cmp CRET1, #1
+  |  bhi ->vmeta_binop
+  |4:
+  |   ldrh RBw, [PC, # OFS_RD]
+  |    add PC, PC, #4
+  |   add RB, PC, RB, lsl #2
+  |   sub RB, RB, #0x20000
+  |  csel PC, PC, RB, lo
+  |->cont_nop:
+  |  ins_next
+  |
+  |->cont_ra:                           // RA = resultptr
+  |  ldr INSw, [PC, #-4]
+  |   ldr TMP0, [RA]
+  |  decode_RA TMP1, INS
+  |   str TMP0, [BASE, TMP1, lsl #3]
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |
+  |->cont_condt:                        // RA = resultptr
+  |  ldr TMP0, [RA]
+  |   mov_true TMP1
+  |  cmp TMP1, TMP0                     // Branch if result is true.
+  |  b <4
+  |
+  |->cont_condf:                        // RA = resultptr
+  |  ldr TMP0, [RA]
+  |   mov_false TMP1
+  |  cmp TMP0, TMP1                     // Branch if result is false.
+  |  b <4
+  |
+  |->vmeta_equal:
+  |  // CARG2, CARG3, CARG4 are already set by BC_ISEQV/BC_ISNEV.
+  |  and TAB:CARG3, CARG3, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |  sub PC, PC, #4
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |   mov CARG1, L
+  |  str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  bl extern lj_meta_equal  // (lua_State *L, GCobj *o1, *o2, int ne)
+  |  // Returns 0/1 or TValue * (metamethod).
+  |  b <3
+  |
+  |->vmeta_equal_cd:
+  |.if FFI
+  |  sub PC, PC, #4
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |   mov CARG1, L
+  |   mov CARG2, INS
+  |  str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  bl extern lj_meta_equal_cd         // (lua_State *L, BCIns op)
+  |  // Returns 0/1 or TValue * (metamethod).
+  |  b <3
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vmeta_istype:
+  |  sub PC, PC, #4
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |   mov CARG1, L
+  |   mov CARG2, RA
+  |   mov CARG3, RC
+  |  str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  bl extern lj_meta_istype  // (lua_State *L, BCReg ra, BCReg tp)
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |
+  |//-- Arithmetic metamethods ---------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_arith_vn:
+  |  add CARG3, BASE, RB, lsl #3
+  |   add CARG4, KBASE, RC, lsl #3
+  |  b >1
+  |
+  |->vmeta_arith_nv:
+  |  add CARG4, BASE, RB, lsl #3
+  |   add CARG3, KBASE, RC, lsl #3
+  |  b >1
+  |
+  |->vmeta_unm:
+  |  add CARG3, BASE, RC, lsl #3
+  |  mov CARG4, CARG3
+  |  b >1
+  |
+  |->vmeta_arith_vv:
+  |  add CARG3, BASE, RB, lsl #3
+  |   add CARG4, BASE, RC, lsl #3
+  |1:
+  |  uxtb CARG5w, INSw
+  |   add CARG2, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+  |    str BASE, L->base
+  |   mov CARG1, L
+  |    str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  bl extern lj_meta_arith  // (lua_State *L, TValue *ra,*rb,*rc, BCReg op)
+  |  // Returns NULL (finished) or TValue * (metamethod).
+  |  cbz CRET1, ->cont_nop
+  |
+  |  // Call metamethod for binary op.
+  |->vmeta_binop:
+  |  // BASE = old base, CRET1 = new base, stack = cont/func/o1/o2
+  |  sub TMP1, CRET1, BASE
+  |   str PC, [CRET1, #-24]             // [cont|PC]
+  |  add PC, TMP1, #FRAME_CONT
+  |  mov BASE, CRET1
+  |   mov NARGS8:RC, #16                // 2 args for func(o1, o2).
+  |  b ->vm_call_dispatch
+  |
+  |->vmeta_len:
+  |  add CARG2, BASE, RC, lsl #3
+#if LJ_52
+  |  mov TAB:RC, TAB:CARG1              // Save table (ignored for other types).
+#endif
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  bl extern lj_meta_len              // (lua_State *L, TValue *o)
+  |  // Returns NULL (retry) or TValue * (metamethod base).
+#if LJ_52
+  |  cbnz CRET1, ->vmeta_binop          // Binop call for compatibility.
+  |  mov TAB:CARG1, TAB:RC
+  |  b ->BC_LEN_Z
+#else
+  |  b ->vmeta_binop                    // Binop call for compatibility.
+#endif
+  |
+  |//-- Call metamethod ----------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_call:                        // Resolve and call __call metamethod.
+  |  // RB = old base, BASE = new base, RC = nargs*8
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |   str RB, L->base                   // This is the callers base!
+  |  sub CARG2, BASE, #16
+  |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  add CARG3, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+  |  bl extern lj_meta_call     // (lua_State *L, TValue *func, TValue *top)
+  |  ldr LFUNC:CARG3, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]  // Guaranteed to be a function here.
+  |   add NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, #8      // Got one more argument now.
+  |  and LFUNC:CARG3, CARG3, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |  ins_call
+  |
+  |->vmeta_callt:                       // Resolve __call for BC_CALLT.
+  |  // BASE = old base, RA = new base, RC = nargs*8
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |  sub CARG2, RA, #16
+  |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  add CARG3, RA, NARGS8:RC
+  |  bl extern lj_meta_call     // (lua_State *L, TValue *func, TValue *top)
+  |  ldr TMP1, [RA, FRAME_FUNC]         // Guaranteed to be a function here.
+  |   ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+  |   add NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, #8      // Got one more argument now.
+  |  and LFUNC:CARG3, TMP1, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |  b ->BC_CALLT2_Z
+  |
+  |//-- Argument coercion for 'for' statement ------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_for:
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |  mov CARG2, RA
+  |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  bl extern lj_meta_for      // (lua_State *L, TValue *base)
+  |  ldr INSw, [PC, #-4]
+  |.if JIT
+  |   uxtb TMP0w, INSw
+  |.endif
+  |  decode_RA RA, INS
+  |  decode_RD RC, INS
+  |.if JIT
+  |   cmp TMP0, #BC_JFORI
+  |   beq =>BC_JFORI
+  |.endif
+  |  b =>BC_FORI
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Fast functions -----------------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc, name
+  |->ff_ .. name:
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_1, name
+  |->ff_ .. name:
+  |  ldr CARG1, [BASE]
+  |   cmp NARGS8:RC, #8
+  |   blo ->fff_fallback
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_2, name
+  |->ff_ .. name:
+  |  ldp CARG1, CARG2, [BASE]
+  |   cmp NARGS8:RC, #16
+  |   blo ->fff_fallback
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_n, name
+  |  .ffunc name
+  |  ldr CARG1, [BASE]
+  |   cmp NARGS8:RC, #8
+  |  ldr FARG1, [BASE]
+  |   blo ->fff_fallback
+  |  checknum CARG1, ->fff_fallback
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_nn, name
+  |  .ffunc name
+  |  ldp CARG1, CARG2, [BASE]
+  |   cmp NARGS8:RC, #16
+  |  ldp FARG1, FARG2, [BASE]
+  |   blo ->fff_fallback
+  |  checknum CARG1, ->fff_fallback
+  |  checknum CARG2, ->fff_fallback
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |// Inlined GC threshold check. Caveat: uses CARG1 and CARG2.
+  |.macro ffgccheck
+  |  ldp CARG1, CARG2, GL->gc.total     // Assumes threshold follows total.
+  |  cmp CARG1, CARG2
+  |  blt >1
+  |  bl ->fff_gcstep
+  |1:
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |//-- Base library: checks -----------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 assert
+  |   ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+  |  mov_false TMP1
+  |  cmp CARG1, TMP1
+  |  bhs ->fff_fallback
+  |  str CARG1, [BASE, #-16]
+  |  sub RB, BASE, #8
+  |  subs RA, NARGS8:RC, #8
+  |   add RC, NARGS8:RC, #8             // Compute (nresults+1)*8.
+  |  cbz RA, ->fff_res                  // Done if exactly 1 argument.
+  |1:
+  |   ldr CARG1, [RB, #16]
+  |  sub RA, RA, #8
+  |   str CARG1, [RB], #8
+  |  cbnz RA, <1
+  |  b ->fff_res
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 type
+  |  mov TMP0, #~LJ_TISNUM
+  |  asr ITYPE, CARG1, #47
+  |  cmn ITYPE, #~LJ_TISNUM
+  |  csinv TMP1, TMP0, ITYPE, lo
+  |  add TMP1, TMP1, #offsetof(GCfuncC, upvalue)/8
+  |  ldr CARG1, [CFUNC:CARG3, TMP1, lsl #3]
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |
+  |//-- Base library: getters and setters ---------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 getmetatable
+  |  asr ITYPE, CARG1, #47
+  |  cmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TTAB
+  |  ccmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TUDATA, #4, ne
+  |   and TAB:CARG1, CARG1, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |  bne >6
+  |1:  // Field metatable must be at same offset for GCtab and GCudata!
+  |  ldr TAB:RB, TAB:CARG1->metatable
+  |2:
+  |   mov CARG1, TISNIL
+  |   ldr STR:RC, GL->gcroot[GCROOT_MMNAME+MM_metatable]
+  |  cbz TAB:RB, ->fff_restv
+  |  ldr TMP1w, TAB:RB->hmask
+  |   ldr TMP2w, STR:RC->sid
+  |    ldr NODE:CARG3, TAB:RB->node
+  |  and TMP1w, TMP1w, TMP2w            // idx = str->sid & tab->hmask
+  |  add TMP1, TMP1, TMP1, lsl #1
+  |  movn CARG4, #~LJ_TSTR
+  |    add NODE:CARG3, NODE:CARG3, TMP1, lsl #3  // node = tab->node + idx*3*8
+  |  add CARG4, STR:RC, CARG4, lsl #47  // Tagged key to look for.
+  |3:  // Rearranged logic, because we expect _not_ to find the key.
+  |  ldp CARG1, TMP0, NODE:CARG3->val
+  |   ldr NODE:CARG3, NODE:CARG3->next
+  |  cmp TMP0, CARG4
+  |  beq >5
+  |  cbnz NODE:CARG3, <3
+  |4:
+  |  mov CARG1, RB                      // Use metatable as default result.
+  |  movk CARG1, #(LJ_TTAB>>1)&0xffff, lsl #48
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |5:
+  |  cmp TMP0, TISNIL
+  |  bne ->fff_restv
+  |  b <4
+  |
+  |6:
+  |  movn TMP0, #~LJ_TISNUM
+  |  cmp ITYPE, TMP0
+  |  csel ITYPE, ITYPE, TMP0, hs
+  |  sub TMP1, GL, ITYPE, lsl #3
+  |  ldr TAB:RB, [TMP1, #offsetof(global_State, gcroot[GCROOT_BASEMT])-8]
+  |  b <2
+  |
+  |.ffunc_2 setmetatable
+  |  // Fast path: no mt for table yet and not clearing the mt.
+  |  checktp TMP1, CARG1, LJ_TTAB, ->fff_fallback
+  |   ldr TAB:TMP0, TAB:TMP1->metatable
+  |  asr ITYPE, CARG2, #47
+  |   ldrb TMP2w, TAB:TMP1->marked
+  |  cmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TTAB
+  |    and TAB:CARG2, CARG2, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |  ccmp TAB:TMP0, #0, #0, eq
+  |  bne ->fff_fallback
+  |    str TAB:CARG2, TAB:TMP1->metatable
+  |   tbz TMP2w, #2, ->fff_restv        // isblack(table)
+  |  barrierback TAB:TMP1, TMP2w, TMP0
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |
+  |.ffunc rawget
+  |  ldr CARG2, [BASE]
+  |   cmp NARGS8:RC, #16
+  |   blo ->fff_fallback
+  |  checktab CARG2, ->fff_fallback
+  |   mov CARG1, L
+  |   add CARG3, BASE, #8
+  |  bl extern lj_tab_get  // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, cTValue *key)
+  |  // Returns cTValue *.
+  |  ldr CARG1, [CRET1]
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |
+  |//-- Base library: conversions ------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc tonumber
+  |  // Only handles the number case inline (without a base argument).
+  |  ldr CARG1, [BASE]
+  |   cmp NARGS8:RC, #8
+  |   bne ->fff_fallback
+  |  checknumber CARG1, ->fff_fallback
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 tostring
+  |  // Only handles the string or number case inline.
+  |  asr ITYPE, CARG1, #47
+  |  cmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TSTR
+  |  // A __tostring method in the string base metatable is ignored.
+  |  beq ->fff_restv
+  |  // Handle numbers inline, unless a number base metatable is present.
+  |  ldr TMP1, GL->gcroot[GCROOT_BASEMT_NUM]
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |  cmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TISNUM
+  |  ccmp TMP1, #0, #0, ls
+  |   str PC, SAVE_PC                   // Redundant (but a defined value).
+  |  bne ->fff_fallback
+  |  ffgccheck
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |  mov CARG2, BASE
+  |  bl extern lj_strfmt_number         // (lua_State *L, cTValue *o)
+  |  // Returns GCstr *.
+  |   movn TMP1, #~LJ_TSTR
+  |  ldr BASE, L->base
+  |   add CARG1, CARG1, TMP1, lsl #47
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |
+  |//-- Base library: iterators -------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 next
+  |  checktp CARG1, LJ_TTAB, ->fff_fallback
+  |  str TISNIL, [BASE, NARGS8:RC]      // Set missing 2nd arg to nil.
+  |  ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+  |  add CARG2, BASE, #8
+  |  sub CARG3, BASE, #16
+  |  bl extern lj_tab_next              // (GCtab *t, cTValue *key, TValue *o)
+  |  // Returns 1=found, 0=end, -1=error.
+  |   mov RC, #(2+1)*8
+  |  tbnz CRET1w, #31, ->fff_fallback   // Invalid key.
+  |  cbnz CRET1, ->fff_res              // Found key/value.
+  |  // End of traversal: return nil.
+  |  str TISNIL, [BASE, #-16]
+  |  b ->fff_res1
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 pairs
+  |  checktp TMP1, CARG1, LJ_TTAB, ->fff_fallback
+#if LJ_52
+  |  ldr TAB:CARG2, TAB:TMP1->metatable
+#endif
+  |   ldr CFUNC:CARG4, CFUNC:CARG3->upvalue[0]
+  |    ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+#if LJ_52
+  |  cbnz TAB:CARG2, ->fff_fallback
+#endif
+  |  mov RC, #(3+1)*8
+  |  stp CARG1, TISNIL, [BASE, #-8]
+  |   str CFUNC:CARG4, [BASE, #-16]
+  |  b ->fff_res
+  |
+  |.ffunc_2 ipairs_aux
+  |  checktab CARG1, ->fff_fallback
+  |   checkint CARG2, ->fff_fallback
+  |  ldr TMP1w, TAB:CARG1->asize
+  |   ldr CARG3, TAB:CARG1->array
+  |    ldr TMP0w, TAB:CARG1->hmask
+  |  add CARG2w, CARG2w, #1
+  |  cmp CARG2w, TMP1w
+  |    ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+  |     add TMP2, CARG2, TISNUM
+  |   mov RC, #(0+1)*8
+  |     str TMP2, [BASE, #-16]
+  |  bhs >2                             // Not in array part?
+  |  ldr TMP0, [CARG3, CARG2, lsl #3]
+  |1:
+  |   mov TMP1, #(2+1)*8
+  |   cmp TMP0, TISNIL
+  |  str TMP0, [BASE, #-8]
+  |   csel RC, RC, TMP1, eq
+  |  b ->fff_res
+  |2:  // Check for empty hash part first. Otherwise call C function.
+  |  cbz TMP0w, ->fff_res
+  |  bl extern lj_tab_getinth           // (GCtab *t, int32_t key)
+  |  // Returns cTValue * or NULL.
+  |  cbz CRET1, ->fff_res
+  |  ldr TMP0, [CRET1]
+  |  b <1
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 ipairs
+  |  checktp TMP1, CARG1, LJ_TTAB, ->fff_fallback
+#if LJ_52
+  |  ldr TAB:CARG2, TAB:TMP1->metatable
+#endif
+  |   ldr CFUNC:CARG4, CFUNC:CARG3->upvalue[0]
+  |    ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+#if LJ_52
+  |  cbnz TAB:CARG2, ->fff_fallback
+#endif
+  |  mov RC, #(3+1)*8
+  |  stp CARG1, TISNUM, [BASE, #-8]
+  |   str CFUNC:CARG4, [BASE, #-16]
+  |  b ->fff_res
+  |
+  |//-- Base library: catch errors ----------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc pcall
+  |   cmp NARGS8:RC, #8
+  |  ldrb TMP0w, GL->hookmask
+  |   blo ->fff_fallback
+  |   sub NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, #8
+  |    mov RB, BASE
+  |    add BASE, BASE, #16
+  |  ubfx TMP0w, TMP0w, #HOOK_ACTIVE_SHIFT, #1
+  |  add PC, TMP0, #16+FRAME_PCALL
+  |   beq ->vm_call_dispatch
+  |1:
+  |   add TMP2, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+  |2:
+  |   ldr TMP0, [TMP2, #-16]
+  |   str TMP0, [TMP2, #-8]!
+  |  cmp TMP2, BASE
+  |  bne <2
+  |  b ->vm_call_dispatch
+  |
+  |.ffunc xpcall
+  |     ldp CARG1, CARG2, [BASE]
+  |  ldrb TMP0w, GL->hookmask
+  |   subs NARGS8:TMP1, NARGS8:RC, #16
+  |   blo ->fff_fallback
+  |    mov RB, BASE
+  |     asr ITYPE, CARG2, #47
+  |  ubfx TMP0w, TMP0w, #HOOK_ACTIVE_SHIFT, #1
+  |     cmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TFUNC
+  |  add PC, TMP0, #24+FRAME_PCALL
+  |     bne ->fff_fallback              // Traceback must be a function.
+  |   mov NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:TMP1
+  |    add BASE, BASE, #24
+  |     stp CARG2, CARG1, [RB]          // Swap function and traceback.
+  |   cbz NARGS8:RC, ->vm_call_dispatch
+  |  b <1
+  |
+  |//-- Coroutine library --------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.macro coroutine_resume_wrap, resume
+  |.if resume
+  |.ffunc_1 coroutine_resume
+  |  checktp CARG1, LJ_TTHREAD, ->fff_fallback
+  |.else
+  |.ffunc coroutine_wrap_aux
+  |  ldr L:CARG1, CFUNC:CARG3->upvalue[0].gcr
+  |  and L:CARG1, CARG1, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |.endif
+  |   ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+  |     str BASE, L->base
+  |  ldp RB, CARG2, L:CARG1->base
+  |   ldrb TMP1w, L:CARG1->status
+  |  add TMP0, CARG2, TMP1
+  |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  cmp TMP0, RB
+  |  beq ->fff_fallback
+  |   cmp TMP1, #LUA_YIELD
+  |    add TMP0, CARG2, #8
+  |   csel CARG2, CARG2, TMP0, hs
+  |   ldr CARG4, L:CARG1->maxstack
+  |   add CARG3, CARG2, NARGS8:RC
+  |    ldr RB, L:CARG1->cframe
+  |   ccmp CARG3, CARG4, #2, ls
+  |    ccmp RB, #0, #2, ls
+  |    bhi ->fff_fallback
+  |.if resume
+  |  sub CARG3, CARG3, #8               // Keep resumed thread in stack for GC.
+  |  add BASE, BASE, #8
+  |  sub NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, #8
+  |.endif
+  |  str CARG3, L:CARG1->top
+  |  str BASE, L->top
+  |  cbz NARGS8:RC, >3
+  |2:  // Move args to coroutine.
+  |   ldr TMP0, [BASE, RB]
+  |  cmp RB, NARGS8:RC
+  |   str TMP0, [CARG2, RB]
+  |   add RB, RB, #8
+  |  bne <2
+  |3:
+  |  mov CARG3, #0
+  |   mov L:RA, L:CARG1
+  |  mov CARG4, #0
+  |  bl ->vm_resume                     // (lua_State *L, TValue *base, 0, 0)
+  |  // Returns thread status.
+  |4:
+  |  ldp CARG3, CARG4, L:RA->base
+  |   cmp CRET1, #LUA_YIELD
+  |  ldr BASE, L->base
+  |    str L, GL->cur_L
+  |    st_vmstate ST_INTERP
+  |   bhi >8
+  |  sub RC, CARG4, CARG3
+  |   ldr CARG1, L->maxstack
+  |   add CARG2, BASE, RC
+  |  cbz RC, >6                         // No results?
+  |  cmp CARG2, CARG1
+  |   mov RB, #0
+  |  bhi >9                             // Need to grow stack?
+  |
+  |  sub CARG4, RC, #8
+  |   str CARG3, L:RA->top              // Clear coroutine stack.
+  |5:  // Move results from coroutine.
+  |   ldr TMP0, [CARG3, RB]
+  |  cmp RB, CARG4
+  |   str TMP0, [BASE, RB]
+  |   add RB, RB, #8
+  |  bne <5
+  |6:
+  |.if resume
+  |  mov_true TMP1
+  |   add RC, RC, #16
+  |7:
+  |  str TMP1, [BASE, #-8]              // Prepend true/false to results.
+  |   sub RA, BASE, #8
+  |.else
+  |   mov RA, BASE
+  |   add RC, RC, #8
+  |.endif
+  |  ands CARG1, PC, #FRAME_TYPE
+  |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |   str RCw, SAVE_MULTRES
+  |  beq ->BC_RET_Z
+  |  b ->vm_return
+  |
+  |8:  // Coroutine returned with error (at co->top-1).
+  |.if resume
+  |  ldr TMP0, [CARG4, #-8]!
+  |   mov_false TMP1
+  |    mov RC, #(2+1)*8
+  |  str CARG4, L:RA->top               // Remove error from coroutine stack.
+  |  str TMP0, [BASE]                   // Copy error message.
+  |  b <7
+  |.else
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |  mov CARG2, L:RA
+  |  bl extern lj_ffh_coroutine_wrap_err  // (lua_State *L, lua_State *co)
+  |  // Never returns.
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |9:  // Handle stack expansion on return from yield.
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |  lsr CARG2, RC, #3
+  |  bl extern lj_state_growstack       // (lua_State *L, int n)
+  |  mov CRET1, #0
+  |  b <4
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |  coroutine_resume_wrap 1            // coroutine.resume
+  |  coroutine_resume_wrap 0            // coroutine.wrap
+  |
+  |.ffunc coroutine_yield
+  |  ldr TMP0, L->cframe
+  |   add TMP1, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+  |    mov CRET1, #LUA_YIELD
+  |   stp BASE, TMP1, L->base
+  |  tbz TMP0, #0, ->fff_fallback
+  |   str xzr, L->cframe
+  |    strb CRET1w, L->status
+  |  b ->vm_leave_unw
+  |
+  |//-- Math library -------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.macro math_round, func, round
+  |  .ffunc math_ .. func
+  |  ldr CARG1, [BASE]
+  |   cmp NARGS8:RC, #8
+  |  ldr d0, [BASE]
+  |   blo ->fff_fallback
+  |  cmp TISNUMhi, CARG1, lsr #32
+  |  beq ->fff_restv
+  |  blo ->fff_fallback
+  |  round d0, d0
+  |  b ->fff_resn
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |  math_round floor, frintm
+  |  math_round ceil, frintp
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 math_abs
+  |  checknumber CARG1, ->fff_fallback
+  |  and CARG1, CARG1, #U64x(7fffffff,ffffffff)
+  |  bne ->fff_restv
+  |  eor CARG2w, CARG1w, CARG1w, asr #31
+  |   movz CARG3, #0x41e0, lsl #48      // 2^31.
+  |  subs CARG1w, CARG2w, CARG1w, asr #31
+  |   add CARG1, CARG1, TISNUM
+  |  csel CARG1, CARG1, CARG3, pl
+  |  // Fallthrough.
+  |
+  |->fff_restv:
+  |  // CARG1 = TValue result.
+  |  ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+  |  str CARG1, [BASE, #-16]
+  |->fff_res1:
+  |  // PC = return.
+  |  mov RC, #(1+1)*8
+  |->fff_res:
+  |  // RC = (nresults+1)*8, PC = return.
+  |  ands CARG1, PC, #FRAME_TYPE
+  |   str RCw, SAVE_MULTRES
+  |   sub RA, BASE, #16
+  |  bne ->vm_return
+  |  ldr INSw, [PC, #-4]
+  |  decode_RB RB, INS
+  |5:
+  |  cmp RC, RB, lsl #3                 // More results expected?
+  |  blo >6
+  |  decode_RA TMP1, INS
+  |  // Adjust BASE. KBASE is assumed to be set for the calling frame.
+  |  sub BASE, RA, TMP1, lsl #3
+  |  ins_next
+  |
+  |6:  // Fill up results with nil.
+  |  add TMP1, RA, RC
+  |   add RC, RC, #8
+  |  str TISNIL, [TMP1, #-8]
+  |  b <5
+  |
+  |.macro math_extern, func
+  |  .ffunc_n math_ .. func
+  |  bl extern func
+  |  b ->fff_resn
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro math_extern2, func
+  |  .ffunc_nn math_ .. func
+  |  bl extern func
+  |  b ->fff_resn
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.ffunc_n math_sqrt
+  |  fsqrt d0, d0
+  |->fff_resn:
+  |  ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+  |  str d0, [BASE, #-16]
+  |  b ->fff_res1
+  |
+  |.ffunc math_log
+  |  ldr CARG1, [BASE]
+  |   cmp NARGS8:RC, #8
+  |  ldr FARG1, [BASE]
+  |   bne ->fff_fallback                        // Need exactly 1 argument.
+  |  checknum CARG1, ->fff_fallback
+  |  bl extern log
+  |  b ->fff_resn
+  |
+  |  math_extern log10
+  |  math_extern exp
+  |  math_extern sin
+  |  math_extern cos
+  |  math_extern tan
+  |  math_extern asin
+  |  math_extern acos
+  |  math_extern atan
+  |  math_extern sinh
+  |  math_extern cosh
+  |  math_extern tanh
+  |  math_extern2 pow
+  |  math_extern2 atan2
+  |  math_extern2 fmod
+  |
+  |.ffunc_2 math_ldexp
+  |  ldr FARG1, [BASE]
+  |  checknum CARG1, ->fff_fallback
+  |  checkint CARG2, ->fff_fallback
+  |  sxtw CARG1, CARG2w
+  |  bl extern ldexp                    // (double x, int exp)
+  |  b ->fff_resn
+  |
+  |.ffunc_n math_frexp
+  |  add CARG1, sp, TMPDofs
+  |  bl extern frexp
+  |   ldr CARG2w, TMPD
+  |    ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+  |  str d0, [BASE, #-16]
+  |    mov RC, #(2+1)*8
+  |   add CARG2, CARG2, TISNUM
+  |   str CARG2, [BASE, #-8]
+  |  b ->fff_res
+  |
+  |.ffunc_n math_modf
+  |  sub CARG1, BASE, #16
+  |   ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+  |  bl extern modf
+  |   mov RC, #(2+1)*8
+  |  str d0, [BASE, #-8]
+  |  b ->fff_res
+  |
+  |.macro math_minmax, name, cond, fcond
+  |  .ffunc_1 name
+  |   add RB, BASE, RC
+  |   add RA, BASE, #8
+  |  checkint CARG1, >4
+  |1:  // Handle integers.
+  |  ldr CARG2, [RA]
+  |   cmp RA, RB
+  |   bhs ->fff_restv
+  |  checkint CARG2, >3
+  |  cmp CARG1w, CARG2w
+  |   add RA, RA, #8
+  |  csel CARG1, CARG2, CARG1, cond
+  |  b <1
+  |3:  // Convert intermediate result to number and continue below.
+  |  scvtf d0, CARG1w
+  |  blo ->fff_fallback
+  |  ldr d1, [RA]
+  |  b >6
+  |
+  |4:
+  |  ldr d0, [BASE]
+  |  blo ->fff_fallback
+  |5:  // Handle numbers.
+  |  ldr CARG2, [RA]
+  |  ldr d1, [RA]
+  |   cmp RA, RB
+  |   bhs ->fff_resn
+  |  checknum CARG2, >7
+  |6:
+  |  fcmp d0, d1
+  |   add RA, RA, #8
+  |  fcsel d0, d1, d0, fcond
+  |  b <5
+  |7:  // Convert integer to number and continue above.
+  |  scvtf d1, CARG2w
+  |  blo ->fff_fallback
+  |  b <6
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |  math_minmax math_min, gt, pl
+  |  math_minmax math_max, lt, le
+  |
+  |//-- String library -----------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc string_byte                   // Only handle the 1-arg case here.
+  |  ldp PC, CARG1, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+  |   cmp NARGS8:RC, #8
+  |  asr ITYPE, CARG1, #47
+  |  ccmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TSTR, #0, eq
+  |   and STR:CARG1, CARG1, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |  bne ->fff_fallback
+  |  ldrb TMP0w, STR:CARG1[1]           // Access is always ok (NUL at end).
+  |   ldr CARG3w, STR:CARG1->len
+  |  add TMP0, TMP0, TISNUM
+  |  str TMP0, [BASE, #-16]
+  |  mov RC, #(0+1)*8
+  |   cbz CARG3, ->fff_res
+  |  b ->fff_res1
+  |
+  |.ffunc string_char                   // Only handle the 1-arg case here.
+  |  ffgccheck
+  |  ldp PC, CARG1, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+  |  cmp CARG1w, #255
+  |   ccmp NARGS8:RC, #8, #0, ls                // Need exactly 1 argument.
+  |  bne ->fff_fallback
+  |  checkint CARG1, ->fff_fallback
+  |  mov CARG3, #1
+  |  // Point to the char inside the integer in the stack slot.
+  |.if ENDIAN_LE
+  |  mov CARG2, BASE
+  |.else
+  |  add CARG2, BASE, #7
+  |.endif
+  |->fff_newstr:
+  |  // CARG2 = str, CARG3 = len.
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  bl extern lj_str_new               // (lua_State *L, char *str, size_t l)
+  |->fff_resstr:
+  |  // Returns GCstr *.
+  |  ldr BASE, L->base
+  |   movn TMP1, #~LJ_TSTR
+  |  add CARG1, CARG1, TMP1, lsl #47
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |
+  |.ffunc string_sub
+  |  ffgccheck
+  |  ldr CARG1, [BASE]
+  |    ldr CARG3, [BASE, #16]
+  |   cmp NARGS8:RC, #16
+  |    movn RB, #0
+  |   beq >1
+  |   blo ->fff_fallback
+  |    checkint CARG3, ->fff_fallback
+  |    sxtw RB, CARG3w
+  |1:
+  |  ldr CARG2, [BASE, #8]
+  |  checkstr CARG1, ->fff_fallback
+  |   ldr TMP1w, STR:CARG1->len
+  |  checkint CARG2, ->fff_fallback
+  |  sxtw CARG2, CARG2w
+  |  // CARG1 = str, TMP1 = str->len, CARG2 = start, RB = end
+  |   add TMP2, RB, TMP1
+  |   cmp RB, #0
+  |  add TMP0, CARG2, TMP1
+  |   csinc RB, RB, TMP2, ge            // if (end < 0) end += len+1
+  |  cmp CARG2, #0
+  |  csinc CARG2, CARG2, TMP0, ge       // if (start < 0) start += len+1
+  |   cmp RB, #0
+  |   csel RB, RB, xzr, ge              // if (end < 0) end = 0
+  |  cmp CARG2, #1
+  |  csinc CARG2, CARG2, xzr, ge        // if (start < 1) start = 1
+  |   cmp RB, TMP1
+  |   csel RB, RB, TMP1, le             // if (end > len) end = len
+  |  add CARG1, STR:CARG1, #sizeof(GCstr)-1
+  |   subs CARG3, RB, CARG2             // len = end - start
+  |  add CARG2, CARG1, CARG2
+  |   add CARG3, CARG3, #1              // len += 1
+  |   bge ->fff_newstr
+  |  add STR:CARG1, GL, #offsetof(global_State, strempty)
+  |   movn TMP1, #~LJ_TSTR
+  |  add CARG1, CARG1, TMP1, lsl #47
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |
+  |.macro ffstring_op, name
+  |  .ffunc string_ .. name
+  |  ffgccheck
+  |  ldr CARG2, [BASE]
+  |   cmp NARGS8:RC, #8
+  |  asr ITYPE, CARG2, #47
+  |  ccmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TSTR, #0, hs
+  |   and STR:CARG2, CARG2, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |  bne ->fff_fallback
+  |  ldr TMP0, GL->tmpbuf.b
+  |   add SBUF:CARG1, GL, #offsetof(global_State, tmpbuf)
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |   str L, GL->tmpbuf.L
+  |  str TMP0, GL->tmpbuf.w
+  |  bl extern lj_buf_putstr_ .. name
+  |  bl extern lj_buf_tostr
+  |  b ->fff_resstr
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |ffstring_op reverse
+  |ffstring_op lower
+  |ffstring_op upper
+  |
+  |//-- Bit library --------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |// FP number to bit conversion for soft-float. Clobbers CARG1-CARG3
+  |->vm_tobit_fb:
+  |  bls ->fff_fallback
+  |  add CARG2, CARG1, CARG1
+  |  mov CARG3, #1076
+  |  sub CARG3, CARG3, CARG2, lsr #53
+  |  cmp CARG3, #53
+  |  bhi >1
+  |  and CARG2, CARG2, #U64x(001fffff,ffffffff)
+  |  orr CARG2, CARG2, #U64x(00200000,00000000)
+  |   cmp CARG1, #0
+  |  lsr CARG2, CARG2, CARG3
+  |   cneg CARG1w, CARG2w, mi
+  |  br lr
+  |1:
+  |  mov CARG1w, #0
+  |  br lr
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_bit, name
+  |  .ffunc_1 bit_..name
+  |  adr lr, >1
+  |  checkint CARG1, ->vm_tobit_fb
+  |1:
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_bit_op, name, ins
+  |  .ffunc_bit name
+  |  mov RA, #8
+  |  mov TMP0w, CARG1w
+  |  adr lr, >2
+  |1:
+  |  ldr CARG1, [BASE, RA]
+  |   cmp RA, NARGS8:RC
+  |    add RA, RA, #8
+  |   bge >9
+  |  checkint CARG1, ->vm_tobit_fb
+  |2:
+  |  ins TMP0w, TMP0w, CARG1w
+  |  b <1
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.ffunc_bit_op band, and
+  |.ffunc_bit_op bor, orr
+  |.ffunc_bit_op bxor, eor
+  |
+  |.ffunc_bit tobit
+  |  mov TMP0w, CARG1w
+  |9:  // Label reused by .ffunc_bit_op users.
+  |  add CARG1, TMP0, TISNUM
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |
+  |.ffunc_bit bswap
+  |  rev TMP0w, CARG1w
+  |  add CARG1, TMP0, TISNUM
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |
+  |.ffunc_bit bnot
+  |  mvn TMP0w, CARG1w
+  |  add CARG1, TMP0, TISNUM
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_bit_sh, name, ins, shmod
+  |  .ffunc bit_..name
+  |  ldp TMP0, CARG1, [BASE]
+  |   cmp NARGS8:RC, #16
+  |   blo ->fff_fallback
+  |  adr lr, >1
+  |  checkint CARG1, ->vm_tobit_fb
+  |1:
+  |.if shmod == 0
+  |  mov TMP1, CARG1
+  |.else
+  |  neg TMP1, CARG1
+  |.endif
+  |  mov CARG1, TMP0
+  |  adr lr, >2
+  |  checkint CARG1, ->vm_tobit_fb
+  |2:
+  |  ins TMP0w, CARG1w, TMP1w
+  |  add CARG1, TMP0, TISNUM
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.ffunc_bit_sh lshift, lsl, 0
+  |.ffunc_bit_sh rshift, lsr, 0
+  |.ffunc_bit_sh arshift, asr, 0
+  |.ffunc_bit_sh rol, ror, 1
+  |.ffunc_bit_sh ror, ror, 0
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->fff_fallback:                      // Call fast function fallback handler.
+  |  // BASE = new base, RC = nargs*8
+  |   ldp CFUNC:CARG3, PC, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]   // Fallback may overwrite PC.
+  |  ldr TMP2, L->maxstack
+  |  add TMP1, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+  |  stp BASE, TMP1, L->base
+  |   and CFUNC:CARG3, CARG3, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |  add TMP1, TMP1, #8*LUA_MINSTACK
+  |   ldr CARG3, CFUNC:CARG3->f
+  |    str PC, SAVE_PC                  // Redundant (but a defined value).
+  |  cmp TMP1, TMP2
+  |   mov CARG1, L
+  |  bhi >5                             // Need to grow stack.
+  |   blr_auth CARG3                    // (lua_State *L)
+  |  // Either throws an error, or recovers and returns -1, 0 or nresults+1.
+  |   ldr BASE, L->base
+  |  cmp CRET1w, #0
+  |   lsl RC, CRET1, #3
+  |   sub RA, BASE, #16
+  |  bgt ->fff_res                      // Returned nresults+1?
+  |1:  // Returned 0 or -1: retry fast path.
+  |   ldr CARG1, L->top
+  |    ldr CFUNC:CARG3, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
+  |   sub NARGS8:RC, CARG1, BASE
+  |  bne ->vm_call_tail                 // Returned -1?
+  |    and CFUNC:CARG3, CARG3, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |  ins_callt                          // Returned 0: retry fast path.
+  |
+  |// Reconstruct previous base for vmeta_call during tailcall.
+  |->vm_call_tail:
+  |  ands TMP0, PC, #FRAME_TYPE
+  |   and TMP1, PC, #~FRAME_TYPEP
+  |  bne >3
+  |  ldrb RAw, [PC, #-4+OFS_RA]
+  |  lsl RA, RA, #3
+  |  add TMP1, RA, #16
+  |3:
+  |  sub RB, BASE, TMP1
+  |  b ->vm_call_dispatch               // Resolve again for tailcall.
+  |
+  |5:  // Grow stack for fallback handler.
+  |  mov CARG2, #LUA_MINSTACK
+  |  bl extern lj_state_growstack       // (lua_State *L, int n)
+  |  ldr BASE, L->base
+  |  cmp CARG1, CARG1                   // Set zero-flag to force retry.
+  |  b <1
+  |
+  |->fff_gcstep:                        // Call GC step function.
+  |  // BASE = new base, RC = nargs*8
+  |  sp_auth
+  |   add CARG2, BASE, NARGS8:RC        // Calculate L->top.
+  |  mov RA, lr
+  |   stp BASE, CARG2, L->base
+  |   str PC, SAVE_PC                   // Redundant (but a defined value).
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |  bl extern lj_gc_step               // (lua_State *L)
+  |  ldp BASE, CARG2, L->base
+  |   ldr CFUNC:CARG3, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
+  |  mov lr, RA                         // Help return address predictor.
+  |  sub NARGS8:RC, CARG2, BASE         // Calculate nargs*8.
+  |   and CFUNC:CARG3, CARG3, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |  ret_auth
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Special dispatch targets -------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vm_record:                         // Dispatch target for recording phase.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  ldrb CARG1w, GL->hookmask
+  |  tst CARG1, #HOOK_VMEVENT           // No recording while in vmevent.
+  |  bne >5
+  |  // Decrement the hookcount for consistency, but always do the call.
+  |   ldr CARG2w, GL->hookcount
+  |  tst CARG1, #HOOK_ACTIVE
+  |  bne >1
+  |   sub CARG2w, CARG2w, #1
+  |  tst CARG1, #LUA_MASKLINE|LUA_MASKCOUNT
+  |  beq >1
+  |   str CARG2w, GL->hookcount
+  |  b >1
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_rethook:                        // Dispatch target for return hooks.
+  |  ldrb TMP2w, GL->hookmask
+  |  tbz TMP2w, #HOOK_ACTIVE_SHIFT, >1  // Hook already active?
+  |5:  // Re-dispatch to static ins.
+  |  ldr TMP0, [TMP1, #GG_G2DISP+GG_DISP2STATIC]
+  |  br_auth TMP0
+  |
+  |->vm_inshook:                        // Dispatch target for instr/line hooks.
+  |  ldrb TMP2w, GL->hookmask
+  |   ldr TMP3w, GL->hookcount
+  |  tbnz TMP2w, #HOOK_ACTIVE_SHIFT, <5 // Hook already active?
+  |  tst TMP2w, #LUA_MASKLINE|LUA_MASKCOUNT
+  |  beq <5
+  |   sub TMP3w, TMP3w, #1
+  |   str TMP3w, GL->hookcount
+  |   cbz TMP3w, >1
+  |  tbz TMP2w, #LUA_HOOKLINE, <5
+  |1:
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |  mov CARG2, PC
+  |  // SAVE_PC must hold the _previous_ PC. The callee updates it with PC.
+  |  bl extern lj_dispatch_ins          // (lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
+  |3:
+  |  ldr BASE, L->base
+  |4:  // Re-dispatch to static ins.
+  |  ldr INSw, [PC, #-4]
+  |  add TMP1, GL, INS, uxtb #3
+  |   decode_RA RA, INS
+  |  ldr TMP0, [TMP1, #GG_G2DISP+GG_DISP2STATIC]
+  |   decode_RD RC, INS
+  |  br_auth TMP0
+  |
+  |->cont_hook:                         // Continue from hook yield.
+  |  ldr CARG1, [CARG4, #-40]
+  |   add PC, PC, #4
+  |  str CARG1w, SAVE_MULTRES           // Restore MULTRES for *M ins.
+  |  b <4
+  |
+  |->vm_hotloop:                        // Hot loop counter underflow.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  ldr LFUNC:CARG3, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]  // Same as curr_topL(L).
+  |   add CARG1, GL, #GG_G2DISP+GG_DISP2J
+  |  and LFUNC:CARG3, CARG3, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  ldr CARG3, LFUNC:CARG3->pc
+  |   mov CARG2, PC
+  |   str L, [GL, #GL_J(L)]
+  |  ldrb CARG3w, [CARG3, #PC2PROTO(framesize)]
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |  add CARG3, BASE, CARG3, lsl #3
+  |  str CARG3, L->top
+  |  bl extern lj_trace_hot             // (jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc)
+  |  b <3
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_callhook:                       // Dispatch target for call hooks.
+  |  mov CARG2, PC
+  |.if JIT
+  |  b >1
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_hotcall:                        // Hot call counter underflow.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  orr CARG2, PC, #1
+  |1:
+  |.endif
+  |  add TMP1, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+  |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+  |   mov CARG1, L
+  |   sub RA, RA, BASE
+  |  stp BASE, TMP1, L->base
+  |  bl extern lj_dispatch_call         // (lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
+  |  // Returns ASMFunction.
+  |  ldp BASE, TMP1, L->base
+  |   str xzr, SAVE_PC                  // Invalidate for subsequent line hook.
+  |  ldr LFUNC:CARG3, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
+  |  add RA, BASE, RA
+  |  sub NARGS8:RC, TMP1, BASE
+  |   ldr INSw, [PC, #-4]
+  |  and LFUNC:CARG3, CARG3, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |  br_auth CRET1
+  |
+  |->cont_stitch:                       // Trace stitching.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  // RA = resultptr, CARG4 = meta base
+  |   ldr RBw, SAVE_MULTRES
+  |  ldr INSw, [PC, #-4]
+  |    ldr TRACE:CARG3, [CARG4, #-40]   // Save previous trace.
+  |   subs RB, RB, #8
+  |  decode_RA RC, INS                  // Call base.
+  |    and CARG3, CARG3, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |   beq >2
+  |1:  // Move results down.
+  |  ldr CARG1, [RA]
+  |    add RA, RA, #8
+  |   subs RB, RB, #8
+  |  str CARG1, [BASE, RC, lsl #3]
+  |    add RC, RC, #1
+  |   bne <1
+  |2:
+  |   decode_RA RA, INS
+  |   decode_RB RB, INS
+  |   add RA, RA, RB
+  |3:
+  |   cmp RA, RC
+  |   bhi >9                            // More results wanted?
+  |
+  |  ldrh RAw, TRACE:CARG3->traceno
+  |  ldrh RCw, TRACE:CARG3->link
+  |  cmp RCw, RAw
+  |  beq ->cont_nop                     // Blacklisted.
+  |  cmp RCw, #0
+  |  bne =>BC_JLOOP                     // Jump to stitched trace.
+  |
+  |  // Stitch a new trace to the previous trace.
+  |  mov CARG1, #GL_J(exitno)
+  |  str RAw, [GL, CARG1]
+  |  mov CARG1, #GL_J(L)
+  |  str L, [GL, CARG1]
+  |  str BASE, L->base
+  |  add CARG1, GL, #GG_G2J
+  |  mov CARG2, PC
+  |  bl extern lj_dispatch_stitch       // (jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc)
+  |  ldr BASE, L->base
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |
+  |9:  // Fill up results with nil.
+  |  str TISNIL, [BASE, RC, lsl #3]
+  |  add RC, RC, #1
+  |  b <3
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_profhook:                       // Dispatch target for profiler hook.
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |  mov CARG2, PC
+  |  bl extern lj_dispatch_profile      // (lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
+  |  // HOOK_PROFILE is off again, so re-dispatch to dynamic instruction.
+  |  ldr BASE, L->base
+  |  sub PC, PC, #4
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+#endif
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Trace exit handler -------------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.macro savex_, a, b
+  |  stp d..a, d..b, [sp, #a*8]
+  |  stp x..a, x..b, [sp, #32*8+a*8]
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |->vm_exit_handler:
+  |.if JIT
+  |  sub     sp, sp, #(64*8)
+  |  savex_, 0, 1
+  |  savex_, 2, 3
+  |  savex_, 4, 5
+  |  savex_, 6, 7
+  |  savex_, 8, 9
+  |  savex_, 10, 11
+  |  savex_, 12, 13
+  |  savex_, 14, 15
+  |  savex_, 16, 17
+  |  savex_, 18, 19
+  |  savex_, 20, 21
+  |  savex_, 22, 23
+  |  savex_, 24, 25
+  |  savex_, 26, 27
+  |  savex_, 28, 29
+  |  stp d30, d31, [sp, #30*8]
+  |  ldr CARG1, [sp, #64*8]     // Load original value of lr.
+  |   add CARG3, sp, #64*8      // Recompute original value of sp.
+  |    mv_vmstate CARG4w, EXIT
+  |   stp xzr, CARG3, [sp, #62*8]       // Store 0/sp in RID_LR/RID_SP.
+  |  sub CARG1, CARG1, lr
+  |   ldr L, GL->cur_L
+  |  lsr CARG1, CARG1, #2
+  |   ldr BASE, GL->jit_base
+  |  sub CARG1, CARG1, #2
+  |   ldr CARG2w, [lr]          // Load trace number.
+  |    st_vmstate CARG4w
+  |.if ENDIAN_BE
+  |   rev32 CARG2, CARG2
+  |.endif
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |  ubfx CARG2w, CARG2w, #5, #16
+  |  str CARG1w, [GL, #GL_J(exitno)]
+  |   str CARG2w, [GL, #GL_J(parent)]
+  |   str L, [GL, #GL_J(L)]
+  |  str xzr, GL->jit_base
+  |  add CARG1, GL, #GG_G2J
+  |  mov CARG2, sp
+  |  bl extern lj_trace_exit            // (jit_State *J, ExitState *ex)
+  |  // Returns MULTRES (unscaled) or negated error code.
+  |  ldr CARG2, L->cframe
+  |   ldr BASE, L->base
+  |  and sp, CARG2, #CFRAME_RAWMASK
+  |   ldr PC, SAVE_PC                   // Get SAVE_PC.
+  |  str L, SAVE_L                      // Set SAVE_L (on-trace resume/yield).
+  |  b >1
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_exit_interp:
+  |  // CARG1 = MULTRES or negated error code, BASE, PC and GL set.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  ldr L, SAVE_L
+  |1:
+  |  cmn CARG1w, #LUA_ERRERR
+  |  bhs >9                             // Check for error from exit.
+  |   lsl RC, CARG1, #3
+  |  ldr LFUNC:CARG2, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
+  |    movz TISNUM, #(LJ_TISNUM>>1)&0xffff, lsl #48
+  |    movz TISNUMhi, #(LJ_TISNUM>>1)&0xffff, lsl #16
+  |    movn TISNIL, #0
+  |  and LFUNC:CARG2, CARG2, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |   str RCw, SAVE_MULTRES
+  |   str BASE, L->base
+  |  ldr CARG2, LFUNC:CARG2->pc
+  |   str xzr, GL->jit_base
+  |    mv_vmstate CARG4w, INTERP
+  |  ldr KBASE, [CARG2, #PC2PROTO(k)]
+  |  // Modified copy of ins_next which handles function header dispatch, too.
+  |  ldrb RBw, [PC, # OFS_OP]
+  |   ldr INSw, [PC], #4
+  |    st_vmstate CARG4w
+  |  cmn CARG1w, #17                    // Static dispatch?
+  |  beq >5
+  |  cmp RBw, #BC_FUNCC+2               // Fast function?
+  |   add TMP1, GL, INS, uxtb #3
+  |  bhs >4
+  |2:
+  |  cmp RBw, #BC_FUNCF                 // Function header?
+  |  add TMP0, GL, RB, uxtb #3
+  |  ldr RB, [TMP0, #GG_G2DISP]
+  |   decode_RA RA, INS
+  |   lsr TMP0, INS, #16
+  |   csel RC, TMP0, RC, lo
+  |   blo >3
+  |   ldr CARG3, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
+  |   sub RC, RC, #8
+  |   add RA, BASE, RA, lsl #3  // Yes: RA = BASE+framesize*8, RC = nargs*8
+  |   and LFUNC:CARG3, CARG3, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |3:
+  |  br_auth RB
+  |
+  |4:  // Check frame below fast function.
+  |  ldr CARG1, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+  |  ands CARG2, CARG1, #FRAME_TYPE
+  |  bne <2                     // Trace stitching continuation?
+  |  // Otherwise set KBASE for Lua function below fast function.
+  |  ldr CARG3w, [CARG1, #-4]
+  |  decode_RA CARG1, CARG3
+  |  sub CARG2, BASE, CARG1, lsl #3
+  |  ldr LFUNC:CARG3, [CARG2, #-32]
+  |  and LFUNC:CARG3, CARG3, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |  ldr CARG3, LFUNC:CARG3->pc
+  |  ldr KBASE, [CARG3, #PC2PROTO(k)]
+  |  b <2
+  |
+  |5:  // Dispatch to static entry of original ins replaced by BC_JLOOP.
+  |  ldr RA, [GL, #GL_J(trace)]
+  |  decode_RD RC, INS
+  |  ldr TRACE:RA, [RA, RC, lsl #3]
+  |  ldr INSw, TRACE:RA->startins
+  |  add TMP0, GL, INS, uxtb #3
+  |   decode_RA RA, INS
+  |  ldr RB, [TMP0, #GG_G2DISP+GG_DISP2STATIC]
+  |   decode_RD RC, INS
+  |  br_auth RB
+  |
+  |9:  // Rethrow error from the right C frame.
+  |  neg CARG2w, CARG1w
+  |  mov CARG1, L
+  |  bl extern lj_err_trace             // (lua_State *L, int errcode)
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Math helper functions ----------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |  // int lj_vm_modi(int dividend, int divisor);
+  |->vm_modi:
+  |    eor CARG4w, CARG1w, CARG2w
+  |    cmp CARG4w, #0
+  |  eor CARG3w, CARG1w, CARG1w, asr #31
+  |   eor CARG4w, CARG2w, CARG2w, asr #31
+  |  sub CARG3w, CARG3w, CARG1w, asr #31
+  |   sub CARG4w, CARG4w, CARG2w, asr #31
+  |  udiv CARG1w, CARG3w, CARG4w
+  |  msub CARG1w, CARG1w, CARG4w, CARG3w
+  |    ccmp CARG1w, #0, #4, mi
+  |    sub CARG3w, CARG1w, CARG4w
+  |    csel CARG1w, CARG1w, CARG3w, eq
+  |  eor CARG3w, CARG1w, CARG2w
+  |  cmp CARG3w, #0
+  |  cneg CARG1w, CARG1w, mi
+  |  ret
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Miscellaneous functions --------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.define NEXT_TAB,            TAB:CARG1
+  |.define NEXT_RES,            CARG1
+  |.define NEXT_IDX,            CARG2w
+  |.define NEXT_LIM,            CARG3w
+  |.define NEXT_TMP0,           TMP0
+  |.define NEXT_TMP0w,          TMP0w
+  |.define NEXT_TMP1,           TMP1
+  |.define NEXT_TMP1w,          TMP1w
+  |.define NEXT_RES_PTR,        sp
+  |.define NEXT_RES_VAL,        [sp]
+  |.define NEXT_RES_KEY,        [sp, #8]
+  |
+  |// TValue *lj_vm_next(GCtab *t, uint32_t idx)
+  |// Next idx returned in CRET2w.
+  |->vm_next:
+  |.if JIT
+  |  ldr NEXT_LIM, NEXT_TAB->asize
+  |   ldr NEXT_TMP1, NEXT_TAB->array
+  |1:  // Traverse array part.
+  |  subs NEXT_TMP0w, NEXT_IDX, NEXT_LIM
+  |  bhs >5                             // Index points after array part?
+  |  ldr NEXT_TMP0, [NEXT_TMP1, NEXT_IDX, uxtw #3]
+  |  cmn NEXT_TMP0, #-LJ_TNIL
+  |   cinc NEXT_IDX, NEXT_IDX, eq
+  |  beq <1                             // Skip holes in array part.
+  |  str NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_RES_VAL
+  |   movz NEXT_TMP0w, #(LJ_TISNUM>>1)&0xffff, lsl #16
+  |   stp NEXT_IDX, NEXT_TMP0w, NEXT_RES_KEY
+  |  add NEXT_IDX, NEXT_IDX, #1
+  |  mov NEXT_RES, NEXT_RES_PTR
+  |4:
+  |  ret
+  |
+  |5:  // Traverse hash part.
+  |  ldr NEXT_TMP1w, NEXT_TAB->hmask
+  |   ldr NODE:NEXT_RES, NEXT_TAB->node
+  |   add NEXT_TMP0w, NEXT_TMP0w, NEXT_TMP0w, lsl #1
+  |  add NEXT_LIM, NEXT_LIM, NEXT_TMP1w
+  |   add NODE:NEXT_RES, NODE:NEXT_RES, NEXT_TMP0w, uxtw #3
+  |6:
+  |  cmp NEXT_IDX, NEXT_LIM
+  |  bhi >9
+  |  ldr NEXT_TMP0, NODE:NEXT_RES->val
+  |  cmn NEXT_TMP0, #-LJ_TNIL
+  |   add NEXT_IDX, NEXT_IDX, #1
+  |  bne <4
+  |  // Skip holes in hash part.
+  |  add NODE:NEXT_RES, NODE:NEXT_RES, #sizeof(Node)
+  |  b <6
+  |
+  |9:  // End of iteration. Set the key to nil (not the value).
+  |  movn NEXT_TMP0, #0
+  |  str NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_RES_KEY
+  |  mov NEXT_RES, NEXT_RES_PTR
+  |  ret
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- FFI helper functions -----------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |// Handler for callback functions.
+  |// Saveregs already performed. Callback slot number in [sp], g in r12.
+  |->vm_ffi_callback:
+  |.if FFI
+  |.type CTSTATE, CTState, PC
+  |  saveregs
+  |  ldr CTSTATE, GL:x10->ctype_state
+  |  mov GL, x10
+  |    add x10, sp, # CFRAME_SPACE
+  |  str w9, CTSTATE->cb.slot
+  |  stp x0, x1, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[0]
+  |   stp d0, d1, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[0]
+  |  stp x2, x3, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[2]
+  |   stp d2, d3, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[2]
+  |  stp x4, x5, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[4]
+  |   stp d4, d5, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[4]
+  |  stp x6, x7, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[6]
+  |   stp d6, d7, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[6]
+  |    str x10, CTSTATE->cb.stack
+  |  mov CARG1, CTSTATE
+  |   str CTSTATE, SAVE_PC              // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
+  |  mov CARG2, sp
+  |  bl extern lj_ccallback_enter       // (CTState *cts, void *cf)
+  |  // Returns lua_State *.
+  |  ldp BASE, RC, L:CRET1->base
+  |   movz TISNUM, #(LJ_TISNUM>>1)&0xffff, lsl #48
+  |   movz TISNUMhi, #(LJ_TISNUM>>1)&0xffff, lsl #16
+  |   movn TISNIL, #0
+  |   mov L, CRET1
+  |  ldr LFUNC:CARG3, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
+  |  sub RC, RC, BASE
+  |   st_vmstate ST_INTERP
+  |  and LFUNC:CARG3, CARG3, #LJ_GCVMASK
+  |  ins_callt
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->cont_ffi_callback:                 // Return from FFI callback.
+  |.if FFI
+  |  ldr CTSTATE, GL->ctype_state
+  |   stp BASE, CARG4, L->base
+  |  str L, CTSTATE->L
+  |  mov CARG1, CTSTATE
+  |  mov CARG2, RA
+  |  bl extern lj_ccallback_leave       // (CTState *cts, TValue *o)
+  |  ldp x0, x1, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[0]
+  |   ldp d0, d1, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[0]
+  |  b ->vm_leave_unw
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_ffi_call:                       // Call C function via FFI.
+  |  // Caveat: needs special frame unwinding, see below.
+  |.if FFI
+  |  .type CCSTATE, CCallState, x19
+  |  sp_auth
+  |  stp x20, CCSTATE, [sp, #-32]!
+  |  stp fp, lr, [sp, #16]
+  |  add fp, sp, #16
+  |  mov CCSTATE, x0
+  |  ldr TMP0w, CCSTATE:x0->spadj
+  |   ldrb TMP1w, CCSTATE->nsp
+  |    add TMP2, CCSTATE, #offsetof(CCallState, stack)
+  |   subs TMP1, TMP1, #1
+  |    ldr TMP3, CCSTATE->func
+  |  sub sp, sp, TMP0
+  |   bmi >2
+  |1:  // Copy stack slots
+  |  ldr TMP0, [TMP2, TMP1, lsl #3]
+  |  str TMP0, [sp, TMP1, lsl #3]
+  |  subs TMP1, TMP1, #1
+  |  bpl <1
+  |2:
+  |  ldp x0, x1, CCSTATE->gpr[0]
+  |   ldp d0, d1, CCSTATE->fpr[0]
+  |  ldp x2, x3, CCSTATE->gpr[2]
+  |   ldp d2, d3, CCSTATE->fpr[2]
+  |  ldp x4, x5, CCSTATE->gpr[4]
+  |   ldp d4, d5, CCSTATE->fpr[4]
+  |  ldp x6, x7, CCSTATE->gpr[6]
+  |   ldp d6, d7, CCSTATE->fpr[6]
+  |  ldr x8, CCSTATE->retp
+  |  blr_auth TMP3
+  |  sub sp, fp, #16
+  |  stp x0, x1, CCSTATE->gpr[0]
+  |   stp d0, d1, CCSTATE->fpr[0]
+  |   stp d2, d3, CCSTATE->fpr[2]
+  |  ldp fp, lr, [sp, #16]
+  |  ldp x20, CCSTATE, [sp], #32
+  |  ret_auth
+  |.endif
+  |// Note: vm_ffi_call must be the last function in this object file!
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+}
+
+/* Generate the code for a single instruction. */
+static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
+{
+  int vk = 0;
+  |=>defop:
+
+  switch (op) {
+
+  /* -- Comparison ops ---------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  /* Remember: all ops branch for a true comparison, fall through otherwise. */
+
+  case BC_ISLT: case BC_ISGE: case BC_ISLE: case BC_ISGT:
+    |  // RA = src1, RC = src2, JMP with RC = target
+    |  ldr CARG1, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |    ldrh RBw, [PC, # OFS_RD]
+    |   ldr CARG2, [BASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |    add PC, PC, #4
+    |    add RB, PC, RB, lsl #2
+    |    sub RB, RB, #0x20000
+    |  checkint CARG1, >3
+    |   checkint CARG2, >4
+    |  cmp CARG1w, CARG2w
+    if (op == BC_ISLT) {
+      |  csel PC, RB, PC, lt
+    } else if (op == BC_ISGE) {
+      |  csel PC, RB, PC, ge
+    } else if (op == BC_ISLE) {
+      |  csel PC, RB, PC, le
+    } else {
+      |  csel PC, RB, PC, gt
+    }
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |3:  // RA not int.
+    |    ldr FARG1, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  blo ->vmeta_comp
+    |    ldr FARG2, [BASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |   cmp TISNUMhi, CARG2, lsr #32
+    |   bhi >5
+    |   bne ->vmeta_comp
+    |  // RA number, RC int.
+    |  scvtf FARG2, CARG2w
+    |  b >5
+    |
+    |4:  // RA int, RC not int
+    |    ldr FARG2, [BASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |   blo ->vmeta_comp
+    |  // RA int, RC number.
+    |  scvtf FARG1, CARG1w
+    |
+    |5:  // RA number, RC number
+    |  fcmp FARG1, FARG2
+    |  // To preserve NaN semantics GE/GT branch on unordered, but LT/LE don't.
+    if (op == BC_ISLT) {
+      |  csel PC, RB, PC, lo
+    } else if (op == BC_ISGE) {
+      |  csel PC, RB, PC, hs
+    } else if (op == BC_ISLE) {
+      |  csel PC, RB, PC, ls
+    } else {
+      |  csel PC, RB, PC, hi
+    }
+    |  b <1
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ISEQV: case BC_ISNEV:
+    vk = op == BC_ISEQV;
+    |  // RA = src1, RC = src2, JMP with RC = target
+    |  ldr CARG1, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |   add RC, BASE, RC, lsl #3
+    |    ldrh RBw, [PC, # OFS_RD]
+    |   ldr CARG3, [RC]
+    |    add PC, PC, #4
+    |    add RB, PC, RB, lsl #2
+    |    sub RB, RB, #0x20000
+    |  asr ITYPE, CARG3, #47
+    |  cmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TISNUM
+    if (vk) {
+      |  bls ->BC_ISEQN_Z
+    } else {
+      |  bls ->BC_ISNEN_Z
+    }
+    |  // RC is not a number.
+    |   asr TMP0, CARG1, #47
+    |.if FFI
+    |  // Check if RC or RA is a cdata.
+    |  cmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TCDATA
+    |   ccmn TMP0, #-LJ_TCDATA, #4, ne
+    |  beq ->vmeta_equal_cd
+    |.endif
+    |  cmp CARG1, CARG3
+    |  bne >2
+    |  // Tag and value are equal.
+    if (vk) {
+      |->BC_ISEQV_Z:
+      |  mov PC, RB                     // Perform branch.
+    }
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |2:  // Check if the tags are the same and it's a table or userdata.
+    |  cmp ITYPE, TMP0
+    |  ccmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TISTABUD, #2, eq
+    if (vk) {
+      |  bhi <1
+    } else {
+      |  bhi ->BC_ISEQV_Z               // Reuse code from opposite instruction.
+    }
+    |  // Different tables or userdatas. Need to check __eq metamethod.
+    |  // Field metatable must be at same offset for GCtab and GCudata!
+    |  and TAB:CARG2, CARG1, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  ldr TAB:TMP2, TAB:CARG2->metatable
+    if (vk) {
+      |  cbz TAB:TMP2, <1               // No metatable?
+      |  ldrb TMP1w, TAB:TMP2->nomm
+      |   mov CARG4, #0                 // ne = 0
+      |  tbnz TMP1w, #MM_eq, <1         // 'no __eq' flag set: done.
+    } else {
+      |  cbz TAB:TMP2, ->BC_ISEQV_Z     // No metatable?
+      |  ldrb TMP1w, TAB:TMP2->nomm
+      |   mov CARG4, #1                 // ne = 1.
+      |  tbnz TMP1w, #MM_eq, ->BC_ISEQV_Z       // 'no __eq' flag set: done.
+    }
+    |  b ->vmeta_equal
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ISEQS: case BC_ISNES:
+    vk = op == BC_ISEQS;
+    |  // RA = src, RC = str_const (~), JMP with RC = target
+    |  ldr CARG1, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |   mvn RC, RC
+    |    ldrh RBw, [PC, # OFS_RD]
+    |   ldr CARG2, [KBASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |    add PC, PC, #4
+    |   movn TMP0, #~LJ_TSTR
+    |.if FFI
+    |  asr ITYPE, CARG1, #47
+    |.endif
+    |    add RB, PC, RB, lsl #2
+    |   add CARG2, CARG2, TMP0, lsl #47
+    |    sub RB, RB, #0x20000
+    |.if FFI
+    |  cmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TCDATA
+    |  beq ->vmeta_equal_cd
+    |.endif
+    |  cmp CARG1, CARG2
+    if (vk) {
+      |  csel PC, RB, PC, eq
+    } else {
+      |  csel PC, RB, PC, ne
+    }
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ISEQN: case BC_ISNEN:
+    vk = op == BC_ISEQN;
+    |  // RA = src, RC = num_const (~), JMP with RC = target
+    |  ldr CARG1, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |   add RC, KBASE, RC, lsl #3
+    |    ldrh RBw, [PC, # OFS_RD]
+    |   ldr CARG3, [RC]
+    |    add PC, PC, #4
+    |    add RB, PC, RB, lsl #2
+    |    sub RB, RB, #0x20000
+    if (vk) {
+      |->BC_ISEQN_Z:
+    } else {
+      |->BC_ISNEN_Z:
+    }
+    |  checkint CARG1, >4
+    |   checkint CARG3, >6
+    |  cmp CARG1w, CARG3w
+    |1:
+    if (vk) {
+      |  csel PC, RB, PC, eq
+      |2:
+    } else {
+      |2:
+      |  csel PC, RB, PC, ne
+    }
+    |3:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |4:  // RA not int.
+    |.if FFI
+    |  blo >7
+    |.else
+    |  blo <2
+    |.endif
+    |    ldr FARG1, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |    ldr FARG2, [RC]
+    |   cmp TISNUMhi, CARG3, lsr #32
+    |   bne >5
+    |  // RA number, RC int.
+    |  scvtf FARG2, CARG3w
+    |5:
+    |  // RA number, RC number.
+    |  fcmp FARG1, FARG2
+    |  b <1
+    |
+    |6:  // RA int, RC number
+    |  ldr FARG2, [RC]
+    |  scvtf FARG1, CARG1w
+    |  fcmp FARG1, FARG2
+    |  b <1
+    |
+    |.if FFI
+    |7:
+    |  asr ITYPE, CARG1, #47
+    |  cmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TCDATA
+    |  bne <2
+    |  b ->vmeta_equal_cd
+    |.endif
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ISEQP: case BC_ISNEP:
+    vk = op == BC_ISEQP;
+    |  // RA = src, RC = primitive_type (~), JMP with RC = target
+    |  ldr TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |   ldrh RBw, [PC, # OFS_RD]
+    |   add PC, PC, #4
+    |  add RC, RC, #1
+    |   add RB, PC, RB, lsl #2
+    |.if FFI
+    |  asr ITYPE, TMP0, #47
+    |  cmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TCDATA
+    |  beq ->vmeta_equal_cd
+    |  cmn RC, ITYPE
+    |.else
+    |  cmn RC, TMP0, asr #47
+    |.endif
+    |   sub RB, RB, #0x20000
+    if (vk) {
+      |  csel PC, RB, PC, eq
+    } else {
+      |  csel PC, RB, PC, ne
+    }
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Unary test and copy ops ------------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_ISTC: case BC_ISFC: case BC_IST: case BC_ISF:
+    |  // RA = dst or unused, RC = src, JMP with RC = target
+    |   ldrh RBw, [PC, # OFS_RD]
+    |  ldr TMP0, [BASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |   add PC, PC, #4
+    |  mov_false TMP1
+    |   add RB, PC, RB, lsl #2
+    |  cmp TMP0, TMP1
+    |   sub RB, RB, #0x20000
+    if (op == BC_ISTC || op == BC_IST) {
+      if (op == BC_ISTC) {
+        |  csel RA, RA, RC, lo
+      }
+      |  csel PC, RB, PC, lo
+    } else {
+      if (op == BC_ISFC) {
+        |  csel RA, RA, RC, hs
+      }
+      |  csel PC, RB, PC, hs
+    }
+    if (op == BC_ISTC || op == BC_ISFC) {
+      |  str TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    }
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ISTYPE:
+    |  // RA = src, RC = -type
+    |  ldr TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  cmn RC, TMP0, asr #47
+    |  bne ->vmeta_istype
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_ISNUM:
+    |  // RA = src, RC = -(TISNUM-1)
+    |  ldr TMP0, [BASE, RA]
+    |  checknum TMP0, ->vmeta_istype
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Unary ops --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_MOV:
+    |  // RA = dst, RC = src
+    |  ldr TMP0, [BASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |  str TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_NOT:
+    |  // RA = dst, RC = src
+    |  ldr TMP0, [BASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |   mov_false TMP1
+    |   mov_true TMP2
+    |  cmp TMP0, TMP1
+    |  csel TMP0, TMP1, TMP2, lo
+    |  str TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_UNM:
+    |  // RA = dst, RC = src
+    |  ldr TMP0, [BASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |  asr ITYPE, TMP0, #47
+    |  cmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TISNUM
+    |  bhi ->vmeta_unm
+    |  eor TMP0, TMP0, #U64x(80000000,00000000)
+    |  bne >5
+    |  negs TMP0w, TMP0w
+    |   movz CARG3, #0x41e0, lsl #48    // 2^31.
+    |   add TMP0, TMP0, TISNUM
+    |  csel TMP0, TMP0, CARG3, vc
+    |5:
+    |  str TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_LEN:
+    |  // RA = dst, RC = src
+    |  ldr CARG1, [BASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |  asr ITYPE, CARG1, #47
+    |  cmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TSTR
+    |   and CARG1, CARG1, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  bne >2
+    |  ldr CARG1w, STR:CARG1->len
+    |1:
+    |  add CARG1, CARG1, TISNUM
+    |  str CARG1, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |2:
+    |  cmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TTAB
+    |  bne ->vmeta_len
+#if LJ_52
+    |  ldr TAB:CARG2, TAB:CARG1->metatable
+    |  cbnz TAB:CARG2, >9
+    |3:
+#endif
+    |->BC_LEN_Z:
+    |  bl extern lj_tab_len             // (GCtab *t)
+    |  // Returns uint32_t (but less than 2^31).
+    |  b <1
+    |
+#if LJ_52
+    |9:
+    |  ldrb TMP1w, TAB:CARG2->nomm
+    |  tbnz TMP1w, #MM_len, <3          // 'no __len' flag set: done.
+    |  b ->vmeta_len
+#endif
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Binary ops -------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+    |.macro ins_arithcheck_int, target
+    |  checkint CARG1, target
+    |  checkint CARG2, target
+    |.endmacro
+    |
+    |.macro ins_arithcheck_num, target
+    |  checknum CARG1, target
+    |  checknum CARG2, target
+    |.endmacro
+    |
+    |.macro ins_arithcheck_nzdiv, target
+    |  cbz CARG2w, target
+    |.endmacro
+    |
+    |.macro ins_arithhead
+    ||vk = ((int)op - BC_ADDVN) / (BC_ADDNV-BC_ADDVN);
+    ||if (vk == 1) {
+    |   and RC, RC, #255
+    |    decode_RB RB, INS
+    ||} else {
+    |   decode_RB RB, INS
+    |    and RC, RC, #255
+    ||}
+    |.endmacro
+    |
+    |.macro ins_arithload, reg1, reg2
+    |  // RA = dst, RB = src1, RC = src2 | num_const
+    ||switch (vk) {
+    ||case 0:
+    |   ldr reg1, [BASE, RB, lsl #3]
+    |    ldr reg2, [KBASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    ||  break;
+    ||case 1:
+    |   ldr reg1, [KBASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |    ldr reg2, [BASE, RB, lsl #3]
+    ||  break;
+    ||default:
+    |   ldr reg1, [BASE, RB, lsl #3]
+    |    ldr reg2, [BASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    ||  break;
+    ||}
+    |.endmacro
+    |
+    |.macro ins_arithfallback, ins
+    ||switch (vk) {
+    ||case 0:
+    |   ins ->vmeta_arith_vn
+    ||  break;
+    ||case 1:
+    |   ins ->vmeta_arith_nv
+    ||  break;
+    ||default:
+    |   ins ->vmeta_arith_vv
+    ||  break;
+    ||}
+    |.endmacro
+    |
+    |.macro ins_arithmod, res, reg1, reg2
+    |  fdiv d2, reg1, reg2
+    |  frintm d2, d2
+    |  // Cannot use fmsub, because FMA is not enabled by default.
+    |  fmul d2, d2, reg2
+    |  fsub res, reg1, d2
+    |.endmacro
+    |
+    |.macro ins_arithdn, intins, fpins
+    |  ins_arithhead
+    |  ins_arithload CARG1, CARG2
+    |  ins_arithcheck_int >5
+    |.if "intins" == "smull"
+    |  smull CARG1, CARG1w, CARG2w
+    |  cmp CARG1, CARG1, sxtw
+    |   mov CARG1w, CARG1w
+    |  ins_arithfallback bne
+    |.elif "intins" == "ins_arithmodi"
+    |  ins_arithfallback ins_arithcheck_nzdiv
+    |  bl ->vm_modi
+    |.else
+    |  intins CARG1w, CARG1w, CARG2w
+    |  ins_arithfallback bvs
+    |.endif
+    |  add CARG1, CARG1, TISNUM
+    |  str CARG1, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |4:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |5:  // FP variant.
+    |  ins_arithload FARG1, FARG2
+    |  ins_arithfallback ins_arithcheck_num
+    |  fpins FARG1, FARG1, FARG2
+    |  str FARG1, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  b <4
+    |.endmacro
+    |
+    |.macro ins_arithfp, fpins
+    |  ins_arithhead
+    |  ins_arithload CARG1, CARG2
+    |  ins_arithload FARG1, FARG2
+    |  ins_arithfallback ins_arithcheck_num
+    |.if "fpins" == "fpow"
+    |  bl extern pow
+    |.else
+    |  fpins FARG1, FARG1, FARG2
+    |.endif
+    |  str FARG1, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  ins_next
+    |.endmacro
+
+  case BC_ADDVN: case BC_ADDNV: case BC_ADDVV:
+    |  ins_arithdn adds, fadd
+    break;
+  case BC_SUBVN: case BC_SUBNV: case BC_SUBVV:
+    |  ins_arithdn subs, fsub
+    break;
+  case BC_MULVN: case BC_MULNV: case BC_MULVV:
+    |  ins_arithdn smull, fmul
+    break;
+  case BC_DIVVN: case BC_DIVNV: case BC_DIVVV:
+    |  ins_arithfp fdiv
+    break;
+  case BC_MODVN: case BC_MODNV: case BC_MODVV:
+    |  ins_arithdn ins_arithmodi, ins_arithmod
+    break;
+  case BC_POW:
+    |  // NYI: (partial) integer arithmetic.
+    |  ins_arithfp fpow
+    break;
+
+  case BC_CAT:
+    |  decode_RB RB, INS
+    |   and RC, RC, #255
+    |  // RA = dst, RB = src_start, RC = src_end
+    |   str BASE, L->base
+    |  sub CARG3, RC, RB
+    |  add CARG2, BASE, RC, lsl #3
+    |->BC_CAT_Z:
+    |  // RA = dst, CARG2 = top-1, CARG3 = left
+    |  mov CARG1, L
+    |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+    |  bl extern lj_meta_cat            // (lua_State *L, TValue *top, int left)
+    |  // Returns NULL (finished) or TValue * (metamethod).
+    |  ldrb RBw, [PC, #-4+OFS_RB]
+    |   ldr BASE, L->base
+    |   cbnz CRET1, ->vmeta_binop
+    |  ldr TMP0, [BASE, RB, lsl #3]
+    |  str TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]     // Copy result to RA.
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Constant ops ------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+  case BC_KSTR:
+    |  // RA = dst, RC = str_const (~)
+    |  mvn RC, RC
+    |  ldr TMP0, [KBASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |   movn TMP1, #~LJ_TSTR
+    |  add TMP0, TMP0, TMP1, lsl #47
+    |  str TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_KCDATA:
+    |.if FFI
+    |  // RA = dst, RC = cdata_const (~)
+    |  mvn RC, RC
+    |  ldr TMP0, [KBASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |   movn TMP1, #~LJ_TCDATA
+    |  add TMP0, TMP0, TMP1, lsl #47
+    |  str TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  ins_next
+    |.endif
+    break;
+  case BC_KSHORT:
+    |  // RA = dst, RC = int16_literal
+    |  sxth RCw, RCw
+    |  add TMP0, RC, TISNUM
+    |  str TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_KNUM:
+    |  // RA = dst, RC = num_const
+    |  ldr TMP0, [KBASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |  str TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_KPRI:
+    |  // RA = dst, RC = primitive_type (~)
+    |  mvn TMP0, RC, lsl #47
+    |  str TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_KNIL:
+    |  // RA = base, RC = end
+    |  add RA, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+    |   add RC, BASE, RC, lsl #3
+    |  str TISNIL, [RA], #8
+    |1:
+    |   cmp RA, RC
+    |  str TISNIL, [RA], #8
+    |   blt <1
+    |  ins_next_
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Upvalue and function ops ------------------------------------------ */
+
+  case BC_UGET:
+    |  // RA = dst, RC = uvnum
+    |  ldr LFUNC:CARG2, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
+    |   add RC, RC, #offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)/8
+    |  and LFUNC:CARG2, CARG2, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  ldr UPVAL:CARG2, [LFUNC:CARG2, RC, lsl #3]
+    |  ldr CARG2, UPVAL:CARG2->v
+    |  ldr TMP0, [CARG2]
+    |  str TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_USETV:
+    |  // RA = uvnum, RC = src
+    |  ldr LFUNC:CARG2, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
+    |   add RA, RA, #offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)/8
+    |  and LFUNC:CARG2, CARG2, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  ldr UPVAL:CARG1, [LFUNC:CARG2, RA, lsl #3]
+    |   ldr CARG3, [BASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |    ldr CARG2, UPVAL:CARG1->v
+    |  ldrb TMP2w, UPVAL:CARG1->marked
+    |  ldrb TMP0w, UPVAL:CARG1->closed
+    |    asr ITYPE, CARG3, #47
+    |   str CARG3, [CARG2]
+    |    add ITYPE, ITYPE, #-LJ_TISGCV
+    |  tst TMP2w, #LJ_GC_BLACK          // isblack(uv)
+    |  ccmp TMP0w, #0, #4, ne           // && uv->closed
+    |    ccmn ITYPE, #-(LJ_TNUMX - LJ_TISGCV), #0, ne   // && tvisgcv(v)
+    |  bhi >2
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |2:  // Check if new value is white.
+    |  and GCOBJ:CARG3, CARG3, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  ldrb TMP1w, GCOBJ:CARG3->gch.marked
+    |  tst TMP1w, #LJ_GC_WHITES         // iswhite(str)
+    |  beq <1
+    |  // Crossed a write barrier. Move the barrier forward.
+    |  mov CARG1, GL
+    |  bl extern lj_gc_barrieruv        // (global_State *g, TValue *tv)
+    |  b <1
+    break;
+  case BC_USETS:
+    |  // RA = uvnum, RC = str_const (~)
+    |  ldr LFUNC:CARG2, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
+    |   add RA, RA, #offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)/8
+    |    mvn RC, RC
+    |  and LFUNC:CARG2, CARG2, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  ldr UPVAL:CARG1, [LFUNC:CARG2, RA, lsl #3]
+    |   ldr STR:CARG3, [KBASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |   movn TMP0, #~LJ_TSTR
+    |    ldr CARG2, UPVAL:CARG1->v
+    |  ldrb TMP2w, UPVAL:CARG1->marked
+    |   add TMP0, STR:CARG3, TMP0, lsl #47
+    |    ldrb TMP1w, STR:CARG3->marked
+    |   str TMP0, [CARG2]
+    |  tbnz TMP2w, #2, >2               // isblack(uv)
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |2:  // Check if string is white and ensure upvalue is closed.
+    |  ldrb TMP0w, UPVAL:CARG1->closed
+    |    tst TMP1w, #LJ_GC_WHITES       // iswhite(str)
+    |  ccmp TMP0w, #0, #4, ne
+    |  beq <1
+    |  // Crossed a write barrier. Move the barrier forward.
+    |  mov CARG1, GL
+    |  bl extern lj_gc_barrieruv        // (global_State *g, TValue *tv)
+    |  b <1
+    break;
+  case BC_USETN:
+    |  // RA = uvnum, RC = num_const
+    |  ldr LFUNC:CARG2, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
+    |   add RA, RA, #offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)/8
+    |  and LFUNC:CARG2, CARG2, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  ldr UPVAL:CARG2, [LFUNC:CARG2, RA, lsl #3]
+    |   ldr TMP0, [KBASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |  ldr CARG2, UPVAL:CARG2->v
+    |   str TMP0, [CARG2]
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_USETP:
+    |  // RA = uvnum, RC = primitive_type (~)
+    |  ldr LFUNC:CARG2, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
+    |   add RA, RA, #offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)/8
+    |  and LFUNC:CARG2, CARG2, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  ldr UPVAL:CARG2, [LFUNC:CARG2, RA, lsl #3]
+    |   mvn TMP0, RC, lsl #47
+    |  ldr CARG2, UPVAL:CARG2->v
+    |   str TMP0, [CARG2]
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_UCLO:
+    |  // RA = level, RC = target
+    |  ldr CARG3, L->openupval
+    |   add RC, PC, RC, lsl #2
+    |    str BASE, L->base
+    |   sub PC, RC, #0x20000
+    |  cbz CARG3, >1
+    |  mov CARG1, L
+    |  add CARG2, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+    |  bl extern lj_func_closeuv        // (lua_State *L, TValue *level)
+    |  ldr BASE, L->base
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_FNEW:
+    |  // RA = dst, RC = proto_const (~) (holding function prototype)
+    |  mvn RC, RC
+    |   str BASE, L->base
+    |  ldr LFUNC:CARG3, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
+    |    str PC, SAVE_PC
+    |   ldr CARG2, [KBASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |    mov CARG1, L
+    |  and LFUNC:CARG3, CARG3, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  // (lua_State *L, GCproto *pt, GCfuncL *parent)
+    |  bl extern lj_func_newL_gc
+    |  // Returns GCfuncL *.
+    |  ldr BASE, L->base
+    |   movn TMP0, #~LJ_TFUNC
+    |   add CRET1, CRET1, TMP0, lsl #47
+    |  str CRET1, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Table ops --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_TNEW:
+  case BC_TDUP:
+    |  // RA = dst, RC = (hbits|asize) | tab_const (~)
+    |  ldp CARG3, CARG4, GL->gc.total   // Assumes threshold follows total.
+    |   str BASE, L->base
+    |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+    |   mov CARG1, L
+    |  cmp CARG3, CARG4
+    |  bhs >5
+    |1:
+    if (op == BC_TNEW) {
+      |  and CARG2, RC, #0x7ff
+      |   lsr CARG3, RC, #11
+      |  cmp CARG2, #0x7ff
+      |  mov TMP0, #0x801
+      |  csel CARG2, CARG2, TMP0, ne
+      |  bl extern lj_tab_new  // (lua_State *L, int32_t asize, uint32_t hbits)
+      |  // Returns GCtab *.
+    } else {
+      |  mvn RC, RC
+      |  ldr CARG2, [KBASE, RC, lsl #3]
+      |  bl extern lj_tab_dup  // (lua_State *L, Table *kt)
+      |  // Returns GCtab *.
+    }
+    |  ldr BASE, L->base
+    |   movk CRET1, #(LJ_TTAB>>1)&0xffff, lsl #48
+    |  str CRET1, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |5:
+    |  bl extern lj_gc_step_fixtop  // (lua_State *L)
+    |  mov CARG1, L
+    |  b <1
+    break;
+
+  case BC_GGET:
+    |  // RA = dst, RC = str_const (~)
+  case BC_GSET:
+    |  // RA = src, RC = str_const (~)
+    |  ldr LFUNC:CARG1, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
+    |   mvn RC, RC
+    |  and LFUNC:CARG1, CARG1, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  ldr TAB:CARG2, LFUNC:CARG1->env
+    |   ldr STR:RC, [KBASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    if (op == BC_GGET) {
+      |  b ->BC_TGETS_Z
+    } else {
+      |  b ->BC_TSETS_Z
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case BC_TGETV:
+    |  decode_RB RB, INS
+    |   and RC, RC, #255
+    |  // RA = dst, RB = table, RC = key
+    |  ldr CARG2, [BASE, RB, lsl #3]
+    |   ldr TMP1, [BASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |  checktab CARG2, ->vmeta_tgetv
+    |  checkint TMP1, >9                // Integer key?
+    |  ldr CARG3, TAB:CARG2->array
+    |   ldr CARG1w, TAB:CARG2->asize
+    |  add CARG3, CARG3, TMP1, uxtw #3
+    |   cmp TMP1w, CARG1w               // In array part?
+    |   bhs ->vmeta_tgetv
+    |  ldr TMP0, [CARG3]
+    |  cmp TMP0, TISNIL
+    |  beq >5
+    |1:
+    |  str TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |5:  // Check for __index if table value is nil.
+    |  ldr TAB:CARG1, TAB:CARG2->metatable
+    |  cbz TAB:CARG1, <1                // No metatable: done.
+    |  ldrb TMP1w, TAB:CARG1->nomm
+    |  tbnz TMP1w, #MM_index, <1        // 'no __index' flag set: done.
+    |  b ->vmeta_tgetv
+    |
+    |9:
+    |  asr ITYPE, TMP1, #47
+    |  cmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TSTR             // String key?
+    |  bne ->vmeta_tgetv
+    |   and STR:RC, TMP1, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  b ->BC_TGETS_Z
+    break;
+  case BC_TGETS:
+    |  decode_RB RB, INS
+    |   and RC, RC, #255
+    |  // RA = dst, RB = table, RC = str_const (~)
+    |  ldr CARG2, [BASE, RB, lsl #3]
+    |   mvn RC, RC
+    |   ldr STR:RC, [KBASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |  checktab CARG2, ->vmeta_tgets1
+    |->BC_TGETS_Z:
+    |  // TAB:CARG2 = GCtab *, STR:RC = GCstr *, RA = dst
+    |  ldr TMP1w, TAB:CARG2->hmask
+    |   ldr TMP2w, STR:RC->sid
+    |    ldr NODE:CARG3, TAB:CARG2->node
+    |  and TMP1w, TMP1w, TMP2w          // idx = str->sid & tab->hmask
+    |  add TMP1, TMP1, TMP1, lsl #1
+    |  movn CARG4, #~LJ_TSTR
+    |    add NODE:CARG3, NODE:CARG3, TMP1, lsl #3  // node = tab->node + idx*3*8
+    |  add CARG4, STR:RC, CARG4, lsl #47        // Tagged key to look for.
+    |1:
+    |  ldp TMP0, CARG1, NODE:CARG3->val
+    |   ldr NODE:CARG3, NODE:CARG3->next
+    |  cmp CARG1, CARG4
+    |  bne >4
+    |  cmp TMP0, TISNIL
+    |  beq >5
+    |3:
+    |  str TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |4:  // Follow hash chain.
+    |  cbnz NODE:CARG3, <1
+    |  // End of hash chain: key not found, nil result.
+    |   mov TMP0, TISNIL
+    |
+    |5:  // Check for __index if table value is nil.
+    |  ldr TAB:CARG1, TAB:CARG2->metatable
+    |  cbz TAB:CARG1, <3                // No metatable: done.
+    |  ldrb TMP1w, TAB:CARG1->nomm
+    |  tbnz TMP1w, #MM_index, <3        // 'no __index' flag set: done.
+    |  b ->vmeta_tgets
+    break;
+  case BC_TGETB:
+    |  decode_RB RB, INS
+    |   and RC, RC, #255
+    |  // RA = dst, RB = table, RC = index
+    |  ldr CARG2, [BASE, RB, lsl #3]
+    |  checktab CARG2, ->vmeta_tgetb
+    |  ldr CARG3, TAB:CARG2->array
+    |   ldr CARG1w, TAB:CARG2->asize
+    |  add CARG3, CARG3, RC, lsl #3
+    |   cmp RCw, CARG1w                 // In array part?
+    |   bhs ->vmeta_tgetb
+    |  ldr TMP0, [CARG3]
+    |  cmp TMP0, TISNIL
+    |  beq >5
+    |1:
+    |  str TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |5:  // Check for __index if table value is nil.
+    |  ldr TAB:CARG1, TAB:CARG2->metatable
+    |  cbz TAB:CARG1, <1                // No metatable: done.
+    |  ldrb TMP1w, TAB:CARG1->nomm
+    |  tbnz TMP1w, #MM_index, <1        // 'no __index' flag set: done.
+    |  b ->vmeta_tgetb
+    break;
+  case BC_TGETR:
+    |  decode_RB RB, INS
+    |   and RC, RC, #255
+    |  // RA = dst, RB = table, RC = key
+    |  ldr CARG1, [BASE, RB, lsl #3]
+    |   ldr TMP1, [BASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |  and TAB:CARG1, CARG1, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  ldr CARG3, TAB:CARG1->array
+    |   ldr TMP2w, TAB:CARG1->asize
+    |  add CARG3, CARG3, TMP1w, uxtw #3
+    |   cmp TMP1w, TMP2w                // In array part?
+    |   bhs ->vmeta_tgetr
+    |  ldr TMP0, [CARG3]
+    |->BC_TGETR_Z:
+    |  str TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_TSETV:
+    |  decode_RB RB, INS
+    |   and RC, RC, #255
+    |  // RA = src, RB = table, RC = key
+    |  ldr CARG2, [BASE, RB, lsl #3]
+    |   ldr TMP1, [BASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |  checktab CARG2, ->vmeta_tsetv
+    |  checkint TMP1, >9                // Integer key?
+    |  ldr CARG3, TAB:CARG2->array
+    |   ldr CARG1w, TAB:CARG2->asize
+    |  add CARG3, CARG3, TMP1, uxtw #3
+    |   cmp TMP1w, CARG1w               // In array part?
+    |   bhs ->vmeta_tsetv
+    |  ldr TMP1, [CARG3]
+    |   ldr TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |    ldrb TMP2w, TAB:CARG2->marked
+    |  cmp TMP1, TISNIL                 // Previous value is nil?
+    |  beq >5
+    |1:
+    |   str TMP0, [CARG3]
+    |    tbnz TMP2w, #2, >7             // isblack(table)
+    |2:
+    |   ins_next
+    |
+    |5:  // Check for __newindex if previous value is nil.
+    |  ldr TAB:CARG1, TAB:CARG2->metatable
+    |  cbz TAB:CARG1, <1                // No metatable: done.
+    |  ldrb TMP1w, TAB:CARG1->nomm
+    |  tbnz TMP1w, #MM_newindex, <1     // 'no __newindex' flag set: done.
+    |  b ->vmeta_tsetv
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:CARG2, TMP2w, TMP1
+    |  b <2
+    |
+    |9:
+    |  asr ITYPE, TMP1, #47
+    |  cmn ITYPE, #-LJ_TSTR             // String key?
+    |  bne ->vmeta_tsetv
+    |   and STR:RC, TMP1, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  b ->BC_TSETS_Z
+    break;
+  case BC_TSETS:
+    |  decode_RB RB, INS
+    |   and RC, RC, #255
+    |  // RA = dst, RB = table, RC = str_const (~)
+    |  ldr CARG2, [BASE, RB, lsl #3]
+    |   mvn RC, RC
+    |   ldr STR:RC, [KBASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |  checktab CARG2, ->vmeta_tsets1
+    |->BC_TSETS_Z:
+    |  // TAB:CARG2 = GCtab *, STR:RC = GCstr *, RA = src
+    |  ldr TMP1w, TAB:CARG2->hmask
+    |   ldr TMP2w, STR:RC->sid
+    |    ldr NODE:CARG3, TAB:CARG2->node
+    |  and TMP1w, TMP1w, TMP2w          // idx = str->sid & tab->hmask
+    |  add TMP1, TMP1, TMP1, lsl #1
+    |  movn CARG4, #~LJ_TSTR
+    |    add NODE:CARG3, NODE:CARG3, TMP1, lsl #3  // node = tab->node + idx*3*8
+    |  add CARG4, STR:RC, CARG4, lsl #47        // Tagged key to look for.
+    |   strb wzr, TAB:CARG2->nomm       // Clear metamethod cache.
+    |1:
+    |  ldp TMP1, CARG1, NODE:CARG3->val
+    |   ldr NODE:TMP3, NODE:CARG3->next
+    |    ldrb TMP2w, TAB:CARG2->marked
+    |  cmp CARG1, CARG4
+    |  bne >5
+    |   ldr TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  cmp TMP1, TISNIL                 // Previous value is nil?
+    |  beq >4
+    |2:
+    |   str TMP0, NODE:CARG3->val
+    |    tbnz TMP2w, #2, >7             // isblack(table)
+    |3:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |4:  // Check for __newindex if previous value is nil.
+    |  ldr TAB:CARG1, TAB:CARG2->metatable
+    |  cbz TAB:CARG1, <2                // No metatable: done.
+    |  ldrb TMP1w, TAB:CARG1->nomm
+    |  tbnz TMP1w, #MM_newindex, <2     // 'no __newindex' flag set: done.
+    |  b ->vmeta_tsets
+    |
+    |5:  // Follow hash chain.
+    |  mov NODE:CARG3, NODE:TMP3
+    |  cbnz NODE:TMP3, <1
+    |  // End of hash chain: key not found, add a new one.
+    |
+    |  // But check for __newindex first.
+    |  ldr TAB:CARG1, TAB:CARG2->metatable
+    |  cbz TAB:CARG1, >6                // No metatable: continue.
+    |  ldrb TMP1w, TAB:CARG1->nomm
+    |  // 'no __newindex' flag NOT set: check.
+    |  tbz TMP1w, #MM_newindex, ->vmeta_tsets
+    |6:
+    |  movn TMP1, #~LJ_TSTR
+    |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+    |  add TMP0, STR:RC, TMP1, lsl #47
+    |   str BASE, L->base
+    |   mov CARG1, L
+    |  str TMP0, TMPD
+    |   add CARG3, sp, TMPDofs
+    |  bl extern lj_tab_newkey          // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, TValue *k)
+    |  // Returns TValue *.
+    |  ldr BASE, L->base
+    |  ldr TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |  str TMP0, [CRET1]
+    |  b <3                             // No 2nd write barrier needed.
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:CARG2, TMP2w, TMP1
+    |  b <3
+    break;
+  case BC_TSETB:
+    |  decode_RB RB, INS
+    |   and RC, RC, #255
+    |  // RA = src, RB = table, RC = index
+    |  ldr CARG2, [BASE, RB, lsl #3]
+    |  checktab CARG2, ->vmeta_tsetb
+    |  ldr CARG3, TAB:CARG2->array
+    |   ldr CARG1w, TAB:CARG2->asize
+    |  add CARG3, CARG3, RC, lsl #3
+    |   cmp RCw, CARG1w                 // In array part?
+    |   bhs ->vmeta_tsetb
+    |  ldr TMP1, [CARG3]
+    |   ldr TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |    ldrb TMP2w, TAB:CARG2->marked
+    |  cmp TMP1, TISNIL                 // Previous value is nil?
+    |  beq >5
+    |1:
+    |   str TMP0, [CARG3]
+    |    tbnz TMP2w, #2, >7             // isblack(table)
+    |2:
+    |   ins_next
+    |
+    |5:  // Check for __newindex if previous value is nil.
+    |  ldr TAB:CARG1, TAB:CARG2->metatable
+    |  cbz TAB:CARG1, <1                // No metatable: done.
+    |  ldrb TMP1w, TAB:CARG1->nomm
+    |  tbnz TMP1w, #MM_newindex, <1     // 'no __newindex' flag set: done.
+    |  b ->vmeta_tsetb
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:CARG2, TMP2w, TMP1
+    |  b <2
+    break;
+  case BC_TSETR:
+    |  decode_RB RB, INS
+    |   and RC, RC, #255
+    |  // RA = src, RB = table, RC = key
+    |  ldr CARG2, [BASE, RB, lsl #3]
+    |   ldr TMP1, [BASE, RC, lsl #3]
+    |  and TAB:CARG2, CARG2, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  ldr CARG1, TAB:CARG2->array
+    |    ldrb TMP2w, TAB:CARG2->marked
+    |   ldr CARG4w, TAB:CARG2->asize
+    |  add CARG1, CARG1, TMP1, uxtw #3
+    |    tbnz TMP2w, #2, >7             // isblack(table)
+    |2:
+    |   cmp TMP1w, CARG4w               // In array part?
+    |   bhs ->vmeta_tsetr
+    |->BC_TSETR_Z:
+    |   ldr TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |   str TMP0, [CARG1]
+    |   ins_next
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:CARG2, TMP2w, TMP0
+    |  b <2
+    break;
+
+  case BC_TSETM:
+    |  // RA = base (table at base-1), RC = num_const (start index)
+    |  add RA, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+    |1:
+    |   ldr RBw, SAVE_MULTRES
+    |  ldr TAB:CARG2, [RA, #-8]         // Guaranteed to be a table.
+    |   ldr TMP1, [KBASE, RC, lsl #3]   // Integer constant is in lo-word.
+    |    sub RB, RB, #8
+    |    cbz RB, >4                     // Nothing to copy?
+    |  and TAB:CARG2, CARG2, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  ldr CARG1w, TAB:CARG2->asize
+    |   add CARG3w, TMP1w, RBw, lsr #3
+    |   ldr CARG4, TAB:CARG2->array
+    |  cmp CARG3, CARG1
+    |    add RB, RA, RB
+    |  bhi >5
+    |   add TMP1, CARG4, TMP1w, uxtw #3
+    |    ldrb TMP2w, TAB:CARG2->marked
+    |3:  // Copy result slots to table.
+    |   ldr TMP0, [RA], #8
+    |   str TMP0, [TMP1], #8
+    |  cmp RA, RB
+    |  blo <3
+    |    tbnz TMP2w, #2, >7             // isblack(table)
+    |4:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |5:  // Need to resize array part.
+    |   str BASE, L->base
+    |  mov CARG1, L
+    |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+    |  bl extern lj_tab_reasize         // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, int nasize)
+    |  // Must not reallocate the stack.
+    |  b <1
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for any value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:CARG2, TMP2w, TMP1
+    |  b <4
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Calls and vararg handling ----------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_CALLM:
+    |  // RA = base, (RB = nresults+1,) RC = extra_nargs
+    |  ldr TMP0w, SAVE_MULTRES
+    |  decode_RC8RD NARGS8:RC, RC
+    |  add NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, TMP0
+    |  b ->BC_CALL_Z
+    break;
+  case BC_CALL:
+    |  decode_RC8RD NARGS8:RC, RC
+    |  // RA = base, (RB = nresults+1,) RC = (nargs+1)*8
+    |->BC_CALL_Z:
+    |  mov RB, BASE                     // Save old BASE for vmeta_call.
+    |  add BASE, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+    |  ldr CARG3, [BASE]
+    |   sub NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, #8
+    |   add BASE, BASE, #16
+    |  checkfunc CARG3, ->vmeta_call
+    |  ins_call
+    break;
+
+  case BC_CALLMT:
+    |  // RA = base, (RB = 0,) RC = extra_nargs
+    |  ldr TMP0w, SAVE_MULTRES
+    |  add NARGS8:RC, TMP0, RC, lsl #3
+    |  b ->BC_CALLT1_Z
+    break;
+  case BC_CALLT:
+    |  lsl NARGS8:RC, RC, #3
+    |  // RA = base, (RB = 0,) RC = (nargs+1)*8
+    |->BC_CALLT1_Z:
+    |  add RA, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+    |  ldr TMP1, [RA]
+    |   sub NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, #8
+    |   add RA, RA, #16
+    |  checktp CARG3, TMP1, LJ_TFUNC, ->vmeta_callt
+    |  ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+    |->BC_CALLT2_Z:
+    |   mov RB, #0
+    |   ldrb TMP2w, LFUNC:CARG3->ffid
+    |  tst PC, #FRAME_TYPE
+    |  bne >7
+    |1:
+    |  str TMP1, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]     // Copy function down, but keep PC.
+    |  cbz NARGS8:RC, >3
+    |2:
+    |  ldr TMP0, [RA, RB]
+    |   add TMP1, RB, #8
+    |   cmp TMP1, NARGS8:RC
+    |  str TMP0, [BASE, RB]
+    |    mov RB, TMP1
+    |   bne <2
+    |3:
+    |  cmp TMP2, #1                     // (> FF_C) Calling a fast function?
+    |  bhi >5
+    |4:
+    |  ins_callt
+    |
+    |5:  // Tailcall to a fast function with a Lua frame below.
+    |  ldrb RAw, [PC, #-4+OFS_RA]
+    |  sub CARG1, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+    |  ldr LFUNC:CARG1, [CARG1, #-32]
+    |  and LFUNC:CARG1, CARG1, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  ldr CARG1, LFUNC:CARG1->pc
+    |  ldr KBASE, [CARG1, #PC2PROTO(k)]
+    |  b <4
+    |
+    |7:  // Tailcall from a vararg function.
+    |  eor PC, PC, #FRAME_VARG
+    |  tst PC, #FRAME_TYPEP             // Vararg frame below?
+    |  csel TMP2, RB, TMP2, ne          // Clear ffid if no Lua function below.
+    |  bne <1
+    |  sub BASE, BASE, PC
+    |  ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+    |  tst PC, #FRAME_TYPE
+    |  csel TMP2, RB, TMP2, ne          // Clear ffid if no Lua function below.
+    |  b <1
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ITERC:
+    |  // RA = base, (RB = nresults+1, RC = nargs+1 (2+1))
+    |  add RA, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+    |  ldr CARG3, [RA, #-24]
+    |    mov RB, BASE                   // Save old BASE for vmeta_call.
+    |   ldp CARG1, CARG2, [RA, #-16]
+    |    add BASE, RA, #16
+    |    mov NARGS8:RC, #16             // Iterators get 2 arguments.
+    |  str CARG3, [RA]                  // Copy callable.
+    |   stp CARG1, CARG2, [RA, #16]     // Copy state and control var.
+    |  checkfunc CARG3, ->vmeta_call
+    |  ins_call
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ITERN:
+    |.if JIT
+    |  hotloop
+    |.endif
+    |->vm_IITERN:
+    |  // RA = base, (RB = nresults+1, RC = nargs+1 (2+1))
+    |  add RA, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+    |  ldr TAB:RB, [RA, #-16]
+    |    ldrh TMP3w, [PC, # OFS_RD]
+    |  ldr CARG1w, [RA, #-8+LO]         // Get index from control var.
+    |    add PC, PC, #4
+    |    add TMP3, PC, TMP3, lsl #2
+    |  and TAB:RB, RB, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |    sub TMP3, TMP3, #0x20000
+    |  ldr TMP1w, TAB:RB->asize
+    |   ldr CARG2, TAB:RB->array
+    |1:  // Traverse array part.
+    |  subs RC, CARG1, TMP1
+    |   add CARG3, CARG2, CARG1, lsl #3
+    |  bhs >5                           // Index points after array part?
+    |   ldr TMP0, [CARG3]
+    |   cmp TMP0, TISNIL
+    |   cinc CARG1, CARG1, eq           // Skip holes in array part.
+    |   beq <1
+    |   add CARG1, CARG1, TISNUM
+    |   stp CARG1, TMP0, [RA]
+    |    add CARG1, CARG1, #1
+    |3:
+    |    str CARG1w, [RA, #-8+LO]       // Update control var.
+    |  mov PC, TMP3
+    |4:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |5:  // Traverse hash part.
+    |  ldr TMP2w, TAB:RB->hmask
+    |   ldr NODE:RB, TAB:RB->node
+    |6:
+    |   add CARG1, RC, RC, lsl #1
+    |  cmp RC, TMP2                     // End of iteration? Branch to ITERN+1.
+    |   add NODE:CARG3, NODE:RB, CARG1, lsl #3  // node = tab->node + idx*3*8
+    |  bhi <4
+    |  ldp TMP0, CARG1, NODE:CARG3->val
+    |  cmp TMP0, TISNIL
+    |   add RC, RC, #1
+    |  beq <6                           // Skip holes in hash part.
+    |  stp CARG1, TMP0, [RA]
+    |  add CARG1, RC, TMP1
+    |  b <3
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ISNEXT:
+    |  // RA = base, RC = target (points to ITERN)
+    |  add RA, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+    |  ldr CFUNC:CARG1, [RA, #-24]
+    |     add RC, PC, RC, lsl #2
+    |   ldp TAB:CARG3, CARG4, [RA, #-16]
+    |     sub RC, RC, #0x20000
+    |  checkfunc CFUNC:CARG1, >5
+    |   asr TMP0, TAB:CARG3, #47
+    |  ldrb TMP1w, CFUNC:CARG1->ffid
+    |   cmn TMP0, #-LJ_TTAB
+    |   ccmp CARG4, TISNIL, #0, eq
+    |  ccmp TMP1w, #FF_next_N, #0, eq
+    |  bne >5
+    |  mov TMP0w, #0xfffe7fff           // LJ_KEYINDEX
+    |  lsl TMP0, TMP0, #32
+    |  str TMP0, [RA, #-8]              // Initialize control var.
+    |1:
+    |     mov PC, RC
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |5:  // Despecialize bytecode if any of the checks fail.
+    |.if JIT
+    |  ldrb TMP2w, [RC, # OFS_OP]
+    |.endif
+    |  mov TMP0, #BC_JMP
+    |   mov TMP1, #BC_ITERC
+    |  strb TMP0w, [PC, #-4+OFS_OP]
+    |.if JIT
+    |  cmp TMP2w, #BC_ITERN
+    |  bne >6
+    |.endif
+    |   strb TMP1w, [RC, # OFS_OP]
+    |  b <1
+    |.if JIT
+    |6:  // Unpatch JLOOP.
+    |  ldr RA, [GL, #GL_J(trace)]
+    |  ldrh TMP2w, [RC, # OFS_RD]
+    |  ldr TRACE:RA, [RA, TMP2, lsl #3]
+    |  ldr TMP2w, TRACE:RA->startins
+    |  bfxil TMP2w, TMP1w, #0, #8
+    |  str TMP2w, [RC]
+    |  b <1
+    |.endif
+    break;
+
+  case BC_VARG:
+    |  decode_RB RB, INS
+    |   and RC, RC, #255
+    |  // RA = base, RB = (nresults+1), RC = numparams
+    |  ldr TMP1, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+    |  add RC, BASE, RC, lsl #3
+    |   add RA, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+    |  add RC, RC, #FRAME_VARG
+    |   add TMP2, RA, RB, lsl #3
+    |  sub RC, RC, TMP1                 // RC = vbase
+    |  // Note: RC may now be even _above_ BASE if nargs was < numparams.
+    |   sub TMP3, BASE, #16             // TMP3 = vtop
+    |  cbz RB, >5
+    |   sub TMP2, TMP2, #16
+    |1:  // Copy vararg slots to destination slots.
+    |  cmp RC, TMP3
+    |  ldr TMP0, [RC], #8
+    |  csel TMP0, TMP0, TISNIL, lo
+    |   cmp RA, TMP2
+    |  str TMP0, [RA], #8
+    |   blo <1
+    |2:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |5:  // Copy all varargs.
+    |  ldr TMP0, L->maxstack
+    |   subs TMP2, TMP3, RC
+    |   csel RB, xzr, TMP2, le          // MULTRES = (max(vtop-vbase,0)+1)*8
+    |   add RB, RB, #8
+    |  add TMP1, RA, TMP2
+    |   str RBw, SAVE_MULTRES
+    |   ble <2                          // Nothing to copy.
+    |  cmp TMP1, TMP0
+    |  bhi >7
+    |6:
+    |  ldr TMP0, [RC], #8
+    |  str TMP0, [RA], #8
+    |  cmp RC, TMP3
+    |  blo <6
+    |  b <2
+    |
+    |7:  // Grow stack for varargs.
+    |  lsr CARG2, TMP2, #3
+    |   stp BASE, RA, L->base
+    |  mov CARG1, L
+    |  sub RC, RC, BASE                 // Need delta, because BASE may change.
+    |   str PC, SAVE_PC
+    |  bl extern lj_state_growstack     // (lua_State *L, int n)
+    |  ldp BASE, RA, L->base
+    |  add RC, BASE, RC
+    |  sub TMP3, BASE, #16
+    |  b <6
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Returns ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_RETM:
+    |  // RA = results, RC = extra results
+    |  ldr TMP0w, SAVE_MULTRES
+    |   ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+    |    add RA, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+    |  add RC, TMP0, RC, lsl #3
+    |  b ->BC_RETM_Z
+    break;
+
+  case BC_RET:
+    |  // RA = results, RC = nresults+1
+    |  ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+    |   lsl RC, RC, #3
+    |    add RA, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+    |->BC_RETM_Z:
+    |   str RCw, SAVE_MULTRES
+    |1:
+    |  ands CARG1, PC, #FRAME_TYPE
+    |   eor CARG2, PC, #FRAME_VARG
+    |  bne ->BC_RETV2_Z
+    |
+    |->BC_RET_Z:
+    |  // BASE = base, RA = resultptr, RC = (nresults+1)*8, PC = return
+    |  ldr INSw, [PC, #-4]
+    |  subs TMP1, RC, #8
+    |   sub CARG3, BASE, #16
+    |  beq >3
+    |2:
+    |  ldr TMP0, [RA], #8
+    |   add BASE, BASE, #8
+    |   sub TMP1, TMP1, #8
+    |  str TMP0, [BASE, #-24]
+    |   cbnz TMP1, <2
+    |3:
+    |  decode_RA RA, INS
+    |  sub CARG4, CARG3, RA, lsl #3
+    |   decode_RB RB, INS
+    |  ldr LFUNC:CARG1, [CARG4, FRAME_FUNC]
+    |5:
+    |  cmp RC, RB, lsl #3               // More results expected?
+    |  blo >6
+    |  and LFUNC:CARG1, CARG1, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  mov BASE, CARG4
+    |  ldr CARG2, LFUNC:CARG1->pc
+    |  ldr KBASE, [CARG2, #PC2PROTO(k)]
+    |   ins_next
+    |
+    |6:  // Fill up results with nil.
+    |  add BASE, BASE, #8
+    |   add RC, RC, #8
+    |  str TISNIL, [BASE, #-24]
+    |  b <5
+    |
+    |->BC_RETV1_Z:  // Non-standard return case.
+    |  add RA, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+    |->BC_RETV2_Z:
+    |  tst CARG2, #FRAME_TYPEP
+    |  bne ->vm_return
+    |  // Return from vararg function: relocate BASE down.
+    |  sub BASE, BASE, CARG2
+    |  ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+    |  b <1
+    break;
+
+  case BC_RET0: case BC_RET1:
+    |  // RA = results, RC = nresults+1
+    |  ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+    |   lsl RC, RC, #3
+    |   str RCw, SAVE_MULTRES
+    |  ands CARG1, PC, #FRAME_TYPE
+    |   eor CARG2, PC, #FRAME_VARG
+    |  bne ->BC_RETV1_Z
+    |   ldr INSw, [PC, #-4]
+    if (op == BC_RET1) {
+      |  ldr TMP0, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    }
+    |  sub CARG4, BASE, #16
+    |   decode_RA RA, INS
+    |  sub BASE, CARG4, RA, lsl #3
+    if (op == BC_RET1) {
+      |  str TMP0, [CARG4], #8
+    }
+    |   decode_RB RB, INS
+    |  ldr LFUNC:CARG1, [BASE, FRAME_FUNC]
+    |5:
+    |  cmp RC, RB, lsl #3
+    |  blo >6
+    |  and LFUNC:CARG1, CARG1, #LJ_GCVMASK
+    |  ldr CARG2, LFUNC:CARG1->pc
+    |  ldr KBASE, [CARG2, #PC2PROTO(k)]
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |6:  // Fill up results with nil.
+    |  add RC, RC, #8
+    |  str TISNIL, [CARG4], #8
+    |  b <5
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Loops and branches ------------------------------------------------ */
+
+  |.define FOR_IDX,  [RA];      .define FOR_TIDX,  [RA, #4]
+  |.define FOR_STOP, [RA, #8];  .define FOR_TSTOP, [RA, #12]
+  |.define FOR_STEP, [RA, #16]; .define FOR_TSTEP, [RA, #20]
+  |.define FOR_EXT,  [RA, #24]; .define FOR_TEXT,  [RA, #28]
+
+  case BC_FORL:
+    |.if JIT
+    |  hotloop
+    |.endif
+    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_IFORL follows.
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JFORI:
+  case BC_JFORL:
+#if !LJ_HASJIT
+    break;
+#endif
+  case BC_FORI:
+  case BC_IFORL:
+    |  // RA = base, RC = target (after end of loop or start of loop)
+    vk = (op == BC_IFORL || op == BC_JFORL);
+    |  add RA, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+    |  ldp CARG1, CARG2, FOR_IDX                // CARG1 = IDX, CARG2 = STOP
+    |   ldr CARG3, FOR_STEP                     // CARG3 = STEP
+    if (op != BC_JFORL) {
+      |   add RC, PC, RC, lsl #2
+      |   sub RC, RC, #0x20000
+    }
+    |  checkint CARG1, >5
+    if (!vk) {
+      |  checkint CARG2, ->vmeta_for
+      |   checkint CARG3, ->vmeta_for
+      |  tbnz CARG3w, #31, >4
+      |  cmp CARG1w, CARG2w
+    } else {
+      |  adds CARG1w, CARG1w, CARG3w
+      |  bvs >2
+      |   add TMP0, CARG1, TISNUM
+      |  tbnz CARG3w, #31, >4
+      |  cmp CARG1w, CARG2w
+    }
+    |1:
+    if (op == BC_FORI) {
+      |  csel PC, RC, PC, gt
+    } else if (op == BC_JFORI) {
+      |  mov PC, RC
+      |  ldrh RCw, [RC, #-4+OFS_RD]
+    } else if (op == BC_IFORL) {
+      |  csel PC, RC, PC, le
+    }
+    if (vk) {
+      |   str TMP0, FOR_IDX
+      |   str TMP0, FOR_EXT
+    } else {
+      |  str CARG1, FOR_EXT
+    }
+    if (op == BC_JFORI || op == BC_JFORL) {
+      |  ble =>BC_JLOOP
+    }
+    |2:
+    |   ins_next
+    |
+    |4:  // Invert check for negative step.
+    |  cmp CARG2w, CARG1w
+    |  b <1
+    |
+    |5:  // FP loop.
+    |  ldp d0, d1, FOR_IDX
+    |  blo ->vmeta_for
+    if (!vk) {
+      |  checknum CARG2, ->vmeta_for
+      |   checknum CARG3, ->vmeta_for
+      |  str d0, FOR_EXT
+    } else {
+      |  ldr d2, FOR_STEP
+      |  fadd d0, d0, d2
+    }
+    |  tbnz CARG3, #63, >7
+    |  fcmp d0, d1
+    |6:
+    if (vk) {
+      |  str d0, FOR_IDX
+      |  str d0, FOR_EXT
+    }
+    if (op == BC_FORI) {
+      |  csel PC, RC, PC, hi
+    } else if (op == BC_JFORI) {
+      |  ldrh RCw, [RC, #-4+OFS_RD]
+      |  bls =>BC_JLOOP
+    } else if (op == BC_IFORL) {
+      |  csel PC, RC, PC, ls
+    } else {
+      |  bls =>BC_JLOOP
+    }
+    |  b <2
+    |
+    |7:  // Invert check for negative step.
+    |  fcmp d1, d0
+    |  b <6
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ITERL:
+    |.if JIT
+    |  hotloop
+    |.endif
+    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_IITERL follows.
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JITERL:
+#if !LJ_HASJIT
+    break;
+#endif
+  case BC_IITERL:
+    |  // RA = base, RC = target
+    |  ldr CARG1, [BASE, RA, lsl #3]
+    |   add TMP1, BASE, RA, lsl #3
+    |  cmp CARG1, TISNIL
+    |  beq >1                           // Stop if iterator returned nil.
+    if (op == BC_JITERL) {
+      |  str CARG1, [TMP1, #-8]
+      |  b =>BC_JLOOP
+    } else {
+      |  add TMP0, PC, RC, lsl #2       // Otherwise save control var + branch.
+      |  sub PC, TMP0, #0x20000
+      |  str CARG1, [TMP1, #-8]
+    }
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_LOOP:
+    |  // RA = base, RC = target (loop extent)
+    |  // Note: RA/RC is only used by trace recorder to determine scope/extent
+    |  // This opcode does NOT jump, it's only purpose is to detect a hot loop.
+    |.if JIT
+    |  hotloop
+    |.endif
+    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_ILOOP follows.
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ILOOP:
+    |  // RA = base, RC = target (loop extent)
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JLOOP:
+    |.if JIT
+    |  // RA = base (ignored), RC = traceno
+    |  ldr CARG1, [GL, #GL_J(trace)]
+    |   mov CARG2w, #0  // Traces on ARM64 don't store the trace #, so use 0.
+    |  ldr TRACE:RC, [CARG1, RC, lsl #3]
+    |   st_vmstate CARG2w
+    |.if PAUTH
+    |  ldr RA, TRACE:RC->mcauth
+    |.else
+    |  ldr RA, TRACE:RC->mcode
+    |.endif
+    |   str BASE, GL->jit_base
+    |   str L, GL->tmpbuf.L
+    |  sub sp, sp, #16  // See SPS_FIXED. Avoids sp adjust in every root trace.
+    |.if PAUTH
+    |  braa RA, RC
+    |.else
+    |  br RA
+    |.endif
+    |.endif
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JMP:
+    |  // RA = base (only used by trace recorder), RC = target
+    |  add RC, PC, RC, lsl #2
+    |  sub PC, RC, #0x20000
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Function headers -------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_FUNCF:
+    |.if JIT
+    |  hotcall
+    |.endif
+  case BC_FUNCV:  /* NYI: compiled vararg functions. */
+    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_IFUNCF/BC_IFUNCV follow.
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JFUNCF:
+#if !LJ_HASJIT
+    break;
+#endif
+  case BC_IFUNCF:
+    |  // BASE = new base, RA = BASE+framesize*8, CARG3 = LFUNC, RC = nargs*8
+    |  ldr CARG1, L->maxstack
+    |   ldrb TMP1w, [PC, #-4+PC2PROTO(numparams)]
+    |    ldr KBASE, [PC, #-4+PC2PROTO(k)]
+    |  cmp RA, CARG1
+    |  bhi ->vm_growstack_l
+    |2:
+    |  cmp NARGS8:RC, TMP1, lsl #3      // Check for missing parameters.
+    |  blo >3
+    if (op == BC_JFUNCF) {
+      |  decode_RD RC, INS
+      |  b =>BC_JLOOP
+    } else {
+      |  ins_next
+    }
+    |
+    |3:  // Clear missing parameters.
+    |  str TISNIL, [BASE, NARGS8:RC]
+    |  add NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, #8
+    |  b <2
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JFUNCV:
+#if !LJ_HASJIT
+    break;
+#endif
+    |  NYI  // NYI: compiled vararg functions
+    break;  /* NYI: compiled vararg functions. */
+
+  case BC_IFUNCV:
+    |  // BASE = new base, RA = BASE+framesize*8, CARG3 = LFUNC, RC = nargs*8
+    |  ldr CARG1, L->maxstack
+    |   movn TMP0, #~LJ_TFUNC
+    |   add TMP2, BASE, RC
+    |   add LFUNC:CARG3, CARG3, TMP0, lsl #47
+    |  add RA, RA, RC
+    |   add TMP0, RC, #16+FRAME_VARG
+    |   str LFUNC:CARG3, [TMP2], #8     // Store (tagged) copy of LFUNC.
+    |    ldr KBASE, [PC, #-4+PC2PROTO(k)]
+    |  cmp RA, CARG1
+    |   str TMP0, [TMP2], #8            // Store delta + FRAME_VARG.
+    |  bhs ->vm_growstack_l
+    |   sub RC, TMP2, #16
+    |  ldrb TMP1w, [PC, #-4+PC2PROTO(numparams)]
+    |   mov RA, BASE
+    |   mov BASE, TMP2
+    |  cbz TMP1, >2
+    |1:
+    |  cmp RA, RC                       // Less args than parameters?
+    |  bhs >3
+    |   ldr TMP0, [RA]
+    |  sub TMP1, TMP1, #1
+    |    str TISNIL, [RA], #8           // Clear old fixarg slot (help the GC).
+    |   str TMP0, [TMP2], #8
+    |  cbnz TMP1, <1
+    |2:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |3:
+    |  sub TMP1, TMP1, #1
+    |   str TISNIL, [TMP2], #8
+    |  cbz TMP1, <2
+    |  b <3
+    break;
+
+  case BC_FUNCC:
+  case BC_FUNCCW:
+    |  // BASE = new base, RA = BASE+framesize*8, CARG3 = CFUNC, RC = nargs*8
+    if (op == BC_FUNCC) {
+      |  ldr CARG4, CFUNC:CARG3->f
+    } else {
+      |  ldr CARG4, GL->wrapf
+    }
+    |   add CARG2, RA, NARGS8:RC
+    |   ldr CARG1, L->maxstack
+    |  add RC, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+    |   cmp CARG2, CARG1
+    |  stp BASE, RC, L->base
+    if (op == BC_FUNCCW) {
+      |  ldr CARG2, CFUNC:CARG3->f
+    }
+    |    mv_vmstate TMP0w, C
+    |  mov CARG1, L
+    |   bhi ->vm_growstack_c            // Need to grow stack.
+    |    st_vmstate TMP0w
+    |  blr_auth CARG4                   // (lua_State *L [, lua_CFunction f])
+    |  // Returns nresults.
+    |  ldp BASE, TMP1, L->base
+    |    str L, GL->cur_L
+    |   sbfiz RC, CRET1, #3, #32
+    |    st_vmstate ST_INTERP
+    |  ldr PC, [BASE, FRAME_PC]
+    |   sub RA, TMP1, RC                // RA = L->top - nresults*8
+    |  b ->vm_returnc
+    break;
+
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  default:
+    fprintf(stderr, "Error: undefined opcode BC_%s\n", bc_names[op]);
+    exit(2);
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+static int build_backend(BuildCtx *ctx)
+{
+  int op;
+
+  dasm_growpc(Dst, BC__MAX);
+
+  build_subroutines(ctx);
+
+  |.code_op
+  for (op = 0; op < BC__MAX; op++)
+    build_ins(ctx, (BCOp)op, op);
+
+  return BC__MAX;
+}
+
+/* Emit pseudo frame-info for all assembler functions. */
+static void emit_asm_debug(BuildCtx *ctx)
+{
+  int fcofs = (int)((uint8_t *)ctx->glob[GLOB_vm_ffi_call] - ctx->code);
+  int i;
+  switch (ctx->mode) {
+  case BUILD_elfasm:
+    fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.section .debug_frame,\"\",%%progbits\n");
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        ".Lframe0:\n"
+        "\t.long .LECIE0-.LSCIE0\n"
+        ".LSCIE0:\n"
+        "\t.long 0xffffffff\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x1\n"
+        "\t.string \"\"\n"
+        "\t.uleb128 0x1\n"
+        "\t.sleb128 -8\n"
+        "\t.byte 30\n"                          /* Return address is in lr. */
+        "\t.byte 0xc\n\t.uleb128 29\n\t.uleb128 16\n"   /* def_cfa fp 16 */
+        "\t.align 3\n"
+        ".LECIE0:\n\n");
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        ".LSFDE0:\n"
+        "\t.long .LEFDE0-.LASFDE0\n"
+        ".LASFDE0:\n"
+        "\t.long .Lframe0\n"
+        "\t.quad .Lbegin\n"
+        "\t.quad %d\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x9e\n\t.uleb128 1\n"          /* offset lr */
+        "\t.byte 0x9d\n\t.uleb128 2\n",         /* offset fp */
+        fcofs);
+    for (i = 19; i <= 28; i++)  /* offset x19-x28 */
+      fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.byte 0x%x\n\t.uleb128 %d\n", 0x80+i, i+(3-19));
+    for (i = 8; i <= 15; i++)  /* offset d8-d15 */
+      fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.byte 5\n\t.uleb128 0x%x\n\t.uleb128 %d\n",
+              64+i, i+(3+(28-19+1)-8));
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        "\t.align 3\n"
+        ".LEFDE0:\n\n");
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        ".LSFDE1:\n"
+        "\t.long .LEFDE1-.LASFDE1\n"
+        ".LASFDE1:\n"
+        "\t.long .Lframe0\n"
+        "\t.quad lj_vm_ffi_call\n"
+        "\t.quad %d\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x9e\n\t.uleb128 1\n"          /* offset lr */
+        "\t.byte 0x9d\n\t.uleb128 2\n"          /* offset fp */
+        "\t.byte 0x93\n\t.uleb128 3\n"          /* offset x19 */
+        "\t.byte 0x94\n\t.uleb128 4\n"          /* offset x20 */
+        "\t.align 3\n"
+        ".LEFDE1:\n\n", (int)ctx->codesz - fcofs);
+#endif
+#if !LJ_NO_UNWIND
+    fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.section .eh_frame,\"a\",%%progbits\n");
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        ".Lframe1:\n"
+        "\t.long .LECIE1-.LSCIE1\n"
+        ".LSCIE1:\n"
+        "\t.long 0\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x1\n"
+        "\t.string \"zPR\"\n"
+        "\t.uleb128 0x1\n"
+        "\t.sleb128 -8\n"
+        "\t.byte 30\n"                          /* Return address is in lr. */
+        "\t.uleb128 6\n"                        /* augmentation length */
+        "\t.byte 0x1b\n"                        /* pcrel|sdata4 */
+        "\t.long lj_err_unwind_dwarf-.\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x1b\n"                        /* pcrel|sdata4 */
+        "\t.byte 0xc\n\t.uleb128 29\n\t.uleb128 16\n"   /* def_cfa fp 16 */
+        "\t.align 3\n"
+        ".LECIE1:\n\n");
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        ".LSFDE2:\n"
+        "\t.long .LEFDE2-.LASFDE2\n"
+        ".LASFDE2:\n"
+        "\t.long .LASFDE2-.Lframe1\n"
+        "\t.long .Lbegin-.\n"
+        "\t.long %d\n"
+        "\t.uleb128 0\n"                        /* augmentation length */
+        "\t.byte 0x9e\n\t.uleb128 1\n"          /* offset lr */
+        "\t.byte 0x9d\n\t.uleb128 2\n",         /* offset fp */
+        fcofs);
+    for (i = 19; i <= 28; i++)  /* offset x19-x28 */
+      fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.byte 0x%x\n\t.uleb128 %d\n", 0x80+i, i+(3-19));
+    for (i = 8; i <= 15; i++)  /* offset d8-d15 */
+      fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.byte 5\n\t.uleb128 0x%x\n\t.uleb128 %d\n",
+              64+i, i+(3+(28-19+1)-8));
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        "\t.align 3\n"
+        ".LEFDE2:\n\n");
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        ".Lframe2:\n"
+        "\t.long .LECIE2-.LSCIE2\n"
+        ".LSCIE2:\n"
+        "\t.long 0\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x1\n"
+        "\t.string \"zR\"\n"
+        "\t.uleb128 0x1\n"
+        "\t.sleb128 -8\n"
+        "\t.byte 30\n"                          /* Return address is in lr. */
+        "\t.uleb128 1\n"                        /* augmentation length */
+        "\t.byte 0x1b\n"                        /* pcrel|sdata4 */
+        "\t.byte 0xc\n\t.uleb128 29\n\t.uleb128 16\n"   /* def_cfa fp 16 */
+        "\t.align 3\n"
+        ".LECIE2:\n\n");
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        ".LSFDE3:\n"
+        "\t.long .LEFDE3-.LASFDE3\n"
+        ".LASFDE3:\n"
+        "\t.long .LASFDE3-.Lframe2\n"
+        "\t.long lj_vm_ffi_call-.\n"
+        "\t.long %d\n"
+        "\t.uleb128 0\n"                        /* augmentation length */
+        "\t.byte 0x9e\n\t.uleb128 1\n"          /* offset lr */
+        "\t.byte 0x9d\n\t.uleb128 2\n"          /* offset fp */
+        "\t.byte 0x93\n\t.uleb128 3\n"          /* offset x19 */
+        "\t.byte 0x94\n\t.uleb128 4\n"          /* offset x20 */
+        "\t.align 3\n"
+        ".LEFDE3:\n\n", (int)ctx->codesz - fcofs);
+#endif
+#endif
+    break;
+#if !LJ_NO_UNWIND
+  case BUILD_machasm: {
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+    int fcsize = 0;
+#endif
+    int j;
+    fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.section __TEXT,__eh_frame,coalesced,no_toc+strip_static_syms+live_support\n");
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        "EH_frame1:\n"
+        "\t.set L$set$x,LECIEX-LSCIEX\n"
+        "\t.long L$set$x\n"
+        "LSCIEX:\n"
+        "\t.long 0\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x1\n"
+        "\t.ascii \"zPR\\0\"\n"
+        "\t.uleb128 0x1\n"
+        "\t.sleb128 -8\n"
+        "\t.byte 30\n"                          /* Return address is in lr. */
+        "\t.uleb128 6\n"                        /* augmentation length */
+        "\t.byte 0x9b\n"                        /* indirect|pcrel|sdata4 */
+        "\t.long _lj_err_unwind_dwarf@GOT-.\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x1b\n"                        /* pcrel|sdata4 */
+        "\t.byte 0xc\n\t.uleb128 29\n\t.uleb128 16\n"   /* def_cfa fp 16 */
+        "\t.align 3\n"
+        "LECIEX:\n\n");
+    for (j = 0; j < ctx->nsym; j++) {
+      const char *name = ctx->sym[j].name;
+      int32_t size = ctx->sym[j+1].ofs - ctx->sym[j].ofs;
+      if (size == 0) continue;
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+      if (!strcmp(name, "_lj_vm_ffi_call")) { fcsize = size; continue; }
+#endif
+      fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        "LSFDE%d:\n"
+        "\t.set L$set$%d,LEFDE%d-LASFDE%d\n"
+        "\t.long L$set$%d\n"
+        "LASFDE%d:\n"
+        "\t.long LASFDE%d-EH_frame1\n"
+        "\t.long %s-.\n"
+        "\t.long %d\n"
+        "\t.uleb128 0\n"                        /* augmentation length */
+        "\t.byte 0x9e\n\t.uleb128 1\n"          /* offset lr */
+        "\t.byte 0x9d\n\t.uleb128 2\n",         /* offset fp */
+        j, j, j, j, j, j, j, name, size);
+      for (i = 19; i <= 28; i++)  /* offset x19-x28 */
+        fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.byte 0x%x\n\t.uleb128 %d\n", 0x80+i, i+(3-19));
+      for (i = 8; i <= 15; i++)  /* offset d8-d15 */
+        fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.byte 5\n\t.uleb128 0x%x\n\t.uleb128 %d\n",
+                64+i, i+(3+(28-19+1)-8));
+      fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        "\t.align 3\n"
+        "LEFDE%d:\n\n", j);
+    }
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+    if (fcsize) {
+      fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        "EH_frame2:\n"
+        "\t.set L$set$y,LECIEY-LSCIEY\n"
+        "\t.long L$set$y\n"
+        "LSCIEY:\n"
+        "\t.long 0\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x1\n"
+        "\t.ascii \"zR\\0\"\n"
+        "\t.uleb128 0x1\n"
+        "\t.sleb128 -8\n"
+        "\t.byte 30\n"                          /* Return address is in lr. */
+        "\t.uleb128 1\n"                        /* augmentation length */
+        "\t.byte 0x1b\n"                        /* pcrel|sdata4 */
+        "\t.byte 0xc\n\t.uleb128 29\n\t.uleb128 16\n"   /* def_cfa fp 16 */
+        "\t.align 3\n"
+        "LECIEY:\n\n");
+      fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        "LSFDEY:\n"
+        "\t.set L$set$yy,LEFDEY-LASFDEY\n"
+        "\t.long L$set$yy\n"
+        "LASFDEY:\n"
+        "\t.long LASFDEY-EH_frame2\n"
+        "\t.long _lj_vm_ffi_call-.\n"
+        "\t.long %d\n"
+        "\t.uleb128 0\n"                        /* augmentation length */
+        "\t.byte 0x9e\n\t.uleb128 1\n"          /* offset lr */
+        "\t.byte 0x9d\n\t.uleb128 2\n"          /* offset fp */
+        "\t.byte 0x93\n\t.uleb128 3\n"          /* offset x19 */
+        "\t.byte 0x94\n\t.uleb128 4\n"          /* offset x20 */
+        "\t.align 3\n"
+        "LEFDEY:\n\n", fcsize);
+    }
+#endif
+    fprintf(ctx->fp, ".subsections_via_symbols\n");
+    }
+    break;
+#endif
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
diff --git a/src/vm_mips.dasc b/src/vm_mips.dasc
index f6f801f2..94a878b9 100644
--- a/src/vm_mips.dasc
+++ b/src/vm_mips.dasc
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 |// Low-level VM code for MIPS CPUs.
 |// Bytecode interpreter, fast functions and helper functions.
 |// Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+|//
+|// MIPS soft-float support contributed by Djordje Kovacevic and
+|// Stefan Pejic from RT-RK.com, sponsored by Cisco Systems, Inc.
 |
 |.arch mips
 |.section code_op, code_sub
@@ -18,6 +21,12 @@
 |// Fixed register assignments for the interpreter.
 |// Don't use: r0 = 0, r26/r27 = reserved, r28 = gp, r29 = sp, r31 = ra
 |
+|.macro .FPU, a, b
+|.if FPU
+|  a, b
+|.endif
+|.endmacro
+|
 |// The following must be C callee-save (but BASE is often refetched).
 |.define BASE,          r16     // Base of current Lua stack frame.
 |.define KBASE,         r17     // Constants of current Lua function.
@@ -25,13 +34,15 @@
 |.define DISPATCH,      r19     // Opcode dispatch table.
 |.define LREG,          r20     // Register holding lua_State (also in SAVE_L).
 |.define MULTRES,       r21     // Size of multi-result: (nresults+1)*8.
-|// NYI: r22 currently unused.
 |
 |.define JGL,           r30     // On-trace: global_State + 32768.
 |
 |// Constants for type-comparisons, stores and conversions. C callee-save.
+|.define TISNUM,        r22
 |.define TISNIL,        r30
+|.if FPU
 |.define TOBIT,         f30     // 2^52 + 2^51.
+|.endif
 |
 |// The following temporaries are not saved across C calls, except for RA.
 |.define RA,            r23     // Callee-save.
@@ -46,7 +57,7 @@
 |.define TMP2,          r14
 |.define TMP3,          r15
 |
-|// Calling conventions.
+|// MIPS o32 calling convention.
 |.define CFUNCADDR,     r25
 |.define CARG1,         r4
 |.define CARG2,         r5
@@ -56,13 +67,33 @@
 |.define CRET1,         r2
 |.define CRET2,         r3
 |
+|.if ENDIAN_LE
+|.define SFRETLO,       CRET1
+|.define SFRETHI,       CRET2
+|.define SFARG1LO,      CARG1
+|.define SFARG1HI,      CARG2
+|.define SFARG2LO,      CARG3
+|.define SFARG2HI,      CARG4
+|.else
+|.define SFRETLO,       CRET2
+|.define SFRETHI,       CRET1
+|.define SFARG1LO,      CARG2
+|.define SFARG1HI,      CARG1
+|.define SFARG2LO,      CARG4
+|.define SFARG2HI,      CARG3
+|.endif
+|
+|.if FPU
 |.define FARG1,         f12
 |.define FARG2,         f14
 |
 |.define FRET1,         f0
 |.define FRET2,         f2
+|.endif
 |
 |// Stack layout while in interpreter. Must match with lj_frame.h.
+|.if FPU                // MIPS32 hard-float.
+|
 |.define CFRAME_SPACE,  112     // Delta for sp.
 |
 |.define SAVE_ERRF,     124(sp) // 32 bit C frame info.
@@ -72,6 +103,20 @@
 |//----- 8 byte aligned, ^^^^ 16 byte register save area, owned by interpreter.
 |.define SAVE_GPR_,     72      // .. 72+10*4: 32 bit GPR saves.
 |.define SAVE_FPR_,     24      // .. 24+6*8: 64 bit FPR saves.
+|
+|.else                  // MIPS32 soft-float
+|
+|.define CFRAME_SPACE,  64      // Delta for sp.
+|
+|.define SAVE_ERRF,     76(sp)  // 32 bit C frame info.
+|.define SAVE_NRES,     72(sp)
+|.define SAVE_CFRAME,   68(sp)
+|.define SAVE_L,        64(sp)
+|//----- 8 byte aligned, ^^^^ 16 byte register save area, owned by interpreter.
+|.define SAVE_GPR_,     24      // .. 24+10*4: 32 bit GPR saves.
+|
+|.endif
+|
 |.define SAVE_PC,       20(sp)
 |.define ARG5,          16(sp)
 |.define CSAVE_4,       12(sp)
@@ -83,43 +128,45 @@
 |.define ARG5_OFS,      16
 |.define SAVE_MULTRES,  ARG5
 |
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+|
 |.macro saveregs
 |  addiu sp, sp, -CFRAME_SPACE
 |  sw ra, SAVE_GPR_+9*4(sp)
 |  sw r30, SAVE_GPR_+8*4(sp)
-|   sdc1 f30, SAVE_FPR_+5*8(sp)
+|   .FPU sdc1 f30, SAVE_FPR_+5*8(sp)
 |  sw r23, SAVE_GPR_+7*4(sp)
 |  sw r22, SAVE_GPR_+6*4(sp)
-|   sdc1 f28, SAVE_FPR_+4*8(sp)
+|   .FPU sdc1 f28, SAVE_FPR_+4*8(sp)
 |  sw r21, SAVE_GPR_+5*4(sp)
 |  sw r20, SAVE_GPR_+4*4(sp)
-|   sdc1 f26, SAVE_FPR_+3*8(sp)
+|   .FPU sdc1 f26, SAVE_FPR_+3*8(sp)
 |  sw r19, SAVE_GPR_+3*4(sp)
 |  sw r18, SAVE_GPR_+2*4(sp)
-|   sdc1 f24, SAVE_FPR_+2*8(sp)
+|   .FPU sdc1 f24, SAVE_FPR_+2*8(sp)
 |  sw r17, SAVE_GPR_+1*4(sp)
 |  sw r16, SAVE_GPR_+0*4(sp)
-|   sdc1 f22, SAVE_FPR_+1*8(sp)
-|   sdc1 f20, SAVE_FPR_+0*8(sp)
+|   .FPU sdc1 f22, SAVE_FPR_+1*8(sp)
+|   .FPU sdc1 f20, SAVE_FPR_+0*8(sp)
 |.endmacro
 |
 |.macro restoreregs_ret
 |  lw ra, SAVE_GPR_+9*4(sp)
 |  lw r30, SAVE_GPR_+8*4(sp)
-|   ldc1 f30, SAVE_FPR_+5*8(sp)
+|   .FPU ldc1 f30, SAVE_FPR_+5*8(sp)
 |  lw r23, SAVE_GPR_+7*4(sp)
 |  lw r22, SAVE_GPR_+6*4(sp)
-|   ldc1 f28, SAVE_FPR_+4*8(sp)
+|   .FPU ldc1 f28, SAVE_FPR_+4*8(sp)
 |  lw r21, SAVE_GPR_+5*4(sp)
 |  lw r20, SAVE_GPR_+4*4(sp)
-|   ldc1 f26, SAVE_FPR_+3*8(sp)
+|   .FPU ldc1 f26, SAVE_FPR_+3*8(sp)
 |  lw r19, SAVE_GPR_+3*4(sp)
 |  lw r18, SAVE_GPR_+2*4(sp)
-|   ldc1 f24, SAVE_FPR_+2*8(sp)
+|   .FPU ldc1 f24, SAVE_FPR_+2*8(sp)
 |  lw r17, SAVE_GPR_+1*4(sp)
 |  lw r16, SAVE_GPR_+0*4(sp)
-|   ldc1 f22, SAVE_FPR_+1*8(sp)
-|   ldc1 f20, SAVE_FPR_+0*8(sp)
+|   .FPU ldc1 f22, SAVE_FPR_+1*8(sp)
+|   .FPU ldc1 f20, SAVE_FPR_+0*8(sp)
 |  jr ra
 |  addiu sp, sp, CFRAME_SPACE
 |.endmacro
@@ -138,11 +185,12 @@
 |.type NODE,            Node
 |.type NARGS8,          int
 |.type TRACE,           GCtrace
+|.type SBUF,            SBuf
 |
 |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |
 |// Trap for not-yet-implemented parts.
-|.macro NYI; .long 0xf0f0f0f0; .endmacro
+|.macro NYI; .long 0xec1cf0f0; .endmacro
 |
 |// Macros to mark delay slots.
 |.macro ., a; a; .endmacro
@@ -152,13 +200,23 @@
 |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |
 |// Endian-specific defines.
-|.define FRAME_PC,      LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(-4,-8)
-|.define FRAME_FUNC,    LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(-8,-4)
-|.define HI,            LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(4,0)
-|.define LO,            LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(0,4)
-|.define OFS_RD,        LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(2,0)
-|.define OFS_RA,        LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(1,2)
-|.define OFS_OP,        LJ_ENDIAN_SELECT(0,3)
+|.if ENDIAN_LE
+|.define FRAME_PC,      -4
+|.define FRAME_FUNC,    -8
+|.define HI,            4
+|.define LO,            0
+|.define OFS_RD,        2
+|.define OFS_RA,        1
+|.define OFS_OP,        0
+|.else
+|.define FRAME_PC,      -8
+|.define FRAME_FUNC,    -4
+|.define HI,            0
+|.define LO,            4
+|.define OFS_RD,        0
+|.define OFS_RA,        2
+|.define OFS_OP,        3
+|.endif
 |
 |// Instruction decode.
 |.macro decode_OP1, dst, ins; andi dst, ins, 0xff; .endmacro
@@ -353,9 +411,11 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.   sll TMP2, TMP2, 3
   |1:
   |  addiu TMP1, TMP1, -8
-  |   ldc1 f0, 0(RA)
+  |   lw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+  |    lw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
   |    addiu RA, RA, 8
-  |   sdc1 f0, 0(BASE)
+  |   sw SFRETHI, HI(BASE)
+  |    sw SFRETLO, LO(BASE)
   |  bnez TMP1, <1
   |.  addiu BASE, BASE, 8
   |
@@ -424,15 +484,16 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  and sp, CARG1, AT
   |->vm_unwind_ff_eh:                   // Landing pad for external unwinder.
   |  lw L, SAVE_L
-  |     lui TMP3, 0x59c0                // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
+  |     .FPU lui TMP3, 0x59c0           // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
+  |     li TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM            // Setup type comparison constants.
   |     li TISNIL, LJ_TNIL
   |  lw BASE, L->base
   |   lw DISPATCH, L->glref             // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
-  |     mtc1 TMP3, TOBIT
+  |     .FPU mtc1 TMP3, TOBIT
   |  li TMP1, LJ_TFALSE
   |    li_vmstate INTERP
   |  lw PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)              // Fetch PC of previous frame.
-  |     cvt.d.s TOBIT, TOBIT
+  |     .FPU cvt.d.s TOBIT, TOBIT
   |  addiu RA, BASE, -8                 // Results start at BASE-8.
   |   addiu DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
   |  sw TMP1, HI(RA)                    // Prepend false to error message.
@@ -440,6 +501,10 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  b ->vm_returnc
   |.  li RD, 16                         // 2 results: false + error message.
   |
+  |->vm_unwind_stub:                    // Jump to exit stub from unwinder.
+  |  jr CARG1
+  |.  move ra, CARG2
+  |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |//-- Grow stack for calls -----------------------------------------------
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -486,21 +551,23 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |    addiu DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
   |   sw r0, SAVE_NRES
   |   sw r0, SAVE_ERRF
-  |  sw TMP0, L->cframe
+  |   sw CARG1, SAVE_PC         // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
   |   sw r0, SAVE_CFRAME
   |    beqz TMP1, >3
-  |.  sw CARG1, SAVE_PC         // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
+  |. sw TMP0, L->cframe
   |
   |  // Resume after yield (like a return).
+  |  sw L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
   |  move RA, BASE
   |   lw BASE, L->base
+  |     li TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM            // Setup type comparison constants.
   |   lw TMP1, L->top
   |  lw PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |     lui TMP3, 0x59c0                // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
+  |     .FPU  lui TMP3, 0x59c0          // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
   |   subu RD, TMP1, BASE
-  |     mtc1 TMP3, TOBIT
+  |     .FPU  mtc1 TMP3, TOBIT
   |    sb r0, L->status
-  |     cvt.d.s TOBIT, TOBIT
+  |     .FPU  cvt.d.s TOBIT, TOBIT
   |    li_vmstate INTERP
   |   addiu RD, RD, 8
   |    st_vmstate
@@ -525,25 +592,27 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |
   |1:  // Entry point for vm_pcall above (PC = ftype).
   |  lw TMP1, L:CARG1->cframe
-  |   sw CARG3, SAVE_NRES
   |    move L, CARG1
-  |   sw CARG1, SAVE_L
-  |    move BASE, CARG2
-  |  sw sp, L->cframe                   // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
+  |   sw CARG3, SAVE_NRES
   |    lw DISPATCH, L->glref            // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
+  |   sw CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |     move BASE, CARG2
+  |    addiu DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
   |   sw CARG1, SAVE_PC         // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
   |  sw TMP1, SAVE_CFRAME
-  |    addiu DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
+  |  sw sp, L->cframe                   // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
   |
   |3:  // Entry point for vm_cpcall/vm_resume (BASE = base, PC = ftype).
+  |  sw L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
   |  lw TMP2, L->base                   // TMP2 = old base (used in vmeta_call).
-  |     lui TMP3, 0x59c0                // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
+  |     li TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM            // Setup type comparison constants.
+  |     .FPU lui TMP3, 0x59c0           // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
   |   lw TMP1, L->top
-  |     mtc1 TMP3, TOBIT
+  |     .FPU mtc1 TMP3, TOBIT
   |  addu PC, PC, BASE
   |   subu NARGS8:RC, TMP1, BASE
   |  subu PC, PC, TMP2                  // PC = frame delta + frame type
-  |     cvt.d.s TOBIT, TOBIT
+  |     .FPU cvt.d.s TOBIT, TOBIT
   |    li_vmstate INTERP
   |     li TISNIL, LJ_TNIL
   |    st_vmstate
@@ -566,20 +635,21 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   lw TMP0, L:CARG1->stack
   |  sw CARG1, SAVE_L
   |   lw TMP1, L->top
+  |     lw DISPATCH, L->glref           // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
   |  sw CARG1, SAVE_PC                  // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
   |   subu TMP0, TMP0, TMP1             // Compute -savestack(L, L->top).
   |    lw TMP1, L->cframe
-  |    sw sp, L->cframe                 // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
+  |     addiu DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
   |   sw TMP0, SAVE_NRES                // Neg. delta means cframe w/o frame.
   |  sw r0, SAVE_ERRF                   // No error function.
-  |  move CFUNCADDR, CARG4
+  |    sw TMP1, SAVE_CFRAME
+  |    sw sp, L->cframe                 // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
+  |     sw L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
   |  jalr CARG4                 // (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud)
-  |.   sw TMP1, SAVE_CFRAME
+  |.  move CFUNCADDR, CARG4
   |  move BASE, CRET1
-  |   lw DISPATCH, L->glref             // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
-  |    li PC, FRAME_CP
   |  bnez CRET1, <3                     // Else continue with the call.
-  |.  addiu DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
+  |.  li PC, FRAME_CP
   |  b ->vm_leave_cp                    // No base? Just remove C frame.
   |.  nop
   |
@@ -624,7 +694,8 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |->cont_cat:                          // RA = resultptr, RB = meta base
   |  lw INS, -4(PC)
   |   addiu CARG2, RB, -16
-  |   ldc1 f0, 0(RA)
+  |  lw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+  |    lw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
   |  decode_RB8a MULTRES, INS
   |   decode_RA8a RA, INS
   |  decode_RB8b MULTRES
@@ -632,11 +703,13 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  addu TMP1, BASE, MULTRES
   |   sw BASE, L->base
   |   subu CARG3, CARG2, TMP1
+  |  sw SFRETHI, HI(CARG2)
   |  bne TMP1, CARG2, ->BC_CAT_Z
-  |.  sdc1 f0, 0(CARG2)
+  |.  sw SFRETLO, LO(CARG2)
   |  addu RA, BASE, RA
+  |  sw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
   |  b ->cont_nop
-  |.  sdc1 f0, 0(RA)
+  |.  sw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
   |
   |//-- Table indexing metamethods -----------------------------------------
   |
@@ -659,10 +732,9 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.  sw TMP1, HI(CARG3)
   |
   |->vmeta_tgetb:                       // TMP0 = index
-  |  mtc1 TMP0, f0
-  |  cvt.d.w f0, f0
   |  addiu CARG3, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)
-  |  sdc1 f0, 0(CARG3)
+  |  sw TMP0, LO(CARG3)
+  |  sw TISNUM, HI(CARG3)
   |
   |->vmeta_tgetv:
   |1:
@@ -674,9 +746,11 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  // Returns TValue * (finished) or NULL (metamethod).
   |  beqz CRET1, >3
   |.  addiu TMP1, BASE, -FRAME_CONT
-  |  ldc1 f0, 0(CRET1)
+  |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(CRET1)
+  |   lw SFARG2HI, LO(CRET1)
   |  ins_next1
-  |   sdc1 f0, 0(RA)
+  |  sw SFARG1HI, HI(RA)
+  |   sw SFARG2HI, LO(RA)
   |  ins_next2
   |
   |3:  // Call __index metamethod.
@@ -688,6 +762,17 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  b ->vm_call_dispatch_f
   |.  li NARGS8:RC, 16                  // 2 args for func(t, k).
   |
+  |->vmeta_tgetr:
+  |  load_got lj_tab_getinth
+  |  call_intern lj_tab_getinth         // (GCtab *t, int32_t key)
+  |.  nop
+  |  // Returns cTValue * or NULL.
+  |  beqz CRET1, ->BC_TGETR_Z
+  |.  move SFARG2HI, TISNIL
+  |  lw SFARG2HI, HI(CRET1)
+  |  b ->BC_TGETR_Z
+  |.  lw SFARG2LO, LO(CRET1)
+  |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |
   |->vmeta_tsets1:
@@ -709,10 +794,9 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.  sw TMP1, HI(CARG3)
   |
   |->vmeta_tsetb:                       // TMP0 = index
-  |  mtc1 TMP0, f0
-  |  cvt.d.w f0, f0
   |  addiu CARG3, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)
-  |  sdc1 f0, 0(CARG3)
+  |  sw TMP0, LO(CARG3)
+  |  sw TISNUM, HI(CARG3)
   |
   |->vmeta_tsetv:
   |1:
@@ -722,11 +806,13 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  call_intern lj_meta_tset           // (lua_State *L, TValue *o, TValue *k)
   |.  move CARG1, L
   |  // Returns TValue * (finished) or NULL (metamethod).
+  |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(RA)
   |  beqz CRET1, >3
-  |.  ldc1 f0, 0(RA)
+  |.  lw SFARG1LO, LO(RA)
   |  // NOBARRIER: lj_meta_tset ensures the table is not black.
   |  ins_next1
-  |   sdc1 f0, 0(CRET1)
+  |  sw SFARG1HI, HI(CRET1)
+  |   sw SFARG1LO, LO(CRET1)
   |  ins_next2
   |
   |3:  // Call __newindex metamethod.
@@ -736,14 +822,27 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  sw PC, -16+HI(BASE)                // [cont|PC]
   |   subu PC, BASE, TMP1
   |  lw LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)      // Guaranteed to be a function here.
-  |  sdc1 f0, 16(BASE)                  // Copy value to third argument.
+  |  sw SFARG1HI, 16+HI(BASE)           // Copy value to third argument.
+  |   sw SFARG1LO, 16+LO(BASE)
   |  b ->vm_call_dispatch_f
   |.  li NARGS8:RC, 24                  // 3 args for func(t, k, v)
   |
+  |->vmeta_tsetr:
+  |  load_got lj_tab_setinth
+  |  sw BASE, L->base
+  |  sw PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  call_intern lj_tab_setinth  // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, int32_t key)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  // Returns TValue *.
+  |  b ->BC_TSETR_Z
+  |.  nop
+  |
   |//-- Comparison metamethods ---------------------------------------------
   |
   |->vmeta_comp:
-  |  // CARG2, CARG3 are already set by BC_ISLT/BC_ISGE/BC_ISLE/BC_ISGT.
+  |  // RA/RD point to o1/o2.
+  |  move CARG2, RA
+  |  move CARG3, RD
   |  load_got lj_meta_comp
   |  addiu PC, PC, -4
   |  sw BASE, L->base
@@ -769,11 +868,13 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |
   |->cont_ra:                           // RA = resultptr
   |  lbu TMP1, -4+OFS_RA(PC)
-  |   ldc1 f0, 0(RA)
+  |   lw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+  |    lw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
   |  sll TMP1, TMP1, 3
   |  addu TMP1, BASE, TMP1
+  |   sw SFRETHI, HI(TMP1)
   |  b ->cont_nop
-  |.  sdc1 f0, 0(TMP1)
+  |.   sw SFRETLO, LO(TMP1)
   |
   |->cont_condt:                        // RA = resultptr
   |  lw TMP0, HI(RA)
@@ -788,8 +889,11 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.  addiu TMP2, AT, -1                // Branch if result is false.
   |
   |->vmeta_equal:
-  |  // CARG2, CARG3, CARG4 are already set by BC_ISEQV/BC_ISNEV.
+  |  // SFARG1LO/SFARG2LO point to o1/o2. TMP0 is set to 0/1.
   |  load_got lj_meta_equal
+  |   move CARG2, SFARG1LO
+  |   move CARG3, SFARG2LO
+  |   move CARG4, TMP0
   |  addiu PC, PC, -4
   |   sw BASE, L->base
   |   sw PC, SAVE_PC
@@ -813,17 +917,31 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.  nop
   |.endif
   |
+  |->vmeta_istype:
+  |  load_got lj_meta_istype
+  |  addiu PC, PC, -4
+  |   sw BASE, L->base
+  |   srl CARG2, RA, 3
+  |   srl CARG3, RD, 3
+  |  sw PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  call_intern lj_meta_istype  // (lua_State *L, BCReg ra, BCReg tp)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |.  nop
+  |
   |//-- Arithmetic metamethods ---------------------------------------------
   |
   |->vmeta_unm:
-  |  move CARG4, CARG3
+  |  move RC, RB
   |
   |->vmeta_arith:
   |  load_got lj_meta_arith
   |  decode_OP1 TMP0, INS
   |   sw BASE, L->base
-  |   sw PC, SAVE_PC
   |  move CARG2, RA
+  |   sw PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  move CARG3, RB
+  |  move CARG4, RC
   |  sw TMP0, ARG5
   |  call_intern lj_meta_arith  // (lua_State *L, TValue *ra,*rb,*rc, BCReg op)
   |.  move CARG1, L
@@ -931,40 +1049,52 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |
   |.macro .ffunc_1, name
   |->ff_ .. name:
+  |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(BASE)
   |  beqz NARGS8:RC, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  lw CARG3, HI(BASE)
-  |    lw CARG1, LO(BASE)
+  |.  lw SFARG1LO, LO(BASE)
   |.endmacro
   |
   |.macro .ffunc_2, name
   |->ff_ .. name:
   |  sltiu AT, NARGS8:RC, 16
-  |   lw CARG3, HI(BASE)
+  |   lw SFARG1HI, HI(BASE)
   |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.   lw CARG4, 8+HI(BASE)
-  |   lw CARG1, LO(BASE)
-  |    lw CARG2, 8+LO(BASE)
+  |.   lw SFARG2HI, 8+HI(BASE)
+  |   lw SFARG1LO, LO(BASE)
+  |    lw SFARG2LO, 8+LO(BASE)
   |.endmacro
   |
   |.macro .ffunc_n, name        // Caveat: has delay slot!
   |->ff_ .. name:
-  |  lw CARG3, HI(BASE)
+  |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(BASE)
+  |.if FPU
+  |   ldc1 FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |   lw SFARG1LO, LO(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |  beqz NARGS8:RC, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  ldc1 FARG1, 0(BASE)
-  |  sltiu AT, CARG3, LJ_TISNUM
+  |.  sltiu AT, SFARG1HI, LJ_TISNUM
   |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
   |.endmacro
   |
   |.macro .ffunc_nn, name       // Caveat: has delay slot!
   |->ff_ .. name:
   |  sltiu AT, NARGS8:RC, 16
-  |   lw CARG3, HI(BASE)
+  |   lw SFARG1HI, HI(BASE)
   |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  lw CARG4, 8+HI(BASE)
-  |  ldc1 FARG1, 0(BASE)
-  |  ldc1 FARG2, 8(BASE)
-  |  sltiu TMP0, CARG3, LJ_TISNUM
-  |  sltiu TMP1, CARG4, LJ_TISNUM
+  |.  lw SFARG2HI, 8+HI(BASE)
+  |  sltiu TMP0, SFARG1HI, LJ_TISNUM
+  |.if FPU
+  |   ldc1 FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |   lw SFARG1LO, LO(BASE)
+  |.endif
+  |  sltiu TMP1, SFARG2HI, LJ_TISNUM
+  |.if FPU
+  |   ldc1 FARG2, 8(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |   lw SFARG2LO, 8+LO(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |  and TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
   |  beqz TMP0, ->fff_fallback
   |.endmacro
@@ -980,53 +1110,55 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |//-- Base library: checks -----------------------------------------------
   |
   |.ffunc_1 assert
-  |  sltiu AT, CARG3, LJ_TISTRUECOND
+  |  sltiu AT, SFARG1HI, LJ_TISTRUECOND
   |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
   |.  addiu RA, BASE, -8
   |  lw PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
   |  addiu RD, NARGS8:RC, 8             // Compute (nresults+1)*8.
   |  addu TMP2, RA, NARGS8:RC
-  |   sw CARG3, HI(RA)
+  |   sw SFARG1HI, HI(RA)
   |  addiu TMP1, BASE, 8
   |  beq BASE, TMP2, ->fff_res          // Done if exactly 1 argument.
-  |.  sw CARG1, LO(RA)
+  |.  sw SFARG1LO, LO(RA)
   |1:
-  |  ldc1 f0, 0(TMP1)
-  |  sdc1 f0, -8(TMP1)
+  |  lw SFRETHI, HI(TMP1)
+  |   lw SFRETLO, LO(TMP1)
+  |  sw SFRETHI, -8+HI(TMP1)
+  |   sw SFRETLO, -8+LO(TMP1)
   |  bne TMP1, TMP2, <1
   |.  addiu TMP1, TMP1, 8
   |  b ->fff_res
   |.  nop
   |
   |.ffunc type
-  |  lw CARG3, HI(BASE)
-  |  li TMP1, LJ_TISNUM
+  |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(BASE)
   |  beqz NARGS8:RC, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  sltiu TMP0, CARG3, LJ_TISNUM
-  |  movz TMP1, CARG3, TMP0
-  |  not TMP1, TMP1
+  |.  sltiu TMP0, SFARG1HI, LJ_TISNUM
+  |  movn SFARG1HI, TISNUM, TMP0
+  |  not TMP1, SFARG1HI
   |  sll TMP1, TMP1, 3
   |  addu TMP1, CFUNC:RB, TMP1
-  |  b ->fff_resn
-  |.  ldc1 FRET1, CFUNC:TMP1->upvalue
+  |  lw SFARG1HI, CFUNC:TMP1->upvalue[0].u32.hi
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |.  lw SFARG1LO, CFUNC:TMP1->upvalue[0].u32.lo
   |
   |//-- Base library: getters and setters ---------------------------------
   |
   |.ffunc_1 getmetatable
   |  li AT, LJ_TTAB
-  |  bne CARG3, AT, >6
+  |  bne SFARG1HI, AT, >6
   |.  li AT, LJ_TUDATA
   |1:  // Field metatable must be at same offset for GCtab and GCudata!
-  |  lw TAB:CARG1, TAB:CARG1->metatable
+  |  lw TAB:SFARG1LO, TAB:SFARG1LO->metatable
   |2:
   |  lw STR:RC, DISPATCH_GL(gcroot[GCROOT_MMNAME+MM_metatable])(DISPATCH)
-  |  beqz TAB:CARG1, ->fff_restv
-  |.  li CARG3, LJ_TNIL
-  |  lw TMP0, TAB:CARG1->hmask
-  |   li CARG3, LJ_TTAB                 // Use metatable as default result.
-  |  lw TMP1, STR:RC->hash
-  |  lw NODE:TMP2, TAB:CARG1->node
-  |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0               // idx = str->hash & tab->hmask
+  |  beqz TAB:SFARG1LO, ->fff_restv
+  |.  li SFARG1HI, LJ_TNIL
+  |  lw TMP0, TAB:SFARG1LO->hmask
+  |   li SFARG1HI, LJ_TTAB              // Use metatable as default result.
+  |  lw TMP1, STR:RC->sid
+  |  lw NODE:TMP2, TAB:SFARG1LO->node
+  |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0               // idx = str->sid & tab->hmask
   |  sll TMP0, TMP1, 5
   |  sll TMP1, TMP1, 3
   |  subu TMP1, TMP0, TMP1
@@ -1037,7 +1169,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   lw TMP0, offsetof(Node, key)+LO(NODE:TMP2)
   |    lw NODE:TMP3, NODE:TMP2->next
   |  bne CARG4, AT, >4
-  |.    lw CARG2, offsetof(Node, val)+HI(NODE:TMP2)
+  |.    lw CARG3, offsetof(Node, val)+HI(NODE:TMP2)
   |  beq TMP0, STR:RC, >5
   |.    lw TMP1, offsetof(Node, val)+LO(NODE:TMP2)
   |4:
@@ -1046,36 +1178,35 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  b <3
   |.  nop
   |5:
-  |  beq CARG2, TISNIL, ->fff_restv     // Ditto for nil value.
+  |  beq CARG3, TISNIL, ->fff_restv     // Ditto for nil value.
   |.  nop
-  |  move CARG3, CARG2                  // Return value of mt.__metatable.
+  |  move SFARG1HI, CARG3               // Return value of mt.__metatable.
   |  b ->fff_restv
-  |.  move CARG1, TMP1
+  |.  move SFARG1LO, TMP1
   |
   |6:
-  |  beq CARG3, AT, <1
-  |.  sltiu TMP0, CARG3, LJ_TISNUM
-  |  li TMP1, LJ_TISNUM
-  |  movz TMP1, CARG3, TMP0
-  |  not TMP1, TMP1
+  |  beq SFARG1HI, AT, <1
+  |.  sltu AT, TISNUM, SFARG1HI
+  |  movz SFARG1HI, TISNUM, AT
+  |  not TMP1, SFARG1HI
   |  sll TMP1, TMP1, 2
   |  addu TMP1, DISPATCH, TMP1
   |  b <2
-  |.  lw TAB:CARG1, DISPATCH_GL(gcroot[GCROOT_BASEMT])(TMP1)
+  |.  lw TAB:SFARG1LO, DISPATCH_GL(gcroot[GCROOT_BASEMT])(TMP1)
   |
   |.ffunc_2 setmetatable
   |  // Fast path: no mt for table yet and not clearing the mt.
   |  li AT, LJ_TTAB
-  |  bne CARG3, AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  addiu CARG4, CARG4, -LJ_TTAB
-  |  lw TAB:TMP1, TAB:CARG1->metatable
-  |   lbu TMP3, TAB:CARG1->marked
-  |  or AT, CARG4, TAB:TMP1
+  |  bne SFARG1HI, AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  addiu SFARG2HI, SFARG2HI, -LJ_TTAB
+  |  lw TAB:TMP1, TAB:SFARG1LO->metatable
+  |   lbu TMP3, TAB:SFARG1LO->marked
+  |  or AT, SFARG2HI, TAB:TMP1
   |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
   |.  andi AT, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK        // isblack(table)
   |  beqz AT, ->fff_restv
-  |.  sw TAB:CARG2, TAB:CARG1->metatable
-  |  barrierback TAB:CARG1, TMP3, TMP0, ->fff_restv
+  |.  sw TAB:SFARG2LO, TAB:SFARG1LO->metatable
+  |  barrierback TAB:SFARG1LO, TMP3, TMP0, ->fff_restv
   |
   |.ffunc rawget
   |  lw CARG4, HI(BASE)
@@ -1089,90 +1220,89 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  call_intern lj_tab_get     // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, cTValue *key)
   |.  move CARG1, L
   |  // Returns cTValue *.
-  |  b ->fff_resn
-  |.  ldc1 FRET1, 0(CRET1)
+  |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(CRET1)
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |.  lw SFARG1LO, LO(CRET1)
   |
   |//-- Base library: conversions ------------------------------------------
   |
   |.ffunc tonumber
   |  // Only handles the number case inline (without a base argument).
   |  lw CARG1, HI(BASE)
-  |  xori AT, NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |  sltiu CARG1, CARG1, LJ_TISNUM
-  |  movn CARG1, r0, AT
-  |  beqz CARG1, ->fff_fallback         // Exactly one number argument.
-  |.  ldc1 FRET1, 0(BASE)
-  |  b ->fff_resn
-  |.  nop
+  |  xori AT, NARGS8:RC, 8              // Exactly one number argument.
+  |  sltu TMP0, TISNUM, CARG1
+  |  or AT, AT, TMP0
+  |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  lw SFARG1HI, HI(BASE)
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |.  lw SFARG1LO, LO(BASE)
   |
   |.ffunc_1 tostring
   |  // Only handles the string or number case inline.
   |  li AT, LJ_TSTR
   |  // A __tostring method in the string base metatable is ignored.
-  |  beq CARG3, AT, ->fff_restv                 // String key?
+  |  beq SFARG1HI, AT, ->fff_restv      // String key?
   |  // Handle numbers inline, unless a number base metatable is present.
   |.  lw TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(gcroot[GCROOT_BASEMT_NUM])(DISPATCH)
-  |  sltiu TMP0, CARG3, LJ_TISNUM
-  |  sltiu TMP1, TMP1, 1
-  |  and TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
-  |  beqz TMP0, ->fff_fallback
+  |  sltu TMP0, TISNUM, SFARG1HI
+  |  or TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
+  |  bnez TMP0, ->fff_fallback
   |.  sw BASE, L->base                  // Add frame since C call can throw.
   |  ffgccheck
   |.  sw PC, SAVE_PC                    // Redundant (but a defined value).
-  |  load_got lj_str_fromnum
+  |  load_got lj_strfmt_number
   |  move CARG1, L
-  |  call_intern lj_str_fromnum         // (lua_State *L, lua_Number *np)
+  |  call_intern lj_strfmt_number       // (lua_State *L, cTValue *o)
   |.  move CARG2, BASE
   |  // Returns GCstr *.
-  |  li CARG3, LJ_TSTR
+  |  li SFARG1HI, LJ_TSTR
   |  b ->fff_restv
-  |.  move CARG1, CRET1
+  |.  move SFARG1LO, CRET1
   |
   |//-- Base library: iterators -------------------------------------------
   |
   |.ffunc next
-  |  lw CARG1, HI(BASE)
-  |   lw TAB:CARG2, LO(BASE)
+  |  lw CARG2, HI(BASE)
+  |   lw TAB:CARG1, LO(BASE)
   |  beqz NARGS8:RC, ->fff_fallback
   |.  addu TMP2, BASE, NARGS8:RC
   |  li AT, LJ_TTAB
   |   sw TISNIL, HI(TMP2)               // Set missing 2nd arg to nil.
-  |  bne CARG1, AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |  bne CARG2, AT, ->fff_fallback
   |.  lw PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
   |  load_got lj_tab_next
-  |   sw BASE, L->base                  // Add frame since C call can throw.
-  |   sw BASE, L->top                   // Dummy frame length is ok.
-  |  addiu CARG3, BASE, 8
-  |   sw PC, SAVE_PC
-  |  call_intern lj_tab_next            // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, TValue *key)
-  |.  move CARG1, L
-  |  // Returns 0 at end of traversal.
+  |  addiu CARG2, BASE, 8
+  |  call_intern lj_tab_next            // (GCtab *t, cTValue *key, TValue *o)
+  |.  addiu CARG3, BASE, -8
+  |  // Returns 1=found, 0=end, -1=error.
+  |   addiu RA, BASE, -8
+  |  bgtz CRET1, ->fff_res              // Found key/value.
+  |.  li RD, (2+1)*8
   |  beqz CRET1, ->fff_restv            // End of traversal: return nil.
-  |.  li CARG3, LJ_TNIL
-  |  ldc1 f0, 8(BASE)                   // Copy key and value to results.
-  |    addiu RA, BASE, -8
-  |   ldc1 f2, 16(BASE)
-  |    li RD, (2+1)*8
-  |  sdc1 f0, 0(RA)
-  |  b ->fff_res
-  |.  sdc1 f2, 8(RA)
+  |.  li SFARG1HI, LJ_TNIL
+  |   lw CFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+  |  b ->fff_fallback                   // Invalid key.
+  |.  li RC, 2*8
   |
   |.ffunc_1 pairs
   |  li AT, LJ_TTAB
-  |  bne CARG3, AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |  bne SFARG1HI, AT, ->fff_fallback
   |.  lw PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
 #if LJ_52
-  |  lw TAB:TMP2, TAB:CARG1->metatable
-  |   ldc1 f0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
+  |  lw TAB:TMP2, TAB:SFARG1LO->metatable
+  |  lw TMP0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].u32.hi
+  |   lw TMP1, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].u32.lo
   |  bnez TAB:TMP2, ->fff_fallback
 #else
-  |  ldc1 f0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
+  |  lw TMP0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].u32.hi
+  |   lw TMP1, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].u32.lo
 #endif
   |.  addiu RA, BASE, -8
   |   sw TISNIL, 8+HI(BASE)
-  |  li RD, (3+1)*8
+  |  sw TMP0, HI(RA)
+  |   sw TMP1, LO(RA)
   |  b ->fff_res
-  |.  sdc1 f0, 0(RA)
+  |.  li RD, (3+1)*8
   |
   |.ffunc ipairs_aux
   |  sltiu AT, NARGS8:RC, 16
@@ -1180,35 +1310,32 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |    lw TAB:CARG1, LO(BASE)
   |   lw CARG4, 8+HI(BASE)
   |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  ldc1 FARG2, 8(BASE)
-  |   addiu CARG3, CARG3, -LJ_TTAB
-  |  sltiu AT, CARG4, LJ_TISNUM
-  |   li TMP0, 1
-  |  movn AT, r0, CARG3
-  |   mtc1 TMP0, FARG1
-  |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  addiu CARG3, CARG3, -LJ_TTAB
+  |  xor CARG4, CARG4, TISNUM
+  |  and AT, CARG3, CARG4
+  |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
   |.  lw PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |   cvt.w.d FRET1, FARG2
-  |  cvt.d.w FARG1, FARG1
+  |  lw TMP2, 8+LO(BASE)
   |   lw TMP0, TAB:CARG1->asize
   |   lw TMP1, TAB:CARG1->array
-  |  mfc1 TMP2, FRET1
-  |   addiu RA, BASE, -8
-  |  add.d FARG2, FARG2, FARG1
   |  addiu TMP2, TMP2, 1
+  |  sw TISNUM, -8+HI(BASE)
   |  sltu AT, TMP2, TMP0
+  |   sw TMP2, -8+LO(BASE)
+  |  beqz AT, >2                        // Not in array part?
+  |.  addiu RA, BASE, -8
   |   sll TMP3, TMP2, 3
   |   addu TMP3, TMP1, TMP3
-  |  beqz AT, >2                        // Not in array part?
-  |.  sdc1 FARG2, 0(RA)
-  |  lw TMP2, HI(TMP3)
-  |  ldc1 f0, 0(TMP3)
+  |  lw TMP1, HI(TMP3)
+  |   lw TMP2, LO(TMP3)
   |1:
-  |  beq TMP2, TISNIL, ->fff_res        // End of iteration, return 0 results.
+  |  beq TMP1, TISNIL, ->fff_res        // End of iteration, return 0 results.
   |.  li RD, (0+1)*8
-  |   li RD, (2+1)*8
+  |  sw TMP1, 8+HI(RA)
+  |   sw TMP2, 8+LO(RA)
   |  b ->fff_res
-  |.  sdc1 f0, 8(RA)
+  |.  li RD, (2+1)*8
+  |
   |2:  // Check for empty hash part first. Otherwise call C function.
   |  lw TMP0, TAB:CARG1->hmask
   |  load_got lj_tab_getinth
@@ -1219,27 +1346,30 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  // Returns cTValue * or NULL.
   |  beqz CRET1, ->fff_res
   |.  li RD, (0+1)*8
-  |  lw TMP2, HI(CRET1)
+  |  lw TMP1, HI(CRET1)
   |  b <1
-  |.  ldc1 f0, 0(CRET1)
+  |.  lw TMP2, LO(CRET1)
   |
   |.ffunc_1 ipairs
   |  li AT, LJ_TTAB
-  |  bne CARG3, AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |  bne SFARG1HI, AT, ->fff_fallback
   |.  lw PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
 #if LJ_52
-  |  lw TAB:TMP2, TAB:CARG1->metatable
-  |   ldc1 f0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
+  |  lw TAB:TMP2, TAB:SFARG1LO->metatable
+  |  lw TMP0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].u32.hi
+  |   lw TMP1, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].u32.lo
   |  bnez TAB:TMP2, ->fff_fallback
 #else
-  |  ldc1 f0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
+  |  lw TMP0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].u32.hi
+  |   lw TMP1, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].u32.lo
 #endif
   |.  addiu RA, BASE, -8
-  |   sw r0, 8+HI(BASE)
+  |   sw TISNUM, 8+HI(BASE)
   |   sw r0, 8+LO(BASE)
-  |  li RD, (3+1)*8
+  |  sw TMP0, HI(RA)
+  |   sw TMP1, LO(RA)
   |  b ->fff_res
-  |.  sdc1 f0, 0(RA)
+  |.  li RD, (3+1)*8
   |
   |//-- Base library: catch errors ----------------------------------------
   |
@@ -1259,8 +1389,9 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |    sltiu AT, NARGS8:RC, 16
   |  lw CARG4, 8+HI(BASE)
   |    bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  ldc1 FARG2, 8(BASE)
-  |   ldc1 FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.  lw CARG3, 8+LO(BASE)
+  |   lw CARG1, LO(BASE)
+  |    lw CARG2, HI(BASE)
   |    lbu TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(hookmask)(DISPATCH)
   |  li AT, LJ_TFUNC
   |   move TMP2, BASE
@@ -1268,9 +1399,11 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   addiu BASE, BASE, 16
   |  // Remember active hook before pcall.
   |  srl TMP3, TMP3, HOOK_ACTIVE_SHIFT
-  |   sdc1 FARG2, 0(TMP2)               // Swap function and traceback.
+  |   sw CARG3, LO(TMP2)        // Swap function and traceback.
+  |   sw CARG4, HI(TMP2)
   |  andi TMP3, TMP3, 1
-  |   sdc1 FARG1, 8(TMP2)
+  |   sw CARG1, 8+LO(TMP2)
+  |    sw CARG2, 8+HI(TMP2)
   |  addiu PC, TMP3, 16+FRAME_PCALL
   |  b ->vm_call_dispatch
   |.  addiu NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, -16
@@ -1279,7 +1412,10 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |
   |.macro coroutine_resume_wrap, resume
   |.if resume
-  |.ffunc_1 coroutine_resume
+  |.ffunc coroutine_resume
+  |  lw CARG3, HI(BASE)
+  |  beqz NARGS8:RC, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  lw CARG1, LO(BASE)
   |  li AT, LJ_TTHREAD
   |  bne CARG3, AT, ->fff_fallback
   |.else
@@ -1314,11 +1450,13 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  move CARG3, CARG2
   |  sw BASE, L->top
   |2:  // Move args to coroutine.
-  |   ldc1 f0, 0(BASE)
+  |   lw SFRETHI, HI(BASE)
+  |    lw SFRETLO, LO(BASE)
   |  sltu AT, BASE, TMP1
   |  beqz AT, >3
   |.  addiu BASE, BASE, 8
-  |   sdc1 f0, 0(CARG3)
+  |   sw SFRETHI, HI(CARG3)
+  |    sw SFRETLO, LO(CARG3)
   |  b <2
   |.  addiu CARG3, CARG3, 8
   |3:
@@ -1331,6 +1469,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  lw TMP3, L:RA->top
   |    li_vmstate INTERP
   |  lw BASE, L->base
+  |    sw L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
   |    st_vmstate
   |   beqz AT, >8
   |. subu RD, TMP3, TMP2
@@ -1343,10 +1482,12 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  sw TMP2, L:RA->top                 // Clear coroutine stack.
   |  move TMP1, BASE
   |5:  // Move results from coroutine.
-  |   ldc1 f0, 0(TMP2)
+  |   lw SFRETHI, HI(TMP2)
+  |    lw SFRETLO, LO(TMP2)
   |  addiu TMP2, TMP2, 8
   |  sltu AT, TMP2, TMP3
-  |   sdc1 f0, 0(TMP1)
+  |   sw SFRETHI, HI(TMP1)
+  |    sw SFRETLO, LO(TMP1)
   |  bnez AT, <5
   |.  addiu TMP1, TMP1, 8
   |6:
@@ -1371,12 +1512,14 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.if resume
   |  addiu TMP3, TMP3, -8
   |   li TMP1, LJ_TFALSE
-  |  ldc1 f0, 0(TMP3)
+  |  lw SFRETHI, HI(TMP3)
+  |   lw SFRETLO, LO(TMP3)
   |   sw TMP3, L:RA->top                // Remove error from coroutine stack.
   |    li RD, (2+1)*8
   |   sw TMP1, -8+HI(BASE)              // Prepend false to results.
   |    addiu RA, BASE, -8
-  |  sdc1 f0, 0(BASE)                   // Copy error message.
+  |  sw SFRETHI, HI(BASE)               // Copy error message.
+  |   sw SFRETLO, LO(BASE)
   |  b <7
   |.  andi TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
   |.else
@@ -1412,20 +1555,29 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |
   |//-- Math library -------------------------------------------------------
   |
-  |.ffunc_n math_abs
-  |.  abs.d FRET1, FARG1
-  |->fff_resn:
-  |  lw PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |  addiu RA, BASE, -8
-  |  b ->fff_res1
-  |.  sdc1 FRET1, -8(BASE)
+  |.ffunc_1 math_abs
+  |  bne SFARG1HI, TISNUM, >1
+  |.  sra TMP0, SFARG1LO, 31
+  |  xor TMP1, SFARG1LO, TMP0
+  |  subu SFARG1LO, TMP1, TMP0
+  |  bgez SFARG1LO, ->fff_restv
+  |.  nop
+  |  lui SFARG1HI, 0x41e0               // 2^31 as a double.
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |.  li SFARG1LO, 0
+  |1:
+  |  sltiu AT, SFARG1HI, LJ_TISNUM
+  |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  sll SFARG1HI, SFARG1HI, 1
+  |  srl SFARG1HI, SFARG1HI, 1
+  |// fallthrough
   |
   |->fff_restv:
-  |  // CARG3/CARG1 = TValue result.
+  |  // SFARG1LO/SFARG1HI = TValue result.
   |  lw PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |   sw CARG3, -8+HI(BASE)
+  |   sw SFARG1HI, -8+HI(BASE)
   |  addiu RA, BASE, -8
-  |   sw CARG1, -8+LO(BASE)
+  |   sw SFARG1LO, -8+LO(BASE)
   |->fff_res1:
   |  // RA = results, PC = return.
   |  li RD, (1+1)*8
@@ -1454,15 +1606,19 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.  sw TISNIL, -8+HI(TMP1)
   |
   |.macro math_extern, func
-  |->ff_math_ .. func:
-  |  lw CARG3, HI(BASE)
+  |  .ffunc math_ .. func
+  |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(BASE)
   |  beqz NARGS8:RC, ->fff_fallback
   |.  load_got func
-  |  sltiu AT, CARG3, LJ_TISNUM
+  |  sltiu AT, SFARG1HI, LJ_TISNUM
   |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  nop
-  |  call_extern
+  |.if FPU
   |.  ldc1 FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |.  lw SFARG1LO, LO(BASE)
+  |.endif
+  |  call_extern
+  |.  nop
   |  b ->fff_resn
   |.  nop
   |.endmacro
@@ -1476,10 +1632,22 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.  nop
   |.endmacro
   |
+  |// TODO: Return integer type if result is integer (own sf implementation).
   |.macro math_round, func
-  |  .ffunc_n math_ .. func
-  |.  nop
+  |->ff_math_ .. func:
+  |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(BASE)
+  |  beqz NARGS8:RC, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  lw SFARG1LO, LO(BASE)
+  |  beq SFARG1HI, TISNUM, ->fff_restv
+  |.  sltu AT, SFARG1HI, TISNUM
+  |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.if FPU
+  |.  ldc1 FARG1, 0(BASE)
   |  bal ->vm_ .. func
+  |.else
+  |.  load_got func
+  |  call_extern
+  |.endif
   |.  nop
   |  b ->fff_resn
   |.  nop
@@ -1489,15 +1657,19 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  math_round ceil
   |
   |.ffunc math_log
-  |  lw CARG3, HI(BASE)
   |  li AT, 8
   |  bne NARGS8:RC, AT, ->fff_fallback  // Exactly 1 argument.
-  |.  load_got log
-  |  sltiu AT, CARG3, LJ_TISNUM
+  |.  lw SFARG1HI, HI(BASE)
+  |  sltiu AT, SFARG1HI, LJ_TISNUM
   |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  nop
+  |.  load_got log
+  |.if FPU
   |  call_extern
   |.  ldc1 FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |  call_extern
+  |.  lw SFARG1LO, LO(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |  b ->fff_resn
   |.  nop
   |
@@ -1516,23 +1688,43 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  math_extern2 atan2
   |  math_extern2 fmod
   |
+  |.if FPU
   |.ffunc_n math_sqrt
   |.  sqrt.d FRET1, FARG1
-  |  b ->fff_resn
-  |.  nop
+  |// fallthrough to ->fff_resn
+  |.else
+  |  math_extern sqrt
+  |.endif
   |
-  |->ff_math_deg:
-  |.ffunc_n math_rad
-  |.  ldc1 FARG2, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
-  |  b ->fff_resn
-  |.  mul.d FRET1, FARG1, FARG2
+  |->fff_resn:
+  |  lw PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+  |  addiu RA, BASE, -8
+  |.if FPU
+  |  b ->fff_res1
+  |.  sdc1 FRET1, -8(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |  sw SFRETHI, -8+HI(BASE)
+  |  b ->fff_res1
+  |.  sw SFRETLO, -8+LO(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |
-  |.ffunc_nn math_ldexp
-  |  cvt.w.d FARG2, FARG2
+  |
+  |.ffunc math_ldexp
+  |  sltiu AT, NARGS8:RC, 16
+  |   lw SFARG1HI, HI(BASE)
+  |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.   lw CARG4, 8+HI(BASE)
+  |  bne CARG4, TISNUM, ->fff_fallback
   |  load_got ldexp
-  |  mfc1 CARG3, FARG2
+  |.  sltu AT, SFARG1HI, TISNUM
+  |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.if FPU
+  |.  ldc1 FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |.  lw SFARG1LO, LO(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |  call_extern
-  |.  nop
+  |.  lw CARG3, 8+LO(BASE)
   |  b ->fff_resn
   |.  nop
   |
@@ -1543,10 +1735,17 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.  addiu CARG3, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)
   |   lw TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)(DISPATCH)
   |  addiu RA, BASE, -8
+  |.if FPU
   |   mtc1 TMP1, FARG2
   |  sdc1 FRET1, 0(RA)
   |   cvt.d.w FARG2, FARG2
   |   sdc1 FARG2, 8(RA)
+  |.else
+  |  sw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
+  |  sw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+  |  sw TMP1, 8+LO(RA)
+  |  sw TISNUM, 8+HI(RA)
+  |.endif
   |  b ->fff_res
   |.  li RD, (2+1)*8
   |
@@ -1556,49 +1755,109 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  call_extern
   |.  addiu CARG3, BASE, -8
   |  addiu RA, BASE, -8
+  |.if FPU
   |  sdc1 FRET1, 0(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |  sw SFRETLO, LO(BASE)
+  |  sw SFRETHI, HI(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |  b ->fff_res
   |.  li RD, (2+1)*8
   |
-  |.macro math_minmax, name, ismax
-  |->ff_ .. name:
-  |  lw CARG3, HI(BASE)
-  |  beqz NARGS8:RC, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  ldc1 FRET1, 0(BASE)
-  |  sltiu AT, CARG3, LJ_TISNUM
+  |.macro math_minmax, name, intins, ismax
+  |  .ffunc_1 name
+  |  addu TMP3, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+  |  bne SFARG1HI, TISNUM, >5
+  |.  addiu TMP2, BASE, 8
+  |1:  // Handle integers.
+  |.  lw SFARG2HI, HI(TMP2)
+  |  beq TMP2, TMP3, ->fff_restv
+  |.  lw SFARG2LO, LO(TMP2)
+  |  bne SFARG2HI, TISNUM, >3
+  |.  slt AT, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+  |  intins SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO, AT
+  |  b <1
+  |.  addiu TMP2, TMP2, 8
+  |
+  |3:  // Convert intermediate result to number and continue with number loop.
+  |  sltiu AT, SFARG2HI, LJ_TISNUM
   |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  addu TMP2, BASE, NARGS8:RC
-  |  addiu TMP1, BASE, 8
-  |  beq TMP1, TMP2, ->fff_resn
-  |1:
-  |.  lw CARG3, HI(TMP1)
-  |  ldc1 FARG1, 0(TMP1)
-  |   addiu TMP1, TMP1, 8
-  |  sltiu AT, CARG3, LJ_TISNUM
+  |.if FPU
+  |.  mtc1 SFARG1LO, FRET1
+  |  cvt.d.w FRET1, FRET1
+  |  b >7
+  |.  ldc1 FARG1, 0(TMP2)
+  |.else
+  |.  nop
+  |  bal ->vm_sfi2d_1
+  |.  nop
+  |  b >7
+  |.  nop
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |5:
+  |.  sltiu AT, SFARG1HI, LJ_TISNUM
   |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.if FPU
+  |.  ldc1 FRET1, 0(BASE)
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |6:  // Handle numbers.
+  |.  lw SFARG2HI, HI(TMP2)
+  |.if FPU
+  |  beq TMP2, TMP3, ->fff_resn
+  |.else
+  |  beq TMP2, TMP3, ->fff_restv
+  |.endif
+  |.  sltiu AT, SFARG2HI, LJ_TISNUM
+  |  beqz AT, >8
+  |.if FPU
+  |.  ldc1 FARG1, 0(TMP2)
+  |.else
+  |.  lw SFARG2LO, LO(TMP2)
+  |.endif
+  |7:
+  |.if FPU
   |.if ismax
-  |.  c.olt.d FARG1, FRET1
+  |  c.olt.d FARG1, FRET1
   |.else
-  |.  c.olt.d FRET1, FARG1
+  |  c.olt.d FRET1, FARG1
   |.endif
-  |  bne TMP1, TMP2, <1
-  |.  movf.d FRET1, FARG1
-  |  b ->fff_resn
+  |  movf.d FRET1, FARG1
+  |.else
+  |.if ismax
+  |  bal ->vm_sfcmpogt
+  |.else
+  |  bal ->vm_sfcmpolt
+  |.endif
+  |.  nop
+  |  movz SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO, CRET1
+  |  movz SFARG1HI, SFARG2HI, CRET1
+  |.endif
+  |  b <6
+  |.  addiu TMP2, TMP2, 8
+  |
+  |8:  // Convert integer to number and continue with number loop.
+  |  bne SFARG2HI, TISNUM, ->fff_fallback
+  |.if FPU
+  |.  lwc1 FARG1, LO(TMP2)
+  |  b <7
+  |.  cvt.d.w FARG1, FARG1
+  |.else
+  |.  nop
+  |  bal ->vm_sfi2d_2
   |.  nop
+  |  b <7
+  |.  nop
+  |.endif
+  |
   |.endmacro
   |
-  |  math_minmax math_min, 0
-  |  math_minmax math_max, 1
+  |  math_minmax math_min, movz, 0
+  |  math_minmax math_max, movn, 1
   |
   |//-- String library -----------------------------------------------------
   |
-  |.ffunc_1 string_len
-  |  li AT, LJ_TSTR
-  |  bne CARG3, AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  nop
-  |  b ->fff_resi
-  |.  lw CRET1, STR:CARG1->len
-  |
   |.ffunc string_byte                   // Only handle the 1-arg case here.
   |  lw CARG3, HI(BASE)
   |   lw STR:CARG1, LO(BASE)
@@ -1608,33 +1867,31 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback            // Need exactly 1 string argument.
   |.  nop
   |  lw TMP0, STR:CARG1->len
-  |   lbu TMP1, STR:CARG1[1]            // Access is always ok (NUL at end).
   |    addiu RA, BASE, -8
+  |    lw PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
   |  sltu RD, r0, TMP0
-  |   mtc1 TMP1, f0
+  |   lbu TMP1, STR:CARG1[1]            // Access is always ok (NUL at end).
   |  addiu RD, RD, 1
-  |   cvt.d.w f0, f0
-  |  lw PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
   |  sll RD, RD, 3                      // RD = ((str->len != 0)+1)*8
+  |  sw TISNUM, HI(RA)
   |  b ->fff_res
-  |.  sdc1 f0, 0(RA)
+  |.  sw TMP1, LO(RA)
   |
   |.ffunc string_char                   // Only handle the 1-arg case here.
   |  ffgccheck
   |.  nop
   |  lw CARG3, HI(BASE)
-  |   ldc1 FARG1, 0(BASE)
-  |  li AT, 8
-  |  bne NARGS8:RC, AT, ->fff_fallback  // Exactly 1 argument.
-  |.  sltiu AT, CARG3, LJ_TISNUM
-  |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |   lw CARG1, LO(BASE)
+  |  li TMP1, 255
+  |  xori AT, NARGS8:RC, 8              // Exactly 1 argument.
+  |  xor TMP0, CARG3, TISNUM            // Integer.
+  |   sltu TMP1, TMP1, CARG1            // !(255 < n).
+  |  or AT, AT, TMP0
+  |   or AT, AT, TMP1
+  |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
   |.  li CARG3, 1
-  |   cvt.w.d FARG1, FARG1
   |  addiu CARG2, sp, ARG5_OFS
-  |  sltiu AT, TMP0, 256
-  |   mfc1 TMP0, FARG1
-  |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  sw TMP0, ARG5
+  |  sb CARG1, ARG5
   |->fff_newstr:
   |  load_got lj_str_new
   |   sw BASE, L->base
@@ -1643,35 +1900,30 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.  move CARG1, L
   |  // Returns GCstr *.
   |  lw BASE, L->base
-  |  move CARG1, CRET1
+  |->fff_resstr:
+  |  move SFARG1LO, CRET1
   |  b ->fff_restv
-  |.  li CARG3, LJ_TSTR
+  |.  li SFARG1HI, LJ_TSTR
   |
   |.ffunc string_sub
   |  ffgccheck
   |.  nop
   |  addiu AT, NARGS8:RC, -16
   |   lw CARG3, 16+HI(BASE)
-  |    ldc1 f0, 16(BASE)
   |   lw TMP0, HI(BASE)
   |    lw STR:CARG1, LO(BASE)
   |  bltz AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |   lw CARG2, 8+HI(BASE)
-  |    ldc1 f2, 8(BASE)
+  |.  lw CARG2, 8+HI(BASE)
   |  beqz AT, >1
   |.  li CARG4, -1
-  |   cvt.w.d f0, f0
-  |  sltiu AT, CARG3, LJ_TISNUM
-  |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  mfc1 CARG4, f0
+  |  bne CARG3, TISNUM, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  lw CARG4, 16+LO(BASE)
   |1:
-  |  sltiu AT, CARG2, LJ_TISNUM
-  |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |  bne CARG2, TISNUM, ->fff_fallback
   |.  li AT, LJ_TSTR
-  |  cvt.w.d f2, f2
   |  bne TMP0, AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  lw CARG2, STR:CARG1->len
-  |  mfc1 CARG3, f2
+  |.  lw CARG3, 8+LO(BASE)
+  |  lw CARG2, STR:CARG1->len
   |  // STR:CARG1 = str, CARG2 = str->len, CARG3 = start, CARG4 = end
   |  slt AT, CARG4, r0
   |  addiu TMP0, CARG2, 1
@@ -1693,139 +1945,130 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  bgez CARG3, ->fff_newstr
   |.  addiu CARG3, CARG3, 1             // len++
   |->fff_emptystr:  // Return empty string.
-  |  addiu STR:CARG1, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(strempty)
+  |  addiu STR:SFARG1LO, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(strempty)
   |  b ->fff_restv
-  |.  li CARG3, LJ_TSTR
+  |.  li SFARG1HI, LJ_TSTR
   |
-  |.ffunc string_rep                    // Only handle the 1-char case inline.
-  |  ffgccheck
-  |.  nop
-  |  lw TMP0, HI(BASE)
-  |   addiu AT, NARGS8:RC, -16          // Exactly 2 arguments.
-  |  lw CARG4, 8+HI(BASE)
-  |   lw STR:CARG1, LO(BASE)
-  |  addiu TMP0, TMP0, -LJ_TSTR
-  |   ldc1 f0, 8(BASE)
-  |  or AT, AT, TMP0
-  |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  sltiu AT, CARG4, LJ_TISNUM
-  |   cvt.w.d f0, f0
-  |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  lw TMP0, STR:CARG1->len
-  |   mfc1 CARG3, f0
-  |  lw TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.sz)(DISPATCH)
-  |  li AT, 1
-  |   blez CARG3, ->fff_emptystr        // Count <= 0?
-  |.   sltu AT, AT, TMP0
-  |  beqz TMP0, ->fff_emptystr          // Zero length string?
-  |.  sltu TMP0, TMP1, CARG3
-  |  or AT, AT, TMP0
-  |   lw CARG2, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.buf)(DISPATCH)
-  |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback            // Fallback for > 1-char strings.
-  |.  lbu TMP0, STR:CARG1[1]
-  |  addu TMP2, CARG2, CARG3
-  |1:  // Fill buffer with char. Yes, this is suboptimal code (do you care?).
-  |  addiu TMP2, TMP2, -1
-  |  sltu AT, CARG2, TMP2
-  |  bnez AT, <1
-  |.  sb TMP0, 0(TMP2)
-  |  b ->fff_newstr
-  |.  nop
-  |
-  |.ffunc string_reverse
+  |.macro ffstring_op, name
+  |  .ffunc string_ .. name
   |  ffgccheck
   |.  nop
   |  lw CARG3, HI(BASE)
-  |   lw STR:CARG1, LO(BASE)
+  |   lw STR:CARG2, LO(BASE)
   |  beqz NARGS8:RC, ->fff_fallback
   |.  li AT, LJ_TSTR
   |  bne CARG3, AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  lw TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.sz)(DISPATCH)
-  |  lw CARG3, STR:CARG1->len
-  |   addiu CARG1, STR:CARG1, #STR
-  |   lw CARG2, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.buf)(DISPATCH)
-  |  sltu AT, TMP1, CARG3
-  |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  addu TMP3, CARG1, CARG3
-  |  addu CARG4, CARG2, CARG3
-  |1:  // Reverse string copy.
-  |   lbu TMP1, 0(CARG1)
-  |  sltu AT, CARG1, TMP3
-  |  beqz AT, ->fff_newstr
-  |.  addiu CARG1, CARG1, 1
-  |  addiu CARG4, CARG4, -1
-  |  b <1
-  |   sb TMP1, 0(CARG4)
-  |
-  |.macro ffstring_case, name, lo
-  |  .ffunc name
-  |  ffgccheck
-  |.  nop
-  |  lw CARG3, HI(BASE)
-  |   lw STR:CARG1, LO(BASE)
-  |  beqz NARGS8:RC, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  li AT, LJ_TSTR
-  |  bne CARG3, AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  lw TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.sz)(DISPATCH)
-  |  lw CARG3, STR:CARG1->len
-  |   addiu CARG1, STR:CARG1, #STR
-  |   lw CARG2, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.buf)(DISPATCH)
-  |  sltu AT, TMP1, CARG3
-  |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  addu TMP3, CARG1, CARG3
-  |  move CARG4, CARG2
-  |1:  // ASCII case conversion.
-  |   lbu TMP1, 0(CARG1)
-  |  sltu AT, CARG1, TMP3
-  |  beqz AT, ->fff_newstr
-  |.  addiu TMP0, TMP1, -lo
-  |   xori TMP2, TMP1, 0x20
-  |   sltiu AT, TMP0, 26
-  |   movn TMP1, TMP2, AT
-  |  addiu CARG1, CARG1, 1
-  |   sb TMP1, 0(CARG4)
-  |  b <1
-  |.  addiu CARG4, CARG4, 1
+  |.  addiu SBUF:CARG1, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf)
+  |  load_got lj_buf_putstr_ .. name
+  |  lw TMP0, SBUF:CARG1->b
+  |   sw L, SBUF:CARG1->L
+  |   sw BASE, L->base
+  |  sw TMP0, SBUF:CARG1->w
+  |  call_intern extern lj_buf_putstr_ .. name
+  |.  sw PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  load_got lj_buf_tostr
+  |  call_intern lj_buf_tostr
+  |.  move SBUF:CARG1, SBUF:CRET1
+  |  b ->fff_resstr
+  |.  lw BASE, L->base
   |.endmacro
   |
-  |ffstring_case string_lower, 65
-  |ffstring_case string_upper, 97
+  |ffstring_op reverse
+  |ffstring_op lower
+  |ffstring_op upper
   |
-  |//-- Table library ------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Bit library --------------------------------------------------------
   |
-  |.ffunc_1 table_getn
-  |  li AT, LJ_TTAB
-  |  bne CARG3, AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |.  load_got lj_tab_len
-  |  call_intern lj_tab_len             // (GCtab *t)
-  |.  nop
-  |  // Returns uint32_t (but less than 2^31).
-  |  b ->fff_resi
+  |->vm_tobit_fb:
+  |  beqz TMP1, ->fff_fallback
+  |.if FPU
+  |.  ldc1 FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |  add.d FARG1, FARG1, TOBIT
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  mfc1 CRET1, FARG1
+  |.else
+  |// FP number to bit conversion for soft-float.
+  |->vm_tobit:
+  |  sll TMP0, SFARG1HI, 1
+  |  lui AT, 0x0020
+  |  addu TMP0, TMP0, AT
+  |  slt AT, TMP0, r0
+  |  movz SFARG1LO, r0, AT
+  |  beqz AT, >2
+  |.  li TMP1, 0x3e0
+  |  not TMP1, TMP1
+  |  sra TMP0, TMP0, 21
+  |  subu TMP0, TMP1, TMP0
+  |  slt AT, TMP0, r0
+  |  bnez AT, >1
+  |.  sll TMP1, SFARG1HI, 11
+  |  lui AT, 0x8000
+  |  or TMP1, TMP1, AT
+  |  srl AT, SFARG1LO, 21
+  |  or TMP1, TMP1, AT
+  |  slt AT, SFARG1HI, r0
+  |  beqz AT, >2
+  |.  srlv SFARG1LO, TMP1, TMP0
+  |  subu SFARG1LO, r0, SFARG1LO
+  |2:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  move CRET1, SFARG1LO
+  |1:
+  |  addiu TMP0, TMP0, 21
+  |  srlv TMP1, SFARG1LO, TMP0
+  |  li AT, 20
+  |  subu TMP0, AT, TMP0
+  |  sll SFARG1LO, SFARG1HI, 12
+  |  sllv AT, SFARG1LO, TMP0
+  |  or SFARG1LO, TMP1, AT
+  |  slt AT, SFARG1HI, r0
+  |  beqz AT, <2
   |.  nop
-  |
-  |//-- Bit library --------------------------------------------------------
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  subu CRET1, r0, SFARG1LO
+  |.endif
   |
   |.macro .ffunc_bit, name
-  |  .ffunc_n bit_..name
-  |.  add.d FARG1, FARG1, TOBIT
-  |  mfc1 CRET1, FARG1
+  |  .ffunc_1 bit_..name
+  |  beq SFARG1HI, TISNUM, >6
+  |.  move CRET1, SFARG1LO
+  |  bal ->vm_tobit_fb
+  |.  sltu TMP1, SFARG1HI, TISNUM
+  |6:
   |.endmacro
   |
   |.macro .ffunc_bit_op, name, ins
   |  .ffunc_bit name
-  |  addiu TMP1, BASE, 8
-  |  addu TMP2, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+  |  addiu TMP2, BASE, 8
+  |  addu TMP3, BASE, NARGS8:RC
   |1:
-  |  lw CARG4, HI(TMP1)
-  |  beq TMP1, TMP2, ->fff_resi
-  |.  ldc1 FARG1, 0(TMP1)
-  |  sltiu AT, CARG4, LJ_TISNUM
-  |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
-  |  add.d FARG1, FARG1, TOBIT
-  |  mfc1 CARG2, FARG1
-  |  ins CRET1, CRET1, CARG2
+  |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(TMP2)
+  |  beq TMP2, TMP3, ->fff_resi
+  |.  lw SFARG1LO, LO(TMP2)
+  |.if FPU
+  |  bne SFARG1HI, TISNUM, >2
+  |.  addiu TMP2, TMP2, 8
   |  b <1
-  |.  addiu TMP1, TMP1, 8
+  |.  ins CRET1, CRET1, SFARG1LO
+  |2:
+  |   ldc1 FARG1, -8(TMP2)
+  |  sltu TMP1, SFARG1HI, TISNUM
+  |  beqz TMP1, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  add.d FARG1, FARG1, TOBIT
+  |  mfc1 SFARG1LO, FARG1
+  |  b <1
+  |.  ins CRET1, CRET1, SFARG1LO
+  |.else
+  |  beq SFARG1HI, TISNUM, >2
+  |.  move CRET2, CRET1
+  |  bal ->vm_tobit_fb
+  |.  sltu TMP1, SFARG1HI, TISNUM
+  |  move SFARG1LO, CRET2
+  |2:
+  |  ins CRET1, CRET1, SFARG1LO
+  |  b <1
+  |.  addiu TMP2, TMP2, 8
+  |.endif
   |.endmacro
   |
   |.ffunc_bit_op band, and
@@ -1849,24 +2092,28 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.  not CRET1, CRET1
   |
   |.macro .ffunc_bit_sh, name, ins, shmod
-  |  .ffunc_nn bit_..name
-  |.  add.d FARG1, FARG1, TOBIT
-  |  add.d FARG2, FARG2, TOBIT
-  |  mfc1 CARG1, FARG1
-  |  mfc1 CARG2, FARG2
+  |  .ffunc_2 bit_..name
+  |  beq SFARG1HI, TISNUM, >1
+  |.  nop
+  |  bal ->vm_tobit_fb
+  |.  sltu TMP1, SFARG1HI, TISNUM
+  |  move SFARG1LO, CRET1
+  |1:
+  |  bne SFARG2HI, TISNUM, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  nop
   |.if shmod == 1
   |  li AT, 32
-  |  subu TMP0, AT, CARG2
-  |  sllv CARG2, CARG1, CARG2
-  |  srlv CARG1, CARG1, TMP0
+  |  subu TMP0, AT, SFARG2LO
+  |  sllv SFARG2LO, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+  |  srlv SFARG1LO, SFARG1LO, TMP0
   |.elif shmod == 2
   |  li AT, 32
-  |  subu TMP0, AT, CARG2
-  |  srlv CARG2, CARG1, CARG2
-  |  sllv CARG1, CARG1, TMP0
+  |  subu TMP0, AT, SFARG2LO
+  |  srlv SFARG2LO, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+  |  sllv SFARG1LO, SFARG1LO, TMP0
   |.endif
   |  b ->fff_resi
-  |.  ins CRET1, CARG1, CARG2
+  |.  ins CRET1, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
   |.endmacro
   |
   |.ffunc_bit_sh lshift, sllv, 0
@@ -1878,9 +2125,11 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |
   |.ffunc_bit tobit
   |->fff_resi:
-  |  mtc1 CRET1, FRET1
-  |  b ->fff_resn
-  |.  cvt.d.w FRET1, FRET1
+  |  lw PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+  |  addiu RA, BASE, -8
+  |  sw TISNUM, -8+HI(BASE)
+  |  b ->fff_res1
+  |.  sw CRET1, -8+LO(BASE)
   |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |
@@ -2067,19 +2316,96 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  jr CRET1
   |.  lw INS, -4(PC)
   |
+  |->cont_stitch:                       // Trace stitching.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  // RA = resultptr, RB = meta base
+  |  lw INS, -4(PC)
+  |    lw TMP2, -24+LO(RB)              // Save previous trace.
+  |  decode_RA8a RC, INS
+  |   addiu AT, MULTRES, -8
+  |  decode_RA8b RC
+  |   beqz AT, >2
+  |. addu RC, BASE, RC                  // Call base.
+  |1:  // Move results down.
+  |  lw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+  |   lw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
+  |   addiu AT, AT, -8
+  |    addiu RA, RA, 8
+  |  sw SFRETHI, HI(RC)
+  |   sw SFRETLO, LO(RC)
+  |   bnez AT, <1
+  |.   addiu RC, RC, 8
+  |2:
+  |   decode_RA8a RA, INS
+  |    decode_RB8a RB, INS
+  |   decode_RA8b RA
+  |    decode_RB8b RB
+  |   addu RA, RA, RB
+  |   addu RA, BASE, RA
+  |3:
+  |   sltu AT, RC, RA
+  |   bnez AT, >9                       // More results wanted?
+  |.   nop
+  |
+  |  lhu TMP3, TRACE:TMP2->traceno
+  |  lhu RD, TRACE:TMP2->link
+  |  beq RD, TMP3, ->cont_nop           // Blacklisted.
+  |.  load_got lj_dispatch_stitch
+  |  bnez RD, =>BC_JLOOP                // Jump to stitched trace.
+  |.  sll RD, RD, 3
+  |
+  |  // Stitch a new trace to the previous trace.
+  |  sw TMP3, DISPATCH_J(exitno)(DISPATCH)
+  |  sw L, DISPATCH_J(L)(DISPATCH)
+  |  sw BASE, L->base
+  |  addiu CARG1, DISPATCH, GG_DISP2J
+  |  call_intern lj_dispatch_stitch     // (jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc)
+  |.  move CARG2, PC
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |.  lw BASE, L->base
+  |
+  |9:
+  |  sw TISNIL, HI(RC)
+  |  b <3
+  |.  addiu RC, RC, 8
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_profhook:                       // Dispatch target for profiler hook.
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+  |  load_got lj_dispatch_profile
+  |   sw MULTRES, SAVE_MULTRES
+  |  move CARG2, PC
+  |   sw BASE, L->base
+  |  call_intern lj_dispatch_profile    // (lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  // HOOK_PROFILE is off again, so re-dispatch to dynamic instruction.
+  |  addiu PC, PC, -4
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |.  lw BASE, L->base
+#endif
+  |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |//-- Trace exit handler -------------------------------------------------
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |
   |.macro savex_, a, b
+  |.if FPU
   |  sdc1 f..a, 16+a*8(sp)
   |  sw r..a, 16+32*8+a*4(sp)
   |  sw r..b, 16+32*8+b*4(sp)
+  |.else
+  |  sw r..a, 16+a*4(sp)
+  |  sw r..b, 16+b*4(sp)
+  |.endif
   |.endmacro
   |
   |->vm_exit_handler:
   |.if JIT
+  |.if FPU
   |  addiu sp, sp, -(16+32*8+32*4)
+  |.else
+  |  addiu sp, sp, -(16+32*4)
+  |.endif
   |  savex_ 0, 1
   |  savex_ 2, 3
   |  savex_ 4, 5
@@ -2094,25 +2420,34 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  savex_ 22, 23
   |  savex_ 24, 25
   |  savex_ 26, 27
+  |.if FPU
   |  sdc1 f28, 16+28*8(sp)
-  |  sw r28, 16+32*8+28*4(sp)
   |  sdc1 f30, 16+30*8(sp)
+  |  sw r28, 16+32*8+28*4(sp)
   |  sw r30, 16+32*8+30*4(sp)
   |  sw r0, 16+32*8+31*4(sp)            // Clear RID_TMP.
+  |  addiu TMP2, sp, 16+32*8+32*4       // Recompute original value of sp.
+  |  sw TMP2, 16+32*8+29*4(sp)          // Store sp in RID_SP
+  |.else
+  |  sw r28, 16+28*4(sp)
+  |  sw r30, 16+30*4(sp)
+  |  sw r0, 16+31*4(sp)                 // Clear RID_TMP.
+  |  addiu TMP2, sp, 16+32*4            // Recompute original value of sp.
+  |  sw TMP2, 16+29*4(sp)               // Store sp in RID_SP
+  |.endif
   |  li_vmstate EXIT
-  |   addiu TMP2, sp, 16+32*8+32*4      // Recompute original value of sp.
   |  addiu DISPATCH, JGL, -GG_DISP2G-32768
   |  lw TMP1, 0(TMP2)                   // Load exit number.
   |  st_vmstate
-  |   sw TMP2, 16+32*8+29*4(sp)         // Store sp in RID_SP.
-  |  lw L, DISPATCH_GL(jit_L)(DISPATCH)
-  |  lw BASE, DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)(DISPATCH)
+  |  lw L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
+  |   lw BASE, DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)(DISPATCH)
   |  load_got lj_trace_exit
   |  sw L, DISPATCH_J(L)(DISPATCH)
   |  sw ra, DISPATCH_J(parent)(DISPATCH)  // Store trace number.
+  |   sw BASE, L->base
   |  sw TMP1, DISPATCH_J(exitno)(DISPATCH)  // Store exit number.
   |  addiu CARG1, DISPATCH, GG_DISP2J
-  |  sw BASE, L->base
+  |   sw r0, DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)(DISPATCH)
   |  call_intern lj_trace_exit          // (jit_State *J, ExitState *ex)
   |.  addiu CARG2, sp, 16
   |  // Returns MULTRES (unscaled) or negated error code.
@@ -2128,29 +2463,34 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.if JIT
   |  // CRET1 = MULTRES or negated error code, BASE, PC and JGL set.
   |  lw L, SAVE_L
-  |  addiu DISPATCH, JGL, -GG_DISP2G-32768
+  |   addiu DISPATCH, JGL, -GG_DISP2G-32768
+  |  sw BASE, L->base
   |1:
-  |  bltz CRET1, >3                     // Check for error from exit.
-  |.  lw LFUNC:TMP1, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
-  |    lui TMP3, 0x59c0                 // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
+  |  sltiu TMP0, CRET1, -LUA_ERRERR     // Check for error from exit.
+  |  beqz TMP0, >9
+  |.  lw LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+  |    .FPU lui TMP3, 0x59c0                    // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
   |  sll MULTRES, CRET1, 3
   |    li TISNIL, LJ_TNIL
+  |     li TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM            // Setup type comparison constants.
   |  sw MULTRES, SAVE_MULTRES
-  |    mtc1 TMP3, TOBIT
-  |  lw TMP1, LFUNC:TMP1->pc
-  |   sw r0, DISPATCH_GL(jit_L)(DISPATCH)
+  |    .FPU mtc1 TMP3, TOBIT
+  |  lw TMP1, LFUNC:RB->pc
+  |   sw r0, DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)(DISPATCH)
   |  lw KBASE, PC2PROTO(k)(TMP1)
-  |    cvt.d.s TOBIT, TOBIT
+  |    .FPU cvt.d.s TOBIT, TOBIT
   |  // Modified copy of ins_next which handles function header dispatch, too.
   |  lw INS, 0(PC)
-  |   addiu PC, PC, 4
+  |  addiu CRET1, CRET1, 17             // Static dispatch?
   |    // Assumes TISNIL == ~LJ_VMST_INTERP == -1
   |    sw TISNIL, DISPATCH_GL(vmstate)(DISPATCH)
+  |   decode_RD8a RD, INS
+  |  beqz CRET1, >5
+  |.  addiu PC, PC, 4
   |  decode_OP4a TMP1, INS
   |  decode_OP4b TMP1
-  |    sltiu TMP2, TMP1, BC_FUNCF*4     // Function header?
   |  addu TMP0, DISPATCH, TMP1
-  |   decode_RD8a RD, INS
+  |    sltiu TMP2, TMP1, BC_FUNCF*4
   |  lw AT, 0(TMP0)
   |   decode_RA8a RA, INS
   |    beqz TMP2, >2
@@ -2158,13 +2498,46 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  jr AT
   |.  decode_RD8b RD
   |2:
+  |  sltiu TMP2, TMP1, (BC_FUNCC+2)*4   // Fast function?
+  |  bnez TMP2, >3
+  |.  lw TMP1, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+  |  // Check frame below fast function.
+  |  andi TMP0, TMP1, FRAME_TYPE
+  |  bnez TMP0, >3                      // Trace stitching continuation?
+  |.  nop
+  |  // Otherwise set KBASE for Lua function below fast function.
+  |  lw TMP2, -4(TMP1)
+  |  decode_RA8a TMP0, TMP2
+  |  decode_RA8b TMP0
+  |  subu TMP1, BASE, TMP0
+  |  lw LFUNC:TMP2, -8+FRAME_FUNC(TMP1)
+  |  lw TMP1, LFUNC:TMP2->pc
+  |  lw KBASE, PC2PROTO(k)(TMP1)
+  |3:
   |  addiu RC, MULTRES, -8
   |  jr AT
   |.  addu RA, RA, BASE
   |
-  |3:  // Rethrow error from the right C frame.
-  |  load_got lj_err_run
-  |  call_intern lj_err_run             // (lua_State *L)
+  |5:  // Dispatch to static entry of original ins replaced by BC_JLOOP.
+  |  lw TMP0, DISPATCH_J(trace)(DISPATCH)
+  |  decode_RD4b RD
+  |  addu TMP0, TMP0, RD
+  |  lw TRACE:TMP2, 0(TMP0)
+  |  lw INS, TRACE:TMP2->startins
+  |  decode_OP4a TMP1, INS
+  |  decode_OP4b TMP1
+  |  addu TMP0, DISPATCH, TMP1
+  |   decode_RD8a RD, INS
+  |  lw AT, GG_DISP2STATIC(TMP0)
+  |   decode_RA8a RA, INS
+  |   decode_RD8b RD
+  |  jr AT
+  |.  decode_RA8b RA
+  |
+  |9:  // Rethrow error from the right C frame.
+  |  load_got lj_err_trace
+  |  sub CARG2, r0, CRET1
+  |  call_intern lj_err_trace           // (lua_State *L, int errcode)
   |.  move CARG1, L
   |.endif
   |
@@ -2172,8 +2545,9 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |//-- Math helper functions ----------------------------------------------
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |
+  |// Hard-float round to integer.
   |// Modifies AT, TMP0, FRET1, FRET2, f4. Keeps all others incl. FARG1.
-  |.macro vm_round, func
+  |.macro vm_round_hf, func
   |  lui TMP0, 0x4330                   // Hiword of 2^52 (double).
   |  mtc1 r0, f4
   |  mtc1 TMP0, f5
@@ -2215,6 +2589,12 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.  mov.d FRET1, FARG1
   |.endmacro
   |
+  |.macro vm_round, func
+  |.if FPU
+  |  vm_round_hf, func
+  |.endif
+  |.endmacro
+  |
   |->vm_floor:
   |  vm_round floor
   |->vm_ceil:
@@ -2224,10 +2604,286 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  vm_round trunc
   |.endif
   |
+  |// Soft-float integer to number conversion.
+  |.macro sfi2d, AHI, ALO
+  |.if not FPU
+  |  beqz ALO, >9                       // Handle zero first.
+  |.  sra TMP0, ALO, 31
+  |  xor TMP1, ALO, TMP0
+  |  subu TMP1, TMP1, TMP0              // Absolute value in TMP1.
+  |  clz AHI, TMP1
+  |    andi TMP0, TMP0, 0x800           // Mask sign bit.
+  |  li AT, 0x3ff+31-1
+  |   sllv TMP1, TMP1, AHI              // Align mantissa left with leading 1.
+  |  subu AHI, AT, AHI                  // Exponent - 1 in AHI.
+  |   sll ALO, TMP1, 21
+  |  or AHI, AHI, TMP0                  // Sign | Exponent.
+  |   srl TMP1, TMP1, 11
+  |  sll AHI, AHI, 20                   // Align left.
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  addu AHI, AHI, TMP1               // Add mantissa, increment exponent.
+  |9:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  li AHI, 0
+  |.endif
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |// Input SFARG1LO. Output: SFARG1*. Temporaries: AT, TMP0, TMP1.
+  |->vm_sfi2d_1:
+  |  sfi2d SFARG1HI, SFARG1LO
+  |
+  |// Input SFARG2LO. Output: SFARG2*. Temporaries: AT, TMP0, TMP1.
+  |->vm_sfi2d_2:
+  |  sfi2d SFARG2HI, SFARG2LO
+  |
+  |// Soft-float comparison. Equivalent to c.eq.d.
+  |// Input: SFARG*. Output: CRET1. Temporaries: AT, TMP0, TMP1.
+  |->vm_sfcmpeq:
+  |.if not FPU
+  |  sll AT, SFARG1HI, 1
+  |  sll TMP0, SFARG2HI, 1
+  |  or CRET1, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+  |  or TMP1, AT, TMP0
+  |  or TMP1, TMP1, CRET1
+  |  beqz TMP1, >8                      // Both args +-0: return 1.
+  |.  sltu CRET1, r0, SFARG1LO
+  |  lui TMP1, 0xffe0
+  |  addu AT, AT, CRET1
+  |   sltu CRET1, r0, SFARG2LO
+  |  sltu AT, TMP1, AT
+  |   addu TMP0, TMP0, CRET1
+  |   sltu TMP0, TMP1, TMP0
+  |  or TMP1, AT, TMP0
+  |  bnez TMP1, >9                      // Either arg is NaN: return 0;
+  |.  xor TMP0, SFARG1HI, SFARG2HI
+  |  xor TMP1, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+  |  or AT, TMP0, TMP1
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  sltiu CRET1, AT, 1                // Same values: return 1.
+  |8:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  li CRET1, 1
+  |9:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  li CRET1, 0
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |// Soft-float comparison. Equivalent to c.ult.d and c.olt.d.
+  |// Input: SFARG*. Output: CRET1. Temporaries: AT, TMP0, TMP1, CRET2.
+  |->vm_sfcmpult:
+  |.if not FPU
+  |  b >1
+  |.  li CRET2, 1
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_sfcmpolt:
+  |.if not FPU
+  |  li CRET2, 0
+  |1:
+  |  sll AT, SFARG1HI, 1
+  |  sll TMP0, SFARG2HI, 1
+  |  or CRET1, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+  |  or TMP1, AT, TMP0
+  |  or TMP1, TMP1, CRET1
+  |  beqz TMP1, >8                      // Both args +-0: return 0.
+  |.  sltu CRET1, r0, SFARG1LO
+  |  lui TMP1, 0xffe0
+  |  addu AT, AT, CRET1
+  |   sltu CRET1, r0, SFARG2LO
+  |  sltu AT, TMP1, AT
+  |   addu TMP0, TMP0, CRET1
+  |   sltu TMP0, TMP1, TMP0
+  |  or TMP1, AT, TMP0
+  |  bnez TMP1, >9                      // Either arg is NaN: return 0 or 1;
+  |.  and AT, SFARG1HI, SFARG2HI
+  |  bltz AT, >5                        // Both args negative?
+  |.  nop
+  |  beq SFARG1HI, SFARG2HI, >8
+  |.  sltu CRET1, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  slt CRET1, SFARG1HI, SFARG2HI
+  |5:  // Swap conditions if both operands are negative.
+  |  beq SFARG1HI, SFARG2HI, >8
+  |.  sltu CRET1, SFARG2LO, SFARG1LO
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  slt CRET1, SFARG2HI, SFARG1HI
+  |8:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  nop
+  |9:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  move CRET1, CRET2
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_sfcmpogt:
+  |.if not FPU
+  |  sll AT, SFARG2HI, 1
+  |  sll TMP0, SFARG1HI, 1
+  |  or CRET1, SFARG2LO, SFARG1LO
+  |  or TMP1, AT, TMP0
+  |  or TMP1, TMP1, CRET1
+  |  beqz TMP1, >8                      // Both args +-0: return 0.
+  |.  sltu CRET1, r0, SFARG2LO
+  |  lui TMP1, 0xffe0
+  |  addu AT, AT, CRET1
+  |   sltu CRET1, r0, SFARG1LO
+  |  sltu AT, TMP1, AT
+  |   addu TMP0, TMP0, CRET1
+  |   sltu TMP0, TMP1, TMP0
+  |  or TMP1, AT, TMP0
+  |  bnez TMP1, >9                      // Either arg is NaN: return 0 or 1;
+  |.  and AT, SFARG2HI, SFARG1HI
+  |  bltz AT, >5                        // Both args negative?
+  |.  nop
+  |  beq SFARG2HI, SFARG1HI, >8
+  |.  sltu CRET1, SFARG2LO, SFARG1LO
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  slt CRET1, SFARG2HI, SFARG1HI
+  |5:  // Swap conditions if both operands are negative.
+  |  beq SFARG2HI, SFARG1HI, >8
+  |.  sltu CRET1, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  slt CRET1, SFARG1HI, SFARG2HI
+  |8:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  nop
+  |9:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  li CRET1, 0
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |// Soft-float comparison. Equivalent to c.ole.d a, b or c.ole.d b, a.
+  |// Input: SFARG*, TMP3. Output: CRET1. Temporaries: AT, TMP0, TMP1.
+  |->vm_sfcmpolex:
+  |.if not FPU
+  |  sll AT, SFARG1HI, 1
+  |  sll TMP0, SFARG2HI, 1
+  |  or CRET1, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+  |  or TMP1, AT, TMP0
+  |  or TMP1, TMP1, CRET1
+  |  beqz TMP1, >8                      // Both args +-0: return 1.
+  |.  sltu CRET1, r0, SFARG1LO
+  |  lui TMP1, 0xffe0
+  |  addu AT, AT, CRET1
+  |   sltu CRET1, r0, SFARG2LO
+  |  sltu AT, TMP1, AT
+  |   addu TMP0, TMP0, CRET1
+  |   sltu TMP0, TMP1, TMP0
+  |  or TMP1, AT, TMP0
+  |  bnez TMP1, >9                      // Either arg is NaN: return 0;
+  |.  and AT, SFARG1HI, SFARG2HI
+  |  xor AT, AT, TMP3
+  |  bltz AT, >5                        // Both args negative?
+  |.  nop
+  |  beq SFARG1HI, SFARG2HI, >6
+  |.  sltu CRET1, SFARG2LO, SFARG1LO
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  slt CRET1, SFARG2HI, SFARG1HI
+  |5:  // Swap conditions if both operands are negative.
+  |  beq SFARG1HI, SFARG2HI, >6
+  |.  sltu CRET1, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+  |  slt CRET1, SFARG1HI, SFARG2HI
+  |6:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  nop
+  |8:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  li CRET1, 1
+  |9:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  li CRET1, 0
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |.macro sfmin_max, name, fpcall
+  |->vm_sf .. name:
+  |.if JIT and not FPU
+  |  move TMP2, ra
+  |  bal ->fpcall
+  |.  nop
+  |  move TMP0, CRET1
+  |  move SFRETHI, SFARG1HI
+  |   move SFRETLO, SFARG1LO
+  |  move ra, TMP2
+  |  movz SFRETHI, SFARG2HI, TMP0
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  movz SFRETLO, SFARG2LO, TMP0
+  |.endif
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |  sfmin_max min, vm_sfcmpolt
+  |  sfmin_max max, vm_sfcmpogt
+  |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |//-- Miscellaneous functions --------------------------------------------
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |
+  |.define NEXT_TAB,            TAB:CARG1
+  |.define NEXT_IDX,            CARG2
+  |.define NEXT_ASIZE,          CARG3
+  |.define NEXT_NIL,            CARG4
+  |.define NEXT_TMP0,           r12
+  |.define NEXT_TMP1,           r13
+  |.define NEXT_TMP2,           r14
+  |.define NEXT_RES_VK,         CRET1
+  |.define NEXT_RES_IDX,        CRET2
+  |.define NEXT_RES_PTR,        sp
+  |.define NEXT_RES_VAL_I,      0(sp)
+  |.define NEXT_RES_VAL_IT,     4(sp)
+  |.define NEXT_RES_KEY_I,      8(sp)
+  |.define NEXT_RES_KEY_IT,     12(sp)
+  |
+  |// TValue *lj_vm_next(GCtab *t, uint32_t idx)
+  |// Next idx returned in CRET2.
+  |->vm_next:
+  |.if JIT and ENDIAN_LE
+  |   lw NEXT_ASIZE, NEXT_TAB->asize
+  |  lw NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_TAB->array
+  |    li NEXT_NIL, LJ_TNIL
+  |1:  // Traverse array part.
+  |   sltu AT, NEXT_IDX, NEXT_ASIZE
+  |    sll NEXT_TMP1, NEXT_IDX, 3
+  |   beqz AT, >5
+  |.   addu NEXT_TMP1, NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_TMP1
+  |  lw NEXT_TMP2, 4(NEXT_TMP1)
+  |   sw NEXT_IDX, NEXT_RES_KEY_I
+  |  beq NEXT_TMP2, NEXT_NIL, <1
+  |.  addiu NEXT_IDX, NEXT_IDX, 1
+  |    lw NEXT_TMP0, 0(NEXT_TMP1)
+  |   li AT, LJ_TISNUM
+  |  sw NEXT_TMP2, NEXT_RES_VAL_IT
+  |   sw AT, NEXT_RES_KEY_IT
+  |    sw NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_RES_VAL_I
+  |  move NEXT_RES_VK, NEXT_RES_PTR
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  move NEXT_RES_IDX, NEXT_IDX
+  |
+  |5:  // Traverse hash part.
+  |  subu NEXT_RES_IDX, NEXT_IDX, NEXT_ASIZE
+  |   lw NODE:NEXT_RES_VK, NEXT_TAB->node
+  |    sll NEXT_TMP2, NEXT_RES_IDX, 5
+  |  lw NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_TAB->hmask
+  |    sll AT, NEXT_RES_IDX, 3
+  |    subu AT, NEXT_TMP2, AT
+  |   addu NODE:NEXT_RES_VK, NODE:NEXT_RES_VK, AT
+  |6:
+  |  sltu AT, NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_RES_IDX
+  |  bnez AT, >8
+  |.  nop
+  |  lw NEXT_TMP2, NODE:NEXT_RES_VK->val.it
+  |  bne NEXT_TMP2, NEXT_NIL, >9
+  |.  addiu NEXT_RES_IDX, NEXT_RES_IDX, 1
+  |  // Skip holes in hash part.
+  |  b <6
+  |.  addiu NODE:NEXT_RES_VK, NODE:NEXT_RES_VK, sizeof(Node)
+  |
+  |8:  // End of iteration. Set the key to nil (not the value).
+  |  sw NEXT_NIL, NEXT_RES_KEY_IT
+  |  move NEXT_RES_VK, NEXT_RES_PTR
+  |9:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  addu NEXT_RES_IDX, NEXT_RES_IDX, NEXT_ASIZE
+  |.endif
+  |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |//-- FFI helper functions -----------------------------------------------
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2243,10 +2899,10 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  sw r1, CTSTATE->cb.slot
   |  sw CARG1, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[0]
   |  sw CARG2, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[1]
-  |   sdc1 FARG1, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[0]
+  |   .FPU sdc1 FARG1, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[0]
   |  sw CARG3, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[2]
   |  sw CARG4, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[3]
-  |   sdc1 FARG2, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[1]
+  |   .FPU sdc1 FARG2, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[1]
   |  addiu TMP0, sp, CFRAME_SPACE+16
   |  sw TMP0, CTSTATE->cb.stack
   |  sw r0, SAVE_PC                     // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
@@ -2256,15 +2912,16 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  // Returns lua_State *.
   |  lw BASE, L:CRET1->base
   |  lw RC, L:CRET1->top
+  |     li TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM            // Setup type comparison constants.
   |   move L, CRET1
-  |     lui TMP3, 0x59c0                // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
+  |     .FPU lui TMP3, 0x59c0           // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
   |  lw LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
-  |     mtc1 TMP3, TOBIT
+  |     .FPU mtc1 TMP3, TOBIT
   |    li_vmstate INTERP
   |     li TISNIL, LJ_TNIL
   |  subu RC, RC, BASE
   |    st_vmstate
-  |     cvt.d.s TOBIT, TOBIT
+  |     .FPU cvt.d.s TOBIT, TOBIT
   |  ins_callt
   |.endif
   |
@@ -2278,11 +2935,11 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  move CARG2, RA
   |  call_intern lj_ccallback_leave     // (CTState *cts, TValue *o)
   |.  move CARG1, CTSTATE
+  |   .FPU ldc1 FRET1, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[0]
   |  lw CRET1, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[0]
-  |   ldc1 FRET1, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[0]
-  |  lw CRET2, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[1]
+  |   .FPU ldc1 FRET2, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[1]
   |  b ->vm_leave_unw
-  |.  ldc1 FRET2, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[1]
+  |.  lw CRET2, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[1]
   |.endif
   |
   |->vm_ffi_call:                       // Call C function via FFI.
@@ -2314,8 +2971,8 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  lw CARG2, CCSTATE->gpr[1]
   |  lw CARG3, CCSTATE->gpr[2]
   |  lw CARG4, CCSTATE->gpr[3]
-  |  ldc1 FARG1, CCSTATE->fpr[0]
-  |  ldc1 FARG2, CCSTATE->fpr[1]
+  |  .FPU ldc1 FARG1, CCSTATE->fpr[0]
+  |  .FPU ldc1 FARG2, CCSTATE->fpr[1]
   |  jalr CFUNCADDR
   |.  lw CARG1, CCSTATE->gpr[0]         // Do this last, since CCSTATE is CARG1.
   |  lw CCSTATE:TMP1, -12(r16)
@@ -2323,8 +2980,13 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  lw ra, -4(r16)
   |  sw CRET1, CCSTATE:TMP1->gpr[0]
   |  sw CRET2, CCSTATE:TMP1->gpr[1]
+  |.if FPU
   |  sdc1 FRET1, CCSTATE:TMP1->fpr[0]
   |  sdc1 FRET2, CCSTATE:TMP1->fpr[1]
+  |.else
+  |  sw CARG1, CCSTATE:TMP1->gpr[2]     // Soft-float: complex double .im part.
+  |  sw CARG2, CCSTATE:TMP1->gpr[3]
+  |.endif
   |  move sp, r16
   |  jr ra
   |.  move r16, TMP2
@@ -2348,82 +3010,143 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
 
   case BC_ISLT: case BC_ISGE: case BC_ISLE: case BC_ISGT:
     |  // RA = src1*8, RD = src2*8, JMP with RD = target
-    |  addu CARG2, BASE, RA
-    |   addu CARG3, BASE, RD
-    |  lw TMP0, HI(CARG2)
-    |   lw TMP1, HI(CARG3)
-    |   ldc1 f0, 0(CARG2)
-    |   ldc1 f2, 0(CARG3)
-    |  sltiu TMP0, TMP0, LJ_TISNUM
-    |   sltiu TMP1, TMP1, LJ_TISNUM
+    |.macro bc_comp, FRA, FRD, RAHI, RALO, RDHI, RDLO, movop, fmovop, fcomp, sfcomp
+    |  addu RA, BASE, RA
+    |   addu RD, BASE, RD
+    |  lw RAHI, HI(RA)
+    |   lw RDHI, HI(RD)
     |    lhu TMP2, OFS_RD(PC)
-    |  and TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
     |    addiu PC, PC, 4
-    |  beqz TMP0, ->vmeta_comp
-    |.   lui TMP1, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
-    |    decode_RD4b TMP2
-    |    addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP1
-    if (op == BC_ISLT || op == BC_ISGE) {
-      |  c.olt.d f0, f2
-    } else {
-      |  c.ole.d f0, f2
-    }
-    if (op == BC_ISLT || op == BC_ISLE) {
-      |  movf TMP2, r0
-    } else {
-      |  movt TMP2, r0
-    }
-    |  addu PC, PC, TMP2
+    |  bne RAHI, TISNUM, >2
+    |.  lw RALO, LO(RA)
+    |    lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+    |  lw RDLO, LO(RD)
+    |  bne RDHI, TISNUM, >5
+    |.   decode_RD4b TMP2
+    |  slt AT, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+    |    addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+    |  movop TMP2, r0, AT
     |1:
+    |  addu PC, PC, TMP2
     |  ins_next
+    |
+    |2:  // RA is not an integer.
+    |  sltiu AT, RAHI, LJ_TISNUM
+    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_comp
+    |.   lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+    |  sltiu AT, RDHI, LJ_TISNUM
+    |.if FPU
+    |  ldc1 FRA, 0(RA)
+    |   ldc1 FRD, 0(RD)
+    |.else
+    |   lw RDLO, LO(RD)
+    |.endif
+    |  beqz AT, >4
+    |.   decode_RD4b TMP2
+    |3:  // RA and RD are both numbers.
+    |.if FPU
+    |  fcomp f20, f22
+    |   addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+    |  b <1
+    |.  fmovop TMP2, r0
+    |.else
+    |  bal sfcomp
+    |.   addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+    |  b <1
+    |.  movop TMP2, r0, CRET1
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |4:  // RA is a number, RD is not a number.
+    |  bne RDHI, TISNUM, ->vmeta_comp
+    |  // RA is a number, RD is an integer. Convert RD to a number.
+    |.if FPU
+    |.  lwc1 FRD, LO(RD)
+    |  b <3
+    |.  cvt.d.w FRD, FRD
+    |.else
+    |.  nop
+    |.if "RDHI" == "SFARG1HI"
+    |  bal ->vm_sfi2d_1
+    |.else
+    |  bal ->vm_sfi2d_2
+    |.endif
+    |.  nop
+    |  b <3
+    |.  nop
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |5:  // RA is an integer, RD is not an integer
+    |  sltiu AT, RDHI, LJ_TISNUM
+    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_comp
+    |  // RA is an integer, RD is a number. Convert RA to a number.
+    |.if FPU
+    |.  mtc1 RALO, FRA
+    |   ldc1 FRD, 0(RD)
+    |  b <3
+    |   cvt.d.w FRA, FRA
+    |.else
+    |.  nop
+    |.if "RAHI" == "SFARG1HI"
+    |  bal ->vm_sfi2d_1
+    |.else
+    |  bal ->vm_sfi2d_2
+    |.endif
+    |.  nop
+    |  b <3
+    |.  nop
+    |.endif
+    |.endmacro
+    |
+    if (op == BC_ISLT) {
+      |  bc_comp f20, f22, SFARG1HI, SFARG1LO, SFARG2HI, SFARG2LO, movz, movf, c.olt.d, ->vm_sfcmpolt
+    } else if (op == BC_ISGE) {
+      |  bc_comp f20, f22, SFARG1HI, SFARG1LO, SFARG2HI, SFARG2LO, movn, movt, c.olt.d, ->vm_sfcmpolt
+    } else if (op == BC_ISLE) {
+      |  bc_comp f22, f20, SFARG2HI, SFARG2LO, SFARG1HI, SFARG1LO, movn, movt, c.ult.d, ->vm_sfcmpult
+    } else {
+      |  bc_comp f22, f20, SFARG2HI, SFARG2LO, SFARG1HI, SFARG1LO, movz, movf, c.ult.d, ->vm_sfcmpult
+    }
     break;
 
   case BC_ISEQV: case BC_ISNEV:
     vk = op == BC_ISEQV;
     |  // RA = src1*8, RD = src2*8, JMP with RD = target
     |  addu RA, BASE, RA
-    |   addiu PC, PC, 4
-    |  lw TMP0, HI(RA)
-    |   ldc1 f0, 0(RA)
+    |    addiu PC, PC, 4
     |  addu RD, BASE, RD
+    |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(RA)
     |    lhu TMP2, -4+OFS_RD(PC)
-    |   lw TMP1, HI(RD)
-    |   ldc1 f2, 0(RD)
+    |  lw SFARG2HI, HI(RD)
     |    lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
-    |  sltiu AT, TMP0, LJ_TISNUM
-    |  sltiu CARG1, TMP1, LJ_TISNUM
-    |    decode_RD4b TMP2
-    |  and AT, AT, CARG1
-    |  beqz AT, >5
-    |.   addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
-    |  c.eq.d f0, f2
+    |  sltu AT, TISNUM, SFARG1HI
+    |  sltu TMP0, TISNUM, SFARG2HI
+    |  or AT, AT, TMP0
     if (vk) {
-      |  movf TMP2, r0
+      |  beqz AT, ->BC_ISEQN_Z
     } else {
-      |  movt TMP2, r0
+      |  beqz AT, ->BC_ISNEN_Z
     }
-    |1:
-    |  addu PC, PC, TMP2
-    |  ins_next
-    |5:  // Either or both types are not numbers.
-    |  lw CARG2, LO(RA)
-    |  lw CARG3, LO(RD)
+    |.   decode_RD4b TMP2
+    |  // Either or both types are not numbers.
+    |  lw SFARG1LO, LO(RA)
+    |  lw SFARG2LO, LO(RD)
+    |  addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
     |.if FFI
     |  li TMP3, LJ_TCDATA
-    |  beq TMP0, TMP3, ->vmeta_equal_cd
+    |  beq SFARG1HI, TMP3, ->vmeta_equal_cd
     |.endif
-    |.  sltiu AT, TMP0, LJ_TISPRI               // Not a primitive?
+    |.  sltiu AT, SFARG1HI, LJ_TISPRI           // Not a primitive?
     |.if FFI
-    |  beq TMP1, TMP3, ->vmeta_equal_cd
+    |  beq SFARG2HI, TMP3, ->vmeta_equal_cd
     |.endif
-    |.  xor TMP3, CARG2, CARG3                  // Same tv?
-    |  xor TMP1, TMP1, TMP0                     // Same type?
-    |  sltiu CARG1, TMP0, LJ_TISTABUD+1         // Table or userdata?
+    |.  xor TMP3, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO            // Same tv?
+    |  xor SFARG2HI, SFARG2HI, SFARG1HI         // Same type?
+    |  sltiu TMP0, SFARG1HI, LJ_TISTABUD+1      // Table or userdata?
     |  movz TMP3, r0, AT                        // Ignore tv if primitive.
-    |  movn CARG1, r0, TMP1                     // Tab/ud and same type?
-    |  or AT, TMP1, TMP3                        // Same type && (pri||same tv).
-    |  movz CARG1, r0, AT
-    |  beqz CARG1, <1   // Done if not tab/ud or not same type or same tv.
+    |  movn TMP0, r0, SFARG2HI                  // Tab/ud and same type?
+    |  or AT, SFARG2HI, TMP3                    // Same type && (pri||same tv).
+    |  movz TMP0, r0, AT
+    |  beqz TMP0, >1    // Done if not tab/ud or not same type or same tv.
     if (vk) {
       |.  movn TMP2, r0, AT
     } else {
@@ -2431,15 +3154,18 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     }
     |  // Different tables or userdatas. Need to check __eq metamethod.
     |  // Field metatable must be at same offset for GCtab and GCudata!
-    |  lw TAB:TMP1, TAB:CARG2->metatable
-    |  beqz TAB:TMP1, <1                // No metatable?
+    |  lw TAB:TMP1, TAB:SFARG1LO->metatable
+    |  beqz TAB:TMP1, >1                // No metatable?
     |.  nop
     |  lbu TMP1, TAB:TMP1->nomm
     |  andi TMP1, TMP1, 1<<MM_eq
-    |  bnez TMP1, <1                    // Or 'no __eq' flag set?
+    |  bnez TMP1, >1                    // Or 'no __eq' flag set?
     |.  nop
     |  b ->vmeta_equal                  // Handle __eq metamethod.
-    |.  li CARG4, 1-vk                  // ne = 0 or 1.
+    |.  li TMP0, 1-vk                   // ne = 0 or 1.
+    |1:
+    |  addu PC, PC, TMP2
+    |  ins_next
     break;
 
   case BC_ISEQS: case BC_ISNES:
@@ -2476,38 +3202,124 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     vk = op == BC_ISEQN;
     |  // RA = src*8, RD = num_const*8, JMP with RD = target
     |  addu RA, BASE, RA
-    |   addiu PC, PC, 4
-    |  lw TMP0, HI(RA)
-    |   ldc1 f0, 0(RA)
-    |  addu RD, KBASE, RD
-    |    lhu TMP2, -4+OFS_RD(PC)
-    |   ldc1 f2, 0(RD)
+    |   addu RD, KBASE, RD
+    |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(RA)
+    |   lw SFARG2HI, HI(RD)
+    |    lhu TMP2, OFS_RD(PC)
+    |    addiu PC, PC, 4
     |    lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
-    |  sltiu AT, TMP0, LJ_TISNUM
     |    decode_RD4b TMP2
-    |.if FFI
-    |  beqz AT, >5
-    |.else
-    |  beqz AT, >1
-    |.endif
-    |.   addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
-    |   c.eq.d f0, f2
     if (vk) {
-      |  movf TMP2, r0
-      |  addu PC, PC, TMP2
+      |->BC_ISEQN_Z:
+    } else {
+      |->BC_ISNEN_Z:
+    }
+    |  bne SFARG1HI, TISNUM, >3
+    |.  lw SFARG1LO, LO(RA)
+    |  lw SFARG2LO, LO(RD)
+    |    addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+    |  bne SFARG2HI, TISNUM, >6
+    |.  xor AT, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+    if (vk) {
+      |  movn TMP2, r0, AT
       |1:
+      |  addu PC, PC, TMP2
+      |2:
     } else {
-      |  movt TMP2, r0
+      |  movz TMP2, r0, AT
       |1:
+      |2:
       |  addu PC, PC, TMP2
     }
     |  ins_next
+    |
+    |3:  // RA is not an integer.
+    |  sltiu AT, SFARG1HI, LJ_TISNUM
     |.if FFI
-    |5:
-    |  li AT, LJ_TCDATA
-    |  beq TMP0, AT, ->vmeta_equal_cd
+    |  beqz AT, >8
+    |.else
+    |  beqz AT, <2
+    |.endif
+    |.   addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+    |  sltiu AT, SFARG2HI, LJ_TISNUM
+    |.if FPU
+    |  ldc1 f20, 0(RA)
+    |   ldc1 f22, 0(RD)
+    |.endif
+    |  beqz AT, >5
+    |.  lw SFARG2LO, LO(RD)
+    |4:  // RA and RD are both numbers.
+    |.if FPU
+    |  c.eq.d f20, f22
+    |  b <1
+    if (vk) {
+      |.  movf TMP2, r0
+    } else {
+      |.  movt TMP2, r0
+    }
+    |.else
+    |  bal ->vm_sfcmpeq
     |.  nop
     |  b <1
+    if (vk) {
+      |.  movz TMP2, r0, CRET1
+    } else {
+      |.  movn TMP2, r0, CRET1
+    }
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |5:  // RA is a number, RD is not a number.
+    |.if FFI
+    |  bne SFARG2HI, TISNUM, >9
+    |.else
+    |  bne SFARG2HI, TISNUM, <2
+    |.endif
+    |  // RA is a number, RD is an integer. Convert RD to a number.
+    |.if FPU
+    |.  lwc1 f22, LO(RD)
+    |  b <4
+    |.  cvt.d.w f22, f22
+    |.else
+    |.  nop
+    |  bal ->vm_sfi2d_2
+    |.  nop
+    |  b <4
+    |.  nop
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |6:  // RA is an integer, RD is not an integer
+    |  sltiu AT, SFARG2HI, LJ_TISNUM
+    |.if FFI
+    |  beqz AT, >9
+    |.else
+    |  beqz AT, <2
+    |.endif
+    |  // RA is an integer, RD is a number. Convert RA to a number.
+    |.if FPU
+    |.  mtc1 SFARG1LO, f20
+    |   ldc1 f22, 0(RD)
+    |  b <4
+    |   cvt.d.w f20, f20
+    |.else
+    |.  nop
+    |  bal ->vm_sfi2d_1
+    |.  nop
+    |  b <4
+    |.  nop
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |.if FFI
+    |8:
+    |  li AT, LJ_TCDATA
+    |  bne SFARG1HI, AT, <2
+    |.  nop
+    |  b ->vmeta_equal_cd
+    |.  nop
+    |9:
+    |  li AT, LJ_TCDATA
+    |  bne SFARG2HI, AT, <2
+    |.  nop
+    |  b ->vmeta_equal_cd
     |.  nop
     |.endif
     break;
@@ -2559,7 +3371,8 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
       |  addu PC, PC, TMP2
     } else {
       |  sltiu TMP0, TMP0, LJ_TISTRUECOND
-      |  ldc1 f0, 0(RD)
+      |  lw SFRETHI, HI(RD)
+      |   lw SFRETLO, LO(RD)
       if (op == BC_ISTC) {
         |  beqz TMP0, >1
       } else {
@@ -2569,22 +3382,45 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
       |   decode_RD4b TMP2
       |   lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
       |   addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
-      |  sdc1 f0, 0(RA)
+      |  sw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+      |   sw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
       |   addu PC, PC, TMP2
       |1:
     }
     |  ins_next
     break;
 
+  case BC_ISTYPE:
+    |  // RA = src*8, RD = -type*8
+    |  addu TMP2, BASE, RA
+    |  srl TMP1, RD, 3
+    |  lw TMP0, HI(TMP2)
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  addu AT, TMP0, TMP1
+    |  bnez AT, ->vmeta_istype
+    |.  ins_next2
+    break;
+  case BC_ISNUM:
+    |  // RA = src*8, RD = -(TISNUM-1)*8
+    |  addu TMP2, BASE, RA
+    |  lw TMP0, HI(TMP2)
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  sltiu AT, TMP0, LJ_TISNUM
+    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_istype
+    |.  ins_next2
+    break;
+
   /* -- Unary ops --------------------------------------------------------- */
 
   case BC_MOV:
     |  // RA = dst*8, RD = src*8
     |  addu RD, BASE, RD
-    |  addu RA, BASE, RA
-    |  ldc1 f0, 0(RD)
+    |   addu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  lw SFRETHI, HI(RD)
+    |   lw SFRETLO, LO(RD)
     |  ins_next1
-    |  sdc1 f0, 0(RA)
+    |  sw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+    |   sw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
     |  ins_next2
     break;
   case BC_NOT:
@@ -2601,16 +3437,25 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     break;
   case BC_UNM:
     |  // RA = dst*8, RD = src*8
-    |  addu CARG3, BASE, RD
+    |  addu RB, BASE, RD
+    |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(RB)
     |   addu RA, BASE, RA
-    |  lw TMP0, HI(CARG3)
-    |   ldc1 f0, 0(CARG3)
-    |  sltiu AT, TMP0, LJ_TISNUM
-    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_unm
-    |.  neg.d f0, f0
+    |  bne SFARG1HI, TISNUM, >2
+    |.  lw SFARG1LO, LO(RB)
+    |  lui TMP1, 0x8000
+    |  beq SFARG1LO, TMP1, ->vmeta_unm  // Meta handler deals with -2^31.
+    |.  negu SFARG1LO, SFARG1LO
+    |1:
     |  ins_next1
-    |   sdc1 f0, 0(RA)
+    |  sw SFARG1HI, HI(RA)
+    |   sw SFARG1LO, LO(RA)
     |  ins_next2
+    |2:
+    |  sltiu AT, SFARG1HI, LJ_TISNUM
+    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_unm
+    |.  lui TMP1, 0x8000
+    |  b <1
+    |.  xor SFARG1HI, SFARG1HI, TMP1
     break;
   case BC_LEN:
     |  // RA = dst*8, RD = src*8
@@ -2621,12 +3466,11 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  li AT, LJ_TSTR
     |  bne TMP0, AT, >2
     |.  li AT, LJ_TTAB
-    |  lw CRET1, STR:CARG1->len
+    |   lw CRET1, STR:CARG1->len
     |1:
-    |  mtc1 CRET1, f0
-    |  cvt.d.w f0, f0
     |  ins_next1
-    |  sdc1 f0, 0(RA)
+    |  sw TISNUM, HI(RA)
+    |   sw CRET1, LO(RA)
     |  ins_next2
     |2:
     |  bne TMP0, AT, ->vmeta_len
@@ -2657,104 +3501,232 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
 
   /* -- Binary ops -------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-    |.macro ins_arithpre
+    |.macro fpmod, a, b, c
+    |  bal ->vm_floor     // floor(b/c)
+    |.  div.d FARG1, b, c
+    |  mul.d a, FRET1, c
+    |  sub.d a, b, a      // b - floor(b/c)*c
+    |.endmacro
+
+    |.macro sfpmod
+    |  addiu sp, sp, -16
+    |
+    |  load_got __divdf3
+    |  sw SFARG1HI, HI(sp)
+    |   sw SFARG1LO, LO(sp)
+    |  sw SFARG2HI, 8+HI(sp)
+    |  call_extern
+    |.  sw SFARG2LO, 8+LO(sp)
+    |
+    |  load_got floor
+    |  move SFARG1HI, SFRETHI
+    |  call_extern
+    |.  move SFARG1LO, SFRETLO
+    |
+    |  load_got __muldf3
+    |  move SFARG1HI, SFRETHI
+    |   move SFARG1LO, SFRETLO
+    |  lw SFARG2HI, 8+HI(sp)
+    |  call_extern
+    |.  lw SFARG2LO, 8+LO(sp)
+    |
+    |  load_got __subdf3
+    |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(sp)
+    |   lw SFARG1LO, LO(sp)
+    |  move SFARG2HI, SFRETHI
+    |  call_extern
+    |.  move SFARG2LO, SFRETLO
+    |
+    |  addiu sp, sp, 16
+    |.endmacro
+
+    |.macro ins_arithpre, label
     ||vk = ((int)op - BC_ADDVN) / (BC_ADDNV-BC_ADDVN);
-    |  decode_RB8a RB, INS
-    |  decode_RB8b RB
-    |   decode_RDtoRC8 RC, RD
     |  // RA = dst*8, RB = src1*8, RC = src2*8 | num_const*8
     ||switch (vk) {
     ||case 0:
-    |   addu CARG3, BASE, RB
-    |    addu CARG4, KBASE, RC
-    |   lw TMP1, HI(CARG3)
-    |   ldc1 f20, 0(CARG3)
-    |    ldc1 f22, 0(CARG4)
-    |   sltiu AT, TMP1, LJ_TISNUM
+    |   decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |   decode_RB8b RB
+    |    decode_RDtoRC8 RC, RD
+    |   // RA = dst*8, RB = src1*8, RC = num_const*8
+    |   addu RB, BASE, RB
+    |.if "label" ~= "none"
+    |   b label
+    |.endif
+    |.   addu RC, KBASE, RC
     ||  break;
     ||case 1:
-    |   addu CARG4, BASE, RB
-    |    addu CARG3, KBASE, RC
-    |   lw TMP1, HI(CARG4)
-    |   ldc1 f22, 0(CARG4)
-    |    ldc1 f20, 0(CARG3)
-    |   sltiu AT, TMP1, LJ_TISNUM
+    |   decode_RB8a RC, INS
+    |   decode_RB8b RC
+    |    decode_RDtoRC8 RB, RD
+    |   // RA = dst*8, RB = num_const*8, RC = src1*8
+    |   addu RC, BASE, RC
+    |.if "label" ~= "none"
+    |   b label
+    |.endif
+    |.   addu RB, KBASE, RB
     ||  break;
     ||default:
-    |   addu CARG3, BASE, RB
-    |    addu CARG4, BASE, RC
-    |   lw TMP1, HI(CARG3)
-    |    lw TMP2, HI(CARG4)
-    |   ldc1 f20, 0(CARG3)
-    |    ldc1 f22, 0(CARG4)
-    |   sltiu AT, TMP1, LJ_TISNUM
-    |   sltiu TMP0, TMP2, LJ_TISNUM
-    |   and AT, AT, TMP0
+    |   decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |   decode_RB8b RB
+    |    decode_RDtoRC8 RC, RD
+    |   // RA = dst*8, RB = src1*8, RC = src2*8
+    |   addu RB, BASE, RB
+    |.if "label" ~= "none"
+    |   b label
+    |.endif
+    |.   addu RC, BASE, RC
     ||  break;
     ||}
-    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_arith
-    |.  addu RA, BASE, RA
     |.endmacro
     |
-    |.macro fpmod, a, b, c
-    |->BC_MODVN_Z:
-    |  bal ->vm_floor                   // floor(b/c)
-    |.  div.d FARG1, b, c
-    |  mul.d a, FRET1, c
-    |  sub.d a, b, a                    // b - floor(b/c)*c
-    |.endmacro
+    |.macro ins_arith, intins, fpins, fpcall, label
+    |  ins_arithpre none
     |
-    |.macro ins_arith, ins
-    |  ins_arithpre
-    |.if "ins" == "fpmod_"
-    |  b ->BC_MODVN_Z                   // Avoid 3 copies. It's slow anyway.
-    |.  nop
+    |.if "label" ~= "none"
+    |label:
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(RB)
+    |   lw SFARG2HI, HI(RC)
+    |
+    |.if "intins" ~= "div"
+    |
+    |  // Check for two integers.
+    |  lw SFARG1LO, LO(RB)
+    |  bne SFARG1HI, TISNUM, >5
+    |.  lw SFARG2LO, LO(RC)
+    |  bne SFARG2HI, TISNUM, >5
+    |
+    |.if "intins" == "addu"
+    |.  intins CRET1, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+    |  xor TMP1, CRET1, SFARG1LO        // ((y^a) & (y^b)) < 0: overflow.
+    |  xor TMP2, CRET1, SFARG2LO
+    |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP2
+    |  bltz TMP1, ->vmeta_arith
+    |.  addu RA, BASE, RA
+    |.elif "intins" == "subu"
+    |.  intins CRET1, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+    |  xor TMP1, CRET1, SFARG1LO        // ((y^a) & (a^b)) < 0: overflow.
+    |  xor TMP2, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+    |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP2
+    |  bltz TMP1, ->vmeta_arith
+    |.  addu RA, BASE, RA
+    |.elif "intins" == "mult"
+    |.  intins SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+    |  mflo CRET1
+    |  mfhi TMP2
+    |  sra TMP1, CRET1, 31
+    |  bne TMP1, TMP2, ->vmeta_arith
+    |.  addu RA, BASE, RA
     |.else
-    |  ins f0, f20, f22
+    |.  load_got lj_vm_modi
+    |  beqz SFARG2LO, ->vmeta_arith
+    |.  addu RA, BASE, RA
+    |.if ENDIAN_BE
+    |  move CARG1, SFARG1LO
+    |.endif
+    |  call_extern
+    |.  move CARG2, SFARG2LO
+    |.endif
+    |
     |  ins_next1
-    |  sdc1 f0, 0(RA)
+    |  sw TISNUM, HI(RA)
+    |   sw CRET1, LO(RA)
+    |3:
     |  ins_next2
+    |
+    |.elif not FPU
+    |
+    |  lw SFARG1LO, LO(RB)
+    |   lw SFARG2LO, LO(RC)
+    |
     |.endif
+    |
+    |5:  // Check for two numbers.
+    |  .FPU ldc1 f20, 0(RB)
+    |  sltiu AT, SFARG1HI, LJ_TISNUM
+    |   sltiu TMP0, SFARG2HI, LJ_TISNUM
+    |  .FPU ldc1 f22, 0(RC)
+    |   and AT, AT, TMP0
+    |   beqz AT, ->vmeta_arith
+    |.   addu RA, BASE, RA
+    |
+    |.if FPU
+    |  fpins FRET1, f20, f22
+    |.elif "fpcall" == "sfpmod"
+    |  sfpmod
+    |.else
+    |  load_got fpcall
+    |  call_extern
+    |.  nop
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |  ins_next1
+    |.if not FPU
+    |  sw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+    |.endif
+    |.if "intins" ~= "div"
+    |  b <3
+    |.endif
+    |.if FPU
+    |.  sdc1 FRET1, 0(RA)
+    |.else
+    |.  sw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
+    |.endif
+    |.if "intins" == "div"
+    |  ins_next2
+    |.endif
+    |
     |.endmacro
 
   case BC_ADDVN: case BC_ADDNV: case BC_ADDVV:
-    |  ins_arith add.d
+    |  ins_arith addu, add.d, __adddf3, none
     break;
   case BC_SUBVN: case BC_SUBNV: case BC_SUBVV:
-    |  ins_arith sub.d
+    |  ins_arith subu, sub.d, __subdf3, none
     break;
   case BC_MULVN: case BC_MULNV: case BC_MULVV:
-    |  ins_arith mul.d
+    |  ins_arith mult, mul.d, __muldf3, none
+    break;
+  case BC_DIVVN:
+    |  ins_arith div, div.d, __divdf3, ->BC_DIVVN_Z
     break;
-  case BC_DIVVN: case BC_DIVNV: case BC_DIVVV:
-    |  ins_arith div.d
+  case BC_DIVNV: case BC_DIVVV:
+    |  ins_arithpre ->BC_DIVVN_Z
     break;
   case BC_MODVN:
-    |  ins_arith fpmod
+    |  ins_arith modi, fpmod, sfpmod, ->BC_MODVN_Z
     break;
   case BC_MODNV: case BC_MODVV:
-    |  ins_arith fpmod_
+    |  ins_arithpre ->BC_MODVN_Z
     break;
   case BC_POW:
-    |  decode_RB8a RB, INS
-    |  decode_RB8b RB
-    |   decode_RDtoRC8 RC, RD
-    |  addu CARG3, BASE, RB
-    |   addu CARG4, BASE, RC
-    |  lw TMP1, HI(CARG3)
-    |   lw TMP2, HI(CARG4)
-    |  ldc1 FARG1, 0(CARG3)
-    |   ldc1 FARG2, 0(CARG4)
-    |  sltiu AT, TMP1, LJ_TISNUM
-    |  sltiu TMP0, TMP2, LJ_TISNUM
+    |  ins_arithpre none
+    |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(RB)
+    |   lw SFARG2HI, HI(RC)
+    |  sltiu AT, SFARG1HI, LJ_TISNUM
+    |  sltiu TMP0, SFARG2HI, LJ_TISNUM
     |  and AT, AT, TMP0
     |  load_got pow
     |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_arith
     |.  addu RA, BASE, RA
+    |.if FPU
+    |  ldc1 FARG1, 0(RB)
+    |  ldc1 FARG2, 0(RC)
+    |.else
+    |  lw SFARG1LO, LO(RB)
+    |   lw SFARG2LO, LO(RC)
+    |.endif
     |  call_extern
     |.  nop
     |  ins_next1
+    |.if FPU
     |  sdc1 FRET1, 0(RA)
+    |.else
+    |  sw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+    |   sw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
+    |.endif
     |  ins_next2
     break;
 
@@ -2777,10 +3749,12 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  bnez CRET1, ->vmeta_binop
     |.  lw BASE, L->base
     |  addu RB, BASE, MULTRES
-    |  ldc1 f0, 0(RB)
+    |  lw SFRETHI, HI(RB)
+    |   lw SFRETLO, LO(RB)
     |   addu RA, BASE, RA
     |  ins_next1
-    |   sdc1 f0, 0(RA)                  // Copy result from RB to RA.
+    |  sw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+    |   sw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
     |  ins_next2
     break;
 
@@ -2815,20 +3789,21 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
   case BC_KSHORT:
     |  // RA = dst*8, RD = int16_literal*8
     |  sra RD, INS, 16
-    |  mtc1 RD, f0
     |  addu RA, BASE, RA
-    |  cvt.d.w f0, f0
     |  ins_next1
-    |  sdc1 f0, 0(RA)
+    |  sw TISNUM, HI(RA)
+    |   sw RD, LO(RA)
     |  ins_next2
     break;
   case BC_KNUM:
     |  // RA = dst*8, RD = num_const*8
     |  addu RD, KBASE, RD
     |   addu RA, BASE, RA
-    |  ldc1 f0, 0(RD)
+    |  lw SFRETHI, HI(RD)
+    |   lw SFRETLO, LO(RD)
     |  ins_next1
-    |   sdc1 f0, 0(RA)
+    |  sw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+    |   sw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
     |  ins_next2
     break;
   case BC_KPRI:
@@ -2864,9 +3839,11 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  lw UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RD->uvptr
     |  ins_next1
     |  lw TMP1, UPVAL:RB->v
-    |  ldc1 f0, 0(TMP1)
+    |  lw SFRETHI, HI(TMP1)
+    |   lw SFRETLO, LO(TMP1)
     |  addu RA, BASE, RA
-    |  sdc1 f0, 0(RA)
+    |  sw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+    |   sw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
     |  ins_next2
     break;
   case BC_USETV:
@@ -2875,26 +3852,27 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |    srl RA, RA, 1
     |   addu RD, BASE, RD
     |    addu RA, RA, LFUNC:RB
-    |   ldc1 f0, 0(RD)
     |  lw UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RA->uvptr
+    |   lw SFRETHI, HI(RD)
+    |    lw SFRETLO, LO(RD)
     |  lbu TMP3, UPVAL:RB->marked
     |   lw CARG2, UPVAL:RB->v
     |  andi TMP3, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK     // isblack(uv)
     |  lbu TMP0, UPVAL:RB->closed
-    |   lw TMP2, HI(RD)
-    |   sdc1 f0, 0(CARG2)
+    |   sw SFRETHI, HI(CARG2)
+    |    sw SFRETLO, LO(CARG2)
     |  li AT, LJ_GC_BLACK|1
     |  or TMP3, TMP3, TMP0
     |  beq TMP3, AT, >2                 // Upvalue is closed and black?
-    |.  addiu TMP2, TMP2, -(LJ_TNUMX+1)
+    |.  addiu TMP2, SFRETHI, -(LJ_TNUMX+1)
     |1:
     |  ins_next
     |
     |2:  // Check if new value is collectable.
     |  sltiu AT, TMP2, LJ_TISGCV - (LJ_TNUMX+1)
     |  beqz AT, <1                      // tvisgcv(v)
-    |.  lw TMP1, LO(RD)
-    |  lbu TMP3, GCOBJ:TMP1->gch.marked
+    |.  nop
+    |  lbu TMP3, GCOBJ:SFRETLO->gch.marked
     |  andi TMP3, TMP3, LJ_GC_WHITES    // iswhite(v)
     |  beqz TMP3, <1
     |.  load_got lj_gc_barrieruv
@@ -2942,11 +3920,13 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   srl RA, RA, 1
     |    addu RD, KBASE, RD
     |   addu RA, RA, LFUNC:RB
-    |    ldc1 f0, 0(RD)
-    |  lw UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RA->uvptr
+    |   lw UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RA->uvptr
+    |    lw SFRETHI, HI(RD)
+    |     lw SFRETLO, LO(RD)
+    |   lw TMP1, UPVAL:RB->v
     |  ins_next1
-    |  lw TMP1, UPVAL:RB->v
-    |  sdc1 f0, 0(TMP1)
+    |    sw SFRETHI, HI(TMP1)
+    |     sw SFRETLO, LO(TMP1)
     |  ins_next2
     break;
   case BC_USETP:
@@ -2956,10 +3936,10 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |    srl TMP0, RD, 3
     |   addu RA, RA, LFUNC:RB
     |    not TMP0, TMP0
-    |  lw UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RA->uvptr
+    |   lw UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RA->uvptr
     |  ins_next1
-    |  lw TMP1, UPVAL:RB->v
-    |  sw TMP0, HI(TMP1)
+    |   lw TMP1, UPVAL:RB->v
+    |   sw TMP0, HI(TMP1)
     |  ins_next2
     break;
 
@@ -2995,8 +3975,8 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   li TMP0, LJ_TFUNC
     |  ins_next1
     |  addu RA, BASE, RA
-    |  sw TMP0, HI(RA)
     |  sw LFUNC:CRET1, LO(RA)
+    |   sw TMP0, HI(RA)
     |  ins_next2
     break;
 
@@ -3077,31 +4057,23 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   lw TMP2, HI(CARG3)
     |    lw TAB:RB, LO(CARG2)
     |  li AT, LJ_TTAB
-    |   ldc1 f0, 0(CARG3)
     |  bne TMP1, AT, ->vmeta_tgetv
     |.  addu RA, BASE, RA
-    |  sltiu AT, TMP2, LJ_TISNUM
-    |  beqz AT, >5
-    |.  li AT, LJ_TSTR
-    |
-    |  // Convert number key to integer, check for integerness and range.
-    |  cvt.w.d f2, f0
-    |   lw TMP0, TAB:RB->asize
-    |  mfc1 TMP2, f2
-    |  cvt.d.w f4, f2
+    |  bne TMP2, TISNUM, >5
+    |.  lw RC, LO(CARG3)
+    |  lw TMP0, TAB:RB->asize
     |   lw TMP1, TAB:RB->array
-    |  c.eq.d f0, f4
-    |  sltu AT, TMP2, TMP0
-    |  movf AT, r0
-    |   sll TMP2, TMP2, 3
+    |  sltu AT, RC, TMP0
+    |   sll TMP2, RC, 3
     |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_tgetv           // Integer key and in array part?
     |.  addu TMP2, TMP1, TMP2
-    |  lw TMP0, HI(TMP2)
-    |  beq TMP0, TISNIL, >2
-    |.  ldc1 f0, 0(TMP2)
+    |  lw SFRETHI, HI(TMP2)
+    |  beq SFRETHI, TISNIL, >2
+    |.  lw SFRETLO, LO(TMP2)
     |1:
     |  ins_next1
-    |   sdc1 f0, 0(RA)
+    |  sw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+    |   sw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
     |  ins_next2
     |
     |2:  // Check for __index if table value is nil.
@@ -3116,8 +4088,9 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |.  nop
     |
     |5:
+    |  li AT, LJ_TSTR
     |  bne TMP2, AT, ->vmeta_tgetv
-    |.  lw STR:RC, LO(CARG3)
+    |.  nop
     |  b ->BC_TGETS_Z                   // String key?
     |.  nop
     break;
@@ -3138,9 +4111,9 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |->BC_TGETS_Z:
     |  // TAB:RB = GCtab *, STR:RC = GCstr *, RA = dst*8
     |  lw TMP0, TAB:RB->hmask
-    |  lw TMP1, STR:RC->hash
+    |  lw TMP1, STR:RC->sid
     |  lw NODE:TMP2, TAB:RB->node
-    |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0             // idx = str->hash & tab->hmask
+    |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0             // idx = str->sid & tab->hmask
     |  sll TMP0, TMP1, 5
     |  sll TMP1, TMP1, 3
     |  subu TMP1, TMP0, TMP1
@@ -3149,18 +4122,18 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  lw CARG1, offsetof(Node, key)+HI(NODE:TMP2)
     |   lw TMP0, offsetof(Node, key)+LO(NODE:TMP2)
     |    lw NODE:TMP1, NODE:TMP2->next
-    |    lw CARG2, offsetof(Node, val)+HI(NODE:TMP2)
+    |    lw SFRETHI, offsetof(Node, val)+HI(NODE:TMP2)
     |  addiu CARG1, CARG1, -LJ_TSTR
     |   xor TMP0, TMP0, STR:RC
     |  or AT, CARG1, TMP0
     |  bnez AT, >4
     |.  lw TAB:TMP3, TAB:RB->metatable
-    |    beq CARG2, TISNIL, >5          // Key found, but nil value?
-    |.    lw CARG1, offsetof(Node, val)+LO(NODE:TMP2)
+    |    beq SFRETHI, TISNIL, >5        // Key found, but nil value?
+    |.    lw SFRETLO, offsetof(Node, val)+LO(NODE:TMP2)
     |3:
     |  ins_next1
-    |    sw CARG2, HI(RA)
-    |     sw CARG1, LO(RA)
+    |    sw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+    |     sw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
     |  ins_next2
     |
     |4:  // Follow hash chain.
@@ -3170,7 +4143,7 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |
     |5:  // Check for __index if table value is nil.
     |  beqz TAB:TMP3, <3                // No metatable: done.
-    |.  li CARG2, LJ_TNIL
+    |.  li SFRETHI, LJ_TNIL
     |  lbu TMP0, TAB:TMP3->nomm
     |  andi TMP0, TMP0, 1<<MM_index
     |  bnez TMP0, <3                    // 'no __index' flag set: done.
@@ -3195,12 +4168,13 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  sltu AT, TMP0, TMP1
     |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_tgetb
     |.  addu RC, TMP2, RC
-    |  lw TMP1, HI(RC)
-    |  beq TMP1, TISNIL, >5
-    |.  ldc1 f0, 0(RC)
+    |  lw SFRETHI, HI(RC)
+    |  beq SFRETHI, TISNIL, >5
+    |.  lw SFRETLO, LO(RC)
     |1:
     |  ins_next1
-    |   sdc1 f0, 0(RA)
+    |  sw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+    |   sw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
     |  ins_next2
     |
     |5:  // Check for __index if table value is nil.
@@ -3211,9 +4185,33 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  andi TMP1, TMP1, 1<<MM_index
     |  bnez TMP1, <1                    // 'no __index' flag set: done.
     |.  nop
-    |  b ->vmeta_tgetb                  // Caveat: preserve TMP0!
+    |  b ->vmeta_tgetb                  // Caveat: preserve TMP0 and CARG2!
     |.  nop
     break;
+  case BC_TGETR:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RB = table*8, RC = key*8
+    |  decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |  decode_RB8b RB
+    |   decode_RDtoRC8 RC, RD
+    |  addu RB, BASE, RB
+    |   addu RC, BASE, RC
+    |  lw TAB:CARG1, LO(RB)
+    |   lw CARG2, LO(RC)
+    |    addu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  lw TMP0, TAB:CARG1->asize
+    |   lw TMP1, TAB:CARG1->array
+    |  sltu AT, CARG2, TMP0
+    |   sll TMP2, CARG2, 3
+    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_tgetr           // In array part?
+    |.  addu CRET1, TMP1, TMP2
+    |  lw SFARG2HI, HI(CRET1)
+    |   lw SFARG2LO, LO(CRET1)
+    |->BC_TGETR_Z:
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  sw SFARG2HI, HI(RA)
+    |   sw SFARG2LO, LO(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
 
   case BC_TSETV:
     |  // RA = src*8, RB = table*8, RC = key*8
@@ -3226,33 +4224,26 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   lw TMP2, HI(CARG3)
     |    lw TAB:RB, LO(CARG2)
     |  li AT, LJ_TTAB
-    |   ldc1 f0, 0(CARG3)
     |  bne TMP1, AT, ->vmeta_tsetv
     |.  addu RA, BASE, RA
-    |  sltiu AT, TMP2, LJ_TISNUM
-    |  beqz AT, >5
-    |.  li AT, LJ_TSTR
-    |
-    |  // Convert number key to integer, check for integerness and range.
-    |  cvt.w.d f2, f0
-    |   lw TMP0, TAB:RB->asize
-    |  mfc1 TMP2, f2
-    |  cvt.d.w f4, f2
+    |  bne TMP2, TISNUM, >5
+    |.  lw RC, LO(CARG3)
+    |  lw TMP0, TAB:RB->asize
     |   lw TMP1, TAB:RB->array
-    |  c.eq.d f0, f4
-    |  sltu AT, TMP2, TMP0
-    |  movf AT, r0
-    |   sll TMP2, TMP2, 3
+    |  sltu AT, RC, TMP0
+    |   sll TMP2, RC, 3
     |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_tsetv           // Integer key and in array part?
     |.  addu TMP1, TMP1, TMP2
-    |   lbu TMP3, TAB:RB->marked
     |  lw TMP0, HI(TMP1)
+    |   lbu TMP3, TAB:RB->marked
+    |  lw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
     |  beq TMP0, TISNIL, >3
-    |.  ldc1 f0, 0(RA)
+    |.  lw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
     |1:
-    |   andi AT, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK      // isblack(table)
-    |   bnez AT, >7
-    |.  sdc1 f0, 0(TMP1)
+    |   andi AT, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK  // isblack(table)
+    |  sw SFRETHI, HI(TMP1)
+    |  bnez AT, >7
+    |.  sw SFRETLO, LO(TMP1)
     |2:
     |  ins_next
     |
@@ -3268,8 +4259,9 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |.  nop
     |
     |5:
+    |  li AT, LJ_TSTR
     |  bne TMP2, AT, ->vmeta_tsetv
-    |.  lw STR:RC, LO(CARG3)
+    |.  nop
     |  b ->BC_TSETS_Z                   // String key?
     |.  nop
     |
@@ -3293,15 +4285,20 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |->BC_TSETS_Z:
     |  // TAB:RB = GCtab *, STR:RC = GCstr *, RA = BASE+src*8
     |  lw TMP0, TAB:RB->hmask
-    |  lw TMP1, STR:RC->hash
+    |  lw TMP1, STR:RC->sid
     |  lw NODE:TMP2, TAB:RB->node
     |   sb r0, TAB:RB->nomm             // Clear metamethod cache.
-    |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0             // idx = str->hash & tab->hmask
+    |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0             // idx = str->sid & tab->hmask
     |  sll TMP0, TMP1, 5
     |  sll TMP1, TMP1, 3
     |  subu TMP1, TMP0, TMP1
     |  addu NODE:TMP2, NODE:TMP2, TMP1  // node = tab->node + (idx*32-idx*8)
+    |.if FPU
     |   ldc1 f20, 0(RA)
+    |.else
+    |   lw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+    |    lw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
+    |.endif
     |1:
     |  lw CARG1, offsetof(Node, key)+HI(NODE:TMP2)
     |   lw TMP0, offsetof(Node, key)+LO(NODE:TMP2)
@@ -3315,8 +4312,14 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |.    lw TAB:TMP0, TAB:RB->metatable
     |2:
     |  andi AT, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK       // isblack(table)
+    |.if FPU
     |  bnez AT, >7
     |.  sdc1 f20, NODE:TMP2->val
+    |.else
+    |   sw SFRETHI, NODE:TMP2->val.u32.hi
+    |  bnez AT, >7
+    |.   sw SFRETLO, NODE:TMP2->val.u32.lo
+    |.endif
     |3:
     |  ins_next
     |
@@ -3354,8 +4357,16 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |.  move CARG1, L
     |  // Returns TValue *.
     |  lw BASE, L->base
+    |.if FPU
     |  b <3                             // No 2nd write barrier needed.
     |.  sdc1 f20, 0(CRET1)
+    |.else
+    |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(RA)
+    |   lw SFARG1LO, LO(RA)
+    |  sw SFARG1HI, HI(CRET1)
+    |  b <3                             // No 2nd write barrier needed.
+    |.  sw SFARG1LO, LO(CRET1)
+    |.endif
     |
     |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
     |  barrierback TAB:RB, TMP3, TMP0, <3
@@ -3380,11 +4391,13 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  lw TMP1, HI(RC)
     |   lbu TMP3, TAB:RB->marked
     |  beq TMP1, TISNIL, >5
-    |.  ldc1 f0, 0(RA)
     |1:
+    |.  lw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+    |    lw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
     |  andi AT, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK       // isblack(table)
+    |   sw SFRETHI, HI(RC)
     |  bnez AT, >7
-    |.  sdc1 f0, 0(RC)
+    |.   sw SFRETLO, LO(RC)
     |2:
     |  ins_next
     |
@@ -3396,12 +4409,43 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  andi TMP1, TMP1, 1<<MM_newindex
     |  bnez TMP1, <1                    // 'no __newindex' flag set: done.
     |.  nop
-    |  b ->vmeta_tsetb                  // Caveat: preserve TMP0!
+    |  b ->vmeta_tsetb                  // Caveat: preserve TMP0 and CARG2!
     |.  nop
     |
     |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
     |  barrierback TAB:RB, TMP3, TMP0, <2
     break;
+  case BC_TSETR:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RB = table*8, RC = key*8
+    |  decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |  decode_RB8b RB
+    |   decode_RDtoRC8 RC, RD
+    |  addu CARG1, BASE, RB
+    |   addu CARG3, BASE, RC
+    |  lw TAB:CARG2, LO(CARG1)
+    |   lw CARG3, LO(CARG3)
+    |  lbu TMP3, TAB:CARG2->marked
+    |   lw TMP0, TAB:CARG2->asize
+    |    lw TMP1, TAB:CARG2->array
+    |  andi AT, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK       // isblack(table)
+    |  bnez AT, >7
+    |.  addu RA, BASE, RA
+    |2:
+    |  sltu AT, CARG3, TMP0
+    |   sll TMP2, CARG3, 3
+    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_tsetr           // In array part?
+    |.  addu CRET1, TMP1, TMP2
+    |->BC_TSETR_Z:
+    |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(RA)
+    |   lw SFARG1LO, LO(RA)
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  sw SFARG1HI, HI(CRET1)
+    |   sw SFARG1LO, LO(CRET1)
+    |  ins_next2
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:CARG2, TMP3, CRET1, <2
+    break;
 
   case BC_TSETM:
     |  // RA = base*8 (table at base-1), RD = num_const*8 (start index)
@@ -3424,10 +4468,12 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   addu TMP1, TMP1, CARG1
     |  andi TMP0, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK     // isblack(table)
     |3:  // Copy result slots to table.
-    |   ldc1 f0, 0(RA)
+    |   lw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+    |    lw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
     |    addiu RA, RA, 8
     |  sltu AT, RA, TMP2
-    |   sdc1 f0, 0(TMP1)
+    |   sw SFRETHI, HI(TMP1)
+    |    sw SFRETLO, LO(TMP1)
     |  bnez AT, <3
     |.   addiu TMP1, TMP1, 8
     |  bnez TMP0, >7
@@ -3502,10 +4548,12 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  beqz NARGS8:RC, >3
     |.  move TMP3, NARGS8:RC
     |2:
-    |   ldc1 f0, 0(RA)
+    |   lw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+    |    lw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
     |    addiu RA, RA, 8
     |  addiu TMP3, TMP3, -8
-    |   sdc1 f0, 0(TMP2)
+    |   sw SFRETHI, HI(TMP2)
+    |    sw SFRETLO, LO(TMP2)
     |  bnez TMP3, <2
     |.   addiu TMP2, TMP2, 8
     |3:
@@ -3542,12 +4590,16 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   li AT, LJ_TFUNC
     |  lw TMP1, -24+HI(BASE)
     |   lw LFUNC:RB, -24+LO(BASE)
-    |    ldc1 f2, -8(BASE)
-    |    ldc1 f0, -16(BASE)
+    |    lw SFARG1HI, -16+HI(BASE)
+    |     lw SFARG1LO, -16+LO(BASE)
+    |    lw SFARG2HI, -8+HI(BASE)
+    |     lw SFARG2LO, -8+LO(BASE)
     |  sw TMP1, HI(BASE)                // Copy callable.
     |   sw LFUNC:RB, LO(BASE)
-    |    sdc1 f2, 16(BASE)              // Copy control var.
-    |    sdc1 f0, 8(BASE)               // Copy state.
+    |    sw SFARG1HI, 8+HI(BASE)        // Copy state.
+    |     sw SFARG1LO, 8+LO(BASE)
+    |    sw SFARG2HI, 16+HI(BASE)       // Copy control var.
+    |     sw SFARG2LO, 16+LO(BASE)
     |   addiu BASE, BASE, 8
     |  bne TMP1, AT, ->vmeta_call
     |.  li NARGS8:RC, 16                // Iterators get 2 arguments.
@@ -3555,10 +4607,11 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     break;
 
   case BC_ITERN:
-    |  // RA = base*8, (RB = (nresults+1)*8, RC = (nargs+1)*8 (2+1)*8)
-    |.if JIT
-    |  // NYI: add hotloop, record BC_ITERN.
+    |.if JIT and ENDIAN_LE
+    |  hotloop
     |.endif
+    |->vm_IITERN:
+    |  // RA = base*8, (RB = (nresults+1)*8, RC = (nargs+1)*8 (2+1)*8)
     |  addu RA, BASE, RA
     |  lw TAB:RB, -16+LO(RA)
     |  lw RC, -8+LO(RA)                 // Get index from control var.
@@ -3570,20 +4623,20 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  beqz AT, >5                      // Index points after array part?
     |.  sll TMP3, RC, 3
     |  addu TMP3, TMP1, TMP3
-    |  lw TMP2, HI(TMP3)
-    |   ldc1 f0, 0(TMP3)
-    |    mtc1 RC, f2
+    |  lw SFARG1HI, HI(TMP3)
+    |   lw SFARG1LO, LO(TMP3)
     |     lhu RD, -4+OFS_RD(PC)
-    |  beq TMP2, TISNIL, <1             // Skip holes in array part.
+    |  sw TISNUM, HI(RA)
+    |   sw RC, LO(RA)
+    |  beq SFARG1HI, TISNIL, <1         // Skip holes in array part.
     |.  addiu RC, RC, 1
-    |    cvt.d.w f2, f2
+    |  sw SFARG1HI, 8+HI(RA)
+    |   sw SFARG1LO, 8+LO(RA)
     |     lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
-    |   sdc1 f0, 8(RA)
     |     decode_RD4b RD
     |     addu RD, RD, TMP3
     |   sw RC, -8+LO(RA)                // Update control var.
     |     addu PC, PC, RD
-    |    sdc1 f2, 0(RA)
     |3:
     |  ins_next
     |
@@ -3598,18 +4651,21 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   sll RB, RC, 3
     |   subu TMP3, TMP3, RB
     |  addu NODE:TMP3, TMP3, TMP2
-    |  lw RB, HI(NODE:TMP3)
-    |  ldc1 f0, 0(NODE:TMP3)
+    |  lw SFARG1HI, NODE:TMP3->val.u32.hi
+    |   lw SFARG1LO, NODE:TMP3->val.u32.lo
     |     lhu RD, -4+OFS_RD(PC)
-    |  beq RB, TISNIL, <6               // Skip holes in hash part.
+    |  beq SFARG1HI, TISNIL, <6         // Skip holes in hash part.
     |.  addiu RC, RC, 1
-    |   ldc1 f2, NODE:TMP3->key
+    |  lw SFARG2HI, NODE:TMP3->key.u32.hi
+    |   lw SFARG2LO, NODE:TMP3->key.u32.lo
     |     lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
-    |  sdc1 f0, 8(RA)
+    |  sw SFARG1HI, 8+HI(RA)
+    |   sw SFARG1LO, 8+LO(RA)
     |    addu RC, RC, TMP0
     |     decode_RD4b RD
     |     addu RD, RD, TMP3
-    |   sdc1 f2, 0(RA)
+    |  sw SFARG2HI, HI(RA)
+    |   sw SFARG2LO, LO(RA)
     |     addu PC, PC, RD
     |  b <3
     |.  sw RC, -8+LO(RA)                // Update control var.
@@ -3634,9 +4690,9 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  addiu CARG2, CARG2, -FF_next_N
     |  or CARG2, CARG2, CARG3
     |  bnez CARG2, >5
-    |.  lui TMP1, 0xfffe
+    |.  lui TMP1, (LJ_KEYINDEX >> 16)
     |  addu PC, TMP0, TMP2
-    |  ori TMP1, TMP1, 0x7fff
+    |  ori TMP1, TMP1, (LJ_KEYINDEX & 0xffff)
     |  sw r0, -8+LO(RA)                 // Initialize control var.
     |  sw TMP1, -8+HI(RA)
     |1:
@@ -3645,9 +4701,28 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  li TMP3, BC_JMP
     |   li TMP1, BC_ITERC
     |  sb TMP3, -4+OFS_OP(PC)
-    |    addu PC, TMP0, TMP2
+    |  addu PC, TMP0, TMP2
+    |.if JIT
+    |  lb TMP0, OFS_OP(PC)
+    |  li AT, BC_ITERN
+    |  bne TMP0, AT, >6
+    |.  lhu TMP2, OFS_RD(PC)
+    |.endif
     |  b <1
     |.  sb TMP1, OFS_OP(PC)
+    |.if JIT
+    |6:  // Unpatch JLOOP.
+    |  lw TMP0, DISPATCH_J(trace)(DISPATCH)
+    |   sll TMP2, TMP2, 2
+    |  addu TMP0, TMP0, TMP2
+    |  lw TRACE:TMP2, 0(TMP0)
+    |  lw TMP0, TRACE:TMP2->startins
+    |   li AT, -256
+    |  and TMP0, TMP0, AT
+    |  or TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
+    |  b <1
+    |.  sw TMP0, 0(PC)
+    |.endif
     break;
 
   case BC_VARG:
@@ -3689,9 +4764,11 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  bnez AT, >7
     |.  addiu MULTRES, TMP1, 8
     |6:
-    |  ldc1 f0, 0(RC)
+    |  lw SFRETHI, HI(RC)
+    |   lw SFRETLO, LO(RC)
     |   addiu RC, RC, 8
-    |  sdc1 f0, 0(RA)
+    |  sw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+    |   sw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
     |  sltu AT, RC, TMP3
     |  bnez AT, <6                      // More vararg slots?
     |.  addiu RA, RA, 8
@@ -3747,10 +4824,12 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  beqz RC, >3
     |.  subu BASE, TMP2, TMP0
     |2:
-    |   ldc1 f0, 0(RA)
+    |   lw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+    |    lw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
     |    addiu RA, RA, 8
     |  addiu RC, RC, -8
-    |   sdc1 f0, 0(TMP2)
+    |   sw SFRETHI, HI(TMP2)
+    |    sw SFRETLO, LO(TMP2)
     |  bnez RC, <2
     |.   addiu TMP2, TMP2, 8
     |3:
@@ -3791,14 +4870,16 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  lw INS, -4(PC)
     |   addiu TMP2, BASE, -8
     if (op == BC_RET1) {
-      |  ldc1 f0, 0(RA)
+      |  lw SFRETHI, HI(RA)
+      |   lw SFRETLO, LO(RA)
     }
     |  decode_RB8a RB, INS
     |   decode_RA8a RA, INS
     |  decode_RB8b RB
     |   decode_RA8b RA
     if (op == BC_RET1) {
-      |  sdc1 f0, 0(TMP2)
+      |  sw SFRETHI, HI(TMP2)
+      |   sw SFRETLO, LO(TMP2)
     }
     |   subu BASE, TMP2, RA
     |5:
@@ -3840,69 +4921,147 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  // RA = base*8, RD = target (after end of loop or start of loop)
     vk = (op == BC_IFORL || op == BC_JFORL);
     |  addu RA, BASE, RA
-    if (vk) {
-      |  ldc1 f0, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
-      |  ldc1 f4, FORL_STEP*8(RA)
-      |  ldc1 f2, FORL_STOP*8(RA)
-      |   lw TMP3, FORL_STEP*8+HI(RA)
-      |  add.d f0, f0, f4
-      |  sdc1 f0, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
-    } else {
-      |  lw TMP1, FORL_IDX*8+HI(RA)
-      |  lw TMP3, FORL_STEP*8+HI(RA)
-      |  lw TMP2, FORL_STOP*8+HI(RA)
-      |  sltiu TMP1, TMP1, LJ_TISNUM
-      |  sltiu TMP0, TMP3, LJ_TISNUM
-      |  sltiu TMP2, TMP2, LJ_TISNUM
-      |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0
-      |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP2
-      |   ldc1 f0, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
-      |  beqz TMP1, ->vmeta_for
-      |.  ldc1 f2, FORL_STOP*8(RA)
-    }
+    |  lw SFARG1HI, FORL_IDX*8+HI(RA)
+    |   lw SFARG1LO, FORL_IDX*8+LO(RA)
     if (op != BC_JFORL) {
       |  srl RD, RD, 1
-      |  lui TMP0, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+      |  lui TMP2, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+      |  addu TMP2, RD, TMP2
     }
-    |  c.le.d 0, f0, f2
-    |  c.le.d 1, f2, f0
-    |  sdc1 f0, FORL_EXT*8(RA)
+    if (!vk) {
+      |  lw SFARG2HI, FORL_STOP*8+HI(RA)
+      |   lw SFARG2LO, FORL_STOP*8+LO(RA)
+      |  bne SFARG1HI, TISNUM, >5
+      |.  lw SFRETHI, FORL_STEP*8+HI(RA)
+      |  xor AT, SFARG2HI, TISNUM
+      |   lw SFRETLO, FORL_STEP*8+LO(RA)
+      |  xor TMP0, SFRETHI, TISNUM
+      |  or AT, AT, TMP0
+      |  bnez AT, ->vmeta_for
+      |.  slt AT, SFRETLO, r0
+      |  slt CRET1, SFARG2LO, SFARG1LO
+      |  slt TMP1, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+      |  movn CRET1, TMP1, AT
+    } else {
+      |  bne SFARG1HI, TISNUM, >5
+      |.  lw SFARG2LO, FORL_STEP*8+LO(RA)
+      |  lw SFRETLO, FORL_STOP*8+LO(RA)
+      |  move TMP3, SFARG1LO
+      |  addu SFARG1LO, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+      |  xor TMP0, SFARG1LO, TMP3
+      |  xor TMP1, SFARG1LO, SFARG2LO
+      |  and TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
+      |  slt TMP1, SFARG1LO, SFRETLO
+      |  slt CRET1, SFRETLO, SFARG1LO
+      |  slt AT, SFARG2LO, r0
+      |   slt TMP0, TMP0, r0            // ((y^a) & (y^b)) < 0: overflow.
+      |  movn CRET1, TMP1, AT
+      |   or CRET1, CRET1, TMP0
+    }
+    |1:
+    if (op == BC_FORI) {
+      |  movz TMP2, r0, CRET1
+      |  addu PC, PC, TMP2
+    } else if (op == BC_JFORI) {
+      |  addu PC, PC, TMP2
+      |  lhu RD, -4+OFS_RD(PC)
+    } else if (op == BC_IFORL) {
+      |  movn TMP2, r0, CRET1
+      |  addu PC, PC, TMP2
+    }
+    if (vk) {
+      |  sw SFARG1HI, FORL_IDX*8+HI(RA)
+      |   sw SFARG1LO, FORL_IDX*8+LO(RA)
+    }
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  sw SFARG1HI, FORL_EXT*8+HI(RA)
+    |   sw SFARG1LO, FORL_EXT*8+LO(RA)
+    |2:
     if (op == BC_JFORI) {
-      |  li TMP1, 1
-      |  li TMP2, 1
-      |   addu TMP0, RD, TMP0
-      |  slt TMP3, TMP3, r0
-      |  movf TMP1, r0, 0
-      |   addu PC, PC, TMP0
-      |  movf TMP2, r0, 1
-      |   lhu RD, -4+OFS_RD(PC)
-      |  movn TMP1, TMP2, TMP3
-      |  bnez TMP1, =>BC_JLOOP
+      |  beqz CRET1, =>BC_JLOOP
       |.  decode_RD8b RD
     } else if (op == BC_JFORL) {
-      |  li TMP1, 1
-      |  li TMP2, 1
-      |  slt TMP3, TMP3, r0
-      |  movf TMP1, r0, 0
-      |  movf TMP2, r0, 1
-      |  movn TMP1, TMP2, TMP3
-      |  bnez TMP1, =>BC_JLOOP
+      |  beqz CRET1, =>BC_JLOOP
+    }
+    |  ins_next2
+    |
+    |5:  // FP loop.
+    |.if FPU
+    if (!vk) {
+      |  ldc1 f0, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
+      |   ldc1 f2, FORL_STOP*8(RA)
+      |  sltiu TMP0, SFARG1HI, LJ_TISNUM
+      |  sltiu TMP1, SFARG2HI, LJ_TISNUM
+      |  sltiu AT, SFRETHI, LJ_TISNUM
+      |  and TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
+      |  and AT, AT, TMP0
+      |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_for
+      |.  slt TMP3, SFRETHI, r0
+      |  c.ole.d 0, f0, f2
+      |  c.ole.d 1, f2, f0
+      |  li CRET1, 1
+      |  movt CRET1, r0, 0
+      |  movt AT, r0, 1
+      |  b <1
+      |.  movn CRET1, AT, TMP3
+    } else {
+      |  ldc1 f0, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
+      |   ldc1 f4, FORL_STEP*8(RA)
+      |    ldc1 f2, FORL_STOP*8(RA)
+      |   lw SFARG2HI, FORL_STEP*8+HI(RA)
+      |  add.d f0, f0, f4
+      |  c.ole.d 0, f0, f2
+      |  c.ole.d 1, f2, f0
+      |   slt TMP3, SFARG2HI, r0
+      |  li CRET1, 1
+      |  li AT, 1
+      |  movt CRET1, r0, 0
+      |  movt AT, r0, 1
+      |  movn CRET1, AT, TMP3
+      if (op == BC_IFORL) {
+        |  movn TMP2, r0, CRET1
+        |  addu PC, PC, TMP2
+      }
+      |  sdc1 f0, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
+      |  ins_next1
+      |  b <2
+      |.  sdc1 f0, FORL_EXT*8(RA)
+    }
+    |.else
+    if (!vk) {
+      |  sltiu TMP0, SFARG1HI, LJ_TISNUM
+      |  sltiu TMP1, SFARG2HI, LJ_TISNUM
+      |  sltiu AT, SFRETHI, LJ_TISNUM
+      |  and TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
+      |  and AT, AT, TMP0
+      |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_for
+      |.  nop
+      |  bal ->vm_sfcmpolex
+      |.  move TMP3, SFRETHI
+      |  b <1
       |.  nop
     } else {
-      |  addu TMP1, RD, TMP0
-      |  slt TMP3, TMP3, r0
-      |  move TMP2, TMP1
-      if (op == BC_FORI) {
-        |  movt TMP1, r0, 0
-        |  movt TMP2, r0, 1
+      |   lw SFARG2HI, FORL_STEP*8+HI(RA)
+      |  load_got __adddf3
+      |  call_extern
+      |.  sw TMP2, ARG5
+      |  lw SFARG2HI, FORL_STOP*8+HI(RA)
+      |   lw SFARG2LO, FORL_STOP*8+LO(RA)
+      |  move SFARG1HI, SFRETHI
+      |   move SFARG1LO, SFRETLO
+      |  bal ->vm_sfcmpolex
+      |.  lw TMP3, FORL_STEP*8+HI(RA)
+      if ( op == BC_JFORL ) {
+        |   lhu RD, -4+OFS_RD(PC)
+        |  lw TMP2, ARG5
+        |  b <1
+        |.  decode_RD8b RD
       } else {
-        |  movf TMP1, r0, 0
-        |  movf TMP2, r0, 1
+        |  b <1
+        |.  lw TMP2, ARG5
       }
-      |  movn TMP1, TMP2, TMP3
-      |  addu PC, PC, TMP1
     }
-    |  ins_next
+    |.endif
     break;
 
   case BC_ITERL:
@@ -3961,8 +5120,8 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   sw AT, DISPATCH_GL(vmstate)(DISPATCH)
     |  lw TRACE:TMP2, 0(TMP1)
     |   sw BASE, DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)(DISPATCH)
-    |   sw L, DISPATCH_GL(jit_L)(DISPATCH)
     |  lw TMP2, TRACE:TMP2->mcode
+    |   sw L, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.L)(DISPATCH)
     |  jr TMP2
     |.  addiu JGL, DISPATCH, GG_DISP2G+32768
     |.endif
@@ -4088,6 +5247,7 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |    li_vmstate INTERP
     |  lw PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)            // Fetch PC of caller.
     |   subu RA, TMP1, RD               // RA = L->top - nresults*8
+    |    sw L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
     |  b ->vm_returnc
     |.   st_vmstate
     break;
@@ -4150,8 +5310,10 @@ static void emit_asm_debug(BuildCtx *ctx)
         fcofs, CFRAME_SIZE);
     for (i = 23; i >= 16; i--)
       fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.byte %d\n\t.uleb128 %d\n", 0x80+i, 26-i);
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
     for (i = 30; i >= 20; i -= 2)
       fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.byte %d\n\t.uleb128 %d\n", 0x80+32+i, 42-i);
+#endif
     fprintf(ctx->fp,
         "\t.align 2\n"
         ".LEFDE0:\n\n");
@@ -4203,8 +5365,10 @@ static void emit_asm_debug(BuildCtx *ctx)
         fcofs, CFRAME_SIZE);
     for (i = 23; i >= 16; i--)
       fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.byte %d\n\t.uleb128 %d\n", 0x80+i, 26-i);
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
     for (i = 30; i >= 20; i -= 2)
       fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.byte %d\n\t.uleb128 %d\n", 0x80+32+i, 42-i);
+#endif
     fprintf(ctx->fp,
         "\t.align 2\n"
         ".LEFDE2:\n\n");
diff --git a/src/vm_mips64.dasc b/src/vm_mips64.dasc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8e181ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/vm_mips64.dasc
@@ -0,0 +1,5557 @@
+|// Low-level VM code for MIPS64 CPUs.
+|// Bytecode interpreter, fast functions and helper functions.
+|// Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+|//
+|// Contributed by Djordje Kovacevic and Stefan Pejic from RT-RK.com.
+|// Sponsored by Cisco Systems, Inc.
+|
+|.arch mips64
+|.section code_op, code_sub
+|
+|.actionlist build_actionlist
+|.globals GLOB_
+|.globalnames globnames
+|.externnames extnames
+|
+|// Note: The ragged indentation of the instructions is intentional.
+|//       The starting columns indicate data dependencies.
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+|
+|// Fixed register assignments for the interpreter.
+|// Don't use: r0 = 0, r26/r27 = reserved, r28 = gp, r29 = sp, r31 = ra
+|
+|.macro .FPU, a, b
+|.if FPU
+|  a, b
+|.endif
+|.endmacro
+|
+|// The following must be C callee-save (but BASE is often refetched).
+|.define BASE,          r16     // Base of current Lua stack frame.
+|.define KBASE,         r17     // Constants of current Lua function.
+|.define PC,            r18     // Next PC.
+|.define DISPATCH,      r19     // Opcode dispatch table.
+|.define LREG,          r20     // Register holding lua_State (also in SAVE_L).
+|.define MULTRES,       r21     // Size of multi-result: (nresults+1)*8.
+|
+|.define JGL,           r30     // On-trace: global_State + 32768.
+|
+|// Constants for type-comparisons, stores and conversions. C callee-save.
+|.define TISNIL,        r30
+|.define TISNUM,        r22
+|.if FPU
+|.define TOBIT,         f30     // 2^52 + 2^51.
+|.endif
+|
+|// The following temporaries are not saved across C calls, except for RA.
+|.define RA,            r23     // Callee-save.
+|.define RB,            r8
+|.define RC,            r9
+|.define RD,            r10
+|.define INS,           r11
+|
+|.define AT,            r1      // Assembler temporary.
+|.define TMP0,          r12
+|.define TMP1,          r13
+|.define TMP2,          r14
+|.define TMP3,          r15
+|
+|// MIPS n64 calling convention.
+|.define CFUNCADDR,     r25
+|.define CARG1,         r4
+|.define CARG2,         r5
+|.define CARG3,         r6
+|.define CARG4,         r7
+|.define CARG5,         r8
+|.define CARG6,         r9
+|.define CARG7,         r10
+|.define CARG8,         r11
+|
+|.define CRET1,         r2
+|.define CRET2,         r3
+|
+|.if FPU
+|.define FARG1,         f12
+|.define FARG2,         f13
+|.define FARG3,         f14
+|.define FARG4,         f15
+|.define FARG5,         f16
+|.define FARG6,         f17
+|.define FARG7,         f18
+|.define FARG8,         f19
+|
+|.define FRET1,         f0
+|.define FRET2,         f2
+|
+|.define FTMP0,         f20
+|.define FTMP1,         f21
+|.define FTMP2,         f22
+|.endif
+|
+|// Stack layout while in interpreter. Must match with lj_frame.h.
+|.if FPU                // MIPS64 hard-float.
+|
+|.define CFRAME_SPACE,  192     // Delta for sp.
+|
+|//----- 16 byte aligned, <-- sp entering interpreter
+|.define SAVE_ERRF,     188(sp) // 32 bit values.
+|.define SAVE_NRES,     184(sp)
+|.define SAVE_CFRAME,   176(sp) // 64 bit values.
+|.define SAVE_L,        168(sp)
+|.define SAVE_PC,       160(sp)
+|//----- 16 byte aligned
+|.define SAVE_GPR_,     80      // .. 80+10*8: 64 bit GPR saves.
+|.define SAVE_FPR_,     16      // .. 16+8*8: 64 bit FPR saves.
+|
+|.else                  // MIPS64 soft-float
+|
+|.define CFRAME_SPACE,  128     // Delta for sp.
+|
+|//----- 16 byte aligned, <-- sp entering interpreter
+|.define SAVE_ERRF,     124(sp) // 32 bit values.
+|.define SAVE_NRES,     120(sp)
+|.define SAVE_CFRAME,   112(sp) // 64 bit values.
+|.define SAVE_L,        104(sp)
+|.define SAVE_PC,       96(sp)
+|//----- 16 byte aligned
+|.define SAVE_GPR_,     16      // .. 16+10*8: 64 bit GPR saves.
+|
+|.endif
+|
+|.define TMPX,          8(sp)   // Unused by interpreter, temp for JIT code.
+|.define TMPD,          0(sp)
+|//----- 16 byte aligned
+|
+|.define TMPD_OFS,      0
+|
+|.define SAVE_MULTRES,  TMPD
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+|
+|.macro saveregs
+|  daddiu sp, sp, -CFRAME_SPACE
+|  sd ra, SAVE_GPR_+9*8(sp)
+|  sd r30, SAVE_GPR_+8*8(sp)
+|   .FPU sdc1 f31, SAVE_FPR_+7*8(sp)
+|  sd r23, SAVE_GPR_+7*8(sp)
+|   .FPU sdc1 f30, SAVE_FPR_+6*8(sp)
+|  sd r22, SAVE_GPR_+6*8(sp)
+|   .FPU sdc1 f29, SAVE_FPR_+5*8(sp)
+|  sd r21, SAVE_GPR_+5*8(sp)
+|   .FPU sdc1 f28, SAVE_FPR_+4*8(sp)
+|  sd r20, SAVE_GPR_+4*8(sp)
+|   .FPU sdc1 f27, SAVE_FPR_+3*8(sp)
+|  sd r19, SAVE_GPR_+3*8(sp)
+|   .FPU sdc1 f26, SAVE_FPR_+2*8(sp)
+|  sd r18, SAVE_GPR_+2*8(sp)
+|   .FPU sdc1 f25, SAVE_FPR_+1*8(sp)
+|  sd r17, SAVE_GPR_+1*8(sp)
+|   .FPU sdc1 f24, SAVE_FPR_+0*8(sp)
+|  sd r16, SAVE_GPR_+0*8(sp)
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.macro restoreregs_ret
+|  ld ra, SAVE_GPR_+9*8(sp)
+|  ld r30, SAVE_GPR_+8*8(sp)
+|  ld r23, SAVE_GPR_+7*8(sp)
+|   .FPU ldc1 f31, SAVE_FPR_+7*8(sp)
+|  ld r22, SAVE_GPR_+6*8(sp)
+|   .FPU ldc1 f30, SAVE_FPR_+6*8(sp)
+|  ld r21, SAVE_GPR_+5*8(sp)
+|   .FPU ldc1 f29, SAVE_FPR_+5*8(sp)
+|  ld r20, SAVE_GPR_+4*8(sp)
+|   .FPU ldc1 f28, SAVE_FPR_+4*8(sp)
+|  ld r19, SAVE_GPR_+3*8(sp)
+|   .FPU ldc1 f27, SAVE_FPR_+3*8(sp)
+|  ld r18, SAVE_GPR_+2*8(sp)
+|   .FPU ldc1 f26, SAVE_FPR_+2*8(sp)
+|  ld r17, SAVE_GPR_+1*8(sp)
+|   .FPU ldc1 f25, SAVE_FPR_+1*8(sp)
+|  ld r16, SAVE_GPR_+0*8(sp)
+|   .FPU ldc1 f24, SAVE_FPR_+0*8(sp)
+|  jr ra
+|  daddiu sp, sp, CFRAME_SPACE
+|.endmacro
+|
+|// Type definitions. Some of these are only used for documentation.
+|.type L,               lua_State,      LREG
+|.type GL,              global_State
+|.type TVALUE,          TValue
+|.type GCOBJ,           GCobj
+|.type STR,             GCstr
+|.type TAB,             GCtab
+|.type LFUNC,           GCfuncL
+|.type CFUNC,           GCfuncC
+|.type PROTO,           GCproto
+|.type UPVAL,           GCupval
+|.type NODE,            Node
+|.type NARGS8,          int
+|.type TRACE,           GCtrace
+|.type SBUF,            SBuf
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+|
+|// Trap for not-yet-implemented parts.
+|.macro NYI; .long 0xec1cf0f0; .endmacro
+|
+|// Macros to mark delay slots.
+|.macro ., a; a; .endmacro
+|.macro ., a,b; a,b; .endmacro
+|.macro ., a,b,c; a,b,c; .endmacro
+|.macro ., a,b,c,d; a,b,c,d; .endmacro
+|
+|.define FRAME_PC,      -8
+|.define FRAME_FUNC,    -16
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+|
+|// Endian-specific defines.
+|.if ENDIAN_LE
+|.define HI,            4
+|.define LO,            0
+|.define OFS_RD,        2
+|.define OFS_RA,        1
+|.define OFS_OP,        0
+|.else
+|.define HI,            0
+|.define LO,            4
+|.define OFS_RD,        0
+|.define OFS_RA,        2
+|.define OFS_OP,        3
+|.endif
+|
+|// Instruction decode.
+|.macro decode_OP1, dst, ins; andi dst, ins, 0xff; .endmacro
+|.macro decode_OP8a, dst, ins; andi dst, ins, 0xff; .endmacro
+|.macro decode_OP8b, dst; sll dst, dst, 3; .endmacro
+|.macro decode_RC8a, dst, ins; srl dst, ins, 13; .endmacro
+|.macro decode_RC8b, dst; andi dst, dst, 0x7f8; .endmacro
+|.macro decode_RD4b, dst; sll dst, dst, 2; .endmacro
+|.macro decode_RA8a, dst, ins; srl dst, ins, 5; .endmacro
+|.macro decode_RA8b, dst; andi dst, dst, 0x7f8; .endmacro
+|.macro decode_RB8a, dst, ins; srl dst, ins, 21; .endmacro
+|.macro decode_RB8b, dst; andi dst, dst, 0x7f8; .endmacro
+|.macro decode_RD8a, dst, ins; srl dst, ins, 16; .endmacro
+|.macro decode_RD8b, dst; sll dst, dst, 3; .endmacro
+|.macro decode_RDtoRC8, dst, src; andi dst, src, 0x7f8; .endmacro
+|
+|// Instruction fetch.
+|.macro ins_NEXT1
+|  lw INS, 0(PC)
+|   daddiu PC, PC, 4
+|.endmacro
+|// Instruction decode+dispatch.
+|.macro ins_NEXT2
+|  decode_OP8a TMP1, INS
+|  decode_OP8b TMP1
+|  daddu TMP0, DISPATCH, TMP1
+|   decode_RD8a RD, INS
+|  ld AT, 0(TMP0)
+|   decode_RA8a RA, INS
+|   decode_RD8b RD
+|  jr AT
+|   decode_RA8b RA
+|.endmacro
+|.macro ins_NEXT
+|  ins_NEXT1
+|  ins_NEXT2
+|.endmacro
+|
+|// Instruction footer.
+|.if 1
+|  // Replicated dispatch. Less unpredictable branches, but higher I-Cache use.
+|  .define ins_next, ins_NEXT
+|  .define ins_next_, ins_NEXT
+|  .define ins_next1, ins_NEXT1
+|  .define ins_next2, ins_NEXT2
+|.else
+|  // Common dispatch. Lower I-Cache use, only one (very) unpredictable branch.
+|  // Affects only certain kinds of benchmarks (and only with -j off).
+|  .macro ins_next
+|    b ->ins_next
+|  .endmacro
+|  .macro ins_next1
+|  .endmacro
+|  .macro ins_next2
+|    b ->ins_next
+|  .endmacro
+|  .macro ins_next_
+|  ->ins_next:
+|    ins_NEXT
+|  .endmacro
+|.endif
+|
+|// Call decode and dispatch.
+|.macro ins_callt
+|  // BASE = new base, RB = LFUNC/CFUNC, RC = nargs*8, FRAME_PC(BASE) = PC
+|  ld PC, LFUNC:RB->pc
+|  lw INS, 0(PC)
+|   daddiu PC, PC, 4
+|  decode_OP8a TMP1, INS
+|   decode_RA8a RA, INS
+|  decode_OP8b TMP1
+|   decode_RA8b RA
+|  daddu TMP0, DISPATCH, TMP1
+|  ld TMP0, 0(TMP0)
+|  jr TMP0
+|   daddu RA, RA, BASE
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.macro ins_call
+|  // BASE = new base, RB = LFUNC/CFUNC, RC = nargs*8, PC = caller PC
+|  sd PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+|  ins_callt
+|.endmacro
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+|
+|.macro branch_RD
+|  srl TMP0, RD, 1
+|  lui AT, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+|  addu TMP0, TMP0, AT
+|  daddu PC, PC, TMP0
+|.endmacro
+|
+|// Assumes DISPATCH is relative to GL.
+#define DISPATCH_GL(field)      (GG_DISP2G + (int)offsetof(global_State, field))
+#define DISPATCH_J(field)       (GG_DISP2J + (int)offsetof(jit_State, field))
+#define GG_DISP2GOT             (GG_OFS(got) - GG_OFS(dispatch))
+#define DISPATCH_GOT(name)      (GG_DISP2GOT + sizeof(void*)*LJ_GOT_##name)
+|
+#define PC2PROTO(field)  ((int)offsetof(GCproto, field)-(int)sizeof(GCproto))
+|
+|.macro load_got, func
+|  ld CFUNCADDR, DISPATCH_GOT(func)(DISPATCH)
+|.endmacro
+|// Much faster. Sadly, there's no easy way to force the required code layout.
+|// .macro call_intern, func; bal extern func; .endmacro
+|.macro call_intern, func; jalr CFUNCADDR; .endmacro
+|.macro call_extern; jalr CFUNCADDR; .endmacro
+|.macro jmp_extern; jr CFUNCADDR; .endmacro
+|
+|.macro hotcheck, delta, target
+|  dsrl TMP1, PC, 1
+|  andi TMP1, TMP1, 126
+|  daddu TMP1, TMP1, DISPATCH
+|  lhu TMP2, GG_DISP2HOT(TMP1)
+|  addiu TMP2, TMP2, -delta
+|  bltz TMP2, target
+|.  sh TMP2, GG_DISP2HOT(TMP1)
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.macro hotloop
+|  hotcheck HOTCOUNT_LOOP, ->vm_hotloop
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.macro hotcall
+|  hotcheck HOTCOUNT_CALL, ->vm_hotcall
+|.endmacro
+|
+|// Set current VM state. Uses TMP0.
+|.macro li_vmstate, st; li TMP0, ~LJ_VMST_..st; .endmacro
+|.macro st_vmstate; sw TMP0, DISPATCH_GL(vmstate)(DISPATCH); .endmacro
+|
+|// Move table write barrier back. Overwrites mark and tmp.
+|.macro barrierback, tab, mark, tmp, target
+|  ld tmp, DISPATCH_GL(gc.grayagain)(DISPATCH)
+|   andi mark, mark, ~LJ_GC_BLACK & 255         // black2gray(tab)
+|  sd tab, DISPATCH_GL(gc.grayagain)(DISPATCH)
+|   sb mark, tab->marked
+|  b target
+|.  sd tmp, tab->gclist
+|.endmacro
+|
+|// Clear type tag. Isolate lowest 14+32+1=47 bits of reg.
+|.macro cleartp, reg; dextm reg, reg, 0, 14; .endmacro
+|.macro cleartp, dst, reg; dextm dst, reg, 0, 14; .endmacro
+|
+|// Set type tag: Merge 17 type bits into bits [15+32=47, 31+32+1=64) of dst.
+|.macro settp, dst, tp; dinsu dst, tp, 15, 31; .endmacro
+|
+|// Extract (negative) type tag.
+|.macro gettp, dst, src; dsra dst, src, 47; .endmacro
+|
+|// Macros to check the TValue type and extract the GCobj. Branch on failure.
+|.macro checktp, reg, tp, target
+|  gettp AT, reg
+|  daddiu AT, AT, tp
+|  bnez AT, target
+|.  cleartp reg
+|.endmacro
+|.macro checktp, dst, reg, tp, target
+|  gettp AT, reg
+|  daddiu AT, AT, tp
+|  bnez AT, target
+|.  cleartp dst, reg
+|.endmacro
+|.macro checkstr, reg, target; checktp reg, -LJ_TSTR, target; .endmacro
+|.macro checktab, reg, target; checktp reg, -LJ_TTAB, target; .endmacro
+|.macro checkfunc, reg, target; checktp reg, -LJ_TFUNC, target; .endmacro
+|.macro checkint, reg, target   // Caveat: has delay slot!
+|  gettp AT, reg
+|  bne AT, TISNUM, target
+|.endmacro
+|.macro checknum, reg, target   // Caveat: has delay slot!
+|  gettp AT, reg
+|  sltiu AT, AT, LJ_TISNUM
+|  beqz AT, target
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.macro mov_false, reg
+|  lu reg, 0x8000
+|  dsll reg, reg, 32
+|  not reg, reg
+|.endmacro
+|.macro mov_true, reg
+|  li reg, 0x0001
+|  dsll reg, reg, 48
+|  not reg, reg
+|.endmacro
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/* Generate subroutines used by opcodes and other parts of the VM. */
+/* The .code_sub section should be last to help static branch prediction. */
+static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
+{
+  |.code_sub
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Return handling ----------------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vm_returnp:
+  |  // See vm_return. Also: TMP2 = previous base.
+  |  andi AT, PC, FRAME_P
+  |  beqz AT, ->cont_dispatch
+  |
+  |  // Return from pcall or xpcall fast func.
+  |.  mov_true TMP1
+  |  ld PC, FRAME_PC(TMP2)              // Fetch PC of previous frame.
+  |  move BASE, TMP2                    // Restore caller base.
+  |  // Prepending may overwrite the pcall frame, so do it at the end.
+  |   sd TMP1, -8(RA)                   // Prepend true to results.
+  |   daddiu RA, RA, -8
+  |
+  |->vm_returnc:
+  |   addiu RD, RD, 8                   // RD = (nresults+1)*8.
+  |  andi TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
+  |   beqz RD, ->vm_unwind_c_eh
+  |.   li CRET1, LUA_YIELD
+  |  beqz TMP0, ->BC_RET_Z              // Handle regular return to Lua.
+  |.  move MULTRES, RD
+  |
+  |->vm_return:
+  |  // BASE = base, RA = resultptr, RD/MULTRES = (nresults+1)*8, PC = return
+  |  // TMP0 = PC & FRAME_TYPE
+  |   li TMP2, -8
+  |  xori AT, TMP0, FRAME_C
+  |   and TMP2, PC, TMP2
+  |  bnez AT, ->vm_returnp
+  |   dsubu TMP2, BASE, TMP2            // TMP2 = previous base.
+  |
+  |  addiu TMP1, RD, -8
+  |   sd TMP2, L->base
+  |    li_vmstate C
+  |   lw TMP2, SAVE_NRES
+  |   daddiu BASE, BASE, -16
+  |    st_vmstate
+  |  beqz TMP1, >2
+  |.   sll TMP2, TMP2, 3
+  |1:
+  |  addiu TMP1, TMP1, -8
+  |   ld CRET1, 0(RA)
+  |    daddiu RA, RA, 8
+  |   sd CRET1, 0(BASE)
+  |  bnez TMP1, <1
+  |.  daddiu BASE, BASE, 8
+  |
+  |2:
+  |  bne TMP2, RD, >6
+  |3:
+  |.  sd BASE, L->top                   // Store new top.
+  |
+  |->vm_leave_cp:
+  |  ld TMP0, SAVE_CFRAME               // Restore previous C frame.
+  |   move CRET1, r0                    // Ok return status for vm_pcall.
+  |  sd TMP0, L->cframe
+  |
+  |->vm_leave_unw:
+  |  restoreregs_ret
+  |
+  |6:
+  |  ld TMP1, L->maxstack
+  |  slt AT, TMP2, RD
+  |  bnez AT, >7                        // Less results wanted?
+  |  // More results wanted. Check stack size and fill up results with nil.
+  |.  slt AT, BASE, TMP1
+  |  beqz AT, >8
+  |.  nop
+  |  sd TISNIL, 0(BASE)
+  |  addiu RD, RD, 8
+  |  b <2
+  |.  daddiu BASE, BASE, 8
+  |
+  |7:  // Less results wanted.
+  |  subu TMP0, RD, TMP2
+  |  dsubu TMP0, BASE, TMP0             // Either keep top or shrink it.
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  selnez TMP0, TMP0, TMP2            // LUA_MULTRET+1 case?
+  |  seleqz BASE, BASE, TMP2
+  |  b <3
+  |.  or BASE, BASE, TMP0
+  |.else
+  |  b <3
+  |.  movn BASE, TMP0, TMP2             // LUA_MULTRET+1 case?
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |8:  // Corner case: need to grow stack for filling up results.
+  |  // This can happen if:
+  |  // - A C function grows the stack (a lot).
+  |  // - The GC shrinks the stack in between.
+  |  // - A return back from a lua_call() with (high) nresults adjustment.
+  |  load_got lj_state_growstack
+  |   move MULTRES, RD
+  |  srl CARG2, TMP2, 3
+  |  call_intern lj_state_growstack     // (lua_State *L, int n)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |    lw TMP2, SAVE_NRES
+  |  ld BASE, L->top                    // Need the (realloced) L->top in BASE.
+  |   move RD, MULTRES
+  |  b <2
+  |.   sll TMP2, TMP2, 3
+  |
+  |->vm_unwind_c:                       // Unwind C stack, return from vm_pcall.
+  |  // (void *cframe, int errcode)
+  |  move sp, CARG1
+  |  move CRET1, CARG2
+  |->vm_unwind_c_eh:                    // Landing pad for external unwinder.
+  |  ld L, SAVE_L
+  |   li TMP0, ~LJ_VMST_C
+  |  ld GL:TMP1, L->glref
+  |  b ->vm_leave_unw
+  |.  sw TMP0, GL:TMP1->vmstate
+  |
+  |->vm_unwind_ff:                      // Unwind C stack, return from ff pcall.
+  |  // (void *cframe)
+  |  li AT, -4
+  |  and sp, CARG1, AT
+  |->vm_unwind_ff_eh:                   // Landing pad for external unwinder.
+  |  ld L, SAVE_L
+  |     .FPU lui TMP3, 0x59c0           // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
+  |     li TISNIL, LJ_TNIL
+  |    li TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM
+  |  ld BASE, L->base
+  |   ld DISPATCH, L->glref             // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
+  |     .FPU mtc1 TMP3, TOBIT
+  |  mov_false TMP1
+  |    li_vmstate INTERP
+  |  ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)              // Fetch PC of previous frame.
+  |     .FPU cvt.d.s TOBIT, TOBIT
+  |  daddiu RA, BASE, -8                // Results start at BASE-8.
+  |   daddiu DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
+  |  sd TMP1, 0(RA)                     // Prepend false to error message.
+  |    st_vmstate
+  |  b ->vm_returnc
+  |.  li RD, 16                         // 2 results: false + error message.
+  |
+  |->vm_unwind_stub:                    // Jump to exit stub from unwinder.
+  |  jr CARG1
+  |.  move ra, CARG2
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Grow stack for calls -----------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vm_growstack_c:                    // Grow stack for C function.
+  |  b >2
+  |.  li CARG2, LUA_MINSTACK
+  |
+  |->vm_growstack_l:                    // Grow stack for Lua function.
+  |  // BASE = new base, RA = BASE+framesize*8, RC = nargs*8, PC = first PC
+  |  daddu RC, BASE, RC
+  |   dsubu RA, RA, BASE
+  |  sd BASE, L->base
+  |   daddiu PC, PC, 4                  // Must point after first instruction.
+  |  sd RC, L->top
+  |   srl CARG2, RA, 3
+  |2:
+  |  // L->base = new base, L->top = top
+  |  load_got lj_state_growstack
+  |   sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  call_intern lj_state_growstack     // (lua_State *L, int n)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  ld BASE, L->base
+  |  ld RC, L->top
+  |  ld LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+  |  dsubu RC, RC, BASE
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+  |  // BASE = new base, RB = LFUNC/CFUNC, RC = nargs*8, FRAME_PC(BASE) = PC
+  |  ins_callt                          // Just retry the call.
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Entry points into the assembler VM ---------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vm_resume:                         // Setup C frame and resume thread.
+  |  // (lua_State *L, TValue *base, int nres1 = 0, ptrdiff_t ef = 0)
+  |  saveregs
+  |  move L, CARG1
+  |    ld DISPATCH, L->glref            // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
+  |  move BASE, CARG2
+  |    lbu TMP1, L->status
+  |   sd L, SAVE_L
+  |  li PC, FRAME_CP
+  |  daddiu TMP0, sp, CFRAME_RESUME
+  |    daddiu DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
+  |   sw r0, SAVE_NRES
+  |   sw r0, SAVE_ERRF
+  |   sd CARG1, SAVE_PC                 // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
+  |   sd r0, SAVE_CFRAME
+  |    beqz TMP1, >3
+  |. sd TMP0, L->cframe
+  |
+  |  // Resume after yield (like a return).
+  |  sd L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
+  |  move RA, BASE
+  |   ld BASE, L->base
+  |   ld TMP1, L->top
+  |  ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+  |     .FPU  lui TMP3, 0x59c0          // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
+  |   dsubu RD, TMP1, BASE
+  |     .FPU  mtc1 TMP3, TOBIT
+  |    sb r0, L->status
+  |     .FPU  cvt.d.s TOBIT, TOBIT
+  |    li_vmstate INTERP
+  |   daddiu RD, RD, 8
+  |    st_vmstate
+  |   move MULTRES, RD
+  |  andi TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
+  |    li TISNIL, LJ_TNIL
+  |  beqz TMP0, ->BC_RET_Z
+  |.    li TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM
+  |  b ->vm_return
+  |.  nop
+  |
+  |->vm_pcall:                          // Setup protected C frame and enter VM.
+  |  // (lua_State *L, TValue *base, int nres1, ptrdiff_t ef)
+  |  saveregs
+  |  sw CARG4, SAVE_ERRF
+  |  b >1
+  |.  li PC, FRAME_CP
+  |
+  |->vm_call:                           // Setup C frame and enter VM.
+  |  // (lua_State *L, TValue *base, int nres1)
+  |  saveregs
+  |  li PC, FRAME_C
+  |
+  |1:  // Entry point for vm_pcall above (PC = ftype).
+  |  ld TMP1, L:CARG1->cframe
+  |    move L, CARG1
+  |   sw CARG3, SAVE_NRES
+  |    ld DISPATCH, L->glref            // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
+  |   sd CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |     move BASE, CARG2
+  |    daddiu DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
+  |   sd CARG1, SAVE_PC                 // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
+  |  sd TMP1, SAVE_CFRAME
+  |  sd sp, L->cframe                   // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
+  |
+  |3:  // Entry point for vm_cpcall/vm_resume (BASE = base, PC = ftype).
+  |  sd L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
+  |  ld TMP2, L->base                   // TMP2 = old base (used in vmeta_call).
+  |     .FPU lui TMP3, 0x59c0           // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
+  |   ld TMP1, L->top
+  |     .FPU mtc1 TMP3, TOBIT
+  |  daddu PC, PC, BASE
+  |   dsubu NARGS8:RC, TMP1, BASE
+  |     li TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM
+  |  dsubu PC, PC, TMP2                 // PC = frame delta + frame type
+  |     .FPU cvt.d.s TOBIT, TOBIT
+  |    li_vmstate INTERP
+  |     li TISNIL, LJ_TNIL
+  |    st_vmstate
+  |
+  |->vm_call_dispatch:
+  |  // TMP2 = old base, BASE = new base, RC = nargs*8, PC = caller PC
+  |  ld LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+  |  checkfunc LFUNC:RB, ->vmeta_call
+  |
+  |->vm_call_dispatch_f:
+  |  ins_call
+  |  // BASE = new base, RB = func, RC = nargs*8, PC = caller PC
+  |
+  |->vm_cpcall:                         // Setup protected C frame, call C.
+  |  // (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud, lua_CPFunction cp)
+  |  saveregs
+  |  move L, CARG1
+  |   ld TMP0, L:CARG1->stack
+  |  sd CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |   ld TMP1, L->top
+  |     ld DISPATCH, L->glref           // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
+  |  sd CARG1, SAVE_PC                  // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
+  |   dsubu TMP0, TMP0, TMP1            // Compute -savestack(L, L->top).
+  |    ld TMP1, L->cframe
+  |     daddiu DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
+  |   sw TMP0, SAVE_NRES                // Neg. delta means cframe w/o frame.
+  |  sw r0, SAVE_ERRF                   // No error function.
+  |    sd TMP1, SAVE_CFRAME
+  |    sd sp, L->cframe                 // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
+  |     sd L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
+  |  jalr CARG4                 // (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud)
+  |.  move CFUNCADDR, CARG4
+  |  move BASE, CRET1
+  |  bnez CRET1, <3                     // Else continue with the call.
+  |.  li PC, FRAME_CP
+  |  b ->vm_leave_cp                    // No base? Just remove C frame.
+  |.  nop
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Metamethod handling ------------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |// The lj_meta_* functions (except for lj_meta_cat) don't reallocate the
+  |// stack, so BASE doesn't need to be reloaded across these calls.
+  |
+  |//-- Continuation dispatch ----------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->cont_dispatch:
+  |  // BASE = meta base, RA = resultptr, RD = (nresults+1)*8
+  |  ld TMP0, -32(BASE)                 // Continuation.
+  |   move RB, BASE
+  |   move BASE, TMP2                   // Restore caller BASE.
+  |    ld LFUNC:TMP1, FRAME_FUNC(TMP2)
+  |.if FFI
+  |  sltiu AT, TMP0, 2
+  |.endif
+  |     ld PC, -24(RB)                  // Restore PC from [cont|PC].
+  |    cleartp LFUNC:TMP1
+  |   daddu TMP2, RA, RD
+  |.if FFI
+  |  bnez AT, >1
+  |.endif
+  |.  sd TISNIL, -8(TMP2)               // Ensure one valid arg.
+  |    ld TMP1, LFUNC:TMP1->pc
+  |  // BASE = base, RA = resultptr, RB = meta base
+  |  jr TMP0                            // Jump to continuation.
+  |.  ld KBASE, PC2PROTO(k)(TMP1)
+  |
+  |.if FFI
+  |1:
+  |  bnez TMP0, ->cont_ffi_callback     // cont = 1: return from FFI callback.
+  |  // cont = 0: tailcall from C function.
+  |.  daddiu TMP1, RB, -32
+  |  b ->vm_call_tail
+  |.  dsubu RC, TMP1, BASE
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->cont_cat:                          // RA = resultptr, RB = meta base
+  |  lw INS, -4(PC)
+  |   daddiu CARG2, RB, -32
+  |  ld CRET1, 0(RA)
+  |  decode_RB8a MULTRES, INS
+  |   decode_RA8a RA, INS
+  |  decode_RB8b MULTRES
+  |   decode_RA8b RA
+  |  daddu TMP1, BASE, MULTRES
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |   dsubu CARG3, CARG2, TMP1
+  |  bne TMP1, CARG2, ->BC_CAT_Z
+  |.  sd CRET1, 0(CARG2)
+  |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |.  sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+  |
+  |//-- Table indexing metamethods -----------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tgets1:
+  |  daddiu CARG3, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)
+  |  li TMP0, LJ_TSTR
+  |  settp STR:RC, TMP0
+  |  b >1
+  |.  sd STR:RC, 0(CARG3)
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tgets:
+  |  daddiu CARG2, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)
+  |  li TMP0, LJ_TTAB
+  |   li TMP1, LJ_TSTR
+  |  settp TAB:RB, TMP0
+  |   daddiu CARG3, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv2)
+  |  sd TAB:RB, 0(CARG2)
+  |   settp STR:RC, TMP1
+  |  b >1
+  |.  sd STR:RC, 0(CARG3)
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tgetb:                       // TMP0 = index
+  |  daddiu CARG3, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)
+  |  settp TMP0, TISNUM
+  |  sd TMP0, 0(CARG3)
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tgetv:
+  |1:
+  |  load_got lj_meta_tget
+  |  sd BASE, L->base
+  |  sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  call_intern lj_meta_tget           // (lua_State *L, TValue *o, TValue *k)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  // Returns TValue * (finished) or NULL (metamethod).
+  |  beqz CRET1, >3
+  |.  daddiu TMP1, BASE, -FRAME_CONT
+  |  ld CARG1, 0(CRET1)
+  |  ins_next1
+  |  sd CARG1, 0(RA)
+  |  ins_next2
+  |
+  |3:  // Call __index metamethod.
+  |  // BASE = base, L->top = new base, stack = cont/func/t/k
+  |  ld BASE, L->top
+  |  sd PC, -24(BASE)                   // [cont|PC]
+  |   dsubu PC, BASE, TMP1
+  |  ld LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)      // Guaranteed to be a function here.
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+  |  b ->vm_call_dispatch_f
+  |.  li NARGS8:RC, 16                  // 2 args for func(t, k).
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tgetr:
+  |  load_got lj_tab_getinth
+  |  call_intern lj_tab_getinth         // (GCtab *t, int32_t key)
+  |.  nop
+  |  // Returns cTValue * or NULL.
+  |  beqz CRET1, ->BC_TGETR_Z
+  |.  move CARG2, TISNIL
+  |  b ->BC_TGETR_Z
+  |.  ld CARG2, 0(CRET1)
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tsets1:
+  |  daddiu CARG3, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)
+  |  li TMP0, LJ_TSTR
+  |  settp STR:RC, TMP0
+  |  b >1
+  |.  sd STR:RC, 0(CARG3)
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tsets:
+  |  daddiu CARG2, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)
+  |  li TMP0, LJ_TTAB
+  |   li TMP1, LJ_TSTR
+  |  settp TAB:RB, TMP0
+  |   daddiu CARG3, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv2)
+  |  sd TAB:RB, 0(CARG2)
+  |   settp STR:RC, TMP1
+  |  b >1
+  |.  sd STR:RC, 0(CARG3)
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tsetb:                       // TMP0 = index
+  |  daddiu CARG3, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)
+  |  settp TMP0, TISNUM
+  |  sd TMP0, 0(CARG3)
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tsetv:
+  |1:
+  |  load_got lj_meta_tset
+  |  sd BASE, L->base
+  |  sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  call_intern lj_meta_tset           // (lua_State *L, TValue *o, TValue *k)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  // Returns TValue * (finished) or NULL (metamethod).
+  |  beqz CRET1, >3
+  |.  ld CARG1, 0(RA)
+  |  // NOBARRIER: lj_meta_tset ensures the table is not black.
+  |  ins_next1
+  |  sd CARG1, 0(CRET1)
+  |  ins_next2
+  |
+  |3:  // Call __newindex metamethod.
+  |  // BASE = base, L->top = new base, stack = cont/func/t/k/(v)
+  |  daddiu TMP1, BASE, -FRAME_CONT
+  |  ld BASE, L->top
+  |  sd PC, -24(BASE)                   // [cont|PC]
+  |   dsubu PC, BASE, TMP1
+  |  ld LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)      // Guaranteed to be a function here.
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+  |  sd CARG1, 16(BASE)                 // Copy value to third argument.
+  |  b ->vm_call_dispatch_f
+  |.  li NARGS8:RC, 24                  // 3 args for func(t, k, v)
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tsetr:
+  |  load_got lj_tab_setinth
+  |  sd BASE, L->base
+  |  sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  call_intern lj_tab_setinth // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, int32_t key)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  // Returns TValue *.
+  |  b ->BC_TSETR_Z
+  |.  nop
+  |
+  |//-- Comparison metamethods ---------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_comp:
+  |  // RA/RD point to o1/o2.
+  |  move CARG2, RA
+  |  move CARG3, RD
+  |  load_got lj_meta_comp
+  |  daddiu PC, PC, -4
+  |  sd BASE, L->base
+  |  sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  decode_OP1 CARG4, INS
+  |  call_intern lj_meta_comp   // (lua_State *L, TValue *o1, *o2, int op)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  // Returns 0/1 or TValue * (metamethod).
+  |3:
+  |  sltiu AT, CRET1, 2
+  |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_binop
+  |   negu TMP2, CRET1
+  |4:
+  |  lhu RD, OFS_RD(PC)
+  |   daddiu PC, PC, 4
+  |   lui TMP1, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+  |  sll RD, RD, 2
+  |  addu RD, RD, TMP1
+  |  and RD, RD, TMP2
+  |  daddu PC, PC, RD
+  |->cont_nop:
+  |  ins_next
+  |
+  |->cont_ra:                           // RA = resultptr
+  |  lbu TMP1, -4+OFS_RA(PC)
+  |   ld CRET1, 0(RA)
+  |  sll TMP1, TMP1, 3
+  |  daddu TMP1, BASE, TMP1
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |.   sd CRET1, 0(TMP1)
+  |
+  |->cont_condt:                        // RA = resultptr
+  |  ld TMP0, 0(RA)
+  |  gettp TMP0, TMP0
+  |  sltiu AT, TMP0, LJ_TISTRUECOND
+  |  b <4
+  |.  negu TMP2, AT                     // Branch if result is true.
+  |
+  |->cont_condf:                        // RA = resultptr
+  |  ld TMP0, 0(RA)
+  |  gettp TMP0, TMP0
+  |  sltiu AT, TMP0, LJ_TISTRUECOND
+  |  b <4
+  |.  addiu TMP2, AT, -1                // Branch if result is false.
+  |
+  |->vmeta_equal:
+  |  // CARG1/CARG2 point to o1/o2. TMP0 is set to 0/1.
+  |  load_got lj_meta_equal
+  |   cleartp LFUNC:CARG3, CARG2
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:CARG2, CARG1
+  |    move CARG4, TMP0
+  |  daddiu PC, PC, -4
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |   sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  call_intern lj_meta_equal  // (lua_State *L, GCobj *o1, *o2, int ne)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  // Returns 0/1 or TValue * (metamethod).
+  |  b <3
+  |.  nop
+  |
+  |->vmeta_equal_cd:
+  |.if FFI
+  |  load_got lj_meta_equal_cd
+  |  move CARG2, INS
+  |  daddiu PC, PC, -4
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |   sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  call_intern lj_meta_equal_cd       // (lua_State *L, BCIns op)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  // Returns 0/1 or TValue * (metamethod).
+  |  b <3
+  |.  nop
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vmeta_istype:
+  |  load_got lj_meta_istype
+  |  daddiu PC, PC, -4
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |   srl CARG2, RA, 3
+  |   srl CARG3, RD, 3
+  |  sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  call_intern lj_meta_istype // (lua_State *L, BCReg ra, BCReg tp)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |.  nop
+  |
+  |//-- Arithmetic metamethods ---------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_unm:
+  |  move RC, RB
+  |
+  |->vmeta_arith:
+  |  load_got lj_meta_arith
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |  move CARG2, RA
+  |   sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  move CARG3, RB
+  |  move CARG4, RC
+  |  decode_OP1 CARG5, INS      // CARG5 == RB.
+  |  call_intern lj_meta_arith  // (lua_State *L, TValue *ra,*rb,*rc, BCReg op)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  // Returns NULL (finished) or TValue * (metamethod).
+  |  beqz CRET1, ->cont_nop
+  |.  nop
+  |
+  |  // Call metamethod for binary op.
+  |->vmeta_binop:
+  |  // BASE = old base, CRET1 = new base, stack = cont/func/o1/o2
+  |  dsubu TMP1, CRET1, BASE
+  |   sd PC, -24(CRET1)                 // [cont|PC]
+  |   move TMP2, BASE
+  |  daddiu PC, TMP1, FRAME_CONT
+  |   move BASE, CRET1
+  |  b ->vm_call_dispatch
+  |.  li NARGS8:RC, 16                  // 2 args for func(o1, o2).
+  |
+  |->vmeta_len:
+  |  // CARG2 already set by BC_LEN.
+#if LJ_52
+  |  move MULTRES, CARG1
+#endif
+  |  load_got lj_meta_len
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |   sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  call_intern lj_meta_len            // (lua_State *L, TValue *o)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  // Returns NULL (retry) or TValue * (metamethod base).
+#if LJ_52
+  |  bnez CRET1, ->vmeta_binop          // Binop call for compatibility.
+  |.  nop
+  |  b ->BC_LEN_Z
+  |.  move CARG1, MULTRES
+#else
+  |  b ->vmeta_binop                    // Binop call for compatibility.
+  |.  nop
+#endif
+  |
+  |//-- Call metamethod ----------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_call:                        // Resolve and call __call metamethod.
+  |  // TMP2 = old base, BASE = new base, RC = nargs*8
+  |  load_got lj_meta_call
+  |   sd TMP2, L->base                  // This is the callers base!
+  |  daddiu CARG2, BASE, -16
+  |   sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  daddu CARG3, BASE, RC
+  |   move MULTRES, NARGS8:RC
+  |  call_intern lj_meta_call   // (lua_State *L, TValue *func, TValue *top)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  ld LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)      // Guaranteed to be a function here.
+  |   daddiu NARGS8:RC, MULTRES, 8      // Got one more argument now.
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+  |  ins_call
+  |
+  |->vmeta_callt:                       // Resolve __call for BC_CALLT.
+  |  // BASE = old base, RA = new base, RC = nargs*8
+  |  load_got lj_meta_call
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |  daddiu CARG2, RA, -16
+  |   sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  daddu CARG3, RA, RC
+  |   move MULTRES, NARGS8:RC
+  |  call_intern lj_meta_call           // (lua_State *L, TValue *func, TValue *top)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |   ld RB, FRAME_FUNC(RA)             // Guaranteed to be a function here.
+  |  ld TMP1, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+  |  daddiu NARGS8:RC, MULTRES, 8       // Got one more argument now.
+  |  b ->BC_CALLT_Z
+  |.  cleartp LFUNC:CARG3, RB
+  |
+  |//-- Argument coercion for 'for' statement ------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_for:
+  |  load_got lj_meta_for
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |  move CARG2, RA
+  |   sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  move MULTRES, INS
+  |  call_intern lj_meta_for    // (lua_State *L, TValue *base)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |.if JIT
+  |  decode_OP1 TMP0, MULTRES
+  |  li AT, BC_JFORI
+  |.endif
+  |  decode_RA8a RA, MULTRES
+  |   decode_RD8a RD, MULTRES
+  |  decode_RA8b RA
+  |.if JIT
+  |  beq TMP0, AT, =>BC_JFORI
+  |.  decode_RD8b RD
+  |  b =>BC_FORI
+  |.  nop
+  |.else
+  |  b =>BC_FORI
+  |.  decode_RD8b RD
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Fast functions -----------------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc, name
+  |->ff_ .. name:
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_1, name
+  |->ff_ .. name:
+  |  beqz NARGS8:RC, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  ld CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_2, name
+  |->ff_ .. name:
+  |  sltiu AT, NARGS8:RC, 16
+  |  ld CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  ld CARG2, 8(BASE)
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_n, name        // Caveat: has delay slot!
+  |->ff_ .. name:
+  |  ld CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |  beqz NARGS8:RC, ->fff_fallback
+  |  // Either ldc1 or the 1st instruction of checknum is in the delay slot.
+  |  .FPU ldc1 FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |  checknum CARG1, ->fff_fallback
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_nn, name       // Caveat: has delay slot!
+  |->ff_ .. name:
+  |  ld CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |    sltiu AT, NARGS8:RC, 16
+  |   ld CARG2, 8(BASE)
+  |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  gettp TMP0, CARG1
+  |   gettp TMP1, CARG2
+  |  sltiu TMP0, TMP0, LJ_TISNUM
+  |   sltiu TMP1, TMP1, LJ_TISNUM
+  |  .FPU ldc1 FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |  and TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
+  |   .FPU ldc1 FARG2, 8(BASE)
+  |  beqz TMP0, ->fff_fallback
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |// Inlined GC threshold check. Caveat: uses TMP0 and TMP1 and has delay slot!
+  |// MIPSR6: no delay slot, but a forbidden slot.
+  |.macro ffgccheck
+  |  ld TMP0, DISPATCH_GL(gc.total)(DISPATCH)
+  |  ld TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(gc.threshold)(DISPATCH)
+  |  dsubu AT, TMP0, TMP1
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  bgezalc AT, ->fff_gcstep
+  |.else
+  |  bgezal AT, ->fff_gcstep
+  |.endif
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |//-- Base library: checks -----------------------------------------------
+  |.ffunc_1 assert
+  |  gettp AT, CARG1
+  |  sltiu AT, AT, LJ_TISTRUECOND
+  |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  daddiu RA, BASE, -16
+  |  ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+  |  addiu RD, NARGS8:RC, 8             // Compute (nresults+1)*8.
+  |  daddu TMP2, RA, RD
+  |  daddiu TMP1, BASE, 8
+  |  beq BASE, TMP2, ->fff_res          // Done if exactly 1 argument.
+  |.  sd CARG1, 0(RA)
+  |1:
+  |  ld CRET1, 0(TMP1)
+  |  sd CRET1, -16(TMP1)
+  |  bne TMP1, TMP2, <1
+  |.  daddiu TMP1, TMP1, 8
+  |  b ->fff_res
+  |.  nop
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 type
+  |  gettp TMP0, CARG1
+  |  sltu TMP1, TISNUM, TMP0
+  |  not TMP2, TMP0
+  |  li TMP3, ~LJ_TISNUM
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  selnez TMP2, TMP2, TMP1
+  |  seleqz TMP3, TMP3, TMP1
+  |  or TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+  |.else
+  |  movz TMP2, TMP3, TMP1
+  |.endif
+  |  dsll TMP2, TMP2, 3
+  |  daddu TMP2, CFUNC:RB, TMP2
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |.  ld CARG1, CFUNC:TMP2->upvalue
+  |
+  |//-- Base library: getters and setters ---------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 getmetatable
+  |  gettp TMP2, CARG1
+  |  daddiu TMP0, TMP2, -LJ_TTAB
+  |  daddiu TMP1, TMP2, -LJ_TUDATA
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  selnez TMP0, TMP1, TMP0
+  |.else
+  |  movn TMP0, TMP1, TMP0
+  |.endif
+  |  bnez TMP0, >6
+  |.  cleartp TAB:CARG1
+  |1:  // Field metatable must be at same offset for GCtab and GCudata!
+  |  ld TAB:RB, TAB:CARG1->metatable
+  |2:
+  |  ld STR:RC, DISPATCH_GL(gcroot[GCROOT_MMNAME+MM_metatable])(DISPATCH)
+  |  beqz TAB:RB, ->fff_restv
+  |.  li CARG1, LJ_TNIL
+  |  lw TMP0, TAB:RB->hmask
+  |   lw TMP1, STR:RC->sid
+  |    ld NODE:TMP2, TAB:RB->node
+  |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0               // idx = str->sid & tab->hmask
+  |  dsll TMP0, TMP1, 5
+  |  dsll TMP1, TMP1, 3
+  |  dsubu TMP1, TMP0, TMP1
+  |  daddu NODE:TMP2, NODE:TMP2, TMP1   // node = tab->node + (idx*32-idx*8)
+  |  li CARG4, LJ_TSTR
+  |  settp STR:RC, CARG4                // Tagged key to look for.
+  |3:  // Rearranged logic, because we expect _not_ to find the key.
+  |  ld TMP0, NODE:TMP2->key
+  |   ld CARG1, NODE:TMP2->val
+  |    ld NODE:TMP2, NODE:TMP2->next
+  |  beq RC, TMP0, >5
+  |.  li AT, LJ_TTAB
+  |  bnez NODE:TMP2, <3
+  |.  nop
+  |4:
+  |  move CARG1, RB
+  |  b ->fff_restv                      // Not found, keep default result.
+  |.  settp CARG1, AT
+  |5:
+  |  bne CARG1, TISNIL, ->fff_restv
+  |.  nop
+  |  b <4                               // Ditto for nil value.
+  |.  nop
+  |
+  |6:
+  |  sltiu AT, TMP2, LJ_TISNUM
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  selnez TMP0, TISNUM, AT
+  |  seleqz AT, TMP2, AT
+  |  or TMP2, TMP0, AT
+  |.else
+  |  movn TMP2, TISNUM, AT
+  |.endif
+  |  dsll TMP2, TMP2, 3
+  |   dsubu TMP0, DISPATCH, TMP2
+  |  b <2
+  |.  ld TAB:RB, DISPATCH_GL(gcroot[GCROOT_BASEMT])-8(TMP0)
+  |
+  |.ffunc_2 setmetatable
+  |  // Fast path: no mt for table yet and not clearing the mt.
+  |  checktp TMP1, CARG1, -LJ_TTAB, ->fff_fallback
+  |  gettp TMP3, CARG2
+  |   ld TAB:TMP0, TAB:TMP1->metatable
+  |   lbu TMP2, TAB:TMP1->marked
+  |  daddiu AT, TMP3, -LJ_TTAB
+  |   cleartp TAB:CARG2
+  |  or AT, AT, TAB:TMP0
+  |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  andi AT, TMP2, LJ_GC_BLACK        // isblack(table)
+  |  beqz AT, ->fff_restv
+  |.  sd TAB:CARG2, TAB:TMP1->metatable
+  |  barrierback TAB:TMP1, TMP2, TMP0, ->fff_restv
+  |
+  |.ffunc rawget
+  |  ld CARG2, 0(BASE)
+  |  sltiu AT, NARGS8:RC, 16
+  |  load_got lj_tab_get
+  |  gettp TMP0, CARG2
+  |   cleartp CARG2
+  |  daddiu TMP0, TMP0, -LJ_TTAB
+  |  or AT, AT, TMP0
+  |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  daddiu CARG3, BASE, 8
+  |  call_intern lj_tab_get     // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, cTValue *key)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |.  ld CARG1, 0(CRET1)
+  |
+  |//-- Base library: conversions ------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc tonumber
+  |  // Only handles the number case inline (without a base argument).
+  |  ld CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |  xori AT, NARGS8:RC, 8              // Exactly one number argument.
+  |  gettp TMP1, CARG1
+  |  sltu TMP0, TISNUM, TMP1
+  |  or AT, AT, TMP0
+  |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  nop
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |.  nop
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 tostring
+  |  // Only handles the string or number case inline.
+  |  gettp TMP0, CARG1
+  |  daddiu AT, TMP0, -LJ_TSTR
+  |  // A __tostring method in the string base metatable is ignored.
+  |  beqz AT, ->fff_restv       // String key?
+  |  // Handle numbers inline, unless a number base metatable is present.
+  |.  ld TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(gcroot[GCROOT_BASEMT_NUM])(DISPATCH)
+  |  sltu TMP0, TISNUM, TMP0
+  |  or TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
+  |  bnez TMP0, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  sd BASE, L->base                  // Add frame since C call can throw.
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  sd PC, SAVE_PC                     // Redundant (but a defined value).
+  |  ffgccheck
+  |.else
+  |  ffgccheck
+  |.  sd PC, SAVE_PC                    // Redundant (but a defined value).
+  |.endif
+  |  load_got lj_strfmt_number
+  |  move CARG1, L
+  |  call_intern lj_strfmt_number       // (lua_State *L, cTValue *o)
+  |.  move CARG2, BASE
+  |  // Returns GCstr *.
+  |  li AT, LJ_TSTR
+  |  settp CRET1, AT
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |.  move CARG1, CRET1
+  |
+  |//-- Base library: iterators -------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 next
+  |  checktp CARG1, -LJ_TTAB, ->fff_fallback
+  |  daddu TMP2, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+  |  sd TISNIL, 0(TMP2)                 // Set missing 2nd arg to nil.
+  |  load_got lj_tab_next
+  |  ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+  |  daddiu CARG2, BASE, 8
+  |  call_intern lj_tab_next            // (GCtab *t, cTValue *key, TValue *o)
+  |.  daddiu CARG3, BASE, -16
+  |  // Returns 1=found, 0=end, -1=error.
+  |   daddiu RA, BASE, -16
+  |  bgtz CRET1, ->fff_res              // Found key/value.
+  |.  li RD, (2+1)*8
+  |  beqz CRET1, ->fff_restv            // End of traversal: return nil.
+  |.  move CARG1, TISNIL
+  |   ld CFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+  |   cleartp CFUNC:RB
+  |  b ->fff_fallback                   // Invalid key.
+  |.  li RC, 2*8
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 pairs
+  |  checktp TAB:TMP1, CARG1, -LJ_TTAB, ->fff_fallback
+  |  ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+#if LJ_52
+  |  ld TAB:TMP2, TAB:TMP1->metatable
+  |  ld TMP0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
+  |  bnez TAB:TMP2, ->fff_fallback
+#else
+  |  ld TMP0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
+#endif
+  |.  daddiu RA, BASE, -16
+  |  sd TISNIL, 0(BASE)
+  |   sd CARG1, -8(BASE)
+  |    sd TMP0, 0(RA)
+  |  b ->fff_res
+  |.  li RD, (3+1)*8
+  |
+  |.ffunc_2 ipairs_aux
+  |  checktab CARG1, ->fff_fallback
+  |   checkint CARG2, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  lw TMP0, TAB:CARG1->asize
+  |   ld TMP1, TAB:CARG1->array
+  |    ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+  |  sextw TMP2, CARG2
+  |  addiu TMP2, TMP2, 1
+  |  sltu AT, TMP2, TMP0
+  |    daddiu RA, BASE, -16
+  |   zextw TMP0, TMP2
+  |   settp TMP0, TISNUM
+  |  beqz AT, >2                        // Not in array part?
+  |.  sd TMP0, 0(RA)
+  |  dsll TMP3, TMP2, 3
+  |  daddu TMP3, TMP1, TMP3
+  |  ld TMP1, 0(TMP3)
+  |1:
+  |  beq TMP1, TISNIL, ->fff_res        // End of iteration, return 0 results.
+  |.  li RD, (0+1)*8
+  |  sd TMP1, -8(BASE)
+  |  b ->fff_res
+  |.  li RD, (2+1)*8
+  |2:  // Check for empty hash part first. Otherwise call C function.
+  |  lw TMP0, TAB:CARG1->hmask
+  |  load_got lj_tab_getinth
+  |  beqz TMP0, ->fff_res
+  |.  li RD, (0+1)*8
+  |  call_intern lj_tab_getinth         // (GCtab *t, int32_t key)
+  |.  move CARG2, TMP2
+  |  // Returns cTValue * or NULL.
+  |  beqz CRET1, ->fff_res
+  |.  li RD, (0+1)*8
+  |  b <1
+  |.  ld TMP1, 0(CRET1)
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 ipairs
+  |  checktp TAB:TMP1, CARG1, -LJ_TTAB, ->fff_fallback
+  |  ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+#if LJ_52
+  |  ld TAB:TMP2, TAB:TMP1->metatable
+  |  ld CFUNC:TMP0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
+  |  bnez TAB:TMP2, ->fff_fallback
+#else
+  |  ld TMP0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
+#endif
+  |  daddiu RA, BASE, -16
+  |  dsll AT, TISNUM, 47
+  |  sd CARG1, -8(BASE)
+  |   sd AT, 0(BASE)
+  |    sd CFUNC:TMP0, 0(RA)
+  |  b ->fff_res
+  |.  li RD, (3+1)*8
+  |
+  |//-- Base library: catch errors ----------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc pcall
+  |  daddiu NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, -8
+  |  lbu TMP3, DISPATCH_GL(hookmask)(DISPATCH)
+  |  bltz NARGS8:RC, ->fff_fallback
+  |.   move TMP2, BASE
+  |   daddiu BASE, BASE, 16
+  |  // Remember active hook before pcall.
+  |  srl TMP3, TMP3, HOOK_ACTIVE_SHIFT
+  |  andi TMP3, TMP3, 1
+  |  daddiu PC, TMP3, 16+FRAME_PCALL
+  |  beqz NARGS8:RC, ->vm_call_dispatch
+  |1:
+  |.  daddu TMP0, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+  |2:
+  |  ld TMP1, -16(TMP0)
+  |  sd TMP1, -8(TMP0)
+  |  daddiu TMP0, TMP0, -8
+  |  bne TMP0, BASE, <2
+  |.  nop
+  |  b ->vm_call_dispatch
+  |.  nop
+  |
+  |.ffunc xpcall
+  |  daddiu NARGS8:TMP0, NARGS8:RC, -16
+  |  ld CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |   ld CARG2, 8(BASE)
+  |    bltz NARGS8:TMP0, ->fff_fallback
+  |.    lbu TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(hookmask)(DISPATCH)
+  |  gettp AT, CARG2
+  |  daddiu AT, AT, -LJ_TFUNC
+  |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback            // Traceback must be a function.
+  |.   move TMP2, BASE
+  |  move NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:TMP0
+  |   daddiu BASE, BASE, 24
+  |  // Remember active hook before pcall.
+  |  srl TMP3, TMP3, HOOK_ACTIVE_SHIFT
+  |   sd CARG2, 0(TMP2)                 // Swap function and traceback.
+  |  andi TMP3, TMP3, 1
+  |   sd CARG1, 8(TMP2)
+  |  beqz NARGS8:RC, ->vm_call_dispatch
+  |.  daddiu PC, TMP3, 24+FRAME_PCALL
+  |  b <1
+  |.  nop
+  |
+  |//-- Coroutine library --------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.macro coroutine_resume_wrap, resume
+  |.if resume
+  |.ffunc_1 coroutine_resume
+  |  checktp CARG1, CARG1, -LJ_TTHREAD, ->fff_fallback
+  |.else
+  |.ffunc coroutine_wrap_aux
+  |  ld L:CARG1, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].gcr
+  |  cleartp L:CARG1
+  |.endif
+  |  lbu TMP0, L:CARG1->status
+  |   ld TMP1, L:CARG1->cframe
+  |    ld CARG2, L:CARG1->top
+  |    ld TMP2, L:CARG1->base
+  |  addiu AT, TMP0, -LUA_YIELD
+  |    daddu CARG3, CARG2, TMP0
+  |   daddiu TMP3, CARG2, 8
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  seleqz CARG2, CARG2, AT
+  |  selnez TMP3, TMP3, AT
+  |  bgtz AT, ->fff_fallback            // st > LUA_YIELD?
+  |.  or CARG2, TMP3, CARG2
+  |.else
+  |  bgtz AT, ->fff_fallback            // st > LUA_YIELD?
+  |.  movn CARG2, TMP3, AT
+  |.endif
+  |   xor TMP2, TMP2, CARG3
+  |  bnez TMP1, ->fff_fallback          // cframe != 0?
+  |.  or AT, TMP2, TMP0
+  |  ld TMP0, L:CARG1->maxstack
+  |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback            // base == top && st == 0?
+  |.  ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+  |  daddu TMP2, CARG2, NARGS8:RC
+  |  sltu AT, TMP0, TMP2
+  |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback            // Stack overflow?
+  |.  sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |1:
+  |.if resume
+  |  daddiu BASE, BASE, 8               // Keep resumed thread in stack for GC.
+  |  daddiu NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, -8
+  |  daddiu TMP2, TMP2, -8
+  |.endif
+  |  sd TMP2, L:CARG1->top
+  |  daddu TMP1, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+  |  move CARG3, CARG2
+  |  sd BASE, L->top
+  |2:  // Move args to coroutine.
+  |   ld CRET1, 0(BASE)
+  |  sltu AT, BASE, TMP1
+  |  beqz AT, >3
+  |.  daddiu BASE, BASE, 8
+  |   sd CRET1, 0(CARG3)
+  |  b <2
+  |.  daddiu CARG3, CARG3, 8
+  |3:
+  |  bal ->vm_resume                    // (lua_State *L, TValue *base, 0, 0)
+  |.  move L:RA, L:CARG1
+  |  // Returns thread status.
+  |4:
+  |  ld TMP2, L:RA->base
+  |   sltiu AT, CRET1, LUA_YIELD+1
+  |  ld TMP3, L:RA->top
+  |    li_vmstate INTERP
+  |  ld BASE, L->base
+  |    sd L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
+  |    st_vmstate
+  |   beqz AT, >8
+  |. dsubu RD, TMP3, TMP2
+  |   ld TMP0, L->maxstack
+  |  beqz RD, >6                        // No results?
+  |.  daddu TMP1, BASE, RD
+  |  sltu AT, TMP0, TMP1
+  |  bnez AT, >9                        // Need to grow stack?
+  |.  daddu TMP3, TMP2, RD
+  |  sd TMP2, L:RA->top                 // Clear coroutine stack.
+  |  move TMP1, BASE
+  |5:  // Move results from coroutine.
+  |   ld CRET1, 0(TMP2)
+  |  daddiu TMP2, TMP2, 8
+  |  sltu AT, TMP2, TMP3
+  |   sd CRET1, 0(TMP1)
+  |  bnez AT, <5
+  |.  daddiu TMP1, TMP1, 8
+  |6:
+  |  andi TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
+  |.if resume
+  |  mov_true TMP1
+  |   daddiu RA, BASE, -8
+  |  sd TMP1, -8(BASE)                  // Prepend true to results.
+  |  daddiu RD, RD, 16
+  |.else
+  |  move RA, BASE
+  |  daddiu RD, RD, 8
+  |.endif
+  |7:
+  |  sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  beqz TMP0, ->BC_RET_Z
+  |.  move MULTRES, RD
+  |  b ->vm_return
+  |.  nop
+  |
+  |8:  // Coroutine returned with error (at co->top-1).
+  |.if resume
+  |  daddiu TMP3, TMP3, -8
+  |   mov_false TMP1
+  |  ld CRET1, 0(TMP3)
+  |   sd TMP3, L:RA->top                // Remove error from coroutine stack.
+  |    li RD, (2+1)*8
+  |   sd TMP1, -8(BASE)                 // Prepend false to results.
+  |    daddiu RA, BASE, -8
+  |  sd CRET1, 0(BASE)                  // Copy error message.
+  |  b <7
+  |.  andi TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
+  |.else
+  |  load_got lj_ffh_coroutine_wrap_err
+  |  move CARG2, L:RA
+  |  call_intern lj_ffh_coroutine_wrap_err  // (lua_State *L, lua_State *co)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |9:  // Handle stack expansion on return from yield.
+  |  load_got lj_state_growstack
+  |  srl CARG2, RD, 3
+  |  call_intern lj_state_growstack     // (lua_State *L, int n)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  b <4
+  |.  li CRET1, 0
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |  coroutine_resume_wrap 1            // coroutine.resume
+  |  coroutine_resume_wrap 0            // coroutine.wrap
+  |
+  |.ffunc coroutine_yield
+  |  ld TMP0, L->cframe
+  |   daddu TMP1, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |  andi TMP0, TMP0, CFRAME_RESUME
+  |   sd TMP1, L->top
+  |  beqz TMP0, ->fff_fallback
+  |.   li CRET1, LUA_YIELD
+  |  sd r0, L->cframe
+  |  b ->vm_leave_unw
+  |.   sb CRET1, L->status
+  |
+  |//-- Math library -------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 math_abs
+  |  gettp CARG2, CARG1
+  |  daddiu AT, CARG2, -LJ_TISNUM
+  |  bnez AT, >1
+  |.  sextw TMP1, CARG1
+  |  sra TMP0, TMP1, 31                 // Extract sign.
+  |  xor TMP1, TMP1, TMP0
+  |  dsubu CARG1, TMP1, TMP0
+  |  dsll TMP3, CARG1, 32
+  |  bgez TMP3, ->fff_restv
+  |.  settp CARG1, TISNUM
+  |  li CARG1, 0x41e0                   // 2^31 as a double.
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |.  dsll CARG1, CARG1, 48
+  |1:
+  |  sltiu AT, CARG2, LJ_TISNUM
+  |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  dextm CARG1, CARG1, 0, 30
+  |// fallthrough
+  |
+  |->fff_restv:
+  |  // CARG1 = TValue result.
+  |  ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+  |  daddiu RA, BASE, -16
+  |   sd CARG1, -16(BASE)
+  |->fff_res1:
+  |  // RA = results, PC = return.
+  |  li RD, (1+1)*8
+  |->fff_res:
+  |  // RA = results, RD = (nresults+1)*8, PC = return.
+  |  andi TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
+  |  bnez TMP0, ->vm_return
+  |.  move MULTRES, RD
+  |  lw INS, -4(PC)
+  |  decode_RB8a RB, INS
+  |  decode_RB8b RB
+  |5:
+  |  sltu AT, RD, RB
+  |  bnez AT, >6                        // More results expected?
+  |.  decode_RA8a TMP0, INS
+  |  decode_RA8b TMP0
+  |  ins_next1
+  |  // Adjust BASE. KBASE is assumed to be set for the calling frame.
+  |   dsubu BASE, RA, TMP0
+  |  ins_next2
+  |
+  |6:  // Fill up results with nil.
+  |  daddu TMP1, RA, RD
+  |   daddiu RD, RD, 8
+  |  b <5
+  |.  sd TISNIL, -8(TMP1)
+  |
+  |.macro math_extern, func
+  |  .ffunc_n math_ .. func
+  |  load_got func
+  |  call_extern
+  |.  nop
+  |  b ->fff_resn
+  |.  nop
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro math_extern2, func
+  |  .ffunc_nn math_ .. func
+  |.  load_got func
+  |  call_extern
+  |.  nop
+  |  b ->fff_resn
+  |.  nop
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |// TODO: Return integer type if result is integer (own sf implementation).
+  |.macro math_round, func
+  |->ff_math_ .. func:
+  |  ld CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |  beqz NARGS8:RC, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  gettp TMP0, CARG1
+  |  beq TMP0, TISNUM, ->fff_restv
+  |.  sltu AT, TMP0, TISNUM
+  |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.if FPU
+  |.  ldc1 FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |  bal ->vm_ .. func
+  |.  nop
+  |.else
+  |.  load_got func
+  |  call_extern
+  |.  nop
+  |.endif
+  |  b ->fff_resn
+  |.  nop
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |  math_round floor
+  |  math_round ceil
+  |
+  |.ffunc math_log
+  |  li AT, 8
+  |  bne NARGS8:RC, AT, ->fff_fallback  // Exactly 1 argument.
+  |.  ld CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |  checknum CARG1, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  load_got log
+  |.if FPU
+  |  call_extern
+  |.  ldc1 FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |  call_extern
+  |.  nop
+  |.endif
+  |  b ->fff_resn
+  |.  nop
+  |
+  |  math_extern log10
+  |  math_extern exp
+  |  math_extern sin
+  |  math_extern cos
+  |  math_extern tan
+  |  math_extern asin
+  |  math_extern acos
+  |  math_extern atan
+  |  math_extern sinh
+  |  math_extern cosh
+  |  math_extern tanh
+  |  math_extern2 pow
+  |  math_extern2 atan2
+  |  math_extern2 fmod
+  |
+  |.if FPU
+  |.ffunc_n math_sqrt
+  |.  sqrt.d FRET1, FARG1
+  |// fallthrough to ->fff_resn
+  |.else
+  |  math_extern sqrt
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->fff_resn:
+  |  ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+  |  daddiu RA, BASE, -16
+  |  b ->fff_res1
+  |.if FPU
+  |.  sdc1 FRET1, 0(RA)
+  |.else
+  |.  sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |
+  |.ffunc_2 math_ldexp
+  |  checknum CARG1, ->fff_fallback
+  |  checkint CARG2, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  load_got ldexp
+  |  .FPU ldc1 FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |  call_extern
+  |.  lw CARG2, 8+LO(BASE)
+  |  b ->fff_resn
+  |.  nop
+  |
+  |.ffunc_n math_frexp
+  |  load_got frexp
+  |   ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+  |  call_extern
+  |.  daddiu CARG2, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)
+  |   lw TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)(DISPATCH)
+  |  daddiu RA, BASE, -16
+  |.if FPU
+  |   mtc1 TMP1, FARG2
+  |  sdc1 FRET1, 0(RA)
+  |   cvt.d.w FARG2, FARG2
+  |   sdc1 FARG2, 8(RA)
+  |.else
+  |  sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+  |  zextw TMP1, TMP1
+  |  settp TMP1, TISNUM
+  |  sd TMP1, 8(RA)
+  |.endif
+  |  b ->fff_res
+  |.  li RD, (2+1)*8
+  |
+  |.ffunc_n math_modf
+  |  load_got modf
+  |   ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+  |  call_extern
+  |.  daddiu CARG2, BASE, -16
+  |  daddiu RA, BASE, -16
+  |.if FPU
+  |  sdc1 FRET1, -8(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |  sd CRET1, -8(BASE)
+  |.endif
+  |  b ->fff_res
+  |.  li RD, (2+1)*8
+  |
+  |.macro math_minmax, name, intins, intinsc, fpins
+  |  .ffunc_1 name
+  |  daddu TMP3, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+  |  checkint CARG1, >5
+  |.  daddiu TMP2, BASE, 8
+  |1:  // Handle integers.
+  |  beq TMP2, TMP3, ->fff_restv
+  |.  ld CARG2, 0(TMP2)
+  |  checkint CARG2, >3
+  |.  sextw CARG1, CARG1
+  |  lw CARG2, LO(TMP2)
+  |.  slt AT, CARG1, CARG2
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  intins TMP1, CARG2, AT
+  |  intinsc CARG1, CARG1, AT
+  |  or CARG1, CARG1, TMP1
+  |.else
+  |  intins CARG1, CARG2, AT
+  |.endif
+  |  daddiu TMP2, TMP2, 8
+  |  zextw CARG1, CARG1
+  |  b <1
+  |.  settp CARG1, TISNUM
+  |
+  |3:  // Convert intermediate result to number and continue with number loop.
+  |  checknum CARG2, ->fff_fallback
+  |.if FPU
+  |.  mtc1 CARG1, FRET1
+  |  cvt.d.w FRET1, FRET1
+  |  b >7
+  |.  ldc1 FARG1, 0(TMP2)
+  |.else
+  |.  nop
+  |  bal ->vm_sfi2d_1
+  |.  nop
+  |  b >7
+  |.  nop
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |5:
+  |  .FPU ldc1 FRET1, 0(BASE)
+  |  checknum CARG1, ->fff_fallback
+  |6:  // Handle numbers.
+  |.  ld CARG2, 0(TMP2)
+  |  beq TMP2, TMP3, ->fff_resn
+  |.if FPU
+  |  ldc1 FARG1, 0(TMP2)
+  |.else
+  |  move CRET1, CARG1
+  |.endif
+  |  checknum CARG2, >8
+  |.  nop
+  |7:
+  |.if FPU
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  fpins FRET1, FRET1, FARG1
+  |.else
+  |.if fpins  // ismax
+  |  c.olt.d FARG1, FRET1
+  |.else
+  |  c.olt.d FRET1, FARG1
+  |.endif
+  |  movf.d FRET1, FARG1
+  |.endif
+  |.else
+  |.if fpins  // ismax
+  |  bal ->vm_sfcmpogt
+  |.else
+  |  bal ->vm_sfcmpolt
+  |.endif
+  |.  nop
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  seleqz AT, CARG2, CRET1
+  |  selnez CARG1, CARG1, CRET1
+  |  or CARG1, CARG1, AT
+  |.else
+  |  movz CARG1, CARG2, CRET1
+  |.endif
+  |.endif
+  |  b <6
+  |.  daddiu TMP2, TMP2, 8
+  |
+  |8:  // Convert integer to number and continue with number loop.
+  |  checkint CARG2, ->fff_fallback
+  |.if FPU
+  |.  lwc1 FARG1, LO(TMP2)
+  |  b <7
+  |.  cvt.d.w FARG1, FARG1
+  |.else
+  |.  lw CARG2, LO(TMP2)
+  |  bal ->vm_sfi2d_2
+  |.  nop
+  |  b <7
+  |.  nop
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  math_minmax math_min, seleqz, selnez, min.d
+  |  math_minmax math_max, selnez, seleqz, max.d
+  |.else
+  |  math_minmax math_min, movz, _, 0
+  |  math_minmax math_max, movn, _, 1
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |//-- String library -----------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc string_byte                   // Only handle the 1-arg case here.
+  |  ld CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |  gettp TMP0, CARG1
+  |  xori AT, NARGS8:RC, 8
+  |  daddiu TMP0, TMP0, -LJ_TSTR
+  |  or AT, AT, TMP0
+  |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback            // Need exactly 1 string argument.
+  |.  cleartp STR:CARG1
+  |  lw TMP0, STR:CARG1->len
+  |    daddiu RA, BASE, -16
+  |    ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+  |  sltu RD, r0, TMP0
+  |   lbu TMP1, STR:CARG1[1]            // Access is always ok (NUL at end).
+  |  addiu RD, RD, 1
+  |  sll RD, RD, 3                      // RD = ((str->len != 0)+1)*8
+  |  settp TMP1, TISNUM
+  |  b ->fff_res
+  |.  sd TMP1, 0(RA)
+  |
+  |.ffunc string_char                   // Only handle the 1-arg case here.
+  |  ffgccheck
+  |.if not MIPSR6
+  |.  nop
+  |.endif
+  |  ld CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |  gettp TMP0, CARG1
+  |  xori AT, NARGS8:RC, 8              // Exactly 1 argument.
+  |  daddiu TMP0, TMP0, -LJ_TISNUM      // Integer.
+  |  li TMP1, 255
+  |   sextw CARG1, CARG1
+  |  or AT, AT, TMP0
+  |   sltu TMP1, TMP1, CARG1            // !(255 < n).
+  |   or AT, AT, TMP1
+  |  bnez AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  li CARG3, 1
+  |  daddiu CARG2, sp, TMPD_OFS
+  |  sb CARG1, TMPD
+  |->fff_newstr:
+  |  load_got lj_str_new
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |   sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  call_intern lj_str_new             // (lua_State *L, char *str, size_t l)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  // Returns GCstr *.
+  |  ld BASE, L->base
+  |->fff_resstr:
+  |  li AT, LJ_TSTR
+  |  settp CRET1, AT
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |.  move CARG1, CRET1
+  |
+  |.ffunc string_sub
+  |  ffgccheck
+  |.if not MIPSR6
+  |.  nop
+  |.endif
+  |  addiu AT, NARGS8:RC, -16
+  |  ld TMP0, 0(BASE)
+  |  bltz AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  gettp TMP3, TMP0
+  |  cleartp STR:CARG1, TMP0
+  |  ld CARG2, 8(BASE)
+  |  beqz AT, >1
+  |.  li CARG4, -1
+  |  ld CARG3, 16(BASE)
+  |  checkint CARG3, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  sextw CARG4, CARG3
+  |1:
+  |  checkint CARG2, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  li AT, LJ_TSTR
+  |  bne TMP3, AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  sextw CARG3, CARG2
+  |  lw CARG2, STR:CARG1->len
+  |  // STR:CARG1 = str, CARG2 = str->len, CARG3 = start, CARG4 = end
+  |  slt AT, CARG4, r0
+  |  addiu TMP0, CARG2, 1
+  |  addu TMP1, CARG4, TMP0
+  |   slt TMP3, CARG3, r0
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  seleqz CARG4, CARG4, AT
+  |  selnez TMP1, TMP1, AT
+  |  or CARG4, TMP1, CARG4              // if (end < 0) end += len+1
+  |.else
+  |  movn CARG4, TMP1, AT               // if (end < 0) end += len+1
+  |.endif
+  |   addu TMP1, CARG3, TMP0
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |   selnez TMP1, TMP1, TMP3
+  |   seleqz CARG3, CARG3, TMP3
+  |   or CARG3, TMP1, CARG3             // if (start < 0) start += len+1
+  |   li TMP2, 1
+  |  slt AT, CARG4, r0
+  |   slt TMP3, r0, CARG3
+  |  seleqz CARG4, CARG4, AT            // if (end < 0) end = 0
+  |   selnez CARG3, CARG3, TMP3
+  |   seleqz TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+  |   or CARG3, TMP2, CARG3             // if (start < 1) start = 1
+  |  slt AT, CARG2, CARG4
+  |  seleqz CARG4, CARG4, AT
+  |  selnez CARG2, CARG2, AT
+  |  or CARG4, CARG2, CARG4             // if (end > len) end = len
+  |.else
+  |   movn CARG3, TMP1, TMP3            // if (start < 0) start += len+1
+  |   li TMP2, 1
+  |  slt AT, CARG4, r0
+  |   slt TMP3, r0, CARG3
+  |  movn CARG4, r0, AT                 // if (end < 0) end = 0
+  |   movz CARG3, TMP2, TMP3            // if (start < 1) start = 1
+  |  slt AT, CARG2, CARG4
+  |  movn CARG4, CARG2, AT              // if (end > len) end = len
+  |.endif
+  |   daddu CARG2, STR:CARG1, CARG3
+  |  subu CARG3, CARG4, CARG3           // len = end - start
+  |   daddiu CARG2, CARG2, sizeof(GCstr)-1
+  |  bgez CARG3, ->fff_newstr
+  |.  addiu CARG3, CARG3, 1             // len++
+  |->fff_emptystr:  // Return empty string.
+  |  li AT, LJ_TSTR
+  |  daddiu STR:CARG1, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(strempty)
+  |  b ->fff_restv
+  |.  settp CARG1, AT
+  |
+  |.macro ffstring_op, name
+  |  .ffunc string_ .. name
+  |  ffgccheck
+  |.  nop
+  |  beqz NARGS8:RC, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  ld CARG2, 0(BASE)
+  |  checkstr STR:CARG2, ->fff_fallback
+  |  daddiu SBUF:CARG1, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf)
+  |  load_got lj_buf_putstr_ .. name
+  |  ld TMP0, SBUF:CARG1->b
+  |   sd L, SBUF:CARG1->L
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |  sd TMP0, SBUF:CARG1->w
+  |  call_intern extern lj_buf_putstr_ .. name
+  |.  sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  load_got lj_buf_tostr
+  |  call_intern lj_buf_tostr
+  |.  move SBUF:CARG1, SBUF:CRET1
+  |  b ->fff_resstr
+  |.  ld BASE, L->base
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |ffstring_op reverse
+  |ffstring_op lower
+  |ffstring_op upper
+  |
+  |//-- Bit library --------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vm_tobit_fb:
+  |  beqz TMP1, ->fff_fallback
+  |.if FPU
+  |.  ldc1 FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |  add.d FARG1, FARG1, TOBIT
+  |  mfc1 CRET1, FARG1
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  zextw CRET1, CRET1
+  |.else
+  |// FP number to bit conversion for soft-float.
+  |->vm_tobit:
+  |  dsll TMP0, CARG1, 1
+  |  li CARG3, 1076
+  |  dsrl AT, TMP0, 53
+  |  dsubu CARG3, CARG3, AT
+  |  sltiu AT, CARG3, 54
+  |  beqz AT, >1
+  |.  dextm TMP0, TMP0, 0, 20
+  |  dinsu TMP0, AT, 21, 21
+  |  slt AT, CARG1, r0
+  |  dsrlv CRET1, TMP0, CARG3
+  |  dsubu TMP0, r0, CRET1
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  selnez TMP0, TMP0, AT
+  |  seleqz CRET1, CRET1, AT
+  |  or CRET1, CRET1, TMP0
+  |.else
+  |  movn CRET1, TMP0, AT
+  |.endif
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  zextw CRET1, CRET1
+  |1:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  move CRET1, r0
+  |
+  |// FP number to int conversion with a check for soft-float.
+  |// Modifies CARG1, CRET1, CRET2, TMP0, AT.
+  |->vm_tointg:
+  |.if JIT
+  |  dsll CRET2, CARG1, 1
+  |  beqz CRET2, >2
+  |.  li TMP0, 1076
+  |  dsrl AT, CRET2, 53
+  |  dsubu TMP0, TMP0, AT
+  |  sltiu AT, TMP0, 54
+  |  beqz AT, >1
+  |.  dextm CRET2, CRET2, 0, 20
+  |  dinsu CRET2, AT, 21, 21
+  |  slt AT, CARG1, r0
+  |  dsrlv CRET1, CRET2, TMP0
+  |  dsubu CARG1, r0, CRET1
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  seleqz CRET1, CRET1, AT
+  |  selnez CARG1, CARG1, AT
+  |  or CRET1, CRET1, CARG1
+  |.else
+  |  movn CRET1, CARG1, AT
+  |.endif
+  |  li CARG1, 64
+  |  subu TMP0, CARG1, TMP0
+  |  dsllv CRET2, CRET2, TMP0   // Integer check.
+  |  sextw AT, CRET1
+  |  xor AT, CRET1, AT          // Range check.
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  seleqz AT, AT, CRET2
+  |  selnez CRET2, CRET2, CRET2
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  or CRET2, AT, CRET2
+  |.else
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  movz CRET2, AT, CRET2
+  |.endif
+  |1:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  li CRET2, 1
+  |2:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  move CRET1, r0
+  |.endif
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_bit, name
+  |  .ffunc_1 bit_..name
+  |  gettp TMP0, CARG1
+  |  beq TMP0, TISNUM, >6
+  |.  zextw CRET1, CARG1
+  |  bal ->vm_tobit_fb
+  |.  sltiu TMP1, TMP0, LJ_TISNUM
+  |6:
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_bit_op, name, bins
+  |  .ffunc_bit name
+  |  daddiu TMP2, BASE, 8
+  |  daddu TMP3, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+  |1:
+  |  beq TMP2, TMP3, ->fff_resi
+  |.  ld CARG1, 0(TMP2)
+  |  gettp TMP0, CARG1
+  |.if FPU
+  |  bne TMP0, TISNUM, >2
+  |.  daddiu TMP2, TMP2, 8
+  |  zextw CARG1, CARG1
+  |  b <1
+  |.  bins CRET1, CRET1, CARG1
+  |2:
+  |   ldc1 FARG1, -8(TMP2)
+  |  sltiu AT, TMP0, LJ_TISNUM
+  |  beqz AT, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  add.d FARG1, FARG1, TOBIT
+  |  mfc1 CARG1, FARG1
+  |  zextw CARG1, CARG1
+  |  b <1
+  |.  bins CRET1, CRET1, CARG1
+  |.else
+  |  beq TMP0, TISNUM, >2
+  |.  move CRET2, CRET1
+  |  bal ->vm_tobit_fb
+  |.  sltiu TMP1, TMP0, LJ_TISNUM
+  |  move CARG1, CRET2
+  |2:
+  |  zextw CARG1, CARG1
+  |  bins CRET1, CRET1, CARG1
+  |  b <1
+  |.  daddiu TMP2, TMP2, 8
+  |.endif
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.ffunc_bit_op band, and
+  |.ffunc_bit_op bor, or
+  |.ffunc_bit_op bxor, xor
+  |
+  |.ffunc_bit bswap
+  |  dsrl TMP0, CRET1, 8
+  |   dsrl TMP1, CRET1, 24
+  |  andi TMP2, TMP0, 0xff00
+  |   dins TMP1, CRET1, 24, 31
+  |  dins TMP2, TMP0, 16, 23
+  |  b ->fff_resi
+  |.  or CRET1, TMP1, TMP2
+  |
+  |.ffunc_bit bnot
+  |  not CRET1, CRET1
+  |  b ->fff_resi
+  |.  zextw CRET1, CRET1
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_bit_sh, name, shins, shmod
+  |  .ffunc_2 bit_..name
+  |  gettp TMP0, CARG1
+  |  beq TMP0, TISNUM, >1
+  |.  nop
+  |  bal ->vm_tobit_fb
+  |.  sltiu TMP1, TMP0, LJ_TISNUM
+  |  move CARG1, CRET1
+  |1:
+  |  gettp TMP0, CARG2
+  |  bne TMP0, TISNUM, ->fff_fallback
+  |.  zextw CARG2, CARG2
+  |  sextw CARG1, CARG1
+  |.if shmod == 1
+  |  negu CARG2, CARG2
+  |.endif
+  |  shins CRET1, CARG1, CARG2
+  |  b ->fff_resi
+  |.  zextw CRET1, CRET1
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.ffunc_bit_sh lshift, sllv, 0
+  |.ffunc_bit_sh rshift, srlv, 0
+  |.ffunc_bit_sh arshift, srav, 0
+  |.ffunc_bit_sh rol, rotrv, 1
+  |.ffunc_bit_sh ror, rotrv, 0
+  |
+  |.ffunc_bit tobit
+  |->fff_resi:
+  |  ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+  |  daddiu RA, BASE, -16
+  |  settp CRET1, TISNUM
+  |  b ->fff_res1
+  |.  sd CRET1, -16(BASE)
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |->fff_fallback:                      // Call fast function fallback handler.
+  |  // BASE = new base, RB = CFUNC, RC = nargs*8
+  |  ld TMP3, CFUNC:RB->f
+  |    daddu TMP1, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+  |   ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)             // Fallback may overwrite PC.
+  |    daddiu TMP0, TMP1, 8*LUA_MINSTACK
+  |     ld TMP2, L->maxstack
+  |   sd PC, SAVE_PC                    // Redundant (but a defined value).
+  |  sltu AT, TMP2, TMP0
+  |     sd BASE, L->base
+  |    sd TMP1, L->top
+  |  bnez AT, >5                        // Need to grow stack.
+  |.  move CFUNCADDR, TMP3
+  |  jalr TMP3                          // (lua_State *L)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  // Either throws an error, or recovers and returns -1, 0 or nresults+1.
+  |  ld BASE, L->base
+  |   sll RD, CRET1, 3
+  |  bgtz CRET1, ->fff_res              // Returned nresults+1?
+  |.  daddiu RA, BASE, -16
+  |1:  // Returned 0 or -1: retry fast path.
+  |   ld LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+  |  ld TMP0, L->top
+  |   cleartp LFUNC:RB
+  |  bnez CRET1, ->vm_call_tail         // Returned -1?
+  |.  dsubu NARGS8:RC, TMP0, BASE
+  |  ins_callt                          // Returned 0: retry fast path.
+  |
+  |// Reconstruct previous base for vmeta_call during tailcall.
+  |->vm_call_tail:
+  |  andi TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
+  |   li AT, -4
+  |  bnez TMP0, >3
+  |.  and TMP1, PC, AT
+  |  lbu TMP1, OFS_RA(PC)
+  |  sll TMP1, TMP1, 3
+  |  addiu TMP1, TMP1, 16
+  |3:
+  |  b ->vm_call_dispatch               // Resolve again for tailcall.
+  |.  dsubu TMP2, BASE, TMP1
+  |
+  |5:  // Grow stack for fallback handler.
+  |  load_got lj_state_growstack
+  |  li CARG2, LUA_MINSTACK
+  |  call_intern lj_state_growstack     // (lua_State *L, int n)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  ld BASE, L->base
+  |  b <1
+  |.  li CRET1, 0                       // Force retry.
+  |
+  |->fff_gcstep:                        // Call GC step function.
+  |  // BASE = new base, RC = nargs*8
+  |  move MULTRES, ra
+  |  load_got lj_gc_step
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |  daddu TMP0, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+  |   sd PC, SAVE_PC                    // Redundant (but a defined value).
+  |  sd TMP0, L->top
+  |  call_intern lj_gc_step             // (lua_State *L)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |   ld BASE, L->base
+  |  move ra, MULTRES
+  |    ld TMP0, L->top
+  |  ld CFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+  |  cleartp CFUNC:RB
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  dsubu NARGS8:RC, TMP0, BASE
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Special dispatch targets -------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vm_record:                         // Dispatch target for recording phase.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  lbu TMP3, DISPATCH_GL(hookmask)(DISPATCH)
+  |  andi AT, TMP3, HOOK_VMEVENT        // No recording while in vmevent.
+  |  bnez AT, >5
+  |  // Decrement the hookcount for consistency, but always do the call.
+  |.  lw TMP2, DISPATCH_GL(hookcount)(DISPATCH)
+  |  andi AT, TMP3, HOOK_ACTIVE
+  |  bnez AT, >1
+  |.  addiu TMP2, TMP2, -1
+  |  andi AT, TMP3, LUA_MASKLINE|LUA_MASKCOUNT
+  |  beqz AT, >1
+  |.  nop
+  |  b >1
+  |.  sw TMP2, DISPATCH_GL(hookcount)(DISPATCH)
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_rethook:                        // Dispatch target for return hooks.
+  |  lbu TMP3, DISPATCH_GL(hookmask)(DISPATCH)
+  |  andi AT, TMP3, HOOK_ACTIVE         // Hook already active?
+  |  beqz AT, >1
+  |5:  // Re-dispatch to static ins.
+  |.  ld AT, GG_DISP2STATIC(TMP0)       // Assumes TMP0 holds DISPATCH+OP*4.
+  |  jr AT
+  |.  nop
+  |
+  |->vm_inshook:                        // Dispatch target for instr/line hooks.
+  |  lbu TMP3, DISPATCH_GL(hookmask)(DISPATCH)
+  |  lw TMP2, DISPATCH_GL(hookcount)(DISPATCH)
+  |  andi AT, TMP3, HOOK_ACTIVE         // Hook already active?
+  |  bnez AT, <5
+  |.  andi AT, TMP3, LUA_MASKLINE|LUA_MASKCOUNT
+  |  beqz AT, <5
+  |.  addiu TMP2, TMP2, -1
+  |  beqz TMP2, >1
+  |.  sw TMP2, DISPATCH_GL(hookcount)(DISPATCH)
+  |  andi AT, TMP3, LUA_MASKLINE
+  |  beqz AT, <5
+  |1:
+  |.  load_got lj_dispatch_ins
+  |   sw MULTRES, SAVE_MULTRES
+  |  move CARG2, PC
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |  // SAVE_PC must hold the _previous_ PC. The callee updates it with PC.
+  |  call_intern lj_dispatch_ins        // (lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |3:
+  |  ld BASE, L->base
+  |4:  // Re-dispatch to static ins.
+  |  lw INS, -4(PC)
+  |  decode_OP8a TMP1, INS
+  |  decode_OP8b TMP1
+  |  daddu TMP0, DISPATCH, TMP1
+  |   decode_RD8a RD, INS
+  |  ld AT, GG_DISP2STATIC(TMP0)
+  |   decode_RA8a RA, INS
+  |   decode_RD8b RD
+  |  jr AT
+  |   decode_RA8b RA
+  |
+  |->cont_hook:                         // Continue from hook yield.
+  |  daddiu PC, PC, 4
+  |  b <4
+  |.  lw MULTRES, -24+LO(RB)            // Restore MULTRES for *M ins.
+  |
+  |->vm_hotloop:                        // Hot loop counter underflow.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  ld LFUNC:TMP1, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+  |   daddiu CARG1, DISPATCH, GG_DISP2J
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:TMP1
+  |   sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  ld TMP1, LFUNC:TMP1->pc
+  |   move CARG2, PC
+  |   sd L, DISPATCH_J(L)(DISPATCH)
+  |  lbu TMP1, PC2PROTO(framesize)(TMP1)
+  |  load_got lj_trace_hot
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |  dsll TMP1, TMP1, 3
+  |  daddu TMP1, BASE, TMP1
+  |  call_intern lj_trace_hot           // (jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc)
+  |.  sd TMP1, L->top
+  |  b <3
+  |.  nop
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |
+  |->vm_callhook:                       // Dispatch target for call hooks.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  b >1
+  |.endif
+  |.  move CARG2, PC
+  |
+  |->vm_hotcall:                        // Hot call counter underflow.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  ori CARG2, PC, 1
+  |1:
+  |.endif
+  |  load_got lj_dispatch_call
+  |  daddu TMP0, BASE, RC
+  |   sd PC, SAVE_PC
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |  dsubu RA, RA, BASE
+  |   sd TMP0, L->top
+  |  call_intern lj_dispatch_call       // (lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  // Returns ASMFunction.
+  |  ld BASE, L->base
+  |   ld TMP0, L->top
+  |   sd r0, SAVE_PC                    // Invalidate for subsequent line hook.
+  |  dsubu NARGS8:RC, TMP0, BASE
+  |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+  |  ld LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+  |  jr CRET1
+  |.  lw INS, -4(PC)
+  |
+  |->cont_stitch:                       // Trace stitching.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  // RA = resultptr, RB = meta base
+  |  lw INS, -4(PC)
+  |    ld TRACE:TMP2, -40(RB)           // Save previous trace.
+  |  decode_RA8a RC, INS
+  |   daddiu AT, MULTRES, -8
+  |    cleartp TRACE:TMP2
+  |  decode_RA8b RC
+  |   beqz AT, >2
+  |. daddu RC, BASE, RC                 // Call base.
+  |1:  // Move results down.
+  |  ld CARG1, 0(RA)
+  |   daddiu AT, AT, -8
+  |    daddiu RA, RA, 8
+  |  sd CARG1, 0(RC)
+  |   bnez AT, <1
+  |.   daddiu RC, RC, 8
+  |2:
+  |   decode_RA8a RA, INS
+  |    decode_RB8a RB, INS
+  |   decode_RA8b RA
+  |    decode_RB8b RB
+  |   daddu RA, RA, RB
+  |   daddu RA, BASE, RA
+  |3:
+  |   sltu AT, RC, RA
+  |   bnez AT, >9                       // More results wanted?
+  |.   nop
+  |
+  |  lhu TMP3, TRACE:TMP2->traceno
+  |  lhu RD, TRACE:TMP2->link
+  |  beq RD, TMP3, ->cont_nop           // Blacklisted.
+  |.  load_got lj_dispatch_stitch
+  |  bnez RD, =>BC_JLOOP                // Jump to stitched trace.
+  |.  sll RD, RD, 3
+  |
+  |  // Stitch a new trace to the previous trace.
+  |  sw TMP3, DISPATCH_J(exitno)(DISPATCH)
+  |  sd L, DISPATCH_J(L)(DISPATCH)
+  |  sd BASE, L->base
+  |  daddiu CARG1, DISPATCH, GG_DISP2J
+  |  call_intern lj_dispatch_stitch     // (jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc)
+  |.  move CARG2, PC
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |.  ld BASE, L->base
+  |
+  |9:
+  |  sd TISNIL, 0(RC)
+  |  b <3
+  |.  daddiu RC, RC, 8
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_profhook:                       // Dispatch target for profiler hook.
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+  |  load_got lj_dispatch_profile
+  |   sw MULTRES, SAVE_MULTRES
+  |  move CARG2, PC
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |  call_intern lj_dispatch_profile    // (lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |  // HOOK_PROFILE is off again, so re-dispatch to dynamic instruction.
+  |  daddiu PC, PC, -4
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |.  ld BASE, L->base
+#endif
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Trace exit handler -------------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.macro savex_, a, b
+  |.if FPU
+  |  sdc1 f..a, a*8(sp)
+  |  sdc1 f..b, b*8(sp)
+  |  sd r..a, 32*8+a*8(sp)
+  |  sd r..b, 32*8+b*8(sp)
+  |.else
+  |  sd r..a, a*8(sp)
+  |  sd r..b, b*8(sp)
+  |.endif
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |->vm_exit_handler:
+  |.if JIT
+  |.if FPU
+  |  daddiu sp, sp, -(32*8+32*8)
+  |.else
+  |  daddiu sp, sp, -(32*8)
+  |.endif
+  |  savex_ 0, 1
+  |  savex_ 2, 3
+  |  savex_ 4, 5
+  |  savex_ 6, 7
+  |  savex_ 8, 9
+  |  savex_ 10, 11
+  |  savex_ 12, 13
+  |  savex_ 14, 15
+  |  savex_ 16, 17
+  |  savex_ 18, 19
+  |  savex_ 20, 21
+  |  savex_ 22, 23
+  |  savex_ 24, 25
+  |  savex_ 26, 27
+  |  savex_ 28, 30
+  |.if FPU
+  |  sdc1 f29, 29*8(sp)
+  |  sdc1 f31, 31*8(sp)
+  |  sd r0, 32*8+31*8(sp)               // Clear RID_TMP.
+  |  daddiu TMP2, sp, 32*8+32*8         // Recompute original value of sp.
+  |  sd TMP2, 32*8+29*8(sp)             // Store sp in RID_SP
+  |.else
+  |  sd r0, 31*8(sp)                    // Clear RID_TMP.
+  |  daddiu TMP2, sp, 32*8              // Recompute original value of sp.
+  |  sd TMP2, 29*8(sp)                  // Store sp in RID_SP
+  |.endif
+  |  li_vmstate EXIT
+  |  daddiu DISPATCH, JGL, -GG_DISP2G-32768
+  |  lw TMP1, 0(TMP2)                   // Load exit number.
+  |  st_vmstate
+  |  ld L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
+  |   ld BASE, DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)(DISPATCH)
+  |  load_got lj_trace_exit
+  |  sd L, DISPATCH_J(L)(DISPATCH)
+  |  sw ra, DISPATCH_J(parent)(DISPATCH)  // Store trace number.
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |  sw TMP1, DISPATCH_J(exitno)(DISPATCH)  // Store exit number.
+  |  daddiu CARG1, DISPATCH, GG_DISP2J
+  |   sd r0, DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)(DISPATCH)
+  |  call_intern lj_trace_exit          // (jit_State *J, ExitState *ex)
+  |.  move CARG2, sp
+  |  // Returns MULTRES (unscaled) or negated error code.
+  |  ld TMP1, L->cframe
+  |  li AT, -4
+  |   ld BASE, L->base
+  |  and sp, TMP1, AT
+  |   ld PC, SAVE_PC                    // Get SAVE_PC.
+  |  b >1
+  |.  sd L, SAVE_L                      // Set SAVE_L (on-trace resume/yield).
+  |.endif
+  |->vm_exit_interp:
+  |.if JIT
+  |  // CRET1 = MULTRES or negated error code, BASE, PC and JGL set.
+  |  ld L, SAVE_L
+  |   daddiu DISPATCH, JGL, -GG_DISP2G-32768
+  |  sd BASE, L->base
+  |1:
+  |  sltiu TMP0, CRET1, -LUA_ERRERR     // Check for error from exit.
+  |  beqz TMP0, >9
+  |.  ld LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+  |    .FPU lui TMP3, 0x59c0            // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
+  |  dsll MULTRES, CRET1, 3
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+  |  sw MULTRES, SAVE_MULTRES
+  |    li TISNIL, LJ_TNIL
+  |     li TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM            // Setup type comparison constants.
+  |    .FPU mtc1 TMP3, TOBIT
+  |  ld TMP1, LFUNC:RB->pc
+  |   sd r0, DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)(DISPATCH)
+  |  ld KBASE, PC2PROTO(k)(TMP1)
+  |    .FPU cvt.d.s TOBIT, TOBIT
+  |  // Modified copy of ins_next which handles function header dispatch, too.
+  |  lw INS, 0(PC)
+  |  addiu CRET1, CRET1, 17             // Static dispatch?
+  |    // Assumes TISNIL == ~LJ_VMST_INTERP == -1
+  |    sw TISNIL, DISPATCH_GL(vmstate)(DISPATCH)
+  |   decode_RD8a RD, INS
+  |  beqz CRET1, >5
+  |.  daddiu PC, PC, 4
+  |  decode_OP8a TMP1, INS
+  |  decode_OP8b TMP1
+  |  daddu TMP0, DISPATCH, TMP1
+  |    sltiu TMP2, TMP1, BC_FUNCF*8
+  |  ld AT, 0(TMP0)
+  |   decode_RA8a RA, INS
+  |    beqz TMP2, >2
+  |.  decode_RA8b RA
+  |  jr AT
+  |.  decode_RD8b RD
+  |2:
+  |  sltiu TMP2, TMP1, (BC_FUNCC+2)*8   // Fast function?
+  |  bnez TMP2, >3
+  |.  ld TMP1, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+  |  // Check frame below fast function.
+  |  andi TMP0, TMP1, FRAME_TYPE
+  |  bnez TMP0, >3                      // Trace stitching continuation?
+  |.  nop
+  |  // Otherwise set KBASE for Lua function below fast function.
+  |  lw TMP2, -4(TMP1)
+  |  decode_RA8a TMP0, TMP2
+  |  decode_RA8b TMP0
+  |  dsubu TMP1, BASE, TMP0
+  |  ld LFUNC:TMP2, -32(TMP1)
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:TMP2
+  |  ld TMP1, LFUNC:TMP2->pc
+  |  ld KBASE, PC2PROTO(k)(TMP1)
+  |3:
+  |  daddiu RC, MULTRES, -8
+  |  jr AT
+  |.  daddu RA, RA, BASE
+  |
+  |5:  // Dispatch to static entry of original ins replaced by BC_JLOOP.
+  |  ld TMP0, DISPATCH_J(trace)(DISPATCH)
+  |  decode_RD8b RD
+  |  daddu TMP0, TMP0, RD
+  |  ld TRACE:TMP2, 0(TMP0)
+  |  lw INS, TRACE:TMP2->startins
+  |  decode_OP8a TMP1, INS
+  |  decode_OP8b TMP1
+  |  daddu TMP0, DISPATCH, TMP1
+  |   decode_RD8a RD, INS
+  |  ld AT, GG_DISP2STATIC(TMP0)
+  |   decode_RA8a RA, INS
+  |   decode_RD8b RD
+  |  jr AT
+  |.  decode_RA8b RA
+  |
+  |9:  // Rethrow error from the right C frame.
+  |  load_got lj_err_trace
+  |  sub CARG2, r0, CRET1
+  |  call_intern lj_err_trace           // (lua_State *L, int errcode)
+  |.  move CARG1, L
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Math helper functions ----------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |// Hard-float round to integer.
+  |// Modifies AT, TMP0, FRET1, FRET2, f4. Keeps all others incl. FARG1.
+  |// MIPSR6: Modifies FTMP1, too.
+  |.macro vm_round_hf, func
+  |  lui TMP0, 0x4330                   // Hiword of 2^52 (double).
+  |  dsll TMP0, TMP0, 32
+  |  dmtc1 TMP0, f4
+  |  abs.d FRET2, FARG1                 // |x|
+  |    dmfc1 AT, FARG1
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  cmp.lt.d FTMP1, FRET2, f4
+  |   add.d FRET1, FRET2, f4            // (|x| + 2^52) - 2^52
+  |  bc1eqz FTMP1, >1                   // Truncate only if |x| < 2^52.
+  |.else
+  |  c.olt.d 0, FRET2, f4
+  |   add.d FRET1, FRET2, f4            // (|x| + 2^52) - 2^52
+  |  bc1f 0, >1                         // Truncate only if |x| < 2^52.
+  |.endif
+  |.  sub.d FRET1, FRET1, f4
+  |    slt AT, AT, r0
+  |.if "func" == "ceil"
+  |   lui TMP0, 0xbff0                  // Hiword of -1 (double). Preserves -0.
+  |.else
+  |   lui TMP0, 0x3ff0                  // Hiword of +1 (double).
+  |.endif
+  |.if "func" == "trunc"
+  |   dsll TMP0, TMP0, 32
+  |   dmtc1 TMP0, f4
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  cmp.lt.d FTMP1, FRET2, FRET1       // |x| < result?
+  |   sub.d FRET2, FRET1, f4
+  |  sel.d  FTMP1, FRET1, FRET2         // If yes, subtract +1.
+  |  dmtc1 AT, FRET1
+  |  neg.d FRET2, FTMP1
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  sel.d FRET1, FTMP1, FRET2         // Merge sign bit back in.
+  |.else
+  |  c.olt.d 0, FRET2, FRET1            // |x| < result?
+  |   sub.d FRET2, FRET1, f4
+  |  movt.d FRET1, FRET2, 0             // If yes, subtract +1.
+  |  neg.d FRET2, FRET1
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  movn.d FRET1, FRET2, AT           // Merge sign bit back in.
+  |.endif
+  |.else
+  |  neg.d FRET2, FRET1
+  |   dsll TMP0, TMP0, 32
+  |   dmtc1 TMP0, f4
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  dmtc1 AT, FTMP1
+  |  sel.d FTMP1, FRET1, FRET2
+  |.if "func" == "ceil"
+  |  cmp.lt.d FRET1, FTMP1, FARG1       // x > result?
+  |.else
+  |  cmp.lt.d FRET1, FARG1, FTMP1       // x < result?
+  |.endif
+  |   sub.d FRET2, FTMP1, f4            // If yes, subtract +-1.
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  sel.d FRET1, FTMP1, FRET2
+  |.else
+  |  movn.d FRET1, FRET2, AT            // Merge sign bit back in.
+  |.if "func" == "ceil"
+  |  c.olt.d 0, FRET1, FARG1            // x > result?
+  |.else
+  |  c.olt.d 0, FARG1, FRET1            // x < result?
+  |.endif
+  |   sub.d FRET2, FRET1, f4            // If yes, subtract +-1.
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  movt.d FRET1, FRET2, 0
+  |.endif
+  |.endif
+  |1:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  mov.d FRET1, FARG1
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro vm_round, func
+  |.if FPU
+  |  vm_round_hf, func
+  |.endif
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |->vm_floor:
+  |  vm_round floor
+  |->vm_ceil:
+  |  vm_round ceil
+  |->vm_trunc:
+  |.if JIT
+  |  vm_round trunc
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |// Soft-float integer to number conversion.
+  |.macro sfi2d, ARG
+  |.if not FPU
+  |  beqz ARG, >9                       // Handle zero first.
+  |.  sra TMP0, ARG, 31
+  |  xor TMP1, ARG, TMP0
+  |  dsubu TMP1, TMP1, TMP0             // Absolute value in TMP1.
+  |  dclz ARG, TMP1
+  |  addiu ARG, ARG, -11
+  |  li AT, 0x3ff+63-11-1
+  |   dsllv TMP1, TMP1, ARG             // Align mantissa left with leading 1.
+  |  subu ARG, AT, ARG                  // Exponent - 1.
+  |  ins ARG, TMP0, 11, 11              // Sign | Exponent.
+  |  dsll ARG, ARG, 52                  // Align left.
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  daddu ARG, ARG, TMP1              // Add mantissa, increment exponent.
+  |9:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  nop
+  |.endif
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |// Input CARG1. Output: CARG1. Temporaries: AT, TMP0, TMP1.
+  |->vm_sfi2d_1:
+  |  sfi2d CARG1
+  |
+  |// Input CARG2. Output: CARG2. Temporaries: AT, TMP0, TMP1.
+  |->vm_sfi2d_2:
+  |  sfi2d CARG2
+  |
+  |// Soft-float comparison. Equivalent to c.eq.d.
+  |// Input: CARG*. Output: CRET1. Temporaries: AT, TMP0, TMP1.
+  |->vm_sfcmpeq:
+  |.if not FPU
+  |  dsll AT, CARG1, 1
+  |  dsll TMP0, CARG2, 1
+  |  or TMP1, AT, TMP0
+  |  beqz TMP1, >8                      // Both args +-0: return 1.
+  |.  lui TMP1, 0xffe0
+  |  dsll TMP1, TMP1, 32
+  |   sltu AT, TMP1, AT
+  |   sltu TMP0, TMP1, TMP0
+  |  or TMP1, AT, TMP0
+  |  bnez TMP1, >9                      // Either arg is NaN: return 0;
+  |.  xor AT, CARG1, CARG2
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  sltiu CRET1, AT, 1                // Same values: return 1.
+  |8:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  li CRET1, 1
+  |9:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  li CRET1, 0
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |// Soft-float comparison. Equivalent to c.ult.d and c.olt.d.
+  |// Input: CARG1, CARG2. Output: CRET1. Temporaries: AT, TMP0, TMP1, CRET2.
+  |->vm_sfcmpult:
+  |.if not FPU
+  |  b >1
+  |.  li CRET2, 1
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_sfcmpolt:
+  |.if not FPU
+  |  li CRET2, 0
+  |1:
+  |  dsll AT, CARG1, 1
+  |  dsll TMP0, CARG2, 1
+  |  or TMP1, AT, TMP0
+  |  beqz TMP1, >8                      // Both args +-0: return 0.
+  |.  lui TMP1, 0xffe0
+  |  dsll TMP1, TMP1, 32
+  |   sltu AT, TMP1, AT
+  |   sltu TMP0, TMP1, TMP0
+  |  or TMP1, AT, TMP0
+  |  bnez TMP1, >9                      // Either arg is NaN: return 0 or 1;
+  |.  and AT, CARG1, CARG2
+  |  bltz AT, >5                        // Both args negative?
+  |.  nop
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  slt CRET1, CARG1, CARG2
+  |5:  // Swap conditions if both operands are negative.
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  slt CRET1, CARG2, CARG1
+  |8:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  li CRET1, 0
+  |9:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  move CRET1, CRET2
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_sfcmpogt:
+  |.if not FPU
+  |  dsll AT, CARG2, 1
+  |  dsll TMP0, CARG1, 1
+  |  or TMP1, AT, TMP0
+  |  beqz TMP1, >8                      // Both args +-0: return 0.
+  |.  lui TMP1, 0xffe0
+  |  dsll TMP1, TMP1, 32
+  |   sltu AT, TMP1, AT
+  |   sltu TMP0, TMP1, TMP0
+  |  or TMP1, AT, TMP0
+  |  bnez TMP1, >9                      // Either arg is NaN: return 0 or 1;
+  |.  and AT, CARG2, CARG1
+  |  bltz AT, >5                        // Both args negative?
+  |.  nop
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  slt CRET1, CARG2, CARG1
+  |5:  // Swap conditions if both operands are negative.
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  slt CRET1, CARG1, CARG2
+  |8:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  li CRET1, 0
+  |9:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  li CRET1, 0
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |// Soft-float comparison. Equivalent to c.ole.d a, b or c.ole.d b, a.
+  |// Input: CARG1, CARG2, TMP3. Output: CRET1. Temporaries: AT, TMP0, TMP1.
+  |->vm_sfcmpolex:
+  |.if not FPU
+  |  dsll AT, CARG1, 1
+  |  dsll TMP0, CARG2, 1
+  |  or TMP1, AT, TMP0
+  |  beqz TMP1, >8                      // Both args +-0: return 1.
+  |.  lui TMP1, 0xffe0
+  |  dsll TMP1, TMP1, 32
+  |   sltu AT, TMP1, AT
+  |   sltu TMP0, TMP1, TMP0
+  |  or TMP1, AT, TMP0
+  |  bnez TMP1, >9                      // Either arg is NaN: return 0;
+  |.  and AT, CARG1, CARG2
+  |  xor AT, AT, TMP3
+  |  bltz AT, >5                        // Both args negative?
+  |.  nop
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  slt CRET1, CARG2, CARG1
+  |5:  // Swap conditions if both operands are negative.
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  slt CRET1, CARG1, CARG2
+  |8:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  li CRET1, 1
+  |9:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  li CRET1, 0
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |.macro sfmin_max, name, fpcall
+  |->vm_sf .. name:
+  |.if JIT and not FPU
+  |  move TMP2, ra
+  |  bal ->fpcall
+  |.  nop
+  |  move ra, TMP2
+  |  move TMP0, CRET1
+  |  move CRET1, CARG1
+  |.if MIPSR6
+  |  selnez CRET1, CRET1, TMP0
+  |  seleqz TMP0, CARG2, TMP0
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  or CRET1, CRET1, TMP0
+  |.else
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  movz CRET1, CARG2, TMP0
+  |.endif
+  |.endif
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |  sfmin_max min, vm_sfcmpolt
+  |  sfmin_max max, vm_sfcmpogt
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Miscellaneous functions --------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.define NEXT_TAB,            TAB:CARG1
+  |.define NEXT_IDX,            CARG2
+  |.define NEXT_ASIZE,          CARG3
+  |.define NEXT_NIL,            CARG4
+  |.define NEXT_TMP0,           r12
+  |.define NEXT_TMP1,           r13
+  |.define NEXT_TMP2,           r14
+  |.define NEXT_RES_VK,         CRET1
+  |.define NEXT_RES_IDX,        CRET2
+  |.define NEXT_RES_PTR,        sp
+  |.define NEXT_RES_VAL,        0(sp)
+  |.define NEXT_RES_KEY,        8(sp)
+  |
+  |// TValue *lj_vm_next(GCtab *t, uint32_t idx)
+  |// Next idx returned in CRET2.
+  |->vm_next:
+  |.if JIT and ENDIAN_LE
+  |   lw NEXT_ASIZE, NEXT_TAB->asize
+  |  ld NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_TAB->array
+  |    li NEXT_NIL, LJ_TNIL
+  |1:  // Traverse array part.
+  |   sltu AT, NEXT_IDX, NEXT_ASIZE
+  |    sll NEXT_TMP1, NEXT_IDX, 3
+  |   beqz AT, >5
+  |.   daddu NEXT_TMP1, NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_TMP1
+  |   li AT, LJ_TISNUM
+  |  ld NEXT_TMP2, 0(NEXT_TMP1)
+  |   dsll AT, AT, 47
+  |   or NEXT_TMP1, NEXT_IDX, AT
+  |  beq NEXT_TMP2, NEXT_NIL, <1
+  |.  addiu NEXT_IDX, NEXT_IDX, 1
+  |  sd NEXT_TMP2, NEXT_RES_VAL
+  |   sd NEXT_TMP1, NEXT_RES_KEY
+  |  move NEXT_RES_VK, NEXT_RES_PTR
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  move NEXT_RES_IDX, NEXT_IDX
+  |
+  |5:  // Traverse hash part.
+  |  subu NEXT_RES_IDX, NEXT_IDX, NEXT_ASIZE
+  |   ld NODE:NEXT_RES_VK, NEXT_TAB->node
+  |    sll NEXT_TMP2, NEXT_RES_IDX, 5
+  |  lw NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_TAB->hmask
+  |    sll AT, NEXT_RES_IDX, 3
+  |    subu AT, NEXT_TMP2, AT
+  |   daddu NODE:NEXT_RES_VK, NODE:NEXT_RES_VK, AT
+  |6:
+  |  sltu AT, NEXT_TMP0, NEXT_RES_IDX
+  |  bnez AT, >8
+  |.  nop
+  |  ld NEXT_TMP2, NODE:NEXT_RES_VK->val
+  |  bne NEXT_TMP2, NEXT_NIL, >9
+  |.  addiu NEXT_RES_IDX, NEXT_RES_IDX, 1
+  |  // Skip holes in hash part.
+  |  b <6
+  |.  daddiu NODE:NEXT_RES_VK, NODE:NEXT_RES_VK, sizeof(Node)
+  |
+  |8:  // End of iteration. Set the key to nil (not the value).
+  |  sd NEXT_NIL, NEXT_RES_KEY
+  |  move NEXT_RES_VK, NEXT_RES_PTR
+  |9:
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  addu NEXT_RES_IDX, NEXT_RES_IDX, NEXT_ASIZE
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- FFI helper functions -----------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |// Handler for callback functions. Callback slot number in r1, g in r2.
+  |->vm_ffi_callback:
+  |.if FFI
+  |.type CTSTATE, CTState, PC
+  |  saveregs
+  |  ld CTSTATE, GL:r2->ctype_state
+  |   daddiu DISPATCH, r2, GG_G2DISP
+  |  load_got lj_ccallback_enter
+  |  sw r1, CTSTATE->cb.slot
+  |  sd CARG1, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[0]
+  |  .FPU sdc1 FARG1, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[0]
+  |  sd CARG2, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[1]
+  |  .FPU sdc1 FARG2, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[1]
+  |  sd CARG3, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[2]
+  |  .FPU sdc1 FARG3, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[2]
+  |  sd CARG4, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[3]
+  |  .FPU sdc1 FARG4, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[3]
+  |  sd CARG5, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[4]
+  |  .FPU sdc1 FARG5, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[4]
+  |  sd CARG6, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[5]
+  |  .FPU sdc1 FARG6, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[5]
+  |  sd CARG7, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[6]
+  |  .FPU sdc1 FARG7, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[6]
+  |  sd CARG8, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[7]
+  |  .FPU sdc1 FARG8, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[7]
+  |  daddiu TMP0, sp, CFRAME_SPACE
+  |  sd TMP0, CTSTATE->cb.stack
+  |  sd r0, SAVE_PC                     // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
+  |   move CARG2, sp
+  |  call_intern lj_ccallback_enter     // (CTState *cts, void *cf)
+  |.  move CARG1, CTSTATE
+  |  // Returns lua_State *.
+  |  ld BASE, L:CRET1->base
+  |  ld RC, L:CRET1->top
+  |   move L, CRET1
+  |     .FPU lui TMP3, 0x59c0           // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
+  |  ld LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+  |     .FPU mtc1 TMP3, TOBIT
+  |      li TISNIL, LJ_TNIL
+  |       li TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM
+  |    li_vmstate INTERP
+  |  subu RC, RC, BASE
+  |   cleartp LFUNC:RB
+  |    st_vmstate
+  |     .FPU cvt.d.s TOBIT, TOBIT
+  |  ins_callt
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->cont_ffi_callback:                 // Return from FFI callback.
+  |.if FFI
+  |  load_got lj_ccallback_leave
+  |  ld CTSTATE, DISPATCH_GL(ctype_state)(DISPATCH)
+  |   sd BASE, L->base
+  |   sd RB, L->top
+  |  sd L, CTSTATE->L
+  |  move CARG2, RA
+  |  call_intern lj_ccallback_leave     // (CTState *cts, TValue *o)
+  |.  move CARG1, CTSTATE
+  |  .FPU ldc1 FRET1, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[0]
+  |  ld CRET1, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[0]
+  |  .FPU ldc1 FRET2, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[1]
+  |  b ->vm_leave_unw
+  |.  ld CRET2, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[1]
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_ffi_call:                       // Call C function via FFI.
+  |  // Caveat: needs special frame unwinding, see below.
+  |.if FFI
+  |  .type CCSTATE, CCallState, CARG1
+  |  lw TMP1, CCSTATE->spadj
+  |   lbu CARG2, CCSTATE->nsp
+  |  move TMP2, sp
+  |  dsubu sp, sp, TMP1
+  |  sd ra, -8(TMP2)
+  |   sll CARG2, CARG2, 3
+  |  sd r16, -16(TMP2)
+  |  sd CCSTATE, -24(TMP2)
+  |  move r16, TMP2
+  |  daddiu TMP1, CCSTATE, offsetof(CCallState, stack)
+  |  move TMP2, sp
+  |  beqz CARG2, >2
+  |.  daddu TMP3, TMP1, CARG2
+  |1:
+  |   ld TMP0, 0(TMP1)
+  |  daddiu TMP1, TMP1, 8
+  |  sltu AT, TMP1, TMP3
+  |   sd TMP0, 0(TMP2)
+  |  bnez AT, <1
+  |.  daddiu TMP2, TMP2, 8
+  |2:
+  |  ld CFUNCADDR, CCSTATE->func
+  |  .FPU ldc1 FARG1, CCSTATE->gpr[0]
+  |  ld CARG2, CCSTATE->gpr[1]
+  |  .FPU ldc1 FARG2, CCSTATE->gpr[1]
+  |  ld CARG3, CCSTATE->gpr[2]
+  |  .FPU ldc1 FARG3, CCSTATE->gpr[2]
+  |  ld CARG4, CCSTATE->gpr[3]
+  |  .FPU ldc1 FARG4, CCSTATE->gpr[3]
+  |  ld CARG5, CCSTATE->gpr[4]
+  |  .FPU ldc1 FARG5, CCSTATE->gpr[4]
+  |  ld CARG6, CCSTATE->gpr[5]
+  |  .FPU ldc1 FARG6, CCSTATE->gpr[5]
+  |  ld CARG7, CCSTATE->gpr[6]
+  |  .FPU ldc1 FARG7, CCSTATE->gpr[6]
+  |  ld CARG8, CCSTATE->gpr[7]
+  |  .FPU ldc1 FARG8, CCSTATE->gpr[7]
+  |  jalr CFUNCADDR
+  |.  ld CARG1, CCSTATE->gpr[0]         // Do this last, since CCSTATE is CARG1.
+  |  ld CCSTATE:TMP1, -24(r16)
+  |  ld TMP2, -16(r16)
+  |  ld ra, -8(r16)
+  |  sd CRET1, CCSTATE:TMP1->gpr[0]
+  |  sd CRET2, CCSTATE:TMP1->gpr[1]
+  |.if FPU
+  |  sdc1 FRET1, CCSTATE:TMP1->fpr[0]
+  |  sdc1 FRET2, CCSTATE:TMP1->fpr[1]
+  |.else
+  |  sd CARG1, CCSTATE:TMP1->gpr[2]     // 2nd FP struct field for soft-float.
+  |.endif
+  |  move sp, r16
+  |  jr ra
+  |.  move r16, TMP2
+  |.endif
+  |// Note: vm_ffi_call must be the last function in this object file!
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+}
+
+/* Generate the code for a single instruction. */
+static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
+{
+  int vk = 0;
+  |=>defop:
+
+  switch (op) {
+
+  /* -- Comparison ops ---------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  /* Remember: all ops branch for a true comparison, fall through otherwise. */
+
+  case BC_ISLT: case BC_ISGE: case BC_ISLE: case BC_ISGT:
+    |  // RA = src1*8, RD = src2*8, JMP with RD = target
+    |.macro bc_comp, FRA, FRD, ARGRA, ARGRD, movop, fmovop, fcomp, sfcomp
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |   daddu RD, BASE, RD
+    |  ld ARGRA, 0(RA)
+    |   ld ARGRD, 0(RD)
+    |    lhu TMP2, OFS_RD(PC)
+    |  gettp CARG3, ARGRA
+    |   gettp CARG4, ARGRD
+    |  bne CARG3, TISNUM, >2
+    |.   daddiu PC, PC, 4
+    |  bne CARG4, TISNUM, >5
+    |.   decode_RD4b TMP2
+    |  sextw ARGRA, ARGRA
+    |   sextw ARGRD, ARGRD
+    |    lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+    |  slt AT, CARG1, CARG2
+    |    addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+    |.if MIPSR6
+    |  movop TMP2, TMP2, AT
+    |.else
+    |  movop TMP2, r0, AT
+    |.endif
+    |1:
+    |  daddu PC, PC, TMP2
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |2:  // RA is not an integer.
+    |  sltiu AT, CARG3, LJ_TISNUM
+    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_comp
+    |.   lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+    |  sltiu AT, CARG4, LJ_TISNUM
+    |  beqz AT, >4
+    |.   decode_RD4b TMP2
+    |.if FPU
+    |  ldc1 FRA, 0(RA)
+    |   ldc1 FRD, 0(RD)
+    |.endif
+    |3:  // RA and RD are both numbers.
+    |.if FPU
+    |.if MIPSR6
+    |  fcomp FTMP0, FTMP0, FTMP2
+    |   addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+    |  mfc1 TMP3, FTMP0
+    |  b <1
+    |.  fmovop TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+    |.else
+    |  fcomp FTMP0, FTMP2
+    |   addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+    |  b <1
+    |.  fmovop TMP2, r0
+    |.endif
+    |.else
+    |  bal sfcomp
+    |.   addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+    |  b <1
+    |.if MIPSR6
+    |.  movop TMP2, TMP2, CRET1
+    |.else
+    |.  movop TMP2, r0, CRET1
+    |.endif
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |4:  // RA is a number, RD is not a number.
+    |  bne CARG4, TISNUM, ->vmeta_comp
+    |  // RA is a number, RD is an integer. Convert RD to a number.
+    |.if FPU
+    |.  lwc1 FRD, LO(RD)
+    |  ldc1 FRA, 0(RA)
+    |  b <3
+    |.  cvt.d.w FRD, FRD
+    |.else
+    |.if "ARGRD" == "CARG1"
+    |.  sextw CARG1, CARG1
+    |  bal ->vm_sfi2d_1
+    |.  nop
+    |.else
+    |.  sextw CARG2, CARG2
+    |  bal ->vm_sfi2d_2
+    |.  nop
+    |.endif
+    |  b <3
+    |.  nop
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |5:  // RA is an integer, RD is not an integer
+    |  sltiu AT, CARG4, LJ_TISNUM
+    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_comp
+    |.  lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+    |  // RA is an integer, RD is a number. Convert RA to a number.
+    |.if FPU
+    |   lwc1 FRA, LO(RA)
+    |   ldc1 FRD, 0(RD)
+    |  b <3
+    |   cvt.d.w FRA, FRA
+    |.else
+    |.if "ARGRA" == "CARG1"
+    |  bal ->vm_sfi2d_1
+    |.  sextw CARG1, CARG1
+    |.else
+    |  bal ->vm_sfi2d_2
+    |.  sextw CARG2, CARG2
+    |.endif
+    |  b <3
+    |.  nop
+    |.endif
+    |.endmacro
+    |
+    |.if MIPSR6
+    if (op == BC_ISLT) {
+      |  bc_comp FTMP0, FTMP2, CARG1, CARG2, selnez, selnez, cmp.lt.d, ->vm_sfcmpolt
+    } else if (op == BC_ISGE) {
+      |  bc_comp FTMP0, FTMP2, CARG1, CARG2, seleqz, seleqz, cmp.lt.d, ->vm_sfcmpolt
+    } else if (op == BC_ISLE) {
+      |  bc_comp FTMP2, FTMP0, CARG2, CARG1, seleqz, seleqz, cmp.ult.d, ->vm_sfcmpult
+    } else {
+      |  bc_comp FTMP2, FTMP0, CARG2, CARG1, selnez, selnez, cmp.ult.d, ->vm_sfcmpult
+    }
+    |.else
+    if (op == BC_ISLT) {
+      |  bc_comp FTMP0, FTMP2, CARG1, CARG2, movz, movf, c.olt.d, ->vm_sfcmpolt
+    } else if (op == BC_ISGE) {
+      |  bc_comp FTMP0, FTMP2, CARG1, CARG2, movn, movt, c.olt.d, ->vm_sfcmpolt
+    } else if (op == BC_ISLE) {
+      |  bc_comp FTMP2, FTMP0, CARG2, CARG1, movn, movt, c.ult.d, ->vm_sfcmpult
+    } else {
+      |  bc_comp FTMP2, FTMP0, CARG2, CARG1, movz, movf, c.ult.d, ->vm_sfcmpult
+    }
+    |.endif
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ISEQV: case BC_ISNEV:
+    vk = op == BC_ISEQV;
+    |  // RA = src1*8, RD = src2*8, JMP with RD = target
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |    daddiu PC, PC, 4
+    |   daddu RD, BASE, RD
+    |  ld CARG1, 0(RA)
+    |    lhu TMP2, -4+OFS_RD(PC)
+    |   ld CARG2, 0(RD)
+    |  gettp CARG3, CARG1
+    |   gettp CARG4, CARG2
+    |  sltu AT, TISNUM, CARG3
+    |   sltu TMP1, TISNUM, CARG4
+    |  or AT, AT, TMP1
+    if (vk) {
+      |  beqz AT, ->BC_ISEQN_Z
+    } else {
+      |  beqz AT, ->BC_ISNEN_Z
+    }
+    |  // Either or both types are not numbers.
+    |    lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+    |.if FFI
+    |.  li AT, LJ_TCDATA
+    |  beq CARG3, AT, ->vmeta_equal_cd
+    |.endif
+    |   decode_RD4b TMP2
+    |.if FFI
+    |  beq CARG4, AT, ->vmeta_equal_cd
+    |.  nop
+    |.endif
+    |  bne CARG1, CARG2, >2
+    |.  addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+    |  // Tag and value are equal.
+    if (vk) {
+      |->BC_ISEQV_Z:
+      |  daddu PC, PC, TMP2
+    }
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |2:  // Check if the tags are the same and it's a table or userdata.
+    |  xor AT, CARG3, CARG4                     // Same type?
+    |  sltiu TMP0, CARG3, LJ_TISTABUD+1         // Table or userdata?
+    |.if MIPSR6
+    |  seleqz TMP0, TMP0, AT
+    |.else
+    |  movn TMP0, r0, AT
+    |.endif
+    if (vk) {
+      |  beqz TMP0, <1
+    } else {
+      |  beqz TMP0, ->BC_ISEQV_Z  // Reuse code from opposite instruction.
+    }
+    |  // Different tables or userdatas. Need to check __eq metamethod.
+    |  // Field metatable must be at same offset for GCtab and GCudata!
+    |.  cleartp TAB:TMP1, CARG1
+    |  ld TAB:TMP3, TAB:TMP1->metatable
+    if (vk) {
+      |  beqz TAB:TMP3, <1              // No metatable?
+      |.  nop
+      |  lbu TMP3, TAB:TMP3->nomm
+      |  andi TMP3, TMP3, 1<<MM_eq
+      |  bnez TMP3, >1                  // Or 'no __eq' flag set?
+    } else {
+      |  beqz TAB:TMP3,->BC_ISEQV_Z     // No metatable?
+      |.  nop
+      |  lbu TMP3, TAB:TMP3->nomm
+      |  andi TMP3, TMP3, 1<<MM_eq
+      |  bnez TMP3, ->BC_ISEQV_Z        // Or 'no __eq' flag set?
+    }
+    |.  nop
+    |  b ->vmeta_equal                  // Handle __eq metamethod.
+    |.  li TMP0, 1-vk                   // ne = 0 or 1.
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ISEQS: case BC_ISNES:
+    vk = op == BC_ISEQS;
+    |  // RA = src*8, RD = str_const*8 (~), JMP with RD = target
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |   daddiu PC, PC, 4
+    |  ld CARG1, 0(RA)
+    |   dsubu RD, KBASE, RD
+    |    lhu TMP2, -4+OFS_RD(PC)
+    |   ld CARG2, -8(RD)                // KBASE-8-str_const*8
+    |.if FFI
+    |  gettp TMP0, CARG1
+    |  li AT, LJ_TCDATA
+    |.endif
+    |  li TMP1, LJ_TSTR
+    |   decode_RD4b TMP2
+    |.if FFI
+    |  beq TMP0, AT, ->vmeta_equal_cd
+    |.endif
+    |.  settp CARG2, TMP1
+    |   lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+    |  xor TMP1, CARG1, CARG2
+    |   addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+    |.if MIPSR6
+    if (vk) {
+      |  seleqz TMP2, TMP2, TMP1
+    } else {
+      |  selnez TMP2, TMP2, TMP1
+    }
+    |.else
+    if (vk) {
+      |  movn TMP2, r0, TMP1
+    } else {
+      |  movz TMP2, r0, TMP1
+    }
+    |.endif
+    |  daddu PC, PC, TMP2
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ISEQN: case BC_ISNEN:
+    vk = op == BC_ISEQN;
+    |  // RA = src*8, RD = num_const*8, JMP with RD = target
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |   daddu RD, KBASE, RD
+    |  ld CARG1, 0(RA)
+    |   ld CARG2, 0(RD)
+    |    lhu TMP2, OFS_RD(PC)
+    |  gettp CARG3, CARG1
+    |   gettp CARG4, CARG2
+    |    daddiu PC, PC, 4
+    |    lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+    if (vk) {
+      |->BC_ISEQN_Z:
+    } else {
+      |->BC_ISNEN_Z:
+    }
+    |  bne CARG3, TISNUM, >3
+    |.   decode_RD4b TMP2
+    |  bne CARG4, TISNUM, >6
+    |.   addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+    |  xor AT, CARG1, CARG2
+    |.if MIPSR6
+    if (vk) {
+      | seleqz TMP2, TMP2, AT
+      |1:
+      |  daddu PC, PC, TMP2
+      |2:
+    } else {
+      |  selnez TMP2, TMP2, AT
+      |1:
+      |2:
+      |  daddu PC, PC, TMP2
+    }
+    |.else
+    if (vk) {
+      | movn TMP2, r0, AT
+      |1:
+      |  daddu PC, PC, TMP2
+      |2:
+    } else {
+      |  movz TMP2, r0, AT
+      |1:
+      |2:
+      |  daddu PC, PC, TMP2
+    }
+    |.endif
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |3:  // RA is not an integer.
+    |  sltu AT, CARG3, TISNUM
+    |.if FFI
+    |  beqz AT, >8
+    |.else
+    |  beqz AT, <2
+    |.endif
+    |.   addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+    |  sltu AT, CARG4, TISNUM
+    |.if FPU
+    |  ldc1 FTMP0, 0(RA)
+    |   ldc1 FTMP2, 0(RD)
+    |.endif
+    |  beqz AT, >5
+    |.  nop
+    |4:  // RA and RD are both numbers.
+    |.if FPU
+    |.if MIPSR6
+    |  cmp.eq.d FTMP0, FTMP0, FTMP2
+    |  dmfc1 TMP1, FTMP0
+    |  b <1
+    if (vk) {
+      |.  selnez TMP2, TMP2, TMP1
+    } else {
+      |.  seleqz TMP2, TMP2, TMP1
+    }
+    |.else
+    |  c.eq.d FTMP0, FTMP2
+    |  b <1
+    if (vk) {
+      |.  movf TMP2, r0
+    } else {
+      |.  movt TMP2, r0
+    }
+    |.endif
+    |.else
+    |  bal ->vm_sfcmpeq
+    |.  nop
+    |  b <1
+    |.if MIPSR6
+    if (vk) {
+      |.  selnez TMP2, TMP2, CRET1
+    } else {
+      |.  seleqz TMP2, TMP2, CRET1
+    }
+    |.else
+    if (vk) {
+      |.  movz TMP2, r0, CRET1
+    } else {
+      |.  movn TMP2, r0, CRET1
+    }
+    |.endif
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |5:  // RA is a number, RD is not a number.
+    |.if FFI
+    |  bne CARG4, TISNUM, >9
+    |.else
+    |  bne CARG4, TISNUM, <2
+    |.endif
+    |  // RA is a number, RD is an integer. Convert RD to a number.
+    |.if FPU
+    |.  lwc1 FTMP2, LO(RD)
+    |  b <4
+    |.  cvt.d.w FTMP2, FTMP2
+    |.else
+    |.  sextw CARG2, CARG2
+    |  bal ->vm_sfi2d_2
+    |.  nop
+    |  b <4
+    |.  nop
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |6:  // RA is an integer, RD is not an integer
+    |  sltu AT, CARG4, TISNUM
+    |.if FFI
+    |  beqz AT, >9
+    |.else
+    |  beqz AT, <2
+    |.endif
+    |  // RA is an integer, RD is a number. Convert RA to a number.
+    |.if FPU
+    |.  lwc1 FTMP0, LO(RA)
+    |   ldc1 FTMP2, 0(RD)
+    |  b <4
+    |   cvt.d.w FTMP0, FTMP0
+    |.else
+    |.  sextw CARG1, CARG1
+    |  bal ->vm_sfi2d_1
+    |.  nop
+    |  b <4
+    |.  nop
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |.if FFI
+    |8:
+    |  li AT, LJ_TCDATA
+    |  bne CARG3, AT, <2
+    |.  nop
+    |  b ->vmeta_equal_cd
+    |.  nop
+    |9:
+    |  li AT, LJ_TCDATA
+    |  bne CARG4, AT, <2
+    |.  nop
+    |  b ->vmeta_equal_cd
+    |.  nop
+    |.endif
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ISEQP: case BC_ISNEP:
+    vk = op == BC_ISEQP;
+    |  // RA = src*8, RD = primitive_type*8 (~), JMP with RD = target
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |   srl TMP1, RD, 3
+    |  ld TMP0, 0(RA)
+    |    lhu TMP2, OFS_RD(PC)
+    |   not TMP1, TMP1
+    |  gettp TMP0, TMP0
+    |    daddiu PC, PC, 4
+    |.if FFI
+    |  li AT, LJ_TCDATA
+    |  beq TMP0, AT, ->vmeta_equal_cd
+    |.endif
+    |.  xor TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
+    |  decode_RD4b TMP2
+    |  lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+    |  addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+    |.if MIPSR6
+    if (vk) {
+      |  seleqz TMP2, TMP2, TMP0
+    } else {
+      |  selnez TMP2, TMP2, TMP0
+    }
+    |.else
+    if (vk) {
+      |  movn TMP2, r0, TMP0
+    } else {
+      |  movz TMP2, r0, TMP0
+    }
+    |.endif
+    |  daddu PC, PC, TMP2
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Unary test and copy ops ------------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_ISTC: case BC_ISFC: case BC_IST: case BC_ISF:
+    |  // RA = dst*8 or unused, RD = src*8, JMP with RD = target
+    |  daddu RD, BASE, RD
+    |   lhu TMP2, OFS_RD(PC)
+    |  ld TMP0, 0(RD)
+    |   daddiu PC, PC, 4
+    |  gettp TMP0, TMP0
+    |  sltiu TMP0, TMP0, LJ_TISTRUECOND
+    if (op == BC_IST || op == BC_ISF) {
+      |   decode_RD4b TMP2
+      |   lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+      |   addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+      |.if MIPSR6
+      if (op == BC_IST) {
+        |  selnez TMP2, TMP2, TMP0;
+      } else {
+        |  seleqz TMP2, TMP2, TMP0;
+      }
+      |.else
+      if (op == BC_IST) {
+        |  movz TMP2, r0, TMP0
+      } else {
+        |  movn TMP2, r0, TMP0
+      }
+      |.endif
+      |  daddu PC, PC, TMP2
+    } else {
+      |  ld CRET1, 0(RD)
+      if (op == BC_ISTC) {
+        |  beqz TMP0, >1
+      } else {
+        |  bnez TMP0, >1
+      }
+      |.  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+      |   decode_RD4b TMP2
+      |   lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+      |   addu TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
+      |  sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+      |   daddu PC, PC, TMP2
+      |1:
+    }
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ISTYPE:
+    |  // RA = src*8, RD = -type*8
+    |  daddu TMP2, BASE, RA
+    |  srl TMP1, RD, 3
+    |  ld TMP0, 0(TMP2)
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  gettp TMP0, TMP0
+    |  daddu AT, TMP0, TMP1
+    |  bnez AT, ->vmeta_istype
+    |.  ins_next2
+    break;
+  case BC_ISNUM:
+    |  // RA = src*8, RD = -(TISNUM-1)*8
+    |  daddu TMP2, BASE, RA
+    |  ld TMP0, 0(TMP2)
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  checknum TMP0, ->vmeta_istype
+    |.  ins_next2
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Unary ops --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_MOV:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = src*8
+    |  daddu RD, BASE, RD
+    |   daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  ld CRET1, 0(RD)
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
+  case BC_NOT:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = src*8
+    |  daddu RD, BASE, RD
+    |   daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  ld TMP0, 0(RD)
+    |   li AT, LJ_TTRUE
+    |  gettp TMP0, TMP0
+    |  sltu TMP0, AT, TMP0
+    |  addiu TMP0, TMP0, 1
+    |  dsll TMP0, TMP0, 47
+    |  not TMP0, TMP0
+    |  ins_next1
+    |   sd TMP0, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
+  case BC_UNM:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = src*8
+    |  daddu RB, BASE, RD
+    |  ld CARG1, 0(RB)
+    |    daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  gettp CARG3, CARG1
+    |  bne CARG3, TISNUM, >2
+    |.  lui TMP1, 0x8000
+    |  sextw CARG1, CARG1
+    |  beq CARG1, TMP1, ->vmeta_unm     // Meta handler deals with -2^31.
+    |.  negu CARG1, CARG1
+    |  zextw CARG1, CARG1
+    |  settp CARG1, TISNUM
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next1
+    |   sd CARG1, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    |2:
+    |  sltiu AT, CARG3, LJ_TISNUM
+    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_unm
+    |.  dsll TMP1, TMP1, 32
+    |  b <1
+    |.  xor CARG1, CARG1, TMP1
+    break;
+  case BC_LEN:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = src*8
+    |  daddu CARG2, BASE, RD
+    |   daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  ld TMP0, 0(CARG2)
+    |  gettp TMP1, TMP0
+    |  daddiu AT, TMP1, -LJ_TSTR
+    |  bnez AT, >2
+    |.  cleartp STR:CARG1, TMP0
+    |   lw CRET1, STR:CARG1->len
+    |1:
+    |  settp CRET1, TISNUM
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    |2:
+    |  daddiu AT, TMP1, -LJ_TTAB
+    |  bnez AT, ->vmeta_len
+    |.  nop
+#if LJ_52
+    |  ld TAB:TMP2, TAB:CARG1->metatable
+    |  bnez TAB:TMP2, >9
+    |.  nop
+    |3:
+#endif
+    |->BC_LEN_Z:
+    |  load_got lj_tab_len
+    |  call_intern lj_tab_len           // (GCtab *t)
+    |.  nop
+    |  // Returns uint32_t (but less than 2^31).
+    |  b <1
+    |.  nop
+#if LJ_52
+    |9:
+    |  lbu TMP0, TAB:TMP2->nomm
+    |  andi TMP0, TMP0, 1<<MM_len
+    |  bnez TMP0, <3                    // 'no __len' flag set: done.
+    |.  nop
+    |  b ->vmeta_len
+    |.  nop
+#endif
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Binary ops -------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+    |.macro fpmod, a, b, c
+    |  bal ->vm_floor           // floor(b/c)
+    |.  div.d FARG1, b, c
+    |  mul.d a, FRET1, c
+    |  sub.d a, b, a            // b - floor(b/c)*c
+    |.endmacro
+
+    |.macro sfpmod
+    |  daddiu sp, sp, -16
+    |
+    |  load_got __divdf3
+    |  sd CARG1, 0(sp)
+    |  call_extern
+    |.  sd CARG2, 8(sp)
+    |
+    |  load_got floor
+    |  call_extern
+    |.  move CARG1, CRET1
+    |
+    |  load_got __muldf3
+    |  move CARG1, CRET1
+    |  call_extern
+    |.  ld CARG2, 8(sp)
+    |
+    |  load_got __subdf3
+    |  ld CARG1, 0(sp)
+    |  call_extern
+    |.  move CARG2, CRET1
+    |
+    |  daddiu sp, sp, 16
+    |.endmacro
+
+    |.macro ins_arithpre, label
+    ||vk = ((int)op - BC_ADDVN) / (BC_ADDNV-BC_ADDVN);
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RB = src1*8, RC = src2*8 | num_const*8
+    ||switch (vk) {
+    ||case 0:
+    |   decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |   decode_RB8b RB
+    |    decode_RDtoRC8 RC, RD
+    |   // RA = dst*8, RB = src1*8, RC = num_const*8
+    |   daddu RB, BASE, RB
+    |.if "label" ~= "none"
+    |   b label
+    |.endif
+    |.   daddu RC, KBASE, RC
+    ||  break;
+    ||case 1:
+    |   decode_RB8a RC, INS
+    |   decode_RB8b RC
+    |    decode_RDtoRC8 RB, RD
+    |   // RA = dst*8, RB = num_const*8, RC = src1*8
+    |   daddu RC, BASE, RC
+    |.if "label" ~= "none"
+    |   b label
+    |.endif
+    |.   daddu RB, KBASE, RB
+    ||  break;
+    ||default:
+    |   decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |   decode_RB8b RB
+    |    decode_RDtoRC8 RC, RD
+    |   // RA = dst*8, RB = src1*8, RC = src2*8
+    |   daddu RB, BASE, RB
+    |.if "label" ~= "none"
+    |   b label
+    |.endif
+    |.   daddu RC, BASE, RC
+    ||  break;
+    ||}
+    |.endmacro
+    |
+    |.macro ins_arith, intins, fpins, fpcall, label
+    |  ins_arithpre none
+    |
+    |.if "label" ~= "none"
+    |label:
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |// Used in 5.
+    |  ld CARG1, 0(RB)
+    |   ld CARG2, 0(RC)
+    |  gettp TMP0, CARG1
+    |   gettp TMP1, CARG2
+    |
+    |.if "intins" ~= "div"
+    |
+    |  // Check for two integers.
+    |  sextw CARG3, CARG1
+    |  bne TMP0, TISNUM, >5
+    |.  sextw CARG4, CARG2
+    |  bne TMP1, TISNUM, >5
+    |
+    |.if "intins" == "addu"
+    |.  intins CRET1, CARG3, CARG4
+    |  xor TMP1, CRET1, CARG3           // ((y^a) & (y^b)) < 0: overflow.
+    |  xor TMP2, CRET1, CARG4
+    |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP2
+    |  bltz TMP1, ->vmeta_arith
+    |.  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |.elif "intins" == "subu"
+    |.  intins CRET1, CARG3, CARG4
+    |  xor TMP1, CRET1, CARG3           // ((y^a) & (a^b)) < 0: overflow.
+    |  xor TMP2, CARG3, CARG4
+    |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP2
+    |  bltz TMP1, ->vmeta_arith
+    |.  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |.elif "intins" == "mult"
+    |.if MIPSR6
+    |.  nop
+    |  mul CRET1, CARG3, CARG4
+    |  muh TMP2, CARG3, CARG4
+    |.else
+    |.  intins CARG3, CARG4
+    |  mflo CRET1
+    |  mfhi TMP2
+    |.endif
+    |  sra TMP1, CRET1, 31
+    |  bne TMP1, TMP2, ->vmeta_arith
+    |.  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |.else
+    |.  load_got lj_vm_modi
+    |  beqz CARG4, ->vmeta_arith
+    |.  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  move CARG1, CARG3
+    |  call_extern
+    |.  move CARG2, CARG4
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |  zextw CRET1, CRET1
+    |  settp CRET1, TISNUM
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |3:
+    |  ins_next2
+    |
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |5:  // Check for two numbers.
+    |  .FPU ldc1 FTMP0, 0(RB)
+    |  sltu AT, TMP0, TISNUM
+    |   sltu TMP0, TMP1, TISNUM
+    |  .FPU ldc1 FTMP2, 0(RC)
+    |   and AT, AT, TMP0
+    |   beqz AT, ->vmeta_arith
+    |.   daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |
+    |.if FPU
+    |  fpins FRET1, FTMP0, FTMP2
+    |.elif "fpcall" == "sfpmod"
+    |  sfpmod
+    |.else
+    |  load_got fpcall
+    |  call_extern
+    |.  nop
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |  ins_next1
+    |.if "intins" ~= "div"
+    |  b <3
+    |.endif
+    |.if FPU
+    |.  sdc1 FRET1, 0(RA)
+    |.else
+    |.  sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |.endif
+    |.if "intins" == "div"
+    |  ins_next2
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |.endmacro
+
+  case BC_ADDVN: case BC_ADDNV: case BC_ADDVV:
+    |  ins_arith addu, add.d, __adddf3, none
+    break;
+  case BC_SUBVN: case BC_SUBNV: case BC_SUBVV:
+    |  ins_arith subu, sub.d, __subdf3, none
+    break;
+  case BC_MULVN: case BC_MULNV: case BC_MULVV:
+    |  ins_arith mult, mul.d, __muldf3, none
+    break;
+  case BC_DIVVN:
+    |  ins_arith div, div.d, __divdf3, ->BC_DIVVN_Z
+    break;
+  case BC_DIVNV: case BC_DIVVV:
+    |  ins_arithpre ->BC_DIVVN_Z
+    break;
+  case BC_MODVN:
+    |  ins_arith modi, fpmod, sfpmod, ->BC_MODVN_Z
+    break;
+  case BC_MODNV: case BC_MODVV:
+    |  ins_arithpre ->BC_MODVN_Z
+    break;
+  case BC_POW:
+    |  ins_arithpre none
+    |  ld CARG1, 0(RB)
+    |   ld CARG2, 0(RC)
+    |  gettp TMP0, CARG1
+    |   gettp TMP1, CARG2
+    |  sltiu TMP0, TMP0, LJ_TISNUM
+    |   sltiu TMP1, TMP1, LJ_TISNUM
+    |  and AT, TMP0, TMP1
+    |  load_got pow
+    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_arith
+    |.  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |.if FPU
+    |  ldc1 FARG1, 0(RB)
+    |  ldc1 FARG2, 0(RC)
+    |.endif
+    |  call_extern
+    |.  nop
+    |  ins_next1
+    |.if FPU
+    |  sdc1 FRET1, 0(RA)
+    |.else
+    |  sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |.endif
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
+
+  case BC_CAT:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RB = src_start*8, RC = src_end*8
+    |  decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |  decode_RB8b RB
+    |   decode_RDtoRC8 RC, RD
+    |  dsubu CARG3, RC, RB
+    |   sd BASE, L->base
+    |  daddu CARG2, BASE, RC
+    |  move MULTRES, RB
+    |->BC_CAT_Z:
+    |  load_got lj_meta_cat
+    |  srl CARG3, CARG3, 3
+    |   sd PC, SAVE_PC
+    |  call_intern lj_meta_cat          // (lua_State *L, TValue *top, int left)
+    |.  move CARG1, L
+    |  // Returns NULL (finished) or TValue * (metamethod).
+    |  bnez CRET1, ->vmeta_binop
+    |.  ld BASE, L->base
+    |  daddu RB, BASE, MULTRES
+    |  ld CRET1, 0(RB)
+    |   daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Constant ops ------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+  case BC_KSTR:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = str_const*8 (~)
+    |  dsubu TMP1, KBASE, RD
+    |  ins_next1
+    |   li TMP2, LJ_TSTR
+    |  ld TMP0, -8(TMP1)                // KBASE-8-str_const*8
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |   settp TMP0, TMP2
+    |  sd TMP0, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
+  case BC_KCDATA:
+    |.if FFI
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = cdata_const*8 (~)
+    |  dsubu TMP1, KBASE, RD
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  ld TMP0, -8(TMP1)                // KBASE-8-cdata_const*8
+    |   li TMP2, LJ_TCDATA
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |   settp TMP0, TMP2
+    |  sd TMP0, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    |.endif
+    break;
+  case BC_KSHORT:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = int16_literal*8
+    |   sra RD, INS, 16
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |   zextw RD, RD
+    |  ins_next1
+    |   settp RD, TISNUM
+    |   sd RD, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
+  case BC_KNUM:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = num_const*8
+    |  daddu RD, KBASE, RD
+    |   daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  ld CRET1, 0(RD)
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
+  case BC_KPRI:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = primitive_type*8 (~)
+    |   daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  dsll TMP0, RD, 44
+    |  not TMP0, TMP0
+    |  ins_next1
+    |   sd TMP0, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
+  case BC_KNIL:
+    |  // RA = base*8, RD = end*8
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  sd TISNIL, 0(RA)
+    |   daddiu RA, RA, 8
+    |  daddu RD, BASE, RD
+    |1:
+    |  sd TISNIL, 0(RA)
+    |  slt AT, RA, RD
+    |  bnez AT, <1
+    |.  daddiu RA, RA, 8
+    |  ins_next_
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Upvalue and function ops ------------------------------------------ */
+
+  case BC_UGET:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = uvnum*8
+    |  ld LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+    |   daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+    |  daddu RD, RD, LFUNC:RB
+    |  ld UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RD->uvptr
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  ld TMP1, UPVAL:RB->v
+    |  ld CRET1, 0(TMP1)
+    |   sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
+  case BC_USETV:
+    |  // RA = uvnum*8, RD = src*8
+    |  ld LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+    |   daddu RD, BASE, RD
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+    |  daddu RA, RA, LFUNC:RB
+    |  ld UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RA->uvptr
+    |   ld CRET1, 0(RD)
+    |  lbu TMP3, UPVAL:RB->marked
+    |   ld CARG2, UPVAL:RB->v
+    |  andi TMP3, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK     // isblack(uv)
+    |  lbu TMP0, UPVAL:RB->closed
+    |   gettp TMP2, CRET1
+    |   sd CRET1, 0(CARG2)
+    |  li AT, LJ_GC_BLACK|1
+    |  or TMP3, TMP3, TMP0
+    |  beq TMP3, AT, >2                 // Upvalue is closed and black?
+    |.  daddiu TMP2, TMP2, -(LJ_TNUMX+1)
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |2:  // Check if new value is collectable.
+    |  sltiu AT, TMP2, LJ_TISGCV - (LJ_TNUMX+1)
+    |  beqz AT, <1                      // tvisgcv(v)
+    |.  cleartp GCOBJ:CRET1, CRET1
+    |  lbu TMP3, GCOBJ:CRET1->gch.marked
+    |  andi TMP3, TMP3, LJ_GC_WHITES    // iswhite(v)
+    |  beqz TMP3, <1
+    |.  load_got lj_gc_barrieruv
+    |  // Crossed a write barrier. Move the barrier forward.
+    |  call_intern lj_gc_barrieruv      // (global_State *g, TValue *tv)
+    |.  daddiu CARG1, DISPATCH, GG_DISP2G
+    |  b <1
+    |.  nop
+    break;
+  case BC_USETS:
+    |  // RA = uvnum*8, RD = str_const*8 (~)
+    |  ld LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+    |   dsubu TMP1, KBASE, RD
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+    |  daddu RA, RA, LFUNC:RB
+    |  ld UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RA->uvptr
+    |   ld STR:TMP1, -8(TMP1)           // KBASE-8-str_const*8
+    |  lbu TMP2, UPVAL:RB->marked
+    |   ld CARG2, UPVAL:RB->v
+    |   lbu TMP3, STR:TMP1->marked
+    |  andi AT, TMP2, LJ_GC_BLACK       // isblack(uv)
+    |   lbu TMP2, UPVAL:RB->closed
+    |   li TMP0, LJ_TSTR
+    |   settp TMP1, TMP0
+    |  bnez AT, >2
+    |.  sd TMP1, 0(CARG2)
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |2:  // Check if string is white and ensure upvalue is closed.
+    |  beqz TMP2, <1
+    |.  andi AT, TMP3, LJ_GC_WHITES     // iswhite(str)
+    |  beqz AT, <1
+    |.  load_got lj_gc_barrieruv
+    |  // Crossed a write barrier. Move the barrier forward.
+    |  call_intern lj_gc_barrieruv      // (global_State *g, TValue *tv)
+    |.  daddiu CARG1, DISPATCH, GG_DISP2G
+    |  b <1
+    |.  nop
+    break;
+  case BC_USETN:
+    |  // RA = uvnum*8, RD = num_const*8
+    |  ld LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+    |   daddu RD, KBASE, RD
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+    |  daddu RA, RA, LFUNC:RB
+    |  ld UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RA->uvptr
+    |   ld CRET1, 0(RD)
+    |  ld TMP1, UPVAL:RB->v
+    |  ins_next1
+    |   sd CRET1, 0(TMP1)
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
+  case BC_USETP:
+    |  // RA = uvnum*8, RD = primitive_type*8 (~)
+    |  ld LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+    |   dsll TMP0, RD, 44
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+    |  daddu RA, RA, LFUNC:RB
+    |   not TMP0, TMP0
+    |  ld UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RA->uvptr
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  ld TMP1, UPVAL:RB->v
+    |   sd TMP0, 0(TMP1)
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
+
+  case BC_UCLO:
+    |  // RA = level*8, RD = target
+    |  ld TMP2, L->openupval
+    |  branch_RD                        // Do this first since RD is not saved.
+    |  load_got lj_func_closeuv
+    |   sd BASE, L->base
+    |  beqz TMP2, >1
+    |.  move CARG1, L
+    |  call_intern lj_func_closeuv      // (lua_State *L, TValue *level)
+    |.  daddu CARG2, BASE, RA
+    |  ld BASE, L->base
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_FNEW:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = proto_const*8 (~) (holding function prototype)
+    |  load_got lj_func_newL_gc
+    |  dsubu TMP1, KBASE, RD
+    |  ld CARG3, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+    |   ld CARG2, -8(TMP1)              // KBASE-8-tab_const*8
+    |    sd BASE, L->base
+    |    sd PC, SAVE_PC
+    |  cleartp CARG3
+    |  // (lua_State *L, GCproto *pt, GCfuncL *parent)
+    |  call_intern lj_func_newL_gc
+    |.  move CARG1, L
+    |  // Returns GCfuncL *.
+    |   li TMP0, LJ_TFUNC
+    |  ld BASE, L->base
+    |  ins_next1
+    |   settp CRET1, TMP0
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |   sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Table ops --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_TNEW:
+  case BC_TDUP:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = (hbits|asize)*8 | tab_const*8 (~)
+    |  ld TMP0, DISPATCH_GL(gc.total)(DISPATCH)
+    |  ld TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(gc.threshold)(DISPATCH)
+    |   sd BASE, L->base
+    |   sd PC, SAVE_PC
+    |  sltu AT, TMP0, TMP1
+    |  beqz AT, >5
+    |1:
+    if (op == BC_TNEW) {
+      |  load_got lj_tab_new
+      |  srl CARG2, RD, 3
+      |  andi CARG2, CARG2, 0x7ff
+      |  li TMP0, 0x801
+      |  addiu AT, CARG2, -0x7ff
+      |   srl CARG3, RD, 14
+      |.if MIPSR6
+      |  seleqz TMP0, TMP0, AT
+      |  selnez CARG2, CARG2, AT
+      |  or CARG2, CARG2, TMP0
+      |.else
+      |  movz CARG2, TMP0, AT
+      |.endif
+      |  // (lua_State *L, int32_t asize, uint32_t hbits)
+      |  call_intern lj_tab_new
+      |.  move CARG1, L
+      |  // Returns Table *.
+    } else {
+      |  load_got lj_tab_dup
+      |  dsubu TMP1, KBASE, RD
+      |  move CARG1, L
+      |  call_intern lj_tab_dup         // (lua_State *L, Table *kt)
+      |.  ld CARG2, -8(TMP1)            // KBASE-8-str_const*8
+      |  // Returns Table *.
+    }
+    |   li TMP0, LJ_TTAB
+    |  ld BASE, L->base
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |   settp CRET1, TMP0
+    |   sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    |5:
+    |  load_got lj_gc_step_fixtop
+    |  move MULTRES, RD
+    |  call_intern lj_gc_step_fixtop    // (lua_State *L)
+    |.  move CARG1, L
+    |  b <1
+    |.  move RD, MULTRES
+    break;
+
+  case BC_GGET:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = str_const*8 (~)
+  case BC_GSET:
+    |  // RA = src*8, RD = str_const*8 (~)
+    |  ld LFUNC:TMP2, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+    |   dsubu TMP1, KBASE, RD
+    |   ld STR:RC, -8(TMP1)             // KBASE-8-str_const*8
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:TMP2
+    |  ld TAB:RB, LFUNC:TMP2->env
+    if (op == BC_GGET) {
+      |  b ->BC_TGETS_Z
+    } else {
+      |  b ->BC_TSETS_Z
+    }
+    |.  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    break;
+
+  case BC_TGETV:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RB = table*8, RC = key*8
+    |  decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |  decode_RB8b RB
+    |   decode_RDtoRC8 RC, RD
+    |  daddu CARG2, BASE, RB
+    |   daddu CARG3, BASE, RC
+    |  ld TAB:RB, 0(CARG2)
+    |   ld TMP2, 0(CARG3)
+    |   daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  checktab TAB:RB, ->vmeta_tgetv
+    |   gettp TMP3, TMP2
+    |  bne TMP3, TISNUM, >5             // Integer key?
+    |.  lw TMP0, TAB:RB->asize
+    |  sextw TMP2, TMP2
+    |   ld TMP1, TAB:RB->array
+    |  sltu AT, TMP2, TMP0
+    |   sll TMP2, TMP2, 3
+    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_tgetv           // Integer key and in array part?
+    |.  daddu TMP2, TMP1, TMP2
+    |  ld AT, 0(TMP2)
+    |  beq AT, TISNIL, >2
+    |.   ld CRET1, 0(TMP2)
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next1
+    |   sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    |
+    |2:  // Check for __index if table value is nil.
+    |  ld TAB:TMP2, TAB:RB->metatable
+    |  beqz TAB:TMP2, <1                // No metatable: done.
+    |.  nop
+    |  lbu TMP0, TAB:TMP2->nomm
+    |  andi TMP0, TMP0, 1<<MM_index
+    |  bnez TMP0, <1                    // 'no __index' flag set: done.
+    |.  nop
+    |  b ->vmeta_tgetv
+    |.  nop
+    |
+    |5:
+    |  li AT, LJ_TSTR
+    |  bne TMP3, AT, ->vmeta_tgetv
+    |.  cleartp RC, TMP2
+    |  b ->BC_TGETS_Z                   // String key?
+    |.  nop
+    break;
+  case BC_TGETS:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RB = table*8, RC = str_const*8 (~)
+    |  decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |  decode_RB8b RB
+    |   decode_RC8a RC, INS
+    |  daddu CARG2, BASE, RB
+    |   decode_RC8b RC
+    |  ld TAB:RB, 0(CARG2)
+    |   dsubu CARG3, KBASE, RC
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |   ld STR:RC, -8(CARG3)            // KBASE-8-str_const*8
+    |  checktab TAB:RB, ->vmeta_tgets1
+    |->BC_TGETS_Z:
+    |  // TAB:RB = GCtab *, STR:RC = GCstr *, RA = dst*8
+    |  lw TMP0, TAB:RB->hmask
+    |   lw TMP1, STR:RC->sid
+    |    ld NODE:TMP2, TAB:RB->node
+    |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0             // idx = str->sid & tab->hmask
+    |  sll TMP0, TMP1, 5
+    |  sll TMP1, TMP1, 3
+    |  subu TMP1, TMP0, TMP1
+    |   li TMP3, LJ_TSTR
+    |  daddu NODE:TMP2, NODE:TMP2, TMP1 // node = tab->node + (idx*32-idx*8)
+    |   settp STR:RC, TMP3              // Tagged key to look for.
+    |1:
+    |  ld CARG1, NODE:TMP2->key
+    |   ld CRET1, NODE:TMP2->val
+    |    ld NODE:TMP1, NODE:TMP2->next
+    |  bne CARG1, RC, >4
+    |.  ld TAB:TMP3, TAB:RB->metatable
+    |  beq CRET1, TISNIL, >5            // Key found, but nil value?
+    |.  nop
+    |3:
+    |  ins_next1
+    |   sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    |
+    |4:  // Follow hash chain.
+    |  bnez NODE:TMP1, <1
+    |.  move NODE:TMP2, NODE:TMP1
+    |  // End of hash chain: key not found, nil result.
+    |
+    |5:  // Check for __index if table value is nil.
+    |  beqz TAB:TMP3, <3                // No metatable: done.
+    |.  move CRET1, TISNIL
+    |  lbu TMP0, TAB:TMP3->nomm
+    |  andi TMP0, TMP0, 1<<MM_index
+    |  bnez TMP0, <3                    // 'no __index' flag set: done.
+    |.  nop
+    |  b ->vmeta_tgets
+    |.  nop
+    break;
+  case BC_TGETB:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RB = table*8, RC = index*8
+    |  decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |  decode_RB8b RB
+    |  daddu CARG2, BASE, RB
+    |   decode_RDtoRC8 RC, RD
+    |  ld TAB:RB, 0(CARG2)
+    |   daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  srl TMP0, RC, 3
+    |  checktab TAB:RB, ->vmeta_tgetb
+    |  lw TMP1, TAB:RB->asize
+    |   ld TMP2, TAB:RB->array
+    |  sltu AT, TMP0, TMP1
+    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_tgetb
+    |.  daddu RC, TMP2, RC
+    |  ld AT, 0(RC)
+    |  beq AT, TISNIL, >5
+    |.  ld CRET1, 0(RC)
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next1
+    |   sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    |
+    |5:  // Check for __index if table value is nil.
+    |  ld TAB:TMP2, TAB:RB->metatable
+    |  beqz TAB:TMP2, <1                // No metatable: done.
+    |.  nop
+    |  lbu TMP1, TAB:TMP2->nomm
+    |  andi TMP1, TMP1, 1<<MM_index
+    |  bnez TMP1, <1                    // 'no __index' flag set: done.
+    |.  nop
+    |  b ->vmeta_tgetb                  // Caveat: preserve TMP0 and CARG2!
+    |.  nop
+    break;
+  case BC_TGETR:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RB = table*8, RC = key*8
+    |  decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |  decode_RB8b RB
+    |   decode_RDtoRC8 RC, RD
+    |  daddu RB, BASE, RB
+    |   daddu RC, BASE, RC
+    |  ld TAB:CARG1, 0(RB)
+    |   lw CARG2, LO(RC)
+    |    daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  cleartp TAB:CARG1
+    |  lw TMP0, TAB:CARG1->asize
+    |   ld TMP1, TAB:CARG1->array
+    |  sltu AT, CARG2, TMP0
+    |   sll TMP2, CARG2, 3
+    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_tgetr           // In array part?
+    |.  daddu CRET1, TMP1, TMP2
+    |   ld CARG2, 0(CRET1)
+    |->BC_TGETR_Z:
+    |  ins_next1
+    |   sd CARG2, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
+
+  case BC_TSETV:
+    |  // RA = src*8, RB = table*8, RC = key*8
+    |  decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |  decode_RB8b RB
+    |   decode_RDtoRC8 RC, RD
+    |  daddu CARG2, BASE, RB
+    |   daddu CARG3, BASE, RC
+    |  ld RB, 0(CARG2)
+    |   ld TMP2, 0(CARG3)
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  checktab RB, ->vmeta_tsetv
+    |  checkint TMP2, >5
+    |.  sextw RC, TMP2
+    |  lw TMP0, TAB:RB->asize
+    |   ld TMP1, TAB:RB->array
+    |  sltu AT, RC, TMP0
+    |   sll TMP2, RC, 3
+    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_tsetv           // Integer key and in array part?
+    |.  daddu TMP1, TMP1, TMP2
+    |  ld TMP0, 0(TMP1)
+    |   lbu TMP3, TAB:RB->marked
+    |  beq TMP0, TISNIL, >3
+    |.  ld CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |1:
+    |   andi AT, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK      // isblack(table)
+    |  bnez AT, >7
+    |.  sd CRET1, 0(TMP1)
+    |2:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |3:  // Check for __newindex if previous value is nil.
+    |  ld TAB:TMP2, TAB:RB->metatable
+    |  beqz TAB:TMP2, <1                // No metatable: done.
+    |.  nop
+    |  lbu TMP2, TAB:TMP2->nomm
+    |  andi TMP2, TMP2, 1<<MM_newindex
+    |  bnez TMP2, <1                    // 'no __newindex' flag set: done.
+    |.  nop
+    |  b ->vmeta_tsetv
+    |.  nop
+    |
+    |5:
+    |  gettp AT, TMP2
+    |  daddiu AT, AT, -LJ_TSTR
+    |  bnez AT, ->vmeta_tsetv
+    |.  nop
+    |  b ->BC_TSETS_Z                   // String key?
+    |.  cleartp STR:RC, TMP2
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:RB, TMP3, TMP0, <2
+    break;
+  case BC_TSETS:
+    |  // RA = src*8, RB = table*8, RC = str_const*8 (~)
+    |  decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |  decode_RB8b RB
+    |  daddu CARG2, BASE, RB
+    |   decode_RC8a RC, INS
+    |    ld TAB:RB, 0(CARG2)
+    |   decode_RC8b RC
+    |   dsubu CARG3, KBASE, RC
+    |   ld RC, -8(CARG3)                // KBASE-8-str_const*8
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |   cleartp STR:RC
+    |  checktab TAB:RB, ->vmeta_tsets1
+    |->BC_TSETS_Z:
+    |  // TAB:RB = GCtab *, STR:RC = GCstr *, RA = BASE+src*8
+    |  lw TMP0, TAB:RB->hmask
+    |   lw TMP1, STR:RC->sid
+    |    ld NODE:TMP2, TAB:RB->node
+    |   sb r0, TAB:RB->nomm             // Clear metamethod cache.
+    |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0             // idx = str->sid & tab->hmask
+    |  sll TMP0, TMP1, 5
+    |  sll TMP1, TMP1, 3
+    |  subu TMP1, TMP0, TMP1
+    |   li TMP3, LJ_TSTR
+    |  daddu NODE:TMP2, NODE:TMP2, TMP1 // node = tab->node + (idx*32-idx*8)
+    |   settp STR:RC, TMP3              // Tagged key to look for.
+    |.if FPU
+    |   ldc1 FTMP0, 0(RA)
+    |.else
+    |   ld CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |.endif
+    |1:
+    |  ld TMP0, NODE:TMP2->key
+    |   ld CARG2, NODE:TMP2->val
+    |    ld NODE:TMP1, NODE:TMP2->next
+    |  bne TMP0, RC, >5
+    |.    lbu TMP3, TAB:RB->marked
+    |   beq CARG2, TISNIL, >4           // Key found, but nil value?
+    |.   ld TAB:TMP0, TAB:RB->metatable
+    |2:
+    |  andi AT, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK       // isblack(table)
+    |  bnez AT, >7
+    |.if FPU
+    |.  sdc1 FTMP0, NODE:TMP2->val
+    |.else
+    |.  sd CRET1, NODE:TMP2->val
+    |.endif
+    |3:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |4:  // Check for __newindex if previous value is nil.
+    |  beqz TAB:TMP0, <2                // No metatable: done.
+    |.  nop
+    |  lbu TMP0, TAB:TMP0->nomm
+    |  andi TMP0, TMP0, 1<<MM_newindex
+    |  bnez TMP0, <2                    // 'no __newindex' flag set: done.
+    |.  nop
+    |  b ->vmeta_tsets
+    |.  nop
+    |
+    |5:  // Follow hash chain.
+    |  bnez NODE:TMP1, <1
+    |.  move NODE:TMP2, NODE:TMP1
+    |  // End of hash chain: key not found, add a new one
+    |
+    |  // But check for __newindex first.
+    |  ld TAB:TMP2, TAB:RB->metatable
+    |  beqz TAB:TMP2, >6                // No metatable: continue.
+    |.  daddiu CARG3, DISPATCH, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)
+    |  lbu TMP0, TAB:TMP2->nomm
+    |  andi TMP0, TMP0, 1<<MM_newindex
+    |  beqz TMP0, ->vmeta_tsets         // 'no __newindex' flag NOT set: check.
+    |6:
+    |  load_got lj_tab_newkey
+    |  sd RC, 0(CARG3)
+    |   sd BASE, L->base
+    |  move CARG2, TAB:RB
+    |   sd PC, SAVE_PC
+    |  call_intern lj_tab_newkey        // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, TValue *k
+    |.  move CARG1, L
+    |  // Returns TValue *.
+    |  ld BASE, L->base
+    |.if FPU
+    |  b <3                             // No 2nd write barrier needed.
+    |.  sdc1 FTMP0, 0(CRET1)
+    |.else
+    |  ld CARG1, 0(RA)
+    |  b <3                             // No 2nd write barrier needed.
+    |.  sd CARG1, 0(CRET1)
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:RB, TMP3, TMP0, <3
+    break;
+  case BC_TSETB:
+    |  // RA = src*8, RB = table*8, RC = index*8
+    |  decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |  decode_RB8b RB
+    |  daddu CARG2, BASE, RB
+    |   decode_RDtoRC8 RC, RD
+    |  ld TAB:RB, 0(CARG2)
+    |   daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  srl TMP0, RC, 3
+    |  checktab RB, ->vmeta_tsetb
+    |  lw TMP1, TAB:RB->asize
+    |   ld TMP2, TAB:RB->array
+    |  sltu AT, TMP0, TMP1
+    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_tsetb
+    |.  daddu RC, TMP2, RC
+    |  ld TMP1, 0(RC)
+    |   lbu TMP3, TAB:RB->marked
+    |  beq TMP1, TISNIL, >5
+    |1:
+    |.  ld CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |  andi AT, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK       // isblack(table)
+    |  bnez AT, >7
+    |.   sd CRET1, 0(RC)
+    |2:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |5:  // Check for __newindex if previous value is nil.
+    |  ld TAB:TMP2, TAB:RB->metatable
+    |  beqz TAB:TMP2, <1                // No metatable: done.
+    |.  nop
+    |  lbu TMP1, TAB:TMP2->nomm
+    |  andi TMP1, TMP1, 1<<MM_newindex
+    |  bnez TMP1, <1                    // 'no __newindex' flag set: done.
+    |.  nop
+    |  b ->vmeta_tsetb                  // Caveat: preserve TMP0 and CARG2!
+    |.  nop
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:RB, TMP3, TMP0, <2
+    break;
+  case BC_TSETR:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RB = table*8, RC = key*8
+    |  decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |  decode_RB8b RB
+    |   decode_RDtoRC8 RC, RD
+    |  daddu CARG1, BASE, RB
+    |   daddu CARG3, BASE, RC
+    |  ld TAB:CARG2, 0(CARG1)
+    |   lw CARG3, LO(CARG3)
+    |  cleartp TAB:CARG2
+    |  lbu TMP3, TAB:CARG2->marked
+    |   lw TMP0, TAB:CARG2->asize
+    |    ld TMP1, TAB:CARG2->array
+    |  andi AT, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK       // isblack(table)
+    |  bnez AT, >7
+    |.  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |2:
+    |  sltu AT, CARG3, TMP0
+    |   sll TMP2, CARG3, 3
+    |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_tsetr           // In array part?
+    |.  daddu CRET1, TMP1, TMP2
+    |->BC_TSETR_Z:
+    |  ld CARG1, 0(RA)
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  sd CARG1, 0(CRET1)
+    |  ins_next2
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:CARG2, TMP3, CRET1, <2
+    break;
+
+  case BC_TSETM:
+    |  // RA = base*8 (table at base-1), RD = num_const*8 (start index)
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |1:
+    |   daddu TMP3, KBASE, RD
+    |  ld TAB:CARG2, -8(RA)             // Guaranteed to be a table.
+    |    addiu TMP0, MULTRES, -8
+    |   lw TMP3, LO(TMP3)               // Integer constant is in lo-word.
+    |    beqz TMP0, >4                  // Nothing to copy?
+    |.    srl CARG3, TMP0, 3
+    |  cleartp CARG2
+    |  addu CARG3, CARG3, TMP3
+    |  lw TMP2, TAB:CARG2->asize
+    |   sll TMP1, TMP3, 3
+    |    lbu TMP3, TAB:CARG2->marked
+    |   ld CARG1, TAB:CARG2->array
+    |  sltu AT, TMP2, CARG3
+    |  bnez AT, >5
+    |.  daddu TMP2, RA, TMP0
+    |   daddu TMP1, TMP1, CARG1
+    |  andi TMP0, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK     // isblack(table)
+    |3:  // Copy result slots to table.
+    |   ld CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |    daddiu RA, RA, 8
+    |  sltu AT, RA, TMP2
+    |   sd CRET1, 0(TMP1)
+    |  bnez AT, <3
+    |.   daddiu TMP1, TMP1, 8
+    |  bnez TMP0, >7
+    |.  nop
+    |4:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |5:  // Need to resize array part.
+    |  load_got lj_tab_reasize
+    |   sd BASE, L->base
+    |   sd PC, SAVE_PC
+    |  move BASE, RD
+    |  call_intern lj_tab_reasize       // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, int nasize)
+    |.  move CARG1, L
+    |  // Must not reallocate the stack.
+    |  move RD, BASE
+    |  b <1
+    |.  ld BASE, L->base        // Reload BASE for lack of a saved register.
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for any value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:CARG2, TMP3, TMP0, <4
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Calls and vararg handling ----------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_CALLM:
+    |  // RA = base*8, (RB = (nresults+1)*8,) RC = extra_nargs*8
+    |  decode_RDtoRC8 NARGS8:RC, RD
+    |  b ->BC_CALL_Z
+    |.  addu NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, MULTRES
+    break;
+  case BC_CALL:
+    |  // RA = base*8, (RB = (nresults+1)*8,) RC = (nargs+1)*8
+    |  decode_RDtoRC8 NARGS8:RC, RD
+    |->BC_CALL_Z:
+    |  move TMP2, BASE
+    |  daddu BASE, BASE, RA
+    |   ld LFUNC:RB, 0(BASE)
+    |   daddiu BASE, BASE, 16
+    |  addiu NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, -8
+    |  checkfunc RB, ->vmeta_call
+    |  ins_call
+    break;
+
+  case BC_CALLMT:
+    |  // RA = base*8, (RB = 0,) RC = extra_nargs*8
+    |  addu NARGS8:RD, NARGS8:RD, MULTRES       // BC_CALLT gets RC from RD.
+    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_CALLT follows.
+    break;
+  case BC_CALLT:
+    |  // RA = base*8, (RB = 0,) RC = (nargs+1)*8
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  ld RB, 0(RA)
+    |   move NARGS8:RC, RD
+    |    ld TMP1, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+    |   daddiu RA, RA, 16
+    |  addiu NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, -8
+    |  checktp CARG3, RB, -LJ_TFUNC, ->vmeta_callt
+    |->BC_CALLT_Z:
+    |  andi TMP0, TMP1, FRAME_TYPE      // Caveat: preserve TMP0 until the 'or'.
+    |   lbu TMP3, LFUNC:CARG3->ffid
+    |  bnez TMP0, >7
+    |.  xori TMP2, TMP1, FRAME_VARG
+    |1:
+    |  sd RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)          // Copy function down, but keep PC.
+    |  sltiu AT, TMP3, 2                // (> FF_C) Calling a fast function?
+    |  move TMP2, BASE
+    |  move RB, CARG3
+    |  beqz NARGS8:RC, >3
+    |.  move TMP3, NARGS8:RC
+    |2:
+    |   ld CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |    daddiu RA, RA, 8
+    |  addiu TMP3, TMP3, -8
+    |   sd CRET1, 0(TMP2)
+    |  bnez TMP3, <2
+    |.   daddiu TMP2, TMP2, 8
+    |3:
+    |  or TMP0, TMP0, AT
+    |  beqz TMP0, >5
+    |.  nop
+    |4:
+    |  ins_callt
+    |
+    |5:  // Tailcall to a fast function with a Lua frame below.
+    |  lw INS, -4(TMP1)
+    |  decode_RA8a RA, INS
+    |  decode_RA8b RA
+    |  dsubu TMP1, BASE, RA
+    |  ld TMP1, -32(TMP1)
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:TMP1
+    |  ld TMP1, LFUNC:TMP1->pc
+    |  b <4
+    |.  ld KBASE, PC2PROTO(k)(TMP1)     // Need to prepare KBASE.
+    |
+    |7:  // Tailcall from a vararg function.
+    |  andi AT, TMP2, FRAME_TYPEP
+    |  bnez AT, <1                      // Vararg frame below?
+    |.  dsubu TMP2, BASE, TMP2          // Relocate BASE down.
+    |  move BASE, TMP2
+    |  ld TMP1, FRAME_PC(TMP2)
+    |  b <1
+    |.  andi TMP0, TMP1, FRAME_TYPE
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ITERC:
+    |  // RA = base*8, (RB = (nresults+1)*8, RC = (nargs+1)*8 ((2+1)*8))
+    |  move TMP2, BASE                  // Save old BASE fir vmeta_call.
+    |  daddu BASE, BASE, RA
+    |  ld RB, -24(BASE)
+    |   ld CARG1, -16(BASE)
+    |    ld CARG2, -8(BASE)
+    |  li NARGS8:RC, 16                 // Iterators get 2 arguments.
+    |  sd RB, 0(BASE)                   // Copy callable.
+    |   sd CARG1, 16(BASE)              // Copy state.
+    |    sd CARG2, 24(BASE)             // Copy control var.
+    |   daddiu BASE, BASE, 16
+    |  checkfunc RB, ->vmeta_call
+    |  ins_call
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ITERN:
+    |.if JIT and ENDIAN_LE
+    |  hotloop
+    |.endif
+    |->vm_IITERN:
+    |  // RA = base*8, (RB = (nresults+1)*8, RC = (nargs+1)*8 (2+1)*8)
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  ld TAB:RB, -16(RA)
+    |   lw RC, -8+LO(RA)                // Get index from control var.
+    |  cleartp TAB:RB
+    |   daddiu PC, PC, 4
+    |  lw TMP0, TAB:RB->asize
+    |   ld TMP1, TAB:RB->array
+    |  dsll CARG3, TISNUM, 47
+    |1:  // Traverse array part.
+    |  sltu AT, RC, TMP0
+    |  beqz AT, >5                      // Index points after array part?
+    |.  sll TMP3, RC, 3
+    |  daddu TMP3, TMP1, TMP3
+    |  ld CARG1, 0(TMP3)
+    |     lhu RD, -4+OFS_RD(PC)
+    |   or TMP2, RC, CARG3
+    |  beq CARG1, TISNIL, <1            // Skip holes in array part.
+    |.  addiu RC, RC, 1
+    |   sd TMP2, 0(RA)
+    |  sd CARG1, 8(RA)
+    |     lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+    |     decode_RD4b RD
+    |     daddu RD, RD, TMP3
+    |   sw RC, -8+LO(RA)                // Update control var.
+    |     daddu PC, PC, RD
+    |3:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |5:  // Traverse hash part.
+    |  lw TMP1, TAB:RB->hmask
+    |  subu RC, RC, TMP0
+    |   ld TMP2, TAB:RB->node
+    |6:
+    |  sltu AT, TMP1, RC                // End of iteration? Branch to ITERL+1.
+    |  bnez AT, <3
+    |.  sll TMP3, RC, 5
+    |   sll RB, RC, 3
+    |   subu TMP3, TMP3, RB
+    |  daddu NODE:TMP3, TMP3, TMP2
+    |  ld CARG1, 0(NODE:TMP3)
+    |     lhu RD, -4+OFS_RD(PC)
+    |  beq CARG1, TISNIL, <6            // Skip holes in hash part.
+    |.  addiu RC, RC, 1
+    |  ld CARG2, NODE:TMP3->key
+    |     lui TMP3, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+    |  sd CARG1, 8(RA)
+    |    addu RC, RC, TMP0
+    |     decode_RD4b RD
+    |     addu RD, RD, TMP3
+    |  sd CARG2, 0(RA)
+    |     daddu PC, PC, RD
+    |  b <3
+    |.  sw RC, -8+LO(RA)                // Update control var.
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ISNEXT:
+    |  // RA = base*8, RD = target (points to ITERN)
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |    srl TMP0, RD, 1
+    |  ld CFUNC:CARG1, -24(RA)
+    |    daddu TMP0, PC, TMP0
+    |   ld CARG2, -16(RA)
+    |   ld CARG3, -8(RA)
+    |    lui TMP2, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+    |  checkfunc CFUNC:CARG1, >5
+    |  gettp CARG2, CARG2
+    |  daddiu CARG2, CARG2, -LJ_TTAB
+    |  lbu TMP1, CFUNC:CARG1->ffid
+    |  daddiu CARG3, CARG3, -LJ_TNIL
+    |  or AT, CARG2, CARG3
+    |  daddiu TMP1, TMP1, -FF_next_N
+    |  or AT, AT, TMP1
+    |  bnez AT, >5
+    |.  lui TMP1, (LJ_KEYINDEX >> 16)
+    |  daddu PC, TMP0, TMP2
+    |  ori TMP1, TMP1, (LJ_KEYINDEX & 0xffff)
+    |  dsll TMP1, TMP1, 32
+    |  sd TMP1, -8(RA)
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    |5:  // Despecialize bytecode if any of the checks fail.
+    |  li TMP3, BC_JMP
+    |   li TMP1, BC_ITERC
+    |  sb TMP3, -4+OFS_OP(PC)
+    |   daddu PC, TMP0, TMP2
+    |.if JIT
+    |  lb TMP0, OFS_OP(PC)
+    |  li AT, BC_ITERN
+    |  bne TMP0, AT, >6
+    |.  lhu TMP2, OFS_RD(PC)
+    |.endif
+    |  b <1
+    |.  sb TMP1, OFS_OP(PC)
+    |.if JIT
+    |6:  // Unpatch JLOOP.
+    |  ld TMP0, DISPATCH_J(trace)(DISPATCH)
+    |   sll TMP2, TMP2, 3
+    |  daddu TMP0, TMP0, TMP2
+    |  ld TRACE:TMP2, 0(TMP0)
+    |  lw TMP0, TRACE:TMP2->startins
+    |   li AT, -256
+    |  and TMP0, TMP0, AT
+    |  or TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
+    |  b <1
+    |.  sw TMP0, 0(PC)
+    |.endif
+    break;
+
+  case BC_VARG:
+    |  // RA = base*8, RB = (nresults+1)*8, RC = numparams*8
+    |  ld TMP0, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+    |  decode_RDtoRC8 RC, RD
+    |   decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |  daddu RC, BASE, RC
+    |   decode_RB8b RB
+    |   daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  daddiu RC, RC, FRAME_VARG
+    |   daddu TMP2, RA, RB
+    |  daddiu TMP3, BASE, -16           // TMP3 = vtop
+    |  dsubu RC, RC, TMP0               // RC = vbase
+    |  // Note: RC may now be even _above_ BASE if nargs was < numparams.
+    |  beqz RB, >5                      // Copy all varargs?
+    |.  dsubu TMP1, TMP3, RC
+    |  daddiu TMP2, TMP2, -16
+    |1:  // Copy vararg slots to destination slots.
+    |  ld CARG1, 0(RC)
+    |  sltu AT, RC, TMP3
+    |    daddiu RC, RC, 8
+    |.if MIPSR6
+    |  selnez CARG1, CARG1, AT
+    |  seleqz AT, TISNIL, AT
+    |  or CARG1, CARG1, AT
+    |.else
+    |  movz CARG1, TISNIL, AT
+    |.endif
+    |  sd CARG1, 0(RA)
+    |  sltu AT, RA, TMP2
+    |  bnez AT, <1
+    |.   daddiu RA, RA, 8
+    |3:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |5:  // Copy all varargs.
+    |  ld TMP0, L->maxstack
+    |  blez TMP1, <3                    // No vararg slots?
+    |.  li MULTRES, 8                   // MULTRES = (0+1)*8
+    |  daddu TMP2, RA, TMP1
+    |  sltu AT, TMP0, TMP2
+    |  bnez AT, >7
+    |.  daddiu MULTRES, TMP1, 8
+    |6:
+    |  ld CRET1, 0(RC)
+    |   daddiu RC, RC, 8
+    |  sd CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |  sltu AT, RC, TMP3
+    |  bnez AT, <6                      // More vararg slots?
+    |.  daddiu RA, RA, 8
+    |  b <3
+    |.  nop
+    |
+    |7:  // Grow stack for varargs.
+    |  load_got lj_state_growstack
+    |   sd RA, L->top
+    |  dsubu RA, RA, BASE
+    |   sd BASE, L->base
+    |  dsubu BASE, RC, BASE             // Need delta, because BASE may change.
+    |   sd PC, SAVE_PC
+    |  srl CARG2, TMP1, 3
+    |  call_intern lj_state_growstack   // (lua_State *L, int n)
+    |.  move CARG1, L
+    |  move RC, BASE
+    |  ld BASE, L->base
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  daddu RC, BASE, RC
+    |  b <6
+    |.  daddiu TMP3, BASE, -16
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Returns ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_RETM:
+    |  // RA = results*8, RD = extra_nresults*8
+    |  addu RD, RD, MULTRES             // MULTRES >= 8, so RD >= 8.
+    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_RET follows.
+    break;
+
+  case BC_RET:
+    |  // RA = results*8, RD = (nresults+1)*8
+    |  ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+    |   daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |    move MULTRES, RD
+    |1:
+    |  andi TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
+    |  bnez TMP0, ->BC_RETV_Z
+    |.  xori TMP1, PC, FRAME_VARG
+    |
+    |->BC_RET_Z:
+    |  // BASE = base, RA = resultptr, RD = (nresults+1)*8, PC = return
+    |   lw INS, -4(PC)
+    |    daddiu TMP2, BASE, -16
+    |    daddiu RC, RD, -8
+    |  decode_RA8a TMP0, INS
+    |   decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |  decode_RA8b TMP0
+    |   decode_RB8b RB
+    |   daddu TMP3, TMP2, RB
+    |  beqz RC, >3
+    |.  dsubu BASE, TMP2, TMP0
+    |2:
+    |   ld CRET1, 0(RA)
+    |    daddiu RA, RA, 8
+    |  daddiu RC, RC, -8
+    |   sd CRET1, 0(TMP2)
+    |  bnez RC, <2
+    |.   daddiu TMP2, TMP2, 8
+    |3:
+    |  daddiu TMP3, TMP3, -8
+    |5:
+    |  sltu AT, TMP2, TMP3
+    |  bnez AT, >6
+    |.  ld LFUNC:TMP1, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:TMP1
+    |  ld TMP1, LFUNC:TMP1->pc
+    |  ld KBASE, PC2PROTO(k)(TMP1)
+    |  ins_next2
+    |
+    |6:  // Fill up results with nil.
+    |  sd TISNIL, 0(TMP2)
+    |  b <5
+    |.  daddiu TMP2, TMP2, 8
+    |
+    |->BC_RETV_Z:  // Non-standard return case.
+    |  andi TMP2, TMP1, FRAME_TYPEP
+    |  bnez TMP2, ->vm_return
+    |.  nop
+    |  // Return from vararg function: relocate BASE down.
+    |  dsubu BASE, BASE, TMP1
+    |  b <1
+    |.  ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+    break;
+
+  case BC_RET0: case BC_RET1:
+    |  // RA = results*8, RD = (nresults+1)*8
+    |  ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+    |   daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |    move MULTRES, RD
+    |  andi TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
+    |  bnez TMP0, ->BC_RETV_Z
+    |.  xori TMP1, PC, FRAME_VARG
+    |  lw INS, -4(PC)
+    |   daddiu TMP2, BASE, -16
+    if (op == BC_RET1) {
+      |  ld CRET1, 0(RA)
+    }
+    |  decode_RB8a RB, INS
+    |   decode_RA8a RA, INS
+    |  decode_RB8b RB
+    |   decode_RA8b RA
+    |   dsubu BASE, TMP2, RA
+    if (op == BC_RET1) {
+      |  sd CRET1, 0(TMP2)
+    }
+    |5:
+    |  sltu AT, RD, RB
+    |  bnez AT, >6
+    |.  ld TMP1, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:TMP1
+    |  ld TMP1, LFUNC:TMP1->pc
+    |  ld KBASE, PC2PROTO(k)(TMP1)
+    |  ins_next2
+    |
+    |6:  // Fill up results with nil.
+    |  daddiu TMP2, TMP2, 8
+    |  daddiu RD, RD, 8
+    |  b <5
+    if (op == BC_RET1) {
+      |.  sd TISNIL, 0(TMP2)
+    } else {
+      |.  sd TISNIL, -8(TMP2)
+    }
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Loops and branches ------------------------------------------------ */
+
+  case BC_FORL:
+    |.if JIT
+    |  hotloop
+    |.endif
+    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_IFORL follows.
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JFORI:
+  case BC_JFORL:
+#if !LJ_HASJIT
+    break;
+#endif
+  case BC_FORI:
+  case BC_IFORL:
+    |  // RA = base*8, RD = target (after end of loop or start of loop)
+    vk = (op == BC_IFORL || op == BC_JFORL);
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  ld CARG1, FORL_IDX*8(RA)         // IDX CARG1 - CARG3 type
+    |  gettp CARG3, CARG1
+    if (op != BC_JFORL) {
+      |  srl RD, RD, 1
+      |  lui TMP2, (-(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16) & 65535)
+      |  daddu TMP2, RD, TMP2
+    }
+    if (!vk) {
+      |  ld CARG2, FORL_STOP*8(RA)      // STOP CARG2 - CARG4 type
+      |  ld CRET1, FORL_STEP*8(RA)      // STEP CRET1 - CRET2 type
+      |  gettp CARG4, CARG2
+      |  bne CARG3, TISNUM, >5
+      |.  gettp CRET2, CRET1
+      |  bne CARG4, TISNUM, ->vmeta_for
+      |.  sextw CARG3, CARG1
+      |  bne CRET2, TISNUM, ->vmeta_for
+      |.  sextw CARG2, CARG2
+      |  dext AT, CRET1, 31, 0
+      |  slt CRET1, CARG2, CARG3
+      |  slt TMP1, CARG3, CARG2
+      |.if MIPSR6
+      |  selnez TMP1, TMP1, AT
+      |  seleqz CRET1, CRET1, AT
+      |  or CRET1, CRET1, TMP1
+      |.else
+      |  movn CRET1, TMP1, AT
+      |.endif
+    } else {
+      |  bne CARG3, TISNUM, >5
+      |.  ld CARG2, FORL_STEP*8(RA)     // STEP CARG2 - CARG4 type
+      |    ld CRET1, FORL_STOP*8(RA)    // STOP CRET1 - CRET2 type
+      |  sextw TMP3, CARG1
+      |   sextw CARG2, CARG2
+      |    sextw CRET1, CRET1
+      |  addu CARG1, TMP3, CARG2
+      |  xor TMP0, CARG1, TMP3
+      |  xor TMP1, CARG1, CARG2
+      |  and TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
+      |  slt TMP1, CARG1, CRET1
+      |  slt CRET1, CRET1, CARG1
+      |  slt AT, CARG2, r0
+      |   slt TMP0, TMP0, r0            // ((y^a) & (y^b)) < 0: overflow.
+      |.if MIPSR6
+      |  selnez TMP1, TMP1, AT
+      |  seleqz CRET1, CRET1, AT
+      |  or CRET1, CRET1, TMP1
+      |.else
+      |  movn CRET1, TMP1, AT
+      |.endif
+      |   or CRET1, CRET1, TMP0
+      |  zextw CARG1, CARG1
+      |  settp CARG1, TISNUM
+    }
+    |1:
+    if (op == BC_FORI) {
+      |.if MIPSR6
+      |  selnez TMP2, TMP2, CRET1
+      |.else
+      |  movz TMP2, r0, CRET1
+      |.endif
+      |  daddu PC, PC, TMP2
+    } else if (op == BC_JFORI) {
+      |  daddu PC, PC, TMP2
+      |  lhu RD, -4+OFS_RD(PC)
+    } else if (op == BC_IFORL) {
+      |.if MIPSR6
+      |  seleqz TMP2, TMP2, CRET1
+      |.else
+      |  movn TMP2, r0, CRET1
+      |.endif
+      |  daddu PC, PC, TMP2
+    }
+    if (vk) {
+      |  sd CARG1, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
+    }
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  sd CARG1, FORL_EXT*8(RA)
+    |2:
+    if (op == BC_JFORI) {
+      |  beqz CRET1, =>BC_JLOOP
+      |.  decode_RD8b RD
+    } else if (op == BC_JFORL) {
+      |  beqz CRET1, =>BC_JLOOP
+    }
+    |  ins_next2
+    |
+    |5:  // FP loop.
+    |.if FPU
+    if (!vk) {
+      |  ldc1 f0, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
+      |   ldc1 f2, FORL_STOP*8(RA)
+      |  sltiu TMP0, CARG3, LJ_TISNUM
+      |  sltiu TMP1, CARG4, LJ_TISNUM
+      |  sltiu AT, CRET2, LJ_TISNUM
+      |   ld TMP3, FORL_STEP*8(RA)
+      |  and TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
+      |  and AT, AT, TMP0
+      |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_for
+      |.  slt TMP3, TMP3, r0
+      |.if MIPSR6
+      |   dmtc1 TMP3, FTMP2
+      |  cmp.lt.d FTMP0, f0, f2
+      |  cmp.lt.d FTMP1, f2, f0
+      |  sel.d FTMP2, FTMP1, FTMP0
+      |  b <1
+      |.  dmfc1 CRET1, FTMP2
+      |.else
+      |  c.ole.d 0, f0, f2
+      |  c.ole.d 1, f2, f0
+      |  li CRET1, 1
+      |  movt CRET1, r0, 0
+      |  movt AT, r0, 1
+      |  b <1
+      |.  movn CRET1, AT, TMP3
+      |.endif
+    } else {
+      |  ldc1 f0, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
+      |   ldc1 f4, FORL_STEP*8(RA)
+      |    ldc1 f2, FORL_STOP*8(RA)
+      |   ld TMP3, FORL_STEP*8(RA)
+      |  add.d f0, f0, f4
+      |.if MIPSR6
+      |   slt TMP3, TMP3, r0
+      |   dmtc1 TMP3, FTMP2
+      |  cmp.lt.d FTMP0, f0, f2
+      |  cmp.lt.d FTMP1, f2, f0
+      |  sel.d FTMP2, FTMP1, FTMP0
+      |  dmfc1 CRET1, FTMP2
+      if (op == BC_IFORL) {
+        |  seleqz TMP2, TMP2, CRET1
+        |  daddu PC, PC, TMP2
+      }
+      |.else
+      |  c.ole.d 0, f0, f2
+      |  c.ole.d 1, f2, f0
+      |   slt TMP3, TMP3, r0
+      |  li CRET1, 1
+      |  li AT, 1
+      |  movt CRET1, r0, 0
+      |  movt AT, r0, 1
+      |  movn CRET1, AT, TMP3
+      if (op == BC_IFORL) {
+        |  movn TMP2, r0, CRET1
+        |  daddu PC, PC, TMP2
+      }
+      |.endif
+      |  sdc1 f0, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
+      |  ins_next1
+      |  b <2
+      |.  sdc1 f0, FORL_EXT*8(RA)
+    }
+    |.else
+    if (!vk) {
+      |  sltiu TMP0, CARG3, LJ_TISNUM
+      |  sltiu TMP1, CARG4, LJ_TISNUM
+      |  sltiu AT, CRET2, LJ_TISNUM
+      |  and TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
+      |  and AT, AT, TMP0
+      |  beqz AT, ->vmeta_for
+      |.  nop
+      |  bal ->vm_sfcmpolex
+      |.  lw TMP3, FORL_STEP*8+HI(RA)
+      |  b <1
+      |.  nop
+    } else {
+      |  load_got __adddf3
+      |  call_extern
+      |.  sw TMP2, TMPD
+      |  ld CARG2, FORL_STOP*8(RA)
+      |  move CARG1, CRET1
+      if ( op == BC_JFORL ) {
+        |  lhu RD, -4+OFS_RD(PC)
+        |  decode_RD8b RD
+      }
+      |  bal ->vm_sfcmpolex
+      |.  lw TMP3, FORL_STEP*8+HI(RA)
+      |  b <1
+      |.  lw TMP2, TMPD
+    }
+    |.endif
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ITERL:
+    |.if JIT
+    |  hotloop
+    |.endif
+    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_IITERL follows.
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JITERL:
+#if !LJ_HASJIT
+    break;
+#endif
+  case BC_IITERL:
+    |  // RA = base*8, RD = target
+    |  daddu RA, BASE, RA
+    |  ld TMP1, 0(RA)
+    |  beq TMP1, TISNIL, >1             // Stop if iterator returned nil.
+    |.  nop
+    if (op == BC_JITERL) {
+      |  b =>BC_JLOOP
+      |.  sd TMP1, -8(RA)
+    } else {
+      |  branch_RD                      // Otherwise save control var + branch.
+      |  sd TMP1, -8(RA)
+    }
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_LOOP:
+    |  // RA = base*8, RD = target (loop extent)
+    |  // Note: RA/RD is only used by trace recorder to determine scope/extent
+    |  // This opcode does NOT jump, it's only purpose is to detect a hot loop.
+    |.if JIT
+    |  hotloop
+    |.endif
+    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_ILOOP follows.
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ILOOP:
+    |  // RA = base*8, RD = target (loop extent)
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JLOOP:
+    |.if JIT
+    |  // RA = base*8 (ignored), RD = traceno*8
+    |  ld TMP1, DISPATCH_J(trace)(DISPATCH)
+    |   li AT, 0
+    |  daddu TMP1, TMP1, RD
+    |  // Traces on MIPS don't store the trace number, so use 0.
+    |   sd AT, DISPATCH_GL(vmstate)(DISPATCH)
+    |  ld TRACE:TMP2, 0(TMP1)
+    |   sd BASE, DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)(DISPATCH)
+    |  ld TMP2, TRACE:TMP2->mcode
+    |   sd L, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.L)(DISPATCH)
+    |  jr TMP2
+    |.  daddiu JGL, DISPATCH, GG_DISP2G+32768
+    |.endif
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JMP:
+    |  // RA = base*8 (only used by trace recorder), RD = target
+    |  branch_RD
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Function headers -------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_FUNCF:
+    |.if JIT
+    |  hotcall
+    |.endif
+  case BC_FUNCV:  /* NYI: compiled vararg functions. */
+    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_IFUNCF/BC_IFUNCV follow.
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JFUNCF:
+#if !LJ_HASJIT
+    break;
+#endif
+  case BC_IFUNCF:
+    |  // BASE = new base, RA = BASE+framesize*8, RB = LFUNC, RC = nargs*8
+    |  ld TMP2, L->maxstack
+    |   lbu TMP1, -4+PC2PROTO(numparams)(PC)
+    |    ld KBASE, -4+PC2PROTO(k)(PC)
+    |  sltu AT, TMP2, RA
+    |  bnez AT, ->vm_growstack_l
+    |.  sll TMP1, TMP1, 3
+    if (op != BC_JFUNCF) {
+      |  ins_next1
+    }
+    |2:
+    |  sltu AT, NARGS8:RC, TMP1         // Check for missing parameters.
+    |  bnez AT, >3
+    |.  daddu AT, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+    if (op == BC_JFUNCF) {
+      |  decode_RD8a RD, INS
+      |  b =>BC_JLOOP
+      |.  decode_RD8b RD
+    } else {
+      |  ins_next2
+    }
+    |
+    |3:  // Clear missing parameters.
+    |  sd TISNIL, 0(AT)
+    |  b <2
+    |.  addiu NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, 8
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JFUNCV:
+#if !LJ_HASJIT
+    break;
+#endif
+    |  NYI  // NYI: compiled vararg functions
+    break;  /* NYI: compiled vararg functions. */
+
+  case BC_IFUNCV:
+    |  // BASE = new base, RA = BASE+framesize*8, RB = LFUNC, RC = nargs*8
+    |   li TMP0, LJ_TFUNC
+    |   daddu TMP1, BASE, RC
+    |  ld TMP2, L->maxstack
+    |   settp LFUNC:RB, TMP0
+    |  daddu TMP0, RA, RC
+    |   sd LFUNC:RB, 0(TMP1)            // Store (tagged) copy of LFUNC.
+    |   daddiu TMP3, RC, 16+FRAME_VARG
+    |  sltu AT, TMP0, TMP2
+    |    ld KBASE, -4+PC2PROTO(k)(PC)
+    |  beqz AT, ->vm_growstack_l
+    |.  sd TMP3, 8(TMP1)                // Store delta + FRAME_VARG.
+    |  lbu TMP2, -4+PC2PROTO(numparams)(PC)
+    |   move RA, BASE
+    |   move RC, TMP1
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  beqz TMP2, >3
+    |.  daddiu BASE, TMP1, 16
+    |1:
+    |  ld TMP0, 0(RA)
+    |  sltu AT, RA, RC                  // Less args than parameters?
+    |  move CARG1, TMP0
+    |.if MIPSR6
+    |  selnez TMP0, TMP0, AT
+    |  seleqz TMP3, TISNIL, AT
+    |  or TMP0, TMP0, TMP3
+    |  seleqz TMP3, CARG1, AT
+    |  selnez CARG1, TISNIL, AT
+    |  or CARG1, CARG1, TMP3
+    |.else
+    |  movz TMP0, TISNIL, AT            // Clear missing parameters.
+    |  movn CARG1, TISNIL, AT           // Clear old fixarg slot (help the GC).
+    |.endif
+    |    addiu TMP2, TMP2, -1
+    |  sd TMP0, 16(TMP1)
+    |    daddiu TMP1, TMP1, 8
+    |  sd CARG1, 0(RA)
+    |  bnez TMP2, <1
+    |.   daddiu RA, RA, 8
+    |3:
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
+
+  case BC_FUNCC:
+  case BC_FUNCCW:
+    |  // BASE = new base, RA = BASE+framesize*8, RB = CFUNC, RC = nargs*8
+    if (op == BC_FUNCC) {
+      |  ld CFUNCADDR, CFUNC:RB->f
+    } else {
+      |  ld CFUNCADDR, DISPATCH_GL(wrapf)(DISPATCH)
+    }
+    |  daddu TMP1, RA, NARGS8:RC
+    |  ld TMP2, L->maxstack
+    |   daddu RC, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+    |  sd BASE, L->base
+    |  sltu AT, TMP2, TMP1
+    |   sd RC, L->top
+    |    li_vmstate C
+    if (op == BC_FUNCCW) {
+      |  ld CARG2, CFUNC:RB->f
+    }
+    |  bnez AT, ->vm_growstack_c        // Need to grow stack.
+    |.  move CARG1, L
+    |  jalr CFUNCADDR                   // (lua_State *L [, lua_CFunction f])
+    |.   st_vmstate
+    |  // Returns nresults.
+    |  ld BASE, L->base
+    |   sll RD, CRET1, 3
+    |  ld TMP1, L->top
+    |    li_vmstate INTERP
+    |  ld PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)            // Fetch PC of caller.
+    |   dsubu RA, TMP1, RD              // RA = L->top - nresults*8
+    |    sd L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
+    |  b ->vm_returnc
+    |.   st_vmstate
+    break;
+
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  default:
+    fprintf(stderr, "Error: undefined opcode BC_%s\n", bc_names[op]);
+    exit(2);
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+static int build_backend(BuildCtx *ctx)
+{
+  int op;
+
+  dasm_growpc(Dst, BC__MAX);
+
+  build_subroutines(ctx);
+
+  |.code_op
+  for (op = 0; op < BC__MAX; op++)
+    build_ins(ctx, (BCOp)op, op);
+
+  return BC__MAX;
+}
+
+/* Emit pseudo frame-info for all assembler functions. */
+static void emit_asm_debug(BuildCtx *ctx)
+{
+  int fcofs = (int)((uint8_t *)ctx->glob[GLOB_vm_ffi_call] - ctx->code);
+  int i;
+  switch (ctx->mode) {
+  case BUILD_elfasm:
+    fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.section .debug_frame,\"\",@progbits\n");
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        ".Lframe0:\n"
+        "\t.4byte .LECIE0-.LSCIE0\n"
+        ".LSCIE0:\n"
+        "\t.4byte 0xffffffff\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x1\n"
+        "\t.string \"\"\n"
+        "\t.uleb128 0x1\n"
+        "\t.sleb128 -4\n"
+        "\t.byte 31\n"
+        "\t.byte 0xc\n\t.uleb128 29\n\t.uleb128 0\n"
+        "\t.align 2\n"
+        ".LECIE0:\n\n");
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        ".LSFDE0:\n"
+        "\t.4byte .LEFDE0-.LASFDE0\n"
+        ".LASFDE0:\n"
+        "\t.4byte .Lframe0\n"
+        "\t.8byte .Lbegin\n"
+        "\t.8byte %d\n"
+        "\t.byte 0xe\n\t.uleb128 %d\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x9f\n\t.sleb128 2*5\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x9e\n\t.sleb128 2*6\n",
+        fcofs, CFRAME_SIZE);
+    for (i = 23; i >= 16; i--)
+      fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.byte %d\n\t.uleb128 %d\n", 0x80+i, 2*(30-i));
+#if !LJ_SOFTFP
+    for (i = 31; i >= 24; i--)
+      fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.byte %d\n\t.uleb128 %d\n", 0x80+32+i, 2*(46-i));
+#endif
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        "\t.align 2\n"
+        ".LEFDE0:\n\n");
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        ".LSFDE1:\n"
+        "\t.4byte .LEFDE1-.LASFDE1\n"
+        ".LASFDE1:\n"
+        "\t.4byte .Lframe0\n"
+        "\t.4byte lj_vm_ffi_call\n"
+        "\t.4byte %d\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x9f\n\t.uleb128 2*1\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x90\n\t.uleb128 2*2\n"
+        "\t.byte 0xd\n\t.uleb128 0x10\n"
+        "\t.align 2\n"
+        ".LEFDE1:\n\n", (int)ctx->codesz - fcofs);
+#endif
+#if !LJ_NO_UNWIND
+    /* NYI */
+#endif
+    break;
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
diff --git a/src/vm_ppc.dasc b/src/vm_ppc.dasc
index 61ebbb04..73a70a00 100644
--- a/src/vm_ppc.dasc
+++ b/src/vm_ppc.dasc
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-|// Low-level VM code for PowerPC CPUs.
+|// Low-level VM code for PowerPC 32 bit or 32on64 bit mode.
 |// Bytecode interpreter, fast functions and helper functions.
 |// Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
 |
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 |// DynASM defines used by the PPC port:
 |//
 |// P64     64 bit pointers (only for GPR64 testing).
-|//         Note: a full PPC64 _LP64 port is not planned.
 |// GPR64   64 bit registers (but possibly 32 bit pointers, e.g. PS3).
 |//         Affects reg saves, stack layout, carry/overflow/dot flags etc.
 |// FRAME32 Use 32 bit frame layout, even with GPR64 (Xbox 360).
@@ -103,6 +102,18 @@
 |// Fixed register assignments for the interpreter.
 |// Don't use: r1 = sp, r2 and r13 = reserved (TOC, TLS or SDATA)
 |
+|.macro .FPU, a, b
+|.if FPU
+|  a, b
+|.endif
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.macro .FPU, a, b, c
+|.if FPU
+|  a, b, c
+|.endif
+|.endmacro
+|
 |// The following must be C callee-save (but BASE is often refetched).
 |.define BASE,          r14     // Base of current Lua stack frame.
 |.define KBASE,         r15     // Constants of current Lua function.
@@ -116,8 +127,10 @@
 |.define TISNUM,        r22
 |.define TISNIL,        r23
 |.define ZERO,          r24
+|.if FPU
 |.define TOBIT,         f30     // 2^52 + 2^51.
 |.define TONUM,         f31     // 2^52 + 2^51 + 2^31.
+|.endif
 |
 |// The following temporaries are not saved across C calls, except for RA.
 |.define RA,            r20     // Callee-save.
@@ -133,6 +146,7 @@
 |
 |// Saved temporaries.
 |.define SAVE0,         r21
+|.define SAVE1,         r25
 |
 |// Calling conventions.
 |.define CARG1,         r3
@@ -141,8 +155,10 @@
 |.define CARG4,         r6      // Overlaps TMP3.
 |.define CARG5,         r7      // Overlaps INS.
 |
+|.if FPU
 |.define FARG1,         f1
 |.define FARG2,         f2
+|.endif
 |
 |.define CRET1,         r3
 |.define CRET2,         r4
@@ -213,10 +229,16 @@
 |.endif
 |.else
 |
+|.if FPU
 |.define SAVE_LR,       276(sp)
 |.define CFRAME_SPACE,  272     // Delta for sp.
 |// Back chain for sp:  272(sp) <-- sp entering interpreter
 |.define SAVE_FPR_,     128     // .. 128+18*8: 64 bit FPR saves.
+|.else
+|.define SAVE_LR,       132(sp)
+|.define CFRAME_SPACE,  128     // Delta for sp.
+|// Back chain for sp:  128(sp) <-- sp entering interpreter
+|.endif
 |.define SAVE_GPR_,     56      // .. 56+18*4: 32 bit GPR saves.
 |.define SAVE_CR,       52(sp)  // 32 bit CR save.
 |.define SAVE_ERRF,     48(sp)  // 32 bit C frame info.
@@ -226,16 +248,25 @@
 |.define SAVE_PC,       32(sp)
 |.define SAVE_MULTRES,  28(sp)
 |.define UNUSED1,       24(sp)
+|.if FPU
 |.define TMPD_LO,       20(sp)
 |.define TMPD_HI,       16(sp)
 |.define TONUM_LO,      12(sp)
 |.define TONUM_HI,      8(sp)
+|.else
+|.define SFSAVE_4,      20(sp)
+|.define SFSAVE_3,      16(sp)
+|.define SFSAVE_2,      12(sp)
+|.define SFSAVE_1,      8(sp)
+|.endif
 |// Next frame lr:      4(sp)
 |// Back chain for sp:  0(sp)   <-- sp while in interpreter
 |
+|.if FPU
 |.define TMPD_BLO,      23(sp)
 |.define TMPD,          TMPD_HI
 |.define TONUM_D,       TONUM_HI
+|.endif
 |
 |.endif
 |
@@ -245,7 +276,7 @@
 |.else
 |  stw r..reg, SAVE_GPR_+(reg-14)*4(sp)
 |.endif
-|  stfd f..reg, SAVE_FPR_+(reg-14)*8(sp)
+|  .FPU stfd f..reg, SAVE_FPR_+(reg-14)*8(sp)
 |.endmacro
 |.macro rest_, reg
 |.if GPR64
@@ -253,7 +284,7 @@
 |.else
 |  lwz r..reg, SAVE_GPR_+(reg-14)*4(sp)
 |.endif
-|  lfd f..reg, SAVE_FPR_+(reg-14)*8(sp)
+|  .FPU lfd f..reg, SAVE_FPR_+(reg-14)*8(sp)
 |.endmacro
 |
 |.macro saveregs
@@ -316,19 +347,14 @@
 |.type NODE,            Node
 |.type NARGS8,          int
 |.type TRACE,           GCtrace
+|.type SBUF,            SBuf
 |
 |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |
-|// These basic macros should really be part of DynASM.
-|.macro srwi, rx, ry, n; rlwinm rx, ry, 32-n, n, 31; .endmacro
-|.macro slwi, rx, ry, n; rlwinm rx, ry, n, 0, 31-n; .endmacro
-|.macro rotlwi, rx, ry, n; rlwinm rx, ry, n, 0, 31; .endmacro
-|.macro rotlw, rx, ry, rn; rlwnm rx, ry, rn, 0, 31; .endmacro
-|.macro subi, rx, ry, i; addi rx, ry, -i; .endmacro
-|
 |// Trap for not-yet-implemented parts.
 |.macro NYI; tw 4, sp, sp; .endmacro
 |
+|.if FPU
 |// int/FP conversions.
 |.macro tonum_i, freg, reg
 |  xoris reg, reg, 0x8000
@@ -352,6 +378,7 @@
 |.macro toint, reg, freg
 |  toint reg, freg, freg
 |.endmacro
+|.endif
 |
 |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |
@@ -539,9 +566,19 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  beq >2
   |1:
   |  addic. TMP1, TMP1, -8
+  |.if FPU
   |   lfd f0, 0(RA)
+  |.else
+  |   lwz CARG1, 0(RA)
+  |   lwz CARG2, 4(RA)
+  |.endif
   |    addi RA, RA, 8
+  |.if FPU
   |   stfd f0, 0(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |   stw CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |   stw CARG2, 4(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |    addi BASE, BASE, 8
   |  bney <1
   |
@@ -619,23 +656,23 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  .toc ld TOCREG, SAVE_TOC
   |     li TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM            // Setup type comparison constants.
   |  lp BASE, L->base
-  |     lus TMP3, 0x59c0                // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
+  |     .FPU lus TMP3, 0x59c0           // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
   |   lwz DISPATCH, L->glref            // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
   |     li ZERO, 0
-  |     stw TMP3, TMPD
+  |     .FPU stw TMP3, TMPD
   |  li TMP1, LJ_TFALSE
-  |     ori TMP3, TMP3, 0x0004          // TONUM = 2^52 + 2^51 + 2^31 (float).
+  |     .FPU ori TMP3, TMP3, 0x0004     // TONUM = 2^52 + 2^51 + 2^31 (float).
   |     li TISNIL, LJ_TNIL
   |    li_vmstate INTERP
-  |     lfs TOBIT, TMPD
+  |     .FPU lfs TOBIT, TMPD
   |  lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)             // Fetch PC of previous frame.
   |  la RA, -8(BASE)                    // Results start at BASE-8.
-  |     stw TMP3, TMPD
+  |     .FPU stw TMP3, TMPD
   |   addi DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
   |  stw TMP1, 0(RA)                    // Prepend false to error message.
   |  li RD, 16                          // 2 results: false + error message.
   |    st_vmstate
-  |     lfs TONUM, TMPD
+  |     .FPU lfs TONUM, TMPD
   |  b ->vm_returnc
   |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -684,33 +721,34 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   stw CARG3, SAVE_NRES
   |    cmplwi TMP1, 0
   |   stw CARG3, SAVE_ERRF
-  |  stp TMP0, L->cframe
   |   stp CARG3, SAVE_CFRAME
   |   stw CARG1, SAVE_PC                // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
+  |  stp TMP0, L->cframe
   |    beq >3
   |
   |  // Resume after yield (like a return).
+  |  stw L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
   |  mr RA, BASE
   |   lp BASE, L->base
   |     li TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM            // Setup type comparison constants.
   |   lp TMP1, L->top
   |  lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |     lus TMP3, 0x59c0                // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
+  |     .FPU lus TMP3, 0x59c0           // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
   |    stb CARG3, L->status
-  |     stw TMP3, TMPD
-  |     ori TMP3, TMP3, 0x0004          // TONUM = 2^52 + 2^51 + 2^31 (float).
-  |     lfs TOBIT, TMPD
+  |     .FPU stw TMP3, TMPD
+  |     .FPU ori TMP3, TMP3, 0x0004     // TONUM = 2^52 + 2^51 + 2^31 (float).
+  |     .FPU lfs TOBIT, TMPD
   |   sub RD, TMP1, BASE
-  |     stw TMP3, TMPD
-  |     lus TMP0, 0x4338                // Hiword of 2^52 + 2^51 (double)
+  |     .FPU stw TMP3, TMPD
+  |     .FPU lus TMP0, 0x4338           // Hiword of 2^52 + 2^51 (double)
   |   addi RD, RD, 8
-  |     stw TMP0, TONUM_HI
+  |     .FPU stw TMP0, TONUM_HI
   |    li_vmstate INTERP
   |     li ZERO, 0
   |    st_vmstate
   |  andix. TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
   |   mr MULTRES, RD
-  |     lfs TONUM, TMPD
+  |     .FPU lfs TONUM, TMPD
   |     li TISNIL, LJ_TNIL
   |  beq ->BC_RET_Z
   |  b ->vm_return
@@ -729,33 +767,34 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |
   |1:  // Entry point for vm_pcall above (PC = ftype).
   |  lp TMP1, L:CARG1->cframe
-  |   stw CARG3, SAVE_NRES
   |    mr L, CARG1
-  |   stw CARG1, SAVE_L
-  |    mr BASE, CARG2
-  |  stp sp, L->cframe                  // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
+  |   stw CARG3, SAVE_NRES
   |    lwz DISPATCH, L->glref           // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
+  |   stw CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |     mr BASE, CARG2
+  |    addi DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
   |   stw CARG1, SAVE_PC                // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
   |  stp TMP1, SAVE_CFRAME
-  |    addi DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
+  |  stp sp, L->cframe                  // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
   |
   |3:  // Entry point for vm_cpcall/vm_resume (BASE = base, PC = ftype).
+  |  stw L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
   |  lp TMP2, L->base                   // TMP2 = old base (used in vmeta_call).
   |     li TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM            // Setup type comparison constants.
   |   lp TMP1, L->top
-  |     lus TMP3, 0x59c0                // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
+  |     .FPU lus TMP3, 0x59c0           // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
   |  add PC, PC, BASE
-  |     stw TMP3, TMPD
+  |     .FPU stw TMP3, TMPD
   |     li ZERO, 0
-  |     ori TMP3, TMP3, 0x0004          // TONUM = 2^52 + 2^51 + 2^31 (float).
-  |     lfs TOBIT, TMPD
+  |     .FPU ori TMP3, TMP3, 0x0004     // TONUM = 2^52 + 2^51 + 2^31 (float).
+  |     .FPU lfs TOBIT, TMPD
   |  sub PC, PC, TMP2                   // PC = frame delta + frame type
-  |     stw TMP3, TMPD
-  |     lus TMP0, 0x4338                // Hiword of 2^52 + 2^51 (double)
+  |     .FPU stw TMP3, TMPD
+  |     .FPU lus TMP0, 0x4338           // Hiword of 2^52 + 2^51 (double)
   |   sub NARGS8:RC, TMP1, BASE
-  |     stw TMP0, TONUM_HI
+  |     .FPU stw TMP0, TONUM_HI
   |    li_vmstate INTERP
-  |     lfs TONUM, TMPD
+  |     .FPU lfs TONUM, TMPD
   |     li TISNIL, LJ_TNIL
   |    st_vmstate
   |
@@ -776,15 +815,18 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   lwz TMP0, L:CARG1->stack
   |  stw CARG1, SAVE_L
   |   lp TMP1, L->top
+  |     lwz DISPATCH, L->glref          // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
   |  stw CARG1, SAVE_PC                 // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
   |   sub TMP0, TMP0, TMP1              // Compute -savestack(L, L->top).
   |    lp TMP1, L->cframe
-  |    stp sp, L->cframe                // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
+  |     addi DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
   |  .toc lp CARG4, 0(CARG4)
   |  li TMP2, 0
   |   stw TMP0, SAVE_NRES               // Neg. delta means cframe w/o frame.
   |  stw TMP2, SAVE_ERRF                // No error function.
   |    stp TMP1, SAVE_CFRAME
+  |    stp sp, L->cframe                // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
+  |     stw L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
   |  mtctr CARG4
   |  bctrl                      // (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud)
   |.if PPE
@@ -793,9 +835,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.else
   |  mr. BASE, CRET1
   |.endif
-  |   lwz DISPATCH, L->glref            // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
-  |    li PC, FRAME_CP
-  |   addi DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
+  |   li PC, FRAME_CP
   |  bne <3                             // Else continue with the call.
   |  b ->vm_leave_cp                    // No base? Just remove C frame.
   |
@@ -842,15 +882,30 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  lwz INS, -4(PC)
   |   subi CARG2, RB, 16
   |  decode_RB8 SAVE0, INS
+  |.if FPU
   |   lfd f0, 0(RA)
+  |.else
+  |   lwz TMP2, 0(RA)
+  |   lwz TMP3, 4(RA)
+  |.endif
   |  add TMP1, BASE, SAVE0
   |   stp BASE, L->base
   |  cmplw TMP1, CARG2
   |   sub CARG3, CARG2, TMP1
   |  decode_RA8 RA, INS
+  |.if FPU
   |   stfd f0, 0(CARG2)
+  |.else
+  |   stw TMP2, 0(CARG2)
+  |   stw TMP3, 4(CARG2)
+  |.endif
   |  bney ->BC_CAT_Z
+  |.if FPU
   |   stfdx f0, BASE, RA
+  |.else
+  |   stwux TMP2, RA, BASE
+  |   stw TMP3, 4(RA)
+  |.endif
   |  b ->cont_nop
   |
   |//-- Table indexing metamethods -----------------------------------------
@@ -903,9 +958,19 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  // Returns TValue * (finished) or NULL (metamethod).
   |  cmplwi CRET1, 0
   |  beq >3
+  |.if FPU
   |   lfd f0, 0(CRET1)
+  |.else
+  |   lwz TMP0, 0(CRET1)
+  |   lwz TMP1, 4(CRET1)
+  |.endif
   |  ins_next1
+  |.if FPU
   |   stfdx f0, BASE, RA
+  |.else
+  |   stwux TMP0, RA, BASE
+  |   stw TMP1, 4(RA)
+  |.endif
   |  ins_next2
   |
   |3:  // Call __index metamethod.
@@ -918,6 +983,22 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   li NARGS8:RC, 16                  // 2 args for func(t, k).
   |  b ->vm_call_dispatch_f
   |
+  |->vmeta_tgetr:
+  |  bl extern lj_tab_getinth           // (GCtab *t, int32_t key)
+  |  // Returns cTValue * or NULL.
+  |  cmplwi CRET1, 0
+  |  beq >1
+  |.if FPU
+  |  lfd f14, 0(CRET1)
+  |.else
+  |  lwz SAVE0, 0(CRET1)
+  |  lwz SAVE1, 4(CRET1)
+  |.endif
+  |  b ->BC_TGETR_Z
+  |1:
+  |  stwx TISNIL, BASE, RA
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |
   |->vmeta_tsets1:
@@ -967,11 +1048,21 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  bl extern lj_meta_tset             // (lua_State *L, TValue *o, TValue *k)
   |  // Returns TValue * (finished) or NULL (metamethod).
   |  cmplwi CRET1, 0
+  |.if FPU
   |   lfdx f0, BASE, RA
+  |.else
+  |   lwzux TMP2, RA, BASE
+  |   lwz TMP3, 4(RA)
+  |.endif
   |  beq >3
   |  // NOBARRIER: lj_meta_tset ensures the table is not black.
   |  ins_next1
+  |.if FPU
   |   stfd f0, 0(CRET1)
+  |.else
+  |   stw TMP2, 0(CRET1)
+  |   stw TMP3, 4(CRET1)
+  |.endif
   |  ins_next2
   |
   |3:  // Call __newindex metamethod.
@@ -982,9 +1073,28 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   add PC, TMP1, BASE
   |  lwz LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)     // Guaranteed to be a function here.
   |   li NARGS8:RC, 24                  // 3 args for func(t, k, v)
+  |.if FPU
   |  stfd f0, 16(BASE)                  // Copy value to third argument.
+  |.else
+  |  stw TMP2, 16(BASE)
+  |  stw TMP3, 20(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |  b ->vm_call_dispatch_f
   |
+  |->vmeta_tsetr:
+  |  stp BASE, L->base
+  |  mr CARG1, L
+  |  stw PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  bl extern lj_tab_setinth  // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, int32_t key)
+  |  // Returns TValue *.
+  |.if FPU
+  |  stfd f14, 0(CRET1)
+  |.else
+  |  stw SAVE0, 0(CRET1)
+  |  stw SAVE1, 4(CRET1)
+  |.endif
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |
   |//-- Comparison metamethods ---------------------------------------------
   |
   |->vmeta_comp:
@@ -1021,9 +1131,19 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |
   |->cont_ra:                           // RA = resultptr
   |  lwz INS, -4(PC)
+  |.if FPU
   |   lfd f0, 0(RA)
+  |.else
+  |   lwz CARG1, 0(RA)
+  |   lwz CARG2, 4(RA)
+  |.endif
   |  decode_RA8 TMP1, INS
+  |.if FPU
   |   stfdx f0, BASE, TMP1
+  |.else
+  |   stwux CARG1, TMP1, BASE
+  |   stw CARG2, 4(TMP1)
+  |.endif
   |  b ->cont_nop
   |
   |->cont_condt:                        // RA = resultptr
@@ -1063,6 +1183,16 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  b <3
   |.endif
   |
+  |->vmeta_istype:
+  |  subi PC, PC, 4
+  |   stp BASE, L->base
+  |   srwi CARG2, RA, 3
+  |   mr CARG1, L
+  |   srwi CARG3, RD, 3
+  |  stw PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  bl extern lj_meta_istype  // (lua_State *L, BCReg ra, BCReg tp)
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |
   |//-- Arithmetic metamethods ---------------------------------------------
   |
   |->vmeta_arith_nv:
@@ -1219,22 +1349,32 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.macro .ffunc_n, name
   |->ff_ .. name:
   |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   lwz CARG3, 0(BASE)
+  |   lwz CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.if FPU
   |    lfd FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |    lwz CARG2, 4(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |  checknum CARG3; bge ->fff_fallback
+  |  checknum CARG1; bge ->fff_fallback
   |.endmacro
   |
   |.macro .ffunc_nn, name
   |->ff_ .. name:
   |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 16
-  |   lwz CARG3, 0(BASE)
+  |   lwz CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.if FPU
   |    lfd FARG1, 0(BASE)
-  |   lwz CARG4, 8(BASE)
+  |   lwz CARG3, 8(BASE)
   |    lfd FARG2, 8(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |    lwz CARG2, 4(BASE)
+  |   lwz CARG3, 8(BASE)
+  |    lwz CARG4, 12(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |  blt ->fff_fallback
+  |  checknum CARG1; bge ->fff_fallback
   |  checknum CARG3; bge ->fff_fallback
-  |  checknum CARG4; bge ->fff_fallback
   |.endmacro
   |
   |// Inlined GC threshold check. Caveat: uses TMP0 and TMP1.
@@ -1255,14 +1395,21 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  bge cr1, ->fff_fallback
   |   stw CARG3, 0(RA)
   |  addi RD, NARGS8:RC, 8              // Compute (nresults+1)*8.
+  |  addi TMP1, BASE, 8
+  |  add TMP2, RA, NARGS8:RC
   |   stw CARG1, 4(RA)
   |  beq ->fff_res                      // Done if exactly 1 argument.
-  |  li TMP1, 8
-  |  subi RC, RC, 8
   |1:
-  |  cmplw TMP1, RC
-  |   lfdx f0, BASE, TMP1
-  |   stfdx f0, RA, TMP1
+  |  cmplw TMP1, TMP2
+  |.if FPU
+  |   lfd f0, 0(TMP1)
+  |   stfd f0, 0(TMP1)
+  |.else
+  |   lwz CARG1, 0(TMP1)
+  |   lwz CARG2, 4(TMP1)
+  |   stw CARG1, -8(TMP1)
+  |   stw CARG2, -4(TMP1)
+  |.endif
   |    addi TMP1, TMP1, 8
   |  bney <1
   |  b ->fff_res
@@ -1277,8 +1424,14 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  orc TMP1, TMP2, TMP0
   |  addi TMP1, TMP1, ~LJ_TISNUM+1
   |  slwi TMP1, TMP1, 3
+  |.if FPU
   |   la TMP2, CFUNC:RB->upvalue
   |  lfdx FARG1, TMP2, TMP1
+  |.else
+  |  add TMP1, CFUNC:RB, TMP1
+  |  lwz CARG1, CFUNC:TMP1->upvalue[0].u32.hi
+  |  lwz CARG2, CFUNC:TMP1->upvalue[0].u32.lo
+  |.endif
   |  b ->fff_resn
   |
   |//-- Base library: getters and setters ---------------------------------
@@ -1294,9 +1447,9 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   beq ->fff_restv
   |  lwz TMP0, TAB:CARG1->hmask
   |   li CARG3, LJ_TTAB                 // Use metatable as default result.
-  |  lwz TMP1, STR:RC->hash
+  |  lwz TMP1, STR:RC->sid
   |  lwz NODE:TMP2, TAB:CARG1->node
-  |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0               // idx = str->hash & tab->hmask
+  |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0               // idx = str->sid & tab->hmask
   |  slwi TMP0, TMP1, 5
   |  slwi TMP1, TMP1, 3
   |  sub TMP1, TMP0, TMP1
@@ -1356,7 +1509,12 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   mr CARG1, L
   |  bl extern lj_tab_get  // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, cTValue *key)
   |  // Returns cTValue *.
+  |.if FPU
   |  lfd FARG1, 0(CRET1)
+  |.else
+  |  lwz CARG2, 4(CRET1)
+  |  lwz CARG1, 0(CRET1)        // Caveat: CARG1 == CRET1.
+  |.endif
   |  b ->fff_resn
   |
   |//-- Base library: conversions ------------------------------------------
@@ -1365,7 +1523,11 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  // Only handles the number case inline (without a base argument).
   |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
   |   lwz CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.if FPU
   |    lfd FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |    lwz CARG2, 4(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |  bne ->fff_fallback                 // Exactly one argument.
   |   checknum CARG1; bgt ->fff_fallback
   |  b ->fff_resn
@@ -1387,9 +1549,9 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mr CARG1, L
   |  mr CARG2, BASE
   |.if DUALNUM
-  |  bl extern lj_str_fromnumber        // (lua_State *L, cTValue *o)
+  |  bl extern lj_strfmt_number         // (lua_State *L, cTValue *o)
   |.else
-  |  bl extern lj_str_fromnum           // (lua_State *L, lua_Number *np)
+  |  bl extern lj_strfmt_num            // (lua_State *L, lua_Number *np)
   |.endif
   |  // Returns GCstr *.
   |  li CARG3, LJ_TSTR
@@ -1397,32 +1559,24 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |
   |//-- Base library: iterators -------------------------------------------
   |
-  |.ffunc next
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   lwz CARG1, 0(BASE)
-  |    lwz TAB:CARG2, 4(BASE)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
+  |.ffunc_1 next
   |   stwx TISNIL, BASE, NARGS8:RC      // Set missing 2nd arg to nil.
-  |  checktab CARG1
+  |  checktab CARG3
   |   lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
   |  bne ->fff_fallback
-  |   stp BASE, L->base                 // Add frame since C call can throw.
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |   stp BASE, L->top                  // Dummy frame length is ok.
-  |  la CARG3, 8(BASE)
-  |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-  |  bl extern lj_tab_next      // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, TValue *key)
-  |  // Returns 0 at end of traversal.
-  |  cmplwi CRET1, 0
-  |   li CARG3, LJ_TNIL
-  |  beq ->fff_restv                    // End of traversal: return nil.
-  |  lfd f0, 8(BASE)                    // Copy key and value to results.
+  |  la CARG2, 8(BASE)
+  |  la CARG3, -8(BASE)
+  |  bl extern lj_tab_next              // (GCtab *t, cTValue *key, TValue *o)
+  |  // Returns 1=found, 0=end, -1=error.
+  |  cmpwi CRET1, 0
   |   la RA, -8(BASE)
-  |  lfd f1, 16(BASE)
-  |  stfd f0, 0(RA)
   |   li RD, (2+1)*8
-  |  stfd f1, 8(RA)
-  |  b ->fff_res
+  |  bgt ->fff_res                      // Found key/value.
+  |   li CARG3, LJ_TNIL
+  |  beq ->fff_restv                    // End of traversal: return nil.
+  |   lwz CFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+  |   li NARGS8:RC, 2*8
+  |  b ->fff_fallback                   // Invalid key.
   |
   |.ffunc_1 pairs
   |  checktab CARG3
@@ -1430,17 +1584,32 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  bne ->fff_fallback
 #if LJ_52
   |   lwz TAB:TMP2, TAB:CARG1->metatable
+  |.if FPU
   |  lfd f0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
+  |.else
+  |  lwz TMP0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].u32.hi
+  |  lwz TMP1, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].u32.lo
+  |.endif
   |   cmplwi TAB:TMP2, 0
   |  la RA, -8(BASE)
   |   bne ->fff_fallback
 #else
+  |.if FPU
   |  lfd f0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
+  |.else
+  |  lwz TMP0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].u32.hi
+  |  lwz TMP1, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].u32.lo
+  |.endif
   |  la RA, -8(BASE)
 #endif
   |   stw TISNIL, 8(BASE)
   |  li RD, (3+1)*8
+  |.if FPU
   |  stfd f0, 0(RA)
+  |.else
+  |  stw TMP0, 0(RA)
+  |  stw TMP1, 4(RA)
+  |.endif
   |  b ->fff_res
   |
   |.ffunc ipairs_aux
@@ -1486,14 +1655,24 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  stfd FARG2, 0(RA)
   |.endif
   |  ble >2                             // Not in array part?
+  |.if FPU
   |  lwzx TMP2, TMP1, TMP3
   |  lfdx f0, TMP1, TMP3
+  |.else
+  |  lwzux TMP2, TMP1, TMP3
+  |  lwz TMP3, 4(TMP1)
+  |.endif
   |1:
   |  checknil TMP2
   |   li RD, (0+1)*8
   |  beq ->fff_res                      // End of iteration, return 0 results.
   |   li RD, (2+1)*8
+  |.if FPU
   |  stfd f0, 8(RA)
+  |.else
+  |  stw TMP2, 8(RA)
+  |  stw TMP3, 12(RA)
+  |.endif
   |  b ->fff_res
   |2:  // Check for empty hash part first. Otherwise call C function.
   |  lwz TMP0, TAB:CARG1->hmask
@@ -1507,7 +1686,11 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   li RD, (0+1)*8
   |  beq ->fff_res
   |  lwz TMP2, 0(CRET1)
+  |.if FPU
   |  lfd f0, 0(CRET1)
+  |.else
+  |  lwz TMP3, 4(CRET1)
+  |.endif
   |  b <1
   |
   |.ffunc_1 ipairs
@@ -1516,12 +1699,22 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  bne ->fff_fallback
 #if LJ_52
   |   lwz TAB:TMP2, TAB:CARG1->metatable
+  |.if FPU
   |  lfd f0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
+  |.else
+  |  lwz TMP0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].u32.hi
+  |  lwz TMP1, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].u32.lo
+  |.endif
   |   cmplwi TAB:TMP2, 0
   |  la RA, -8(BASE)
   |   bne ->fff_fallback
 #else
+  |.if FPU
   |  lfd f0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
+  |.else
+  |  lwz TMP0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].u32.hi
+  |  lwz TMP1, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].u32.lo
+  |.endif
   |  la RA, -8(BASE)
 #endif
   |.if DUALNUM
@@ -1531,7 +1724,12 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.endif
   |   stw ZERO, 12(BASE)
   |  li RD, (3+1)*8
+  |.if FPU
   |  stfd f0, 0(RA)
+  |.else
+  |  stw TMP0, 0(RA)
+  |  stw TMP1, 4(RA)
+  |.endif
   |  b ->fff_res
   |
   |//-- Base library: catch errors ----------------------------------------
@@ -1550,19 +1748,32 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |
   |.ffunc xpcall
   |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 16
-  |   lwz CARG4, 8(BASE)
+  |   lwz CARG3, 8(BASE)
+  |.if FPU
   |    lfd FARG2, 8(BASE)
   |    lfd FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |    lwz CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |    lwz CARG2, 4(BASE)
+  |    lwz CARG4, 12(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |  blt ->fff_fallback
   |  lbz TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(hookmask)(DISPATCH)
   |   mr TMP2, BASE
-  |  checkfunc CARG4; bne ->fff_fallback  // Traceback must be a function.
+  |  checkfunc CARG3; bne ->fff_fallback  // Traceback must be a function.
   |   la BASE, 16(BASE)
   |  // Remember active hook before pcall.
   |  rlwinm TMP1, TMP1, 32-HOOK_ACTIVE_SHIFT, 31, 31
+  |.if FPU
   |    stfd FARG2, 0(TMP2)              // Swap function and traceback.
-  |  subi NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, 16
   |    stfd FARG1, 8(TMP2)
+  |.else
+  |    stw CARG3, 0(TMP2)
+  |    stw CARG4, 4(TMP2)
+  |    stw CARG1, 8(TMP2)
+  |    stw CARG2, 12(TMP2)
+  |.endif
+  |  subi NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, 16
   |  addi PC, TMP1, 16+FRAME_PCALL
   |  b ->vm_call_dispatch
   |
@@ -1605,9 +1816,21 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  stp BASE, L->top
   |2:  // Move args to coroutine.
   |  cmpw TMP1, NARGS8:RC
+  |.if FPU
   |   lfdx f0, BASE, TMP1
+  |.else
+  |   add CARG3, BASE, TMP1
+  |   lwz TMP2, 0(CARG3)
+  |   lwz TMP3, 4(CARG3)
+  |.endif
   |  beq >3
+  |.if FPU
   |   stfdx f0, CARG2, TMP1
+  |.else
+  |   add CARG3, CARG2, TMP1
+  |   stw TMP2, 0(CARG3)
+  |   stw TMP3, 4(CARG3)
+  |.endif
   |  addi TMP1, TMP1, 8
   |  b <2
   |3:
@@ -1622,6 +1845,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  lp TMP3, L:SAVE0->top
   |    li_vmstate INTERP
   |  lp BASE, L->base
+  |    stw L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
   |    st_vmstate
   |   bgt >8
   |  sub RD, TMP3, TMP2
@@ -1637,8 +1861,17 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   stp TMP2, L:SAVE0->top            // Clear coroutine stack.
   |5:  // Move results from coroutine.
   |  cmplw TMP1, TMP3
+  |.if FPU
   |   lfdx f0, TMP2, TMP1
   |   stfdx f0, BASE, TMP1
+  |.else
+  |   add CARG3, TMP2, TMP1
+  |   lwz CARG1, 0(CARG3)
+  |   lwz CARG2, 4(CARG3)
+  |   add CARG3, BASE, TMP1
+  |   stw CARG1, 0(CARG3)
+  |   stw CARG2, 4(CARG3)
+  |.endif
   |    addi TMP1, TMP1, 8
   |  bne <5
   |6:
@@ -1663,12 +1896,22 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  andix. TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
   |  la TMP3, -8(TMP3)
   |   li TMP1, LJ_TFALSE
+  |.if FPU
   |  lfd f0, 0(TMP3)
+  |.else
+  |  lwz CARG1, 0(TMP3)
+  |  lwz CARG2, 4(TMP3)
+  |.endif
   |   stp TMP3, L:SAVE0->top            // Remove error from coroutine stack.
   |    li RD, (2+1)*8
   |   stw TMP1, -8(BASE)                // Prepend false to results.
   |    la RA, -8(BASE)
+  |.if FPU
   |  stfd f0, 0(BASE)                   // Copy error message.
+  |.else
+  |  stw CARG1, 0(BASE)                 // Copy error message.
+  |  stw CARG2, 4(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |  b <7
   |.else
   |  mr CARG1, L
@@ -1847,7 +2090,12 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  lus CARG1, 0x8000                  // -(2^31).
   |  beqy ->fff_resi
   |5:
+  |.if FPU
   |  lfd FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |  lwz CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |  lwz CARG2, 4(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |  blex func
   |  b ->fff_resn
   |.endmacro
@@ -1871,10 +2119,14 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |
   |.ffunc math_log
   |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   lwz CARG3, 0(BASE)
-  |    lfd FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |   lwz CARG1, 0(BASE)
   |  bne ->fff_fallback                 // Need exactly 1 argument.
-  |  checknum CARG3; bge ->fff_fallback
+  |  checknum CARG1; bge ->fff_fallback
+  |.if FPU
+  |  lfd FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |  lwz CARG2, 4(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |  blex log
   |  b ->fff_resn
   |
@@ -1893,26 +2145,27 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  math_extern2 atan2
   |  math_extern2 fmod
   |
-  |->ff_math_deg:
-  |.ffunc_n math_rad
-  |  lfd FARG2, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
-  |  fmul FARG1, FARG1, FARG2
-  |  b ->fff_resn
-  |
   |.if DUALNUM
   |.ffunc math_ldexp
   |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 16
-  |   lwz CARG3, 0(BASE)
+  |   lwz TMP0, 0(BASE)
+  |.if FPU
   |    lfd FARG1, 0(BASE)
-  |   lwz CARG4, 8(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |    lwz CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |    lwz CARG2, 4(BASE)
+  |.endif
+  |   lwz TMP1, 8(BASE)
   |.if GPR64
   |    lwz CARG2, 12(BASE)
-  |.else
+  |.elif FPU
   |    lwz CARG1, 12(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |    lwz CARG3, 12(BASE)
   |.endif
   |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |  checknum CARG3; bge ->fff_fallback
-  |  checknum CARG4; bne ->fff_fallback
+  |  checknum TMP0; bge ->fff_fallback
+  |  checknum TMP1; bne ->fff_fallback
   |.else
   |.ffunc_nn math_ldexp
   |.if GPR64
@@ -1927,8 +2180,10 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.ffunc_n math_frexp
   |.if GPR64
   |  la CARG2, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)(DISPATCH)
-  |.else
+  |.elif FPU
   |  la CARG1, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)(DISPATCH)
+  |.else
+  |  la CARG3, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)(DISPATCH)
   |.endif
   |   lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
   |  blex frexp
@@ -1937,7 +2192,12 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.if not DUALNUM
   |   tonum_i FARG2, TMP1
   |.endif
+  |.if FPU
   |  stfd FARG1, 0(RA)
+  |.else
+  |  stw CRET1, 0(RA)
+  |  stw CRET2, 4(RA)
+  |.endif
   |  li RD, (2+1)*8
   |.if DUALNUM
   |   stw TISNUM, 8(RA)
@@ -1950,13 +2210,20 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.ffunc_n math_modf
   |.if GPR64
   |  la CARG2, -8(BASE)
-  |.else
+  |.elif FPU
   |  la CARG1, -8(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |  la CARG3, -8(BASE)
   |.endif
   |   lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
   |  blex modf
   |   la RA, -8(BASE)
+  |.if FPU
   |  stfd FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |  stw CRET1, 0(BASE)
+  |  stw CRET2, 4(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |  li RD, (2+1)*8
   |  b ->fff_res
   |
@@ -1964,13 +2231,13 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.if DUALNUM
   |  .ffunc_1 name
   |  checknum CARG3
-  |   addi TMP1, BASE, 8
-  |   add TMP2, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+  |   addi SAVE0, BASE, 8
+  |   add SAVE1, BASE, NARGS8:RC
   |  bne >4
   |1:  // Handle integers.
-  |  lwz CARG4, 0(TMP1)
-  |   cmplw cr1, TMP1, TMP2
-  |  lwz CARG2, 4(TMP1)
+  |  lwz CARG4, 0(SAVE0)
+  |   cmplw cr1, SAVE0, SAVE1
+  |  lwz CARG2, 4(SAVE0)
   |   bge cr1, ->fff_resi
   |  checknum CARG4
   |   xoris TMP0, CARG1, 0x8000
@@ -1987,36 +2254,76 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.if GPR64
   |  rldicl CARG1, CARG1, 0, 32
   |.endif
-  |   addi TMP1, TMP1, 8
+  |   addi SAVE0, SAVE0, 8
   |  b <1
   |3:
   |  bge ->fff_fallback
   |  // Convert intermediate result to number and continue below.
+  |.if FPU
   |  tonum_i FARG1, CARG1
-  |  lfd FARG2, 0(TMP1)
+  |  lfd FARG2, 0(SAVE0)
+  |.else
+  |  mr CARG2, CARG1
+  |  bl ->vm_sfi2d_1
+  |  lwz CARG3, 0(SAVE0)
+  |  lwz CARG4, 4(SAVE0)
+  |.endif
   |  b >6
   |4:
+  |.if FPU
   |   lfd FARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |   lwz CARG1, 0(BASE)
+  |   lwz CARG2, 4(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |  bge ->fff_fallback
   |5:  // Handle numbers.
-  |  lwz CARG4, 0(TMP1)
-  |   cmplw cr1, TMP1, TMP2
-  |  lfd FARG2, 0(TMP1)
+  |  lwz CARG3, 0(SAVE0)
+  |   cmplw cr1, SAVE0, SAVE1
+  |.if FPU
+  |  lfd FARG2, 0(SAVE0)
+  |.else
+  |  lwz CARG4, 4(SAVE0)
+  |.endif
   |   bge cr1, ->fff_resn
-  |  checknum CARG4; bge >7
+  |  checknum CARG3; bge >7
   |6:
-  |  fsub f0, FARG1, FARG2
-  |   addi TMP1, TMP1, 8
+  |   addi SAVE0, SAVE0, 8
+  |.if FPU
   |.if ismax
+  |  fsub f0, FARG1, FARG2
+  |.else
+  |  fsub f0, FARG2, FARG1
+  |.endif
   |  fsel FARG1, f0, FARG1, FARG2
   |.else
-  |  fsel FARG1, f0, FARG2, FARG1
+  |  stw CARG1, SFSAVE_1
+  |  stw CARG2, SFSAVE_2
+  |  stw CARG3, SFSAVE_3
+  |  stw CARG4, SFSAVE_4
+  |  blex __ledf2
+  |  cmpwi CRET1, 0
+  |.if ismax
+  |  blt >8
+  |.else
+  |  bge >8
+  |.endif
+  |  lwz CARG1, SFSAVE_1
+  |  lwz CARG2, SFSAVE_2
+  |  b <5
+  |8:
+  |  lwz CARG1, SFSAVE_3
+  |  lwz CARG2, SFSAVE_4
   |.endif
   |  b <5
   |7:  // Convert integer to number and continue above.
-  |   lwz CARG2, 4(TMP1)
+  |   lwz CARG3, 4(SAVE0)
   |  bne ->fff_fallback
-  |  tonum_i FARG2, CARG2
+  |.if FPU
+  |  tonum_i FARG2, CARG3
+  |.else
+  |  bl ->vm_sfi2d_2
+  |.endif
   |  b <6
   |.else
   |  .ffunc_n name
@@ -2028,13 +2335,13 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   checknum CARG2
   |  bge cr1, ->fff_resn
   |   bge ->fff_fallback
-  |  fsub f0, FARG1, FARG2
-  |   addi TMP1, TMP1, 8
   |.if ismax
-  |  fsel FARG1, f0, FARG1, FARG2
+  |  fsub f0, FARG1, FARG2
   |.else
-  |  fsel FARG1, f0, FARG2, FARG1
+  |  fsub f0, FARG2, FARG1
   |.endif
+  |   addi TMP1, TMP1, 8
+  |  fsel FARG1, f0, FARG1, FARG2
   |  b <1
   |.endif
   |.endmacro
@@ -2044,11 +2351,6 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |
   |//-- String library -----------------------------------------------------
   |
-  |.ffunc_1 string_len
-  |  checkstr CARG3; bne ->fff_fallback
-  |  lwz CRET1, STR:CARG1->len
-  |  b ->fff_resi
-  |
   |.ffunc string_byte                   // Only handle the 1-arg case here.
   |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
   |   lwz CARG3, 0(BASE)
@@ -2103,6 +2405,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  stp BASE, L->base
   |  stw PC, SAVE_PC
   |  bl extern lj_str_new               // (lua_State *L, char *str, size_t l)
+  |->fff_resstr:
   |  // Returns GCstr *.
   |  lp BASE, L->base
   |  li CARG3, LJ_TSTR
@@ -2180,114 +2483,29 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  addi TMP1, TMP1, 1                 // start = 1 + (start ? start+len : 0)
   |  b <3
   |
-  |.ffunc string_rep                    // Only handle the 1-char case inline.
-  |  ffgccheck
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 16
-  |   lwz TMP0, 0(BASE)
-  |    lwz STR:CARG1, 4(BASE)
-  |   lwz CARG4, 8(BASE)
-  |.if DUALNUM
-  |    lwz CARG3, 12(BASE)
-  |.else
-  |    lfd FARG2, 8(BASE)
-  |.endif
-  |  bne ->fff_fallback                 // Exactly 2 arguments.
-  |  checkstr TMP0; bne ->fff_fallback
-  |.if DUALNUM
-  |  checknum CARG4; bne ->fff_fallback
-  |.else
-  |  checknum CARG4; bge ->fff_fallback
-  |    toint CARG3, FARG2
-  |.endif
-  |   lwz TMP0, STR:CARG1->len
-  |  cmpwi CARG3, 0
-  |   lwz TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.sz)(DISPATCH)
-  |  ble >2                             // Count <= 0? (or non-int)
-  |   cmplwi TMP0, 1
-  |  subi TMP2, CARG3, 1
-  |   blt >2                            // Zero length string?
-  |  cmplw cr1, TMP1, CARG3
-  |   bne ->fff_fallback                // Fallback for > 1-char strings.
-  |   lbz TMP0, STR:CARG1[1]
-  |   lp CARG2, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.buf)(DISPATCH)
-  |  blt cr1, ->fff_fallback
-  |1:  // Fill buffer with char. Yes, this is suboptimal code (do you care?).
-  |  cmplwi TMP2, 0
-  |   stbx TMP0, CARG2, TMP2
-  |   subi TMP2, TMP2, 1
-  |  bne <1
-  |  b ->fff_newstr
-  |2:  // Return empty string.
-  |  la STR:CARG1, DISPATCH_GL(strempty)(DISPATCH)
-  |  li CARG3, LJ_TSTR
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |
-  |.ffunc string_reverse
-  |  ffgccheck
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   lwz CARG3, 0(BASE)
-  |    lwz STR:CARG1, 4(BASE)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |  checkstr CARG3
-  |   lwz TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.sz)(DISPATCH)
-  |  bne ->fff_fallback
-  |  lwz CARG3, STR:CARG1->len
-  |   la CARG1, #STR(STR:CARG1)
-  |   lp CARG2, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.buf)(DISPATCH)
-  |   li TMP2, 0
-  |  cmplw TMP1, CARG3
-  |   subi TMP3, CARG3, 1
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |1:  // Reverse string copy.
-  |  cmpwi TMP3, 0
-  |   lbzx TMP1, CARG1, TMP2
-  |  blty ->fff_newstr
-  |   stbx TMP1, CARG2, TMP3
-  |  subi TMP3, TMP3, 1
-  |  addi TMP2, TMP2, 1
-  |  b <1
-  |
-  |.macro ffstring_case, name, lo
-  |  .ffunc name
+  |.macro ffstring_op, name
+  |  .ffunc string_ .. name
   |  ffgccheck
   |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
   |   lwz CARG3, 0(BASE)
-  |    lwz STR:CARG1, 4(BASE)
+  |    lwz STR:CARG2, 4(BASE)
   |  blt ->fff_fallback
   |  checkstr CARG3
-  |   lwz TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.sz)(DISPATCH)
+  |   la SBUF:CARG1, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf)(DISPATCH)
   |  bne ->fff_fallback
-  |  lwz CARG3, STR:CARG1->len
-  |   la CARG1, #STR(STR:CARG1)
-  |   lp CARG2, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.buf)(DISPATCH)
-  |  cmplw TMP1, CARG3
-  |   li TMP2, 0
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |1:  // ASCII case conversion.
-  |  cmplw TMP2, CARG3
-  |   lbzx TMP1, CARG1, TMP2
-  |  bgey ->fff_newstr
-  |   subi TMP0, TMP1, lo
-  |    xori TMP3, TMP1, 0x20
-  |   addic TMP0, TMP0, -26
-  |   subfe TMP3, TMP3, TMP3
-  |   rlwinm TMP3, TMP3, 0, 26, 26      // x &= 0x20.
-  |   xor TMP1, TMP1, TMP3
-  |   stbx TMP1, CARG2, TMP2
-  |  addi TMP2, TMP2, 1
-  |  b <1
+  |   lwz TMP0, SBUF:CARG1->b
+  |  stw L, SBUF:CARG1->L
+  |  stp BASE, L->base
+  |  stw PC, SAVE_PC
+  |   stw TMP0, SBUF:CARG1->w
+  |  bl extern lj_buf_putstr_ .. name
+  |  bl extern lj_buf_tostr
+  |  b ->fff_resstr
   |.endmacro
   |
-  |ffstring_case string_lower, 65
-  |ffstring_case string_upper, 97
-  |
-  |//-- Table library ------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |.ffunc_1 table_getn
-  |  checktab CARG3; bne ->fff_fallback
-  |  bl extern lj_tab_len               // (GCtab *t)
-  |  // Returns uint32_t (but less than 2^31).
-  |  b ->fff_resi
+  |ffstring_op reverse
+  |ffstring_op lower
+  |ffstring_op upper
   |
   |//-- Bit library --------------------------------------------------------
   |
@@ -2305,28 +2523,37 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |
   |.macro .ffunc_bit_op, name, ins
   |  .ffunc_bit name
-  |  addi TMP1, BASE, 8
-  |  add TMP2, BASE, NARGS8:RC
+  |  addi SAVE0, BASE, 8
+  |  add SAVE1, BASE, NARGS8:RC
   |1:
-  |  lwz CARG4, 0(TMP1)
-  |   cmplw cr1, TMP1, TMP2
+  |  lwz CARG4, 0(SAVE0)
+  |   cmplw cr1, SAVE0, SAVE1
   |.if DUALNUM
-  |  lwz CARG2, 4(TMP1)
+  |  lwz CARG2, 4(SAVE0)
   |.else
-  |  lfd FARG1, 0(TMP1)
+  |  lfd FARG1, 0(SAVE0)
   |.endif
   |   bgey cr1, ->fff_resi
   |  checknum CARG4
   |.if DUALNUM
+  |.if FPU
   |  bnel ->fff_bitop_fb
   |.else
+  |  beq >3
+  |  stw CARG1, SFSAVE_1
+  |  bl ->fff_bitop_fb
+  |  mr CARG2, CARG1
+  |  lwz CARG1, SFSAVE_1
+  |3:
+  |.endif
+  |.else
   |  fadd FARG1, FARG1, TOBIT
   |  bge ->fff_fallback
   |  stfd FARG1, TMPD
   |  lwz CARG2, TMPD_LO
   |.endif
   |  ins CARG1, CARG1, CARG2
-  |   addi TMP1, TMP1, 8
+  |   addi SAVE0, SAVE0, 8
   |  b <1
   |.endmacro
   |
@@ -2348,7 +2575,14 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.macro .ffunc_bit_sh, name, ins, shmod
   |.if DUALNUM
   |  .ffunc_2 bit_..name
+  |.if FPU
   |  checknum CARG3; bnel ->fff_tobit_fb
+  |.else
+  |  checknum CARG3; beq >1
+  |  bl ->fff_tobit_fb
+  |  lwz CARG2, 12(BASE)        // Conversion polluted CARG2.
+  |1:
+  |.endif
   |  // Note: no inline conversion from number for 2nd argument!
   |  checknum CARG4; bne ->fff_fallback
   |.else
@@ -2385,27 +2619,77 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |->fff_resn:
   |  lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
   |  la RA, -8(BASE)
+  |.if FPU
   |  stfd FARG1, -8(BASE)
+  |.else
+  |  stw CARG1, -8(BASE)
+  |  stw CARG2, -4(BASE)
+  |.endif
   |  b ->fff_res1
   |
   |// Fallback FP number to bit conversion.
   |->fff_tobit_fb:
   |.if DUALNUM
+  |.if FPU
   |  lfd FARG1, 0(BASE)
   |  bgt ->fff_fallback
   |  fadd FARG1, FARG1, TOBIT
   |  stfd FARG1, TMPD
   |  lwz CARG1, TMPD_LO
   |  blr
+  |.else
+  |  bgt ->fff_fallback
+  |  mr CARG2, CARG1
+  |  mr CARG1, CARG3
+  |// Modifies: CARG1, CARG2, TMP0, TMP1, TMP2.
+  |->vm_tobit:
+  |  slwi TMP2, CARG1, 1
+  |  addis TMP2, TMP2, 0x0020
+  |  cmpwi TMP2, 0
+  |  bge >2
+  |   li TMP1, 0x3e0
+  |  srawi TMP2, TMP2, 21
+  |   not TMP1, TMP1
+  |  sub. TMP2, TMP1, TMP2
+  |    cmpwi cr7, CARG1, 0
+  |  blt >1
+  |   slwi TMP1, CARG1, 11
+  |    srwi TMP0, CARG2, 21
+  |   oris TMP1, TMP1, 0x8000
+  |   or TMP1, TMP1, TMP0
+  |   srw CARG1, TMP1, TMP2
+  |  bclr 4, 28                 // Return if cr7[lt] == 0, no hint.
+  |   neg CARG1, CARG1
+  |  blr
+  |1:
+  |  addi TMP2, TMP2, 21
+  |  srw TMP1, CARG2, TMP2
+  |   slwi CARG2, CARG1, 12
+  |  subfic TMP2, TMP2, 20
+  |   slw TMP0, CARG2, TMP2
+  |   or CARG1, TMP1, TMP0
+  |  bclr 4, 28                 // Return if cr7[lt] == 0, no hint.
+  |   neg CARG1, CARG1
+  |  blr
+  |2:
+  |  li CARG1, 0
+  |  blr
+  |.endif
   |.endif
   |->fff_bitop_fb:
   |.if DUALNUM
-  |  lfd FARG1, 0(TMP1)
+  |.if FPU
+  |  lfd FARG1, 0(SAVE0)
   |  bgt ->fff_fallback
   |  fadd FARG1, FARG1, TOBIT
   |  stfd FARG1, TMPD
   |  lwz CARG2, TMPD_LO
   |  blr
+  |.else
+  |  bgt ->fff_fallback
+  |  mr CARG1, CARG4
+  |  b ->vm_tobit
+  |.endif
   |.endif
   |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2589,15 +2873,88 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mtctr CRET1
   |  bctr
   |
+  |->cont_stitch:                       // Trace stitching.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  // RA = resultptr, RB = meta base
+  |  lwz INS, -4(PC)
+  |    lwz TRACE:TMP2, -20(RB)          // Save previous trace.
+  |   addic. TMP1, MULTRES, -8
+  |  decode_RA8 RC, INS                 // Call base.
+  |   beq >2
+  |1:  // Move results down.
+  |.if FPU
+  |  lfd f0, 0(RA)
+  |.else
+  |  lwz CARG1, 0(RA)
+  |  lwz CARG2, 4(RA)
+  |.endif
+  |   addic. TMP1, TMP1, -8
+  |    addi RA, RA, 8
+  |.if FPU
+  |  stfdx f0, BASE, RC
+  |.else
+  |  add CARG3, BASE, RC
+  |  stw CARG1, 0(CARG3)
+  |  stw CARG2, 4(CARG3)
+  |.endif
+  |    addi RC, RC, 8
+  |   bne <1
+  |2:
+  |   decode_RA8 RA, INS
+  |   decode_RB8 RB, INS
+  |   add RA, RA, RB
+  |3:
+  |   cmplw RA, RC
+  |   bgt >9                            // More results wanted?
+  |
+  |  lhz TMP3, TRACE:TMP2->traceno
+  |  lhz RD, TRACE:TMP2->link
+  |  cmpw RD, TMP3
+  |   cmpwi cr1, RD, 0
+  |  beq ->cont_nop                     // Blacklisted.
+  |    slwi RD, RD, 3
+  |   bne cr1, =>BC_JLOOP               // Jump to stitched trace.
+  |
+  |  // Stitch a new trace to the previous trace.
+  |  stw TMP3, DISPATCH_J(exitno)(DISPATCH)
+  |  stp L, DISPATCH_J(L)(DISPATCH)
+  |  stp BASE, L->base
+  |  addi CARG1, DISPATCH, GG_DISP2J
+  |  mr CARG2, PC
+  |  bl extern lj_dispatch_stitch       // (jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc)
+  |  lp BASE, L->base
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+  |
+  |9:
+  |  stwx TISNIL, BASE, RC
+  |  addi RC, RC, 8
+  |  b <3
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_profhook:                       // Dispatch target for profiler hook.
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+  |  mr CARG1, L
+  |   stw MULTRES, SAVE_MULTRES
+  |  mr CARG2, PC
+  |   stp BASE, L->base
+  |  bl extern lj_dispatch_profile      // (lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
+  |  // HOOK_PROFILE is off again, so re-dispatch to dynamic instruction.
+  |  lp BASE, L->base
+  |  subi PC, PC, 4
+  |  b ->cont_nop
+#endif
+  |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |//-- Trace exit handler -------------------------------------------------
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |
   |.macro savex_, a, b, c, d
+  |.if FPU
   |  stfd f..a, 16+a*8(sp)
   |  stfd f..b, 16+b*8(sp)
   |  stfd f..c, 16+c*8(sp)
   |  stfd f..d, 16+d*8(sp)
+  |.endif
   |.endmacro
   |
   |->vm_exit_handler:
@@ -2623,16 +2980,16 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  savex_ 20,21,22,23
   |   lhz CARG4, 2(CARG3)               // Load trace number.
   |  savex_ 24,25,26,27
-  |  lwz L, DISPATCH_GL(jit_L)(DISPATCH)
+  |  lwz L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
   |  savex_ 28,29,30,31
   |   sub CARG3, TMP0, CARG3            // Compute exit number.
   |  lp BASE, DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)(DISPATCH)
   |   srwi CARG3, CARG3, 2
-  |  stw L, DISPATCH_J(L)(DISPATCH)
+  |  stp L, DISPATCH_J(L)(DISPATCH)
   |   subi CARG3, CARG3, 2
-  |  stw TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(jit_L)(DISPATCH)
-  |   stw CARG4, DISPATCH_J(parent)(DISPATCH)
   |  stp BASE, L->base
+  |   stw CARG4, DISPATCH_J(parent)(DISPATCH)
+  |  stw TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)(DISPATCH)
   |  addi CARG1, DISPATCH, GG_DISP2J
   |   stw CARG3, DISPATCH_J(exitno)(DISPATCH)
   |  addi CARG2, sp, 16
@@ -2656,33 +3013,37 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  // CARG1 = MULTRES or negated error code, BASE, PC and JGL set.
   |  lwz L, SAVE_L
   |  addi DISPATCH, JGL, -GG_DISP2G-32768
+  |  stp BASE, L->base
   |1:
-  |  cmpwi CARG1, 0
-  |  blt >3                             // Check for error from exit.
-  |  lwz LFUNC:TMP1, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
+  |  li TMP2, -LUA_ERRERR
+  |  cmplw CARG1, TMP2
+  |  bge >9                             // Check for error from exit.
+  |  lwz LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
   |   slwi MULTRES, CARG1, 3
   |    li TMP2, 0
   |   stw MULTRES, SAVE_MULTRES
-  |  lwz TMP1, LFUNC:TMP1->pc
-  |    stw TMP2, DISPATCH_GL(jit_L)(DISPATCH)
+  |  lwz TMP1, LFUNC:RB->pc
+  |    stw TMP2, DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)(DISPATCH)
   |  lwz KBASE, PC2PROTO(k)(TMP1)
   |  // Setup type comparison constants.
   |  li TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM
-  |  lus TMP3, 0x59c0                   // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
-  |  stw TMP3, TMPD
+  |  .FPU lus TMP3, 0x59c0              // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
+  |  .FPU stw TMP3, TMPD
   |  li ZERO, 0
-  |  ori TMP3, TMP3, 0x0004             // TONUM = 2^52 + 2^51 + 2^31 (float).
-  |  lfs TOBIT, TMPD
-  |  stw TMP3, TMPD
-  |  lus TMP0, 0x4338                   // Hiword of 2^52 + 2^51 (double)
+  |  .FPU ori TMP3, TMP3, 0x0004        // TONUM = 2^52 + 2^51 + 2^31 (float).
+  |  .FPU lfs TOBIT, TMPD
+  |  .FPU stw TMP3, TMPD
+  |  .FPU lus TMP0, 0x4338                      // Hiword of 2^52 + 2^51 (double)
   |    li TISNIL, LJ_TNIL
-  |  stw TMP0, TONUM_HI
-  |  lfs TONUM, TMPD
+  |  .FPU stw TMP0, TONUM_HI
+  |  .FPU lfs TONUM, TMPD
   |  // Modified copy of ins_next which handles function header dispatch, too.
   |  lwz INS, 0(PC)
   |   addi PC, PC, 4
   |    // Assumes TISNIL == ~LJ_VMST_INTERP == -1.
   |    stw TISNIL, DISPATCH_GL(vmstate)(DISPATCH)
+  |  cmpwi CARG1, -17                   // Static dispatch?
+  |  beq >5
   |  decode_OPP TMP1, INS
   |   decode_RA8 RA, INS
   |  lpx TMP0, DISPATCH, TMP1
@@ -2694,20 +3055,78 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   decode_RC8 RC, INS
   |  bctr
   |2:
+  |  cmplwi TMP1, (BC_FUNCC+2)*4        // Fast function?
+  |  blt >3
+  |  // Check frame below fast function.
+  |  lwz TMP1, FRAME_PC(BASE)
+  |  andix. TMP0, TMP1, FRAME_TYPE
+  |  bney >3                            // Trace stitching continuation?
+  |  // Otherwise set KBASE for Lua function below fast function.
+  |  lwz TMP2, -4(TMP1)
+  |  decode_RA8 TMP0, TMP2
+  |  sub TMP1, BASE, TMP0
+  |  lwz LFUNC:TMP2, -12(TMP1)
+  |  lwz TMP1, LFUNC:TMP2->pc
+  |  lwz KBASE, PC2PROTO(k)(TMP1)
+  |3:
   |   subi RC, MULTRES, 8
   |   add RA, RA, BASE
   |  bctr
   |
-  |3:  // Rethrow error from the right C frame.
+  |5:  // Dispatch to static entry of original ins replaced by BC_JLOOP.
+  |  lwz TMP1, DISPATCH_J(trace)(DISPATCH)
+  |  decode_RD4 RD, INS
+  |  lwzx TRACE:TMP1, TMP1, RD
+  |  lwz INS, TRACE:TMP1->startins
+  |  decode_OPP TMP1, INS
+  |  addi TMP1, TMP1, GG_DISP2STATIC
+  |  lpx TMP0, DISPATCH, TMP1
+  |  mtctr TMP0
+  |   decode_RB8 RB, INS
+  |   decode_RD8 RD, INS
+  |   decode_RA8 RA, INS
+  |   decode_RC8 RC, INS
+  |  bctr
+  |
+  |9:  // Rethrow error from the right C frame.
+  |  neg CARG2, CARG1
   |  mr CARG1, L
-  |  bl extern lj_err_run               // (lua_State *L)
+  |  bl extern lj_err_trace             // (lua_State *L, int errcode)
   |.endif
   |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |//-- Math helper functions ----------------------------------------------
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |
-  |// NYI: Use internal implementations of floor, ceil, trunc.
+  |// NYI: Use internal implementations of floor, ceil, trunc, sfcmp.
+  |
+  |.macro sfi2d, AHI, ALO
+  |.if not FPU
+  |  mr. AHI, ALO
+  |  bclr 12, 2                         // Handle zero first.
+  |  srawi TMP0, ALO, 31
+  |  xor TMP1, ALO, TMP0
+  |  sub TMP1, TMP1, TMP0               // Absolute value in TMP1.
+  |  cntlzw AHI, TMP1
+  |  andix. TMP0, TMP0, 0x800           // Mask sign bit.
+  |  slw TMP1, TMP1, AHI                // Align mantissa left with leading 1.
+  |  subfic AHI, AHI, 0x3ff+31-1        // Exponent -1 in AHI.
+  |  slwi ALO, TMP1, 21
+  |  or AHI, AHI, TMP0                  // Sign | Exponent.
+  |  srwi TMP1, TMP1, 11
+  |  slwi AHI, AHI, 20                  // Align left.
+  |  add AHI, AHI, TMP1                 // Add mantissa, increment exponent.
+  |  blr
+  |.endif
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |// Input: CARG2. Output: CARG1, CARG2. Temporaries: TMP0, TMP1.
+  |->vm_sfi2d_1:
+  |  sfi2d CARG1, CARG2
+  |
+  |// Input: CARG4. Output: CARG3, CARG4. Temporaries: TMP0, TMP1.
+  |->vm_sfi2d_2:
+  |  sfi2d CARG3, CARG4
   |
   |->vm_modi:
   |  divwo. TMP0, CARG1, CARG2
@@ -2762,6 +3181,11 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  blr
   |.endif
   |
+  |->vm_next:
+  |.if JIT
+  |  NYI  // On big-endian.
+  |.endif
+  |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |//-- FFI helper functions -----------------------------------------------
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2775,21 +3199,21 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |   addi DISPATCH, r12, GG_G2DISP
   |  stw r11, CTSTATE->cb.slot
   |  stw r3, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[0]
-  |   stfd f1, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[0]
+  |   .FPU stfd f1, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[0]
   |  stw r4, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[1]
-  |   stfd f2, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[1]
+  |   .FPU stfd f2, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[1]
   |  stw r5, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[2]
-  |   stfd f3, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[2]
+  |   .FPU stfd f3, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[2]
   |  stw r6, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[3]
-  |   stfd f4, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[3]
+  |   .FPU stfd f4, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[3]
   |  stw r7, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[4]
-  |   stfd f5, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[4]
+  |   .FPU stfd f5, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[4]
   |  stw r8, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[5]
-  |   stfd f6, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[5]
+  |   .FPU stfd f6, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[5]
   |  stw r9, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[6]
-  |   stfd f7, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[6]
+  |   .FPU stfd f7, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[6]
   |  stw r10, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[7]
-  |   stfd f8, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[7]
+  |   .FPU stfd f8, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[7]
   |  addi TMP0, sp, CFRAME_SPACE+8
   |  stw TMP0, CTSTATE->cb.stack
   |   mr CARG1, CTSTATE
@@ -2800,21 +3224,21 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  lp BASE, L:CRET1->base
   |     li TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM            // Setup type comparison constants.
   |  lp RC, L:CRET1->top
-  |     lus TMP3, 0x59c0                // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
+  |     .FPU lus TMP3, 0x59c0           // TOBIT = 2^52 + 2^51 (float).
   |     li ZERO, 0
   |   mr L, CRET1
-  |     stw TMP3, TMPD
-  |     lus TMP0, 0x4338                // Hiword of 2^52 + 2^51 (double)
+  |     .FPU stw TMP3, TMPD
+  |     .FPU lus TMP0, 0x4338           // Hiword of 2^52 + 2^51 (double)
   |  lwz LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
-  |     ori TMP3, TMP3, 0x0004          // TONUM = 2^52 + 2^51 + 2^31 (float).
-  |     stw TMP0, TONUM_HI
+  |     .FPU ori TMP3, TMP3, 0x0004     // TONUM = 2^52 + 2^51 + 2^31 (float).
+  |     .FPU stw TMP0, TONUM_HI
   |     li TISNIL, LJ_TNIL
   |    li_vmstate INTERP
-  |     lfs TOBIT, TMPD
-  |     stw TMP3, TMPD
+  |     .FPU lfs TOBIT, TMPD
+  |     .FPU stw TMP3, TMPD
   |  sub RC, RC, BASE
   |    st_vmstate
-  |     lfs TONUM, TMPD
+  |     .FPU lfs TONUM, TMPD
   |  ins_callt
   |.endif
   |
@@ -2828,7 +3252,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mr CARG2, RA
   |  bl extern lj_ccallback_leave       // (CTState *cts, TValue *o)
   |  lwz CRET1, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[0]
-  |  lfd FARG1, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[0]
+  |  .FPU lfd FARG1, CTSTATE->cb.fpr[0]
   |  lwz CRET2, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[1]
   |  b ->vm_leave_unw
   |.endif
@@ -2862,14 +3286,14 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  bge <1
   |2:
   |  bney cr1, >3
-  |  lfd f1, CCSTATE->fpr[0]
-  |  lfd f2, CCSTATE->fpr[1]
-  |  lfd f3, CCSTATE->fpr[2]
-  |  lfd f4, CCSTATE->fpr[3]
-  |  lfd f5, CCSTATE->fpr[4]
-  |  lfd f6, CCSTATE->fpr[5]
-  |  lfd f7, CCSTATE->fpr[6]
-  |  lfd f8, CCSTATE->fpr[7]
+  |  .FPU lfd f1, CCSTATE->fpr[0]
+  |  .FPU lfd f2, CCSTATE->fpr[1]
+  |  .FPU lfd f3, CCSTATE->fpr[2]
+  |  .FPU lfd f4, CCSTATE->fpr[3]
+  |  .FPU lfd f5, CCSTATE->fpr[4]
+  |  .FPU lfd f6, CCSTATE->fpr[5]
+  |  .FPU lfd f7, CCSTATE->fpr[6]
+  |  .FPU lfd f8, CCSTATE->fpr[7]
   |3:
   |   lp TMP0, CCSTATE->func
   |  lwz CARG2, CCSTATE->gpr[1]
@@ -2886,7 +3310,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  lwz TMP2, -4(r14)
   |   lwz TMP0, 4(r14)
   |  stw CARG1, CCSTATE:TMP1->gpr[0]
-  |  stfd FARG1, CCSTATE:TMP1->fpr[0]
+  |  .FPU stfd FARG1, CCSTATE:TMP1->fpr[0]
   |  stw CARG2, CCSTATE:TMP1->gpr[1]
   |   mtlr TMP0
   |  stw CARG3, CCSTATE:TMP1->gpr[2]
@@ -2915,19 +3339,19 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
   case BC_ISLT: case BC_ISGE: case BC_ISLE: case BC_ISGT:
     |  // RA = src1*8, RD = src2*8, JMP with RD = target
     |.if DUALNUM
-    |  lwzux TMP0, RA, BASE
+    |  lwzux CARG1, RA, BASE
     |    addi PC, PC, 4
     |   lwz CARG2, 4(RA)
-    |  lwzux TMP1, RD, BASE
+    |  lwzux CARG3, RD, BASE
     |    lwz TMP2, -4(PC)
-    |  checknum cr0, TMP0
-    |   lwz CARG3, 4(RD)
+    |  checknum cr0, CARG1
+    |   lwz CARG4, 4(RD)
     |    decode_RD4 TMP2, TMP2
-    |  checknum cr1, TMP1
-    |    addis TMP2, TMP2, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
+    |  checknum cr1, CARG3
+    |    addis SAVE0, TMP2, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
     |  bne cr0, >7
     |  bne cr1, >8
-    |   cmpw CARG2, CARG3
+    |   cmpw CARG2, CARG4
     if (op == BC_ISLT) {
       |  bge >2
     } else if (op == BC_ISGE) {
@@ -2938,28 +3362,41 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
       |  ble >2
     }
     |1:
-    |  add PC, PC, TMP2
+    |  add PC, PC, SAVE0
     |2:
     |  ins_next
     |
     |7:  // RA is not an integer.
     |  bgt cr0, ->vmeta_comp
     |  // RA is a number.
-    |   lfd f0, 0(RA)
+    |   .FPU lfd f0, 0(RA)
     |  bgt cr1, ->vmeta_comp
     |  blt cr1, >4
     |  // RA is a number, RD is an integer.
-    |  tonum_i f1, CARG3
+    |.if FPU
+    |  tonum_i f1, CARG4
+    |.else
+    |  bl ->vm_sfi2d_2
+    |.endif
     |  b >5
     |
     |8: // RA is an integer, RD is not an integer.
     |  bgt cr1, ->vmeta_comp
     |  // RA is an integer, RD is a number.
+    |.if FPU
     |  tonum_i f0, CARG2
+    |.else
+    |  bl ->vm_sfi2d_1
+    |.endif
     |4:
-    |  lfd f1, 0(RD)
+    |  .FPU lfd f1, 0(RD)
     |5:
+    |.if FPU
     |  fcmpu cr0, f0, f1
+    |.else
+    |  blex __ledf2
+    |  cmpwi CRET1, 0
+    |.endif
     if (op == BC_ISLT) {
       |  bge <2
     } else if (op == BC_ISGE) {
@@ -3007,42 +3444,42 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     vk = op == BC_ISEQV;
     |  // RA = src1*8, RD = src2*8, JMP with RD = target
     |.if DUALNUM
-    |  lwzux TMP0, RA, BASE
+    |  lwzux CARG1, RA, BASE
     |    addi PC, PC, 4
     |   lwz CARG2, 4(RA)
-    |  lwzux TMP1, RD, BASE
-    |  checknum cr0, TMP0
-    |    lwz TMP2, -4(PC)
-    |  checknum cr1, TMP1
-    |    decode_RD4 TMP2, TMP2
-    |   lwz CARG3, 4(RD)
+    |  lwzux CARG3, RD, BASE
+    |  checknum cr0, CARG1
+    |    lwz SAVE0, -4(PC)
+    |  checknum cr1, CARG3
+    |    decode_RD4 SAVE0, SAVE0
+    |   lwz CARG4, 4(RD)
     |  cror 4*cr7+gt, 4*cr0+gt, 4*cr1+gt
-    |    addis TMP2, TMP2, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
+    |    addis SAVE0, SAVE0, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
     if (vk) {
       |  ble cr7, ->BC_ISEQN_Z
     } else {
       |  ble cr7, ->BC_ISNEN_Z
     }
     |.else
-    |  lwzux TMP0, RA, BASE
-    |   lwz TMP2, 0(PC)
+    |  lwzux CARG1, RA, BASE
+    |   lwz SAVE0, 0(PC)
     |    lfd f0, 0(RA)
     |   addi PC, PC, 4
-    |  lwzux TMP1, RD, BASE
-    |  checknum cr0, TMP0
-    |   decode_RD4 TMP2, TMP2
+    |  lwzux CARG3, RD, BASE
+    |  checknum cr0, CARG1
+    |   decode_RD4 SAVE0, SAVE0
     |    lfd f1, 0(RD)
-    |  checknum cr1, TMP1
-    |   addis TMP2, TMP2, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
+    |  checknum cr1, CARG3
+    |   addis SAVE0, SAVE0, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
     |  bge cr0, >5
     |  bge cr1, >5
     |  fcmpu cr0, f0, f1
     if (vk) {
       |  bne >1
-      |  add PC, PC, TMP2
+      |  add PC, PC, SAVE0
     } else {
       |  beq >1
-      |  add PC, PC, TMP2
+      |  add PC, PC, SAVE0
     }
     |1:
     |  ins_next
@@ -3050,36 +3487,36 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |5:  // Either or both types are not numbers.
     |.if not DUALNUM
     |    lwz CARG2, 4(RA)
-    |    lwz CARG3, 4(RD)
+    |    lwz CARG4, 4(RD)
     |.endif
     |.if FFI
-    |  cmpwi cr7, TMP0, LJ_TCDATA
-    |  cmpwi cr5, TMP1, LJ_TCDATA
+    |  cmpwi cr7, CARG1, LJ_TCDATA
+    |  cmpwi cr5, CARG3, LJ_TCDATA
     |.endif
-    |   not TMP3, TMP0
-    |  cmplw TMP0, TMP1
-    |   cmplwi cr1, TMP3, ~LJ_TISPRI            // Primitive?
+    |   not TMP2, CARG1
+    |  cmplw CARG1, CARG3
+    |   cmplwi cr1, TMP2, ~LJ_TISPRI            // Primitive?
     |.if FFI
     |  cror 4*cr7+eq, 4*cr7+eq, 4*cr5+eq
     |.endif
-    |   cmplwi cr6, TMP3, ~LJ_TISTABUD          // Table or userdata?
+    |   cmplwi cr6, TMP2, ~LJ_TISTABUD          // Table or userdata?
     |.if FFI
     |  beq cr7, ->vmeta_equal_cd
     |.endif
-    |    cmplw cr5, CARG2, CARG3
+    |    cmplw cr5, CARG2, CARG4
     |  crandc 4*cr0+gt, 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr1+gt      // 2: Same type and primitive.
     |  crorc 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr5+eq, 4*cr0+eq       // 1: Same tv or different type.
     |  crand 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr5+eq       // 0: Same type and same tv.
-    |   mr SAVE0, PC
+    |   mr SAVE1, PC
     |  cror 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr0+gt        // 0 or 2.
     |  cror 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr0+gt        // 1 or 2.
     if (vk) {
       |  bne cr0, >6
-      |  add PC, PC, TMP2
+      |  add PC, PC, SAVE0
       |6:
     } else {
       |  beq cr0, >6
-      |  add PC, PC, TMP2
+      |  add PC, PC, SAVE0
       |6:
     }
     |.if DUALNUM
@@ -3094,6 +3531,7 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |
     |  // Different tables or userdatas. Need to check __eq metamethod.
     |  // Field metatable must be at same offset for GCtab and GCudata!
+    |   mr CARG3, CARG4
     |  lwz TAB:TMP2, TAB:CARG2->metatable
     |   li CARG4, 1-vk                  // ne = 0 or 1.
     |  cmplwi TAB:TMP2, 0
@@ -3101,7 +3539,7 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  lbz TMP2, TAB:TMP2->nomm
     |  andix. TMP2, TMP2, 1<<MM_eq
     |  bne <1                           // Or 'no __eq' flag set?
-    |  mr PC, SAVE0                     // Restore old PC.
+    |  mr PC, SAVE1                     // Restore old PC.
     |  b ->vmeta_equal                  // Handle __eq metamethod.
     break;
 
@@ -3142,16 +3580,16 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     vk = op == BC_ISEQN;
     |  // RA = src*8, RD = num_const*8, JMP with RD = target
     |.if DUALNUM
-    |  lwzux TMP0, RA, BASE
+    |  lwzux CARG1, RA, BASE
     |    addi PC, PC, 4
     |   lwz CARG2, 4(RA)
-    |  lwzux TMP1, RD, KBASE
-    |  checknum cr0, TMP0
-    |    lwz TMP2, -4(PC)
-    |  checknum cr1, TMP1
-    |    decode_RD4 TMP2, TMP2
-    |   lwz CARG3, 4(RD)
-    |    addis TMP2, TMP2, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
+    |  lwzux CARG3, RD, KBASE
+    |  checknum cr0, CARG1
+    |    lwz SAVE0, -4(PC)
+    |  checknum cr1, CARG3
+    |    decode_RD4 SAVE0, SAVE0
+    |   lwz CARG4, 4(RD)
+    |    addis SAVE0, SAVE0, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
     if (vk) {
       |->BC_ISEQN_Z:
     } else {
@@ -3159,7 +3597,7 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     }
     |  bne cr0, >7
     |  bne cr1, >8
-    |   cmpw CARG2, CARG3
+    |   cmpw CARG2, CARG4
     |4:
     |.else
     if (vk) {
@@ -3167,20 +3605,20 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     } else {
       |->BC_ISNEN_Z:  // Dummy label.
     }
-    |  lwzx TMP0, BASE, RA
+    |  lwzx CARG1, BASE, RA
     |    addi PC, PC, 4
     |   lfdx f0, BASE, RA
-    |    lwz TMP2, -4(PC)
+    |    lwz SAVE0, -4(PC)
     |  lfdx f1, KBASE, RD
-    |    decode_RD4 TMP2, TMP2
-    |  checknum TMP0
-    |    addis TMP2, TMP2, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
+    |    decode_RD4 SAVE0, SAVE0
+    |  checknum CARG1
+    |    addis SAVE0, SAVE0, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
     |  bge >3
     |  fcmpu cr0, f0, f1
     |.endif
     if (vk) {
       |  bne >1
-      |  add PC, PC, TMP2
+      |  add PC, PC, SAVE0
       |1:
       |.if not FFI
       |3:
@@ -3191,13 +3629,13 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
       |.if not FFI
       |3:
       |.endif
-      |  add PC, PC, TMP2
+      |  add PC, PC, SAVE0
       |2:
     }
     |  ins_next
     |.if FFI
     |3:
-    |  cmpwi TMP0, LJ_TCDATA
+    |  cmpwi CARG1, LJ_TCDATA
     |  beq ->vmeta_equal_cd
     |  b <1
     |.endif
@@ -3205,18 +3643,31 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |7:  // RA is not an integer.
     |  bge cr0, <3
     |  // RA is a number.
-    |   lfd f0, 0(RA)
+    |   .FPU lfd f0, 0(RA)
     |  blt cr1, >1
     |  // RA is a number, RD is an integer.
-    |  tonum_i f1, CARG3
+    |.if FPU
+    |  tonum_i f1, CARG4
+    |.else
+    |  bl ->vm_sfi2d_2
+    |.endif
     |  b >2
     |
     |8: // RA is an integer, RD is a number.
+    |.if FPU
     |  tonum_i f0, CARG2
+    |.else
+    |  bl ->vm_sfi2d_1
+    |.endif
     |1:
-    |  lfd f1, 0(RD)
+    |  .FPU lfd f1, 0(RD)
     |2:
+    |.if FPU
     |  fcmpu cr0, f0, f1
+    |.else
+    |  blex __ledf2
+    |  cmpwi CRET1, 0
+    |.endif
     |  b <4
     |.endif
     break;
@@ -3271,7 +3722,12 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
       |  add PC, PC, TMP2
     } else {
       |  li TMP1, LJ_TFALSE
+      |.if FPU
       |   lfdx f0, BASE, RD
+      |.else
+      |   lwzux CARG1, RD, BASE
+      |   lwz CARG2, 4(RD)
+      |.endif
       |  cmplw TMP0, TMP1
       if (op == BC_ISTC) {
         |  bge >1
@@ -3280,20 +3736,55 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
       }
       |  addis PC, PC, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
       |  decode_RD4 TMP2, INS
+      |.if FPU
       |   stfdx f0, BASE, RA
+      |.else
+      |   stwux CARG1, RA, BASE
+      |   stw CARG2, 4(RA)
+      |.endif
       |  add PC, PC, TMP2
       |1:
     }
     |  ins_next
     break;
 
+  case BC_ISTYPE:
+    |  // RA = src*8, RD = -type*8
+    |  lwzx TMP0, BASE, RA
+    |  srwi TMP1, RD, 3
+    |  ins_next1
+    |.if not PPE and not GPR64
+    |  add. TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
+    |.else
+    |  neg TMP1, TMP1
+    |  cmpw TMP0, TMP1
+    |.endif
+    |  bne ->vmeta_istype
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
+  case BC_ISNUM:
+    |  // RA = src*8, RD = -(TISNUM-1)*8
+    |  lwzx TMP0, BASE, RA
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  checknum TMP0
+    |  bge ->vmeta_istype
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
+
   /* -- Unary ops --------------------------------------------------------- */
 
   case BC_MOV:
     |  // RA = dst*8, RD = src*8
     |  ins_next1
+    |.if FPU
     |  lfdx f0, BASE, RD
     |  stfdx f0, BASE, RA
+    |.else
+    |  lwzux TMP0, RD, BASE
+    |  lwz TMP1, 4(RD)
+    |  stwux TMP0, RA, BASE
+    |  stw TMP1, 4(RA)
+    |.endif
     |  ins_next2
     break;
   case BC_NOT:
@@ -3395,44 +3886,65 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     ||vk = ((int)op - BC_ADDVN) / (BC_ADDNV-BC_ADDVN);
     ||switch (vk) {
     ||case 0:
-    |   lwzx TMP1, BASE, RB
+    |   lwzx CARG1, BASE, RB
     |   .if DUALNUM
-    |     lwzx TMP2, KBASE, RC
+    |     lwzx CARG3, KBASE, RC
     |   .endif
+    |   .if FPU
     |    lfdx f14, BASE, RB
     |    lfdx f15, KBASE, RC
+    |   .else
+    |    add TMP1, BASE, RB
+    |    add TMP2, KBASE, RC
+    |    lwz CARG2, 4(TMP1)
+    |    lwz CARG4, 4(TMP2)
+    |   .endif
     |   .if DUALNUM
-    |     checknum cr0, TMP1
-    |     checknum cr1, TMP2
+    |     checknum cr0, CARG1
+    |     checknum cr1, CARG3
     |     crand 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr1+lt
     |     bge ->vmeta_arith_vn
     |   .else
-    |     checknum TMP1; bge ->vmeta_arith_vn
+    |     checknum CARG1; bge ->vmeta_arith_vn
     |   .endif
     ||  break;
     ||case 1:
-    |   lwzx TMP1, BASE, RB
+    |   lwzx CARG1, BASE, RB
     |   .if DUALNUM
-    |     lwzx TMP2, KBASE, RC
+    |     lwzx CARG3, KBASE, RC
     |   .endif
+    |   .if FPU
     |    lfdx f15, BASE, RB
     |    lfdx f14, KBASE, RC
+    |   .else
+    |    add TMP1, BASE, RB
+    |    add TMP2, KBASE, RC
+    |    lwz CARG2, 4(TMP1)
+    |    lwz CARG4, 4(TMP2)
+    |   .endif
     |   .if DUALNUM
-    |     checknum cr0, TMP1
-    |     checknum cr1, TMP2
+    |     checknum cr0, CARG1
+    |     checknum cr1, CARG3
     |     crand 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr1+lt
     |     bge ->vmeta_arith_nv
     |   .else
-    |     checknum TMP1; bge ->vmeta_arith_nv
+    |     checknum CARG1; bge ->vmeta_arith_nv
     |   .endif
     ||  break;
     ||default:
-    |   lwzx TMP1, BASE, RB
-    |   lwzx TMP2, BASE, RC
+    |   lwzx CARG1, BASE, RB
+    |   lwzx CARG3, BASE, RC
+    |   .if FPU
     |    lfdx f14, BASE, RB
     |    lfdx f15, BASE, RC
-    |   checknum cr0, TMP1
-    |   checknum cr1, TMP2
+    |   .else
+    |    add TMP1, BASE, RB
+    |    add TMP2, BASE, RC
+    |    lwz CARG2, 4(TMP1)
+    |    lwz CARG4, 4(TMP2)
+    |   .endif
+    |   checknum cr0, CARG1
+    |   checknum cr1, CARG3
     |   crand 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr1+lt
     |   bge ->vmeta_arith_vv
     ||  break;
@@ -3466,48 +3978,78 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  fsub a, b, a                     // b - floor(b/c)*c
     |.endmacro
     |
+    |.macro sfpmod
+    |->BC_MODVN_Z:
+    |  stw CARG1, SFSAVE_1
+    |  stw CARG2, SFSAVE_2
+    |  mr SAVE0, CARG3
+    |  mr SAVE1, CARG4
+    |  blex __divdf3
+    |  blex floor
+    |  mr CARG3, SAVE0
+    |  mr CARG4, SAVE1
+    |  blex __muldf3
+    |  mr CARG3, CRET1
+    |  mr CARG4, CRET2
+    |  lwz CARG1, SFSAVE_1
+    |  lwz CARG2, SFSAVE_2
+    |  blex __subdf3
+    |.endmacro
+    |
     |.macro ins_arithfp, fpins
     |  ins_arithpre
     |.if "fpins" == "fpmod_"
     |  b ->BC_MODVN_Z                   // Avoid 3 copies. It's slow anyway.
-    |.else
+    |.elif FPU
     |  fpins f0, f14, f15
     |  ins_next1
     |  stfdx f0, BASE, RA
     |  ins_next2
+    |.else
+    |  blex __divdf3                    // Only soft-float div uses this macro.
+    |  ins_next1
+    |  stwux CRET1, RA, BASE
+    |  stw CRET2, 4(RA)
+    |  ins_next2
     |.endif
     |.endmacro
     |
-    |.macro ins_arithdn, intins, fpins
+    |.macro ins_arithdn, intins, fpins, fpcall
     |  // RA = dst*8, RB = src1*8, RC = src2*8 | num_const*8
     ||vk = ((int)op - BC_ADDVN) / (BC_ADDNV-BC_ADDVN);
     ||switch (vk) {
     ||case 0:
-    |   lwzux TMP1, RB, BASE
-    |   lwzux TMP2, RC, KBASE
-    |    lwz CARG1, 4(RB)
-    |   checknum cr0, TMP1
-    |    lwz CARG2, 4(RC)
+    |   lwzux CARG1, RB, BASE
+    |   lwzux CARG3, RC, KBASE
+    |    lwz CARG2, 4(RB)
+    |   checknum cr0, CARG1
+    |    lwz CARG4, 4(RC)
+    |   checknum cr1, CARG3
     ||  break;
     ||case 1:
-    |   lwzux TMP1, RB, BASE
-    |   lwzux TMP2, RC, KBASE
-    |    lwz CARG2, 4(RB)
-    |   checknum cr0, TMP1
-    |    lwz CARG1, 4(RC)
+    |   lwzux CARG3, RB, BASE
+    |   lwzux CARG1, RC, KBASE
+    |    lwz CARG4, 4(RB)
+    |   checknum cr0, CARG3
+    |    lwz CARG2, 4(RC)
+    |   checknum cr1, CARG1
     ||  break;
     ||default:
-    |   lwzux TMP1, RB, BASE
-    |   lwzux TMP2, RC, BASE
-    |    lwz CARG1, 4(RB)
-    |   checknum cr0, TMP1
-    |    lwz CARG2, 4(RC)
+    |   lwzux CARG1, RB, BASE
+    |   lwzux CARG3, RC, BASE
+    |    lwz CARG2, 4(RB)
+    |   checknum cr0, CARG1
+    |    lwz CARG4, 4(RC)
+    |   checknum cr1, CARG3
     ||  break;
     ||}
-    |  checknum cr1, TMP2
     |  bne >5
     |  bne cr1, >5
-    |  intins CARG1, CARG1, CARG2
+    |.if "intins" == "intmod"
+    |  mr CARG1, CARG2
+    |  mr CARG2, CARG4
+    |.endif
+    |  intins CARG1, CARG2, CARG4
     |  bso >4
     |1:
     |  ins_next1
@@ -3519,29 +4061,40 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  checkov TMP0, <1                 // Ignore unrelated overflow.
     |  ins_arithfallback b
     |5:  // FP variant.
+    |.if FPU
     ||if (vk == 1) {
     |  lfd f15, 0(RB)
-    |   crand 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr1+lt
     |  lfd f14, 0(RC)
     ||} else {
     |  lfd f14, 0(RB)
-    |   crand 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr1+lt
     |  lfd f15, 0(RC)
     ||}
+    |.endif
+    |  crand 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr1+lt
     |   ins_arithfallback bge
     |.if "fpins" == "fpmod_"
     |  b ->BC_MODVN_Z                   // Avoid 3 copies. It's slow anyway.
     |.else
+    |.if FPU
     |  fpins f0, f14, f15
-    |  ins_next1
     |  stfdx f0, BASE, RA
+    |.else
+    |.if "fpcall" == "sfpmod"
+    |  sfpmod
+    |.else
+    |  blex fpcall
+    |.endif
+    |  stwux CRET1, RA, BASE
+    |  stw CRET2, 4(RA)
+    |.endif
+    |  ins_next1
     |  b <2
     |.endif
     |.endmacro
     |
-    |.macro ins_arith, intins, fpins
+    |.macro ins_arith, intins, fpins, fpcall
     |.if DUALNUM
-    |  ins_arithdn intins, fpins
+    |  ins_arithdn intins, fpins, fpcall
     |.else
     |  ins_arithfp fpins
     |.endif
@@ -3556,9 +4109,9 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  addo. TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
     |  add y, a, b
     |.endmacro
-    |  ins_arith addo32., fadd
+    |  ins_arith addo32., fadd, __adddf3
     |.else
-    |  ins_arith addo., fadd
+    |  ins_arith addo., fadd, __adddf3
     |.endif
     break;
   case BC_SUBVN: case BC_SUBNV: case BC_SUBVV:
@@ -3570,36 +4123,48 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  subo. TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
     |  sub y, a, b
     |.endmacro
-    |  ins_arith subo32., fsub
+    |  ins_arith subo32., fsub, __subdf3
     |.else
-    |  ins_arith subo., fsub
+    |  ins_arith subo., fsub, __subdf3
     |.endif
     break;
   case BC_MULVN: case BC_MULNV: case BC_MULVV:
-    |  ins_arith mullwo., fmul
+    |  ins_arith mullwo., fmul, __muldf3
     break;
   case BC_DIVVN: case BC_DIVNV: case BC_DIVVV:
     |  ins_arithfp fdiv
     break;
   case BC_MODVN:
-    |  ins_arith intmod, fpmod
+    |  ins_arith intmod, fpmod, sfpmod
     break;
   case BC_MODNV: case BC_MODVV:
-    |  ins_arith intmod, fpmod_
+    |  ins_arith intmod, fpmod_, sfpmod
     break;
   case BC_POW:
     |  // NYI: (partial) integer arithmetic.
-    |  lwzx TMP1, BASE, RB
+    |  lwzx CARG1, BASE, RB
+    |  lwzx CARG3, BASE, RC
+    |.if FPU
     |   lfdx FARG1, BASE, RB
-    |  lwzx TMP2, BASE, RC
     |   lfdx FARG2, BASE, RC
-    |  checknum cr0, TMP1
-    |  checknum cr1, TMP2
+    |.else
+    |   add TMP1, BASE, RB
+    |   add TMP2, BASE, RC
+    |   lwz CARG2, 4(TMP1)
+    |   lwz CARG4, 4(TMP2)
+    |.endif
+    |  checknum cr0, CARG1
+    |  checknum cr1, CARG3
     |  crand 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr1+lt
     |  bge ->vmeta_arith_vv
     |  blex pow
     |  ins_next1
+    |.if FPU
     |  stfdx FARG1, BASE, RA
+    |.else
+    |  stwux CARG1, RA, BASE
+    |  stw CARG2, 4(RA)
+    |.endif
     |  ins_next2
     break;
 
@@ -3619,8 +4184,15 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   lp BASE, L->base
     |  bne ->vmeta_binop
     |  ins_next1
+    |.if FPU
     |  lfdx f0, BASE, SAVE0             // Copy result from RB to RA.
     |  stfdx f0, BASE, RA
+    |.else
+    |  lwzux TMP0, SAVE0, BASE
+    |  lwz TMP1, 4(SAVE0)
+    |  stwux TMP0, RA, BASE
+    |  stw TMP1, 4(RA)
+    |.endif
     |  ins_next2
     break;
 
@@ -3683,8 +4255,15 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
   case BC_KNUM:
     |  // RA = dst*8, RD = num_const*8
     |  ins_next1
+    |.if FPU
     |  lfdx f0, KBASE, RD
     |  stfdx f0, BASE, RA
+    |.else
+    |  lwzux TMP0, RD, KBASE
+    |  lwz TMP1, 4(RD)
+    |  stwux TMP0, RA, BASE
+    |  stw TMP1, 4(RA)
+    |.endif
     |  ins_next2
     break;
   case BC_KPRI:
@@ -3717,8 +4296,15 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  lwzx UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RB, RD
     |  ins_next1
     |  lwz TMP1, UPVAL:RB->v
+    |.if FPU
     |  lfd f0, 0(TMP1)
     |  stfdx f0, BASE, RA
+    |.else
+    |  lwz TMP2, 0(TMP1)
+    |  lwz TMP3, 4(TMP1)
+    |  stwux TMP2, RA, BASE
+    |  stw TMP3, 4(RA)
+    |.endif
     |  ins_next2
     break;
   case BC_USETV:
@@ -3726,14 +4312,24 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  lwz LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
     |    srwi RA, RA, 1
     |    addi RA, RA, offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)
+    |.if FPU
     |   lfdux f0, RD, BASE
+    |.else
+    |   lwzux CARG1, RD, BASE
+    |   lwz CARG3, 4(RD)
+    |.endif
     |  lwzx UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RB, RA
     |  lbz TMP3, UPVAL:RB->marked
     |   lwz CARG2, UPVAL:RB->v
     |  andix. TMP3, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK   // isblack(uv)
     |    lbz TMP0, UPVAL:RB->closed
     |   lwz TMP2, 0(RD)
+    |.if FPU
     |   stfd f0, 0(CARG2)
+    |.else
+    |   stw CARG1, 0(CARG2)
+    |   stw CARG3, 4(CARG2)
+    |.endif
     |    cmplwi cr1, TMP0, 0
     |   lwz TMP1, 4(RD)
     |  cror 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr1+eq
@@ -3789,11 +4385,21 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  lwz LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
     |   srwi RA, RA, 1
     |   addi RA, RA, offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)
+    |.if FPU
     |    lfdx f0, KBASE, RD
+    |.else
+    |    lwzux TMP2, RD, KBASE
+    |    lwz TMP3, 4(RD)
+    |.endif
     |  lwzx UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RB, RA
     |  ins_next1
     |  lwz TMP1, UPVAL:RB->v
+    |.if FPU
     |  stfd f0, 0(TMP1)
+    |.else
+    |  stw TMP2, 0(TMP1)
+    |  stw TMP3, 4(TMP1)
+    |.endif
     |  ins_next2
     break;
   case BC_USETP:
@@ -3941,11 +4547,21 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |.endif
     |  ble ->vmeta_tgetv                // Integer key and in array part?
     |  lwzx TMP0, TMP1, TMP2
+    |.if FPU
     |   lfdx f14, TMP1, TMP2
+    |.else
+    |   lwzux SAVE0, TMP1, TMP2
+    |   lwz SAVE1, 4(TMP1)
+    |.endif
     |  checknil TMP0; beq >2
     |1:
     |  ins_next1
+    |.if FPU
     |   stfdx f14, BASE, RA
+    |.else
+    |   stwux SAVE0, RA, BASE
+    |   stw SAVE1, 4(RA)
+    |.endif
     |  ins_next2
     |
     |2:  // Check for __index if table value is nil.
@@ -3976,9 +4592,9 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |->BC_TGETS_Z:
     |  // TAB:RB = GCtab *, STR:RC = GCstr *, RA = dst*8
     |  lwz TMP0, TAB:RB->hmask
-    |  lwz TMP1, STR:RC->hash
+    |  lwz TMP1, STR:RC->sid
     |  lwz NODE:TMP2, TAB:RB->node
-    |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0             // idx = str->hash & tab->hmask
+    |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0             // idx = str->sid & tab->hmask
     |  slwi TMP0, TMP1, 5
     |  slwi TMP1, TMP1, 3
     |  sub TMP1, TMP0, TMP1
@@ -4021,12 +4637,22 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  lwz TMP1, TAB:RB->asize
     |   lwz TMP2, TAB:RB->array
     |  cmplw TMP0, TMP1; bge ->vmeta_tgetb
+    |.if FPU
     |  lwzx TMP1, TMP2, RC
     |   lfdx f0, TMP2, RC
+    |.else
+    |  lwzux TMP1, TMP2, RC
+    |   lwz TMP3, 4(TMP2)
+    |.endif
     |  checknil TMP1; beq >5
     |1:
     |  ins_next1
+    |.if FPU
     |   stfdx f0, BASE, RA
+    |.else
+    |   stwux TMP1, RA, BASE
+    |   stw TMP3, 4(RA)
+    |.endif
     |  ins_next2
     |
     |5:  // Check for __index if table value is nil.
@@ -4038,6 +4664,40 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  bne <1                           // 'no __index' flag set: done.
     |  b ->vmeta_tgetb                  // Caveat: preserve TMP0!
     break;
+  case BC_TGETR:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RB = table*8, RC = key*8
+    |  add RB, BASE, RB
+    |  lwz TAB:CARG1, 4(RB)
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  add RC, BASE, RC
+    |  lwz TMP0, TAB:CARG1->asize
+    |  lwz CARG2, 4(RC)
+    |   lwz TMP1, TAB:CARG1->array
+    |.else
+    |  lfdx f0, BASE, RC
+    |  lwz TMP0, TAB:CARG1->asize
+    |  toint CARG2, f0
+    |   lwz TMP1, TAB:CARG1->array
+    |.endif
+    |  cmplw TMP0, CARG2
+    |   slwi TMP2, CARG2, 3
+    |  ble ->vmeta_tgetr                // In array part?
+    |.if FPU
+    |   lfdx f14, TMP1, TMP2
+    |.else
+    |   lwzux SAVE0, TMP2, TMP1
+    |   lwz SAVE1, 4(TMP2)
+    |.endif
+    |->BC_TGETR_Z:
+    |  ins_next1
+    |.if FPU
+    |   stfdx f14, BASE, RA
+    |.else
+    |   stwux SAVE0, RA, BASE
+    |   stw SAVE1, 4(RA)
+    |.endif
+    |  ins_next2
+    break;
 
   case BC_TSETV:
     |  // RA = src*8, RB = table*8, RC = key*8
@@ -4076,11 +4736,22 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  ble ->vmeta_tsetv                // Integer key and in array part?
     |   lwzx TMP2, TMP1, TMP0
     |  lbz TMP3, TAB:RB->marked
+    |.if FPU
     |    lfdx f14, BASE, RA
+    |.else
+    |    add SAVE1, BASE, RA
+    |    lwz SAVE0, 0(SAVE1)
+    |    lwz SAVE1, 4(SAVE1)
+    |.endif
     |   checknil TMP2; beq >3
     |1:
     |  andix. TMP2, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK   // isblack(table)
+    |.if FPU
     |    stfdx f14, TMP1, TMP0
+    |.else
+    |    stwux SAVE0, TMP1, TMP0
+    |    stw SAVE1, 4(TMP1)
+    |.endif
     |  bne >7
     |2:
     |  ins_next
@@ -4117,11 +4788,17 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |->BC_TSETS_Z:
     |  // TAB:RB = GCtab *, STR:RC = GCstr *, RA = src*8
     |  lwz TMP0, TAB:RB->hmask
-    |  lwz TMP1, STR:RC->hash
+    |  lwz TMP1, STR:RC->sid
     |  lwz NODE:TMP2, TAB:RB->node
     |    stb ZERO, TAB:RB->nomm         // Clear metamethod cache.
-    |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0             // idx = str->hash & tab->hmask
+    |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0             // idx = str->sid & tab->hmask
+    |.if FPU
     |    lfdx f14, BASE, RA
+    |.else
+    |    add CARG2, BASE, RA
+    |    lwz SAVE0, 0(CARG2)
+    |    lwz SAVE1, 4(CARG2)
+    |.endif
     |  slwi TMP0, TMP1, 5
     |  slwi TMP1, TMP1, 3
     |  sub TMP1, TMP0, TMP1
@@ -4137,7 +4814,12 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |    checknil CARG2; beq >4         // Key found, but nil value?
     |2:
     |  andix. TMP0, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK   // isblack(table)
+    |.if FPU
     |    stfd f14, NODE:TMP2->val
+    |.else
+    |    stw SAVE0, NODE:TMP2->val.u32.hi
+    |    stw SAVE1, NODE:TMP2->val.u32.lo
+    |.endif
     |  bne >7
     |3:
     |  ins_next
@@ -4176,7 +4858,12 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  bl extern lj_tab_newkey          // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, TValue *k)
     |  // Returns TValue *.
     |  lp BASE, L->base
+    |.if FPU
     |  stfd f14, 0(CRET1)
+    |.else
+    |  stw SAVE0, 0(CRET1)
+    |  stw SAVE1, 4(CRET1)
+    |.endif
     |  b <3                             // No 2nd write barrier needed.
     |
     |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
@@ -4193,13 +4880,24 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   lwz TMP2, TAB:RB->array
     |    lbz TMP3, TAB:RB->marked
     |  cmplw TMP0, TMP1
+    |.if FPU
     |   lfdx f14, BASE, RA
+    |.else
+    |   add CARG2, BASE, RA
+    |   lwz SAVE0, 0(CARG2)
+    |   lwz SAVE1, 4(CARG2)
+    |.endif
     |  bge ->vmeta_tsetb
     |  lwzx TMP1, TMP2, RC
     |  checknil TMP1; beq >5
     |1:
     |  andix. TMP0, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK   // isblack(table)
+    |.if FPU
     |   stfdx f14, TMP2, RC
+    |.else
+    |   stwux SAVE0, RC, TMP2
+    |   stw SAVE1, 4(RC)
+    |.endif
     |  bne >7
     |2:
     |  ins_next
@@ -4217,6 +4915,49 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  barrierback TAB:RB, TMP3, TMP0
     |  b <2
     break;
+  case BC_TSETR:
+    |  // RA = dst*8, RB = table*8, RC = key*8
+    |  add RB, BASE, RB
+    |  lwz TAB:CARG2, 4(RB)
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  add RC, BASE, RC
+    |    lbz TMP3, TAB:CARG2->marked
+    |  lwz TMP0, TAB:CARG2->asize
+    |  lwz CARG3, 4(RC)
+    |   lwz TMP1, TAB:CARG2->array
+    |.else
+    |  lfdx f0, BASE, RC
+    |    lbz TMP3, TAB:CARG2->marked
+    |  lwz TMP0, TAB:CARG2->asize
+    |  toint CARG3, f0
+    |   lwz TMP1, TAB:CARG2->array
+    |.endif
+    |  andix. TMP2, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK   // isblack(table)
+    |  bne >7
+    |2:
+    |  cmplw TMP0, CARG3
+    |   slwi TMP2, CARG3, 3
+    |.if FPU
+    |   lfdx f14, BASE, RA
+    |.else
+    |  lwzux SAVE0, RA, BASE
+    |  lwz SAVE1, 4(RA)
+    |.endif
+    |  ble ->vmeta_tsetr                // In array part?
+    |  ins_next1
+    |.if FPU
+    |   stfdx f14, TMP1, TMP2
+    |.else
+    |   stwux SAVE0, TMP1, TMP2
+    |   stw SAVE1, 4(TMP1)
+    |.endif
+    |  ins_next2
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:CARG2, TMP3, TMP2
+    |  b <2
+    break;
+
 
   case BC_TSETM:
     |  // RA = base*8 (table at base-1), RD = num_const*8 (start index)
@@ -4239,10 +4980,20 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   add TMP1, TMP1, TMP0
     |    andix. TMP0, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK // isblack(table)
     |3:  // Copy result slots to table.
+    |.if FPU
     |   lfd f0, 0(RA)
+    |.else
+    |   lwz SAVE0, 0(RA)
+    |   lwz SAVE1, 4(RA)
+    |.endif
     |  addi RA, RA, 8
     |  cmpw cr1, RA, TMP2
+    |.if FPU
     |   stfd f0, 0(TMP1)
+    |.else
+    |   stw SAVE0, 0(TMP1)
+    |   stw SAVE1, 4(TMP1)
+    |.endif
     |    addi TMP1, TMP1, 8
     |  blt cr1, <3
     |  bne >7
@@ -4309,9 +5060,20 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |    beq cr1, >3
     |2:
     |  addi TMP3, TMP2, 8
+    |.if FPU
     |   lfdx f0, RA, TMP2
+    |.else
+    |   add CARG3, RA, TMP2
+    |   lwz CARG1, 0(CARG3)
+    |   lwz CARG2, 4(CARG3)
+    |.endif
     |  cmplw cr1, TMP3, NARGS8:RC
+    |.if FPU
     |   stfdx f0, BASE, TMP2
+    |.else
+    |   stwux CARG1, TMP2, BASE
+    |   stw CARG2, 4(TMP2)
+    |.endif
     |  mr TMP2, TMP3
     |  bne cr1, <2
     |3:
@@ -4344,14 +5106,28 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  add BASE, BASE, RA
     |  lwz TMP1, -24(BASE)
     |   lwz LFUNC:RB, -20(BASE)
+    |.if FPU
     |    lfd f1, -8(BASE)
     |    lfd f0, -16(BASE)
+    |.else
+    |    lwz CARG1, -8(BASE)
+    |    lwz CARG2, -4(BASE)
+    |    lwz CARG3, -16(BASE)
+    |    lwz CARG4, -12(BASE)
+    |.endif
     |  stw TMP1, 0(BASE)                // Copy callable.
     |   stw LFUNC:RB, 4(BASE)
     |  checkfunc TMP1
-    |    stfd f1, 16(BASE)              // Copy control var.
     |     li NARGS8:RC, 16              // Iterators get 2 arguments.
+    |.if FPU
+    |    stfd f1, 16(BASE)              // Copy control var.
     |    stfdu f0, 8(BASE)              // Copy state.
+    |.else
+    |    stw CARG1, 16(BASE)            // Copy control var.
+    |    stw CARG2, 20(BASE)
+    |    stwu CARG3, 8(BASE)            // Copy state.
+    |    stw CARG4, 4(BASE)
+    |.endif
     |  bne ->vmeta_call
     |  ins_call
     break;
@@ -4359,8 +5135,9 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
   case BC_ITERN:
     |  // RA = base*8, (RB = (nresults+1)*8, RC = (nargs+1)*8 (2+1)*8)
     |.if JIT
-    |  // NYI: add hotloop, record BC_ITERN.
+    |  // NYI on big-endian
     |.endif
+    |->vm_IITERN:
     |  add RA, BASE, RA
     |  lwz TAB:RB, -12(RA)
     |  lwz RC, -4(RA)                   // Get index from control var.
@@ -4372,7 +5149,12 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   slwi TMP3, RC, 3
     |  bge >5                           // Index points after array part?
     |  lwzx TMP2, TMP1, TMP3
+    |.if FPU
     |   lfdx f0, TMP1, TMP3
+    |.else
+    |   lwzux CARG1, TMP3, TMP1
+    |   lwz CARG2, 4(TMP3)
+    |.endif
     |  checknil TMP2
     |     lwz INS, -4(PC)
     |  beq >4
@@ -4384,7 +5166,12 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |.endif
     |    addi RC, RC, 1
     |     addis TMP3, PC, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
+    |.if FPU
     |  stfd f0, 8(RA)
+    |.else
+    |  stw CARG1, 8(RA)
+    |  stw CARG2, 12(RA)
+    |.endif
     |     decode_RD4 TMP1, INS
     |    stw RC, -4(RA)                 // Update control var.
     |     add PC, TMP1, TMP3
@@ -4409,17 +5196,38 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   slwi RB, RC, 3
     |   sub TMP3, TMP3, RB
     |  lwzx RB, TMP2, TMP3
+    |.if FPU
     |  lfdx f0, TMP2, TMP3
+    |.else
+    |  add CARG3, TMP2, TMP3
+    |  lwz CARG1, 0(CARG3)
+    |  lwz CARG2, 4(CARG3)
+    |.endif
     |   add NODE:TMP3, TMP2, TMP3
     |  checknil RB
     |     lwz INS, -4(PC)
     |  beq >7
+    |.if FPU
     |   lfd f1, NODE:TMP3->key
+    |.else
+    |   lwz CARG3, NODE:TMP3->key.u32.hi
+    |   lwz CARG4, NODE:TMP3->key.u32.lo
+    |.endif
     |     addis TMP2, PC, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
+    |.if FPU
     |  stfd f0, 8(RA)
+    |.else
+    |  stw CARG1, 8(RA)
+    |  stw CARG2, 12(RA)
+    |.endif
     |    add RC, RC, TMP0
     |     decode_RD4 TMP1, INS
+    |.if FPU
     |   stfd f1, 0(RA)
+    |.else
+    |   stw CARG3, 0(RA)
+    |   stw CARG4, 4(RA)
+    |.endif
     |    addi RC, RC, 1
     |     add PC, TMP1, TMP2
     |    stw RC, -4(RA)                 // Update control var.
@@ -4448,8 +5256,8 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  crand 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr7+eq
     |    add TMP3, PC, TMP0
     |  bne cr0, >5
-    |  lus TMP1, 0xfffe
-    |  ori TMP1, TMP1, 0x7fff
+    |  lus TMP1, (LJ_KEYINDEX >> 16)
+    |  ori TMP1, TMP1, (LJ_KEYINDEX & 0xffff)
     |  stw ZERO, -4(RA)                 // Initialize control var.
     |  stw TMP1, -8(RA)
     |    addis PC, TMP3, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
@@ -4460,6 +5268,7 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   li TMP1, BC_ITERC
     |  stb TMP0, -1(PC)
     |    addis PC, TMP3, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
+    |  // NYI on big-endian: unpatch JLOOP.
     |   stb TMP1, 3(PC)
     |  b <1
     break;
@@ -4485,9 +5294,19 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   subi TMP2, TMP2, 16
     |   ble >2                          // No vararg slots?
     |1:  // Copy vararg slots to destination slots.
+    |.if FPU
     |  lfd f0, 0(RC)
+    |.else
+    |  lwz CARG1, 0(RC)
+    |  lwz CARG2, 4(RC)
+    |.endif
     |   addi RC, RC, 8
+    |.if FPU
     |  stfd f0, 0(RA)
+    |.else
+    |  stw CARG1, 0(RA)
+    |  stw CARG2, 4(RA)
+    |.endif
     |  cmplw RA, TMP2
     |   cmplw cr1, RC, TMP3
     |  bge >3                           // All destination slots filled?
@@ -4510,9 +5329,19 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   addi MULTRES, TMP1, 8
     |  bgt >7
     |6:
+    |.if FPU
     |  lfd f0, 0(RC)
+    |.else
+    |  lwz CARG1, 0(RC)
+    |  lwz CARG2, 4(RC)
+    |.endif
     |   addi RC, RC, 8
+    |.if FPU
     |  stfd f0, 0(RA)
+    |.else
+    |  stw CARG1, 0(RA)
+    |  stw CARG2, 4(RA)
+    |.endif
     |  cmplw RC, TMP3
     |   addi RA, RA, 8
     |  blt <6                           // More vararg slots?
@@ -4563,14 +5392,38 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   li TMP1, 0
     |2:
     |  addi TMP3, TMP1, 8
+    |.if FPU
     |   lfdx f0, RA, TMP1
+    |.else
+    |   add CARG3, RA, TMP1
+    |   lwz CARG1, 0(CARG3)
+    |   lwz CARG2, 4(CARG3)
+    |.endif
     |  cmpw TMP3, RC
+    |.if FPU
     |   stfdx f0, TMP2, TMP1
+    |.else
+    |   add CARG3, TMP2, TMP1
+    |   stw CARG1, 0(CARG3)
+    |   stw CARG2, 4(CARG3)
+    |.endif
     |  beq >3
     |  addi TMP1, TMP3, 8
+    |.if FPU
     |   lfdx f1, RA, TMP3
+    |.else
+    |   add CARG3, RA, TMP3
+    |   lwz CARG1, 0(CARG3)
+    |   lwz CARG2, 4(CARG3)
+    |.endif
     |  cmpw TMP1, RC
+    |.if FPU
     |   stfdx f1, TMP2, TMP3
+    |.else
+    |   add CARG3, TMP2, TMP3
+    |   stw CARG1, 0(CARG3)
+    |   stw CARG2, 4(CARG3)
+    |.endif
     |  bne <2
     |3:
     |5:
@@ -4612,8 +5465,15 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   subi TMP2, BASE, 8
     |  decode_RB8 RB, INS
     if (op == BC_RET1) {
+      |.if FPU
       |  lfd f0, 0(RA)
       |  stfd f0, 0(TMP2)
+      |.else
+      |  lwz CARG1, 0(RA)
+      |  lwz CARG2, 4(RA)
+      |  stw CARG1, 0(TMP2)
+      |  stw CARG2, 4(TMP2)
+      |.endif
     }
     |5:
     |  cmplw RB, RD
@@ -4674,11 +5534,11 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
       |4:
       |  stw CARG1, FORL_IDX*8+4(RA)
     } else {
-      |  lwz TMP3, FORL_STEP*8(RA)
+      |  lwz SAVE0, FORL_STEP*8(RA)
       |   lwz CARG3, FORL_STEP*8+4(RA)
       |  lwz TMP2, FORL_STOP*8(RA)
       |   lwz CARG2, FORL_STOP*8+4(RA)
-      |  cmplw cr7, TMP3, TISNUM
+      |  cmplw cr7, SAVE0, TISNUM
       |  cmplw cr1, TMP2, TISNUM
       |  crand 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr7+eq
       |  crand 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr1+eq
@@ -4721,41 +5581,80 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     if (vk) {
       |.if DUALNUM
       |9:  // FP loop.
+      |.if FPU
       |  lfd f1, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
       |.else
+      |  lwz CARG1, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
+      |  lwz CARG2, FORL_IDX*8+4(RA)
+      |.endif
+      |.else
       |  lfdux f1, RA, BASE
       |.endif
+      |.if FPU
       |  lfd f3, FORL_STEP*8(RA)
       |  lfd f2, FORL_STOP*8(RA)
-      |   lwz TMP3, FORL_STEP*8(RA)
       |  fadd f1, f1, f3
       |  stfd f1, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
+      |.else
+      |  lwz CARG3, FORL_STEP*8(RA)
+      |  lwz CARG4, FORL_STEP*8+4(RA)
+      |  mr SAVE1, RD
+      |  blex __adddf3
+      |  mr RD, SAVE1
+      |  stw CRET1, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
+      |  stw CRET2, FORL_IDX*8+4(RA)
+      |  lwz CARG3, FORL_STOP*8(RA)
+      |  lwz CARG4, FORL_STOP*8+4(RA)
+      |.endif
+      |   lwz SAVE0, FORL_STEP*8(RA)
     } else {
       |.if DUALNUM
       |9:  // FP loop.
       |.else
       |  lwzux TMP1, RA, BASE
-      |  lwz TMP3, FORL_STEP*8(RA)
+      |  lwz SAVE0, FORL_STEP*8(RA)
       |  lwz TMP2, FORL_STOP*8(RA)
       |  cmplw cr0, TMP1, TISNUM
-      |  cmplw cr7, TMP3, TISNUM
+      |  cmplw cr7, SAVE0, TISNUM
       |  cmplw cr1, TMP2, TISNUM
       |.endif
+      |.if FPU
       |   lfd f1, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
+      |.else
+      |   lwz CARG1, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
+      |   lwz CARG2, FORL_IDX*8+4(RA)
+      |.endif
       |  crand 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr7+lt
       |  crand 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr1+lt
+      |.if FPU
       |   lfd f2, FORL_STOP*8(RA)
+      |.else
+      |   lwz CARG3, FORL_STOP*8(RA)
+      |   lwz CARG4, FORL_STOP*8+4(RA)
+      |.endif
       |  bge ->vmeta_for
     }
-    |  cmpwi cr6, TMP3, 0
+    |  cmpwi cr6, SAVE0, 0
     if (op != BC_JFORL) {
       |  srwi RD, RD, 1
     }
+    |.if FPU
     |   stfd f1, FORL_EXT*8(RA)
+    |.else
+    |   stw CARG1, FORL_EXT*8(RA)
+    |   stw CARG2, FORL_EXT*8+4(RA)
+    |.endif
     if (op != BC_JFORL) {
       |  add RD, PC, RD
     }
+    |.if FPU
     |  fcmpu cr0, f1, f2
+    |.else
+    |  mr SAVE1, RD
+    |  blex __ledf2
+    |  cmpwi CRET1, 0
+    |  mr RD, SAVE1
+    |.endif
     if (op == BC_JFORI) {
       |  addis PC, RD, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
     }
@@ -4858,8 +5757,8 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  lp TMP2, TRACE:TMP2->mcode
     |   stw BASE, DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)(DISPATCH)
     |  mtctr TMP2
-    |   stw L, DISPATCH_GL(jit_L)(DISPATCH)
     |   addi JGL, DISPATCH, GG_DISP2G+32768
+    |   stw L, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.L)(DISPATCH)
     |  bctr
     |.endif
     break;
@@ -4994,6 +5893,7 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  lp TMP1, L->top
     |    li_vmstate INTERP
     |  lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)           // Fetch PC of caller.
+    |    stw L, DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)(DISPATCH)
     |   sub RA, TMP1, RD                // RA = L->top - nresults*8
     |    st_vmstate
     |  b ->vm_returnc
diff --git a/src/vm_ppcspe.dasc b/src/vm_ppcspe.dasc
deleted file mode 100644
index c4a44191..00000000
--- a/src/vm_ppcspe.dasc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3691 +0,0 @@
-|// Low-level VM code for PowerPC/e500 CPUs.
-|// Bytecode interpreter, fast functions and helper functions.
-|// Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
-|
-|.arch ppc
-|.section code_op, code_sub
-|
-|.actionlist build_actionlist
-|.globals GLOB_
-|.globalnames globnames
-|.externnames extnames
-|
-|// Note: The ragged indentation of the instructions is intentional.
-|//       The starting columns indicate data dependencies.
-|
-|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-|
-|// Fixed register assignments for the interpreter.
-|// Don't use: r1 = sp, r2 and r13 = reserved and/or small data area ptr
-|
-|// The following must be C callee-save (but BASE is often refetched).
-|.define BASE,          r14     // Base of current Lua stack frame.
-|.define KBASE,         r15     // Constants of current Lua function.
-|.define PC,            r16     // Next PC.
-|.define DISPATCH,      r17     // Opcode dispatch table.
-|.define LREG,          r18     // Register holding lua_State (also in SAVE_L).
-|.define MULTRES,       r19     // Size of multi-result: (nresults+1)*8.
-|
-|// Constants for vectorized type-comparisons (hi+low GPR). C callee-save.
-|.define TISNUM,        r22
-|.define TISSTR,        r23
-|.define TISTAB,        r24
-|.define TISFUNC,       r25
-|.define TISNIL,        r26
-|.define TOBIT,         r27
-|.define ZERO,          TOBIT   // Zero in lo word.
-|
-|// The following temporaries are not saved across C calls, except for RA.
-|.define RA,            r20     // Callee-save.
-|.define RB,            r10
-|.define RC,            r11
-|.define RD,            r12
-|.define INS,           r7      // Overlaps CARG5.
-|
-|.define TMP0,          r0
-|.define TMP1,          r8
-|.define TMP2,          r9
-|.define TMP3,          r6      // Overlaps CARG4.
-|
-|// Saved temporaries.
-|.define SAVE0,         r21
-|
-|// Calling conventions.
-|.define CARG1,         r3
-|.define CARG2,         r4
-|.define CARG3,         r5
-|.define CARG4,         r6      // Overlaps TMP3.
-|.define CARG5,         r7      // Overlaps INS.
-|
-|.define CRET1,         r3
-|.define CRET2,         r4
-|
-|// Stack layout while in interpreter. Must match with lj_frame.h.
-|.define SAVE_LR,       188(sp)
-|.define CFRAME_SPACE,  184     // Delta for sp.
-|// Back chain for sp:  184(sp) <-- sp entering interpreter
-|.define SAVE_r31,      176(sp) // 64 bit register saves.
-|.define SAVE_r30,      168(sp)
-|.define SAVE_r29,      160(sp)
-|.define SAVE_r28,      152(sp)
-|.define SAVE_r27,      144(sp)
-|.define SAVE_r26,      136(sp)
-|.define SAVE_r25,      128(sp)
-|.define SAVE_r24,      120(sp)
-|.define SAVE_r23,      112(sp)
-|.define SAVE_r22,      104(sp)
-|.define SAVE_r21,      96(sp)
-|.define SAVE_r20,      88(sp)
-|.define SAVE_r19,      80(sp)
-|.define SAVE_r18,      72(sp)
-|.define SAVE_r17,      64(sp)
-|.define SAVE_r16,      56(sp)
-|.define SAVE_r15,      48(sp)
-|.define SAVE_r14,      40(sp)
-|.define SAVE_CR,       36(sp)
-|.define UNUSED1,       32(sp)
-|.define SAVE_ERRF,     28(sp)  // 32 bit C frame info.
-|.define SAVE_NRES,     24(sp)
-|.define SAVE_CFRAME,   20(sp)
-|.define SAVE_L,        16(sp)
-|.define SAVE_PC,       12(sp)
-|.define SAVE_MULTRES,  8(sp)
-|// Next frame lr:      4(sp)
-|// Back chain for sp:  0(sp)   <-- sp while in interpreter
-|
-|.macro save_, reg; evstdd reg, SAVE_..reg; .endmacro
-|.macro rest_, reg; evldd reg, SAVE_..reg; .endmacro
-|
-|.macro saveregs
-|  stwu sp, -CFRAME_SPACE(sp)
-|  save_ r14; save_ r15; save_ r16; save_ r17; save_ r18; save_ r19
-|  mflr r0; mfcr r12
-|  save_ r20; save_ r21; save_ r22; save_ r23; save_ r24; save_ r25
-|  stw  r0, SAVE_LR; stw r12, SAVE_CR
-|  save_ r26; save_ r27; save_ r28; save_ r29; save_ r30; save_ r31
-|.endmacro
-|
-|.macro restoreregs
-|  lwz r0, SAVE_LR; lwz r12, SAVE_CR
-|  rest_ r14; rest_ r15; rest_ r16; rest_ r17; rest_ r18; rest_ r19
-|  mtlr r0; mtcrf 0x38, r12
-|  rest_ r20; rest_ r21; rest_ r22; rest_ r23; rest_ r24; rest_ r25
-|  rest_ r26; rest_ r27; rest_ r28; rest_ r29; rest_ r30; rest_ r31
-|  addi sp, sp, CFRAME_SPACE
-|.endmacro
-|
-|// Type definitions. Some of these are only used for documentation.
-|.type L,               lua_State,      LREG
-|.type GL,              global_State
-|.type TVALUE,          TValue
-|.type GCOBJ,           GCobj
-|.type STR,             GCstr
-|.type TAB,             GCtab
-|.type LFUNC,           GCfuncL
-|.type CFUNC,           GCfuncC
-|.type PROTO,           GCproto
-|.type UPVAL,           GCupval
-|.type NODE,            Node
-|.type NARGS8,          int
-|.type TRACE,           GCtrace
-|
-|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-|
-|// These basic macros should really be part of DynASM.
-|.macro srwi, rx, ry, n; rlwinm rx, ry, 32-n, n, 31; .endmacro
-|.macro slwi, rx, ry, n; rlwinm rx, ry, n, 0, 31-n; .endmacro
-|.macro rotlwi, rx, ry, n; rlwinm rx, ry, n, 0, 31; .endmacro
-|.macro rotlw, rx, ry, rn; rlwnm rx, ry, rn, 0, 31; .endmacro
-|.macro subi, rx, ry, i; addi rx, ry, -i; .endmacro
-|
-|// Trap for not-yet-implemented parts.
-|.macro NYI; tw 4, sp, sp; .endmacro
-|
-|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-|
-|// Access to frame relative to BASE.
-|.define FRAME_PC,      -8
-|.define FRAME_FUNC,    -4
-|
-|// Instruction decode.
-|.macro decode_OP4, dst, ins; rlwinm dst, ins, 2, 22, 29; .endmacro
-|.macro decode_RA8, dst, ins; rlwinm dst, ins, 27, 21, 28; .endmacro
-|.macro decode_RB8, dst, ins; rlwinm dst, ins, 11, 21, 28; .endmacro
-|.macro decode_RC8, dst, ins; rlwinm dst, ins, 19, 21, 28; .endmacro
-|.macro decode_RD8, dst, ins; rlwinm dst, ins, 19, 13, 28; .endmacro
-|
-|.macro decode_OP1, dst, ins; rlwinm dst, ins, 0, 24, 31; .endmacro
-|.macro decode_RD4, dst, ins; rlwinm dst, ins, 18, 14, 29; .endmacro
-|
-|// Instruction fetch.
-|.macro ins_NEXT1
-|  lwz INS, 0(PC)
-|   addi PC, PC, 4
-|.endmacro
-|// Instruction decode+dispatch.
-|.macro ins_NEXT2
-|  decode_OP4 TMP1, INS
-|   decode_RB8 RB, INS
-|   decode_RD8 RD, INS
-|  lwzx TMP0, DISPATCH, TMP1
-|   decode_RA8 RA, INS
-|   decode_RC8 RC, INS
-|  mtctr TMP0
-|  bctr
-|.endmacro
-|.macro ins_NEXT
-|  ins_NEXT1
-|  ins_NEXT2
-|.endmacro
-|
-|// Instruction footer.
-|.if 1
-|  // Replicated dispatch. Less unpredictable branches, but higher I-Cache use.
-|  .define ins_next, ins_NEXT
-|  .define ins_next_, ins_NEXT
-|  .define ins_next1, ins_NEXT1
-|  .define ins_next2, ins_NEXT2
-|.else
-|  // Common dispatch. Lower I-Cache use, only one (very) unpredictable branch.
-|  // Affects only certain kinds of benchmarks (and only with -j off).
-|  .macro ins_next
-|    b ->ins_next
-|  .endmacro
-|  .macro ins_next1
-|  .endmacro
-|  .macro ins_next2
-|    b ->ins_next
-|  .endmacro
-|  .macro ins_next_
-|  ->ins_next:
-|    ins_NEXT
-|  .endmacro
-|.endif
-|
-|// Call decode and dispatch.
-|.macro ins_callt
-|  // BASE = new base, RB = LFUNC/CFUNC, RC = nargs*8, FRAME_PC(BASE) = PC
-|  lwz PC, LFUNC:RB->pc
-|  lwz INS, 0(PC)
-|   addi PC, PC, 4
-|  decode_OP4 TMP1, INS
-|   decode_RA8 RA, INS
-|  lwzx TMP0, DISPATCH, TMP1
-|   add RA, RA, BASE
-|  mtctr TMP0
-|  bctr
-|.endmacro
-|
-|.macro ins_call
-|  // BASE = new base, RB = LFUNC/CFUNC, RC = nargs*8, PC = caller PC
-|  stw PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-|  ins_callt
-|.endmacro
-|
-|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-|
-|// Macros to test operand types.
-|.macro checknum, reg; evcmpltu reg, TISNUM; .endmacro
-|.macro checkstr, reg; evcmpeq reg, TISSTR; .endmacro
-|.macro checktab, reg; evcmpeq reg, TISTAB; .endmacro
-|.macro checkfunc, reg; evcmpeq reg, TISFUNC; .endmacro
-|.macro checknil, reg; evcmpeq reg, TISNIL; .endmacro
-|.macro checkok, label; blt label; .endmacro
-|.macro checkfail, label; bge label; .endmacro
-|.macro checkanyfail, label; bns label; .endmacro
-|.macro checkallok, label; bso label; .endmacro
-|
-|.macro branch_RD
-|  srwi TMP0, RD, 1
-|  add PC, PC, TMP0
-|  addis PC, PC, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
-|.endmacro
-|
-|// Assumes DISPATCH is relative to GL.
-#define DISPATCH_GL(field)      (GG_DISP2G + (int)offsetof(global_State, field))
-#define DISPATCH_J(field)       (GG_DISP2J + (int)offsetof(jit_State, field))
-|
-#define PC2PROTO(field)  ((int)offsetof(GCproto, field)-(int)sizeof(GCproto))
-|
-|.macro hotloop
-|  NYI
-|.endmacro
-|
-|.macro hotcall
-|  NYI
-|.endmacro
-|
-|// Set current VM state. Uses TMP0.
-|.macro li_vmstate, st; li TMP0, ~LJ_VMST_..st; .endmacro
-|.macro st_vmstate; stw TMP0, DISPATCH_GL(vmstate)(DISPATCH); .endmacro
-|
-|// Move table write barrier back. Overwrites mark and tmp.
-|.macro barrierback, tab, mark, tmp
-|  lwz tmp, DISPATCH_GL(gc.grayagain)(DISPATCH)
-|  // Assumes LJ_GC_BLACK is 0x04.
-|   rlwinm mark, mark, 0, 30, 28                // black2gray(tab)
-|  stw tab, DISPATCH_GL(gc.grayagain)(DISPATCH)
-|   stb mark, tab->marked
-|  stw tmp, tab->gclist
-|.endmacro
-|
-|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/* Generate subroutines used by opcodes and other parts of the VM. */
-/* The .code_sub section should be last to help static branch prediction. */
-static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
-{
-  |.code_sub
-  |
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |//-- Return handling ----------------------------------------------------
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |->vm_returnp:
-  |  // See vm_return. Also: TMP2 = previous base.
-  |  andi. TMP0, PC, FRAME_P
-  |   evsplati TMP1, LJ_TTRUE
-  |  beq ->cont_dispatch
-  |
-  |  // Return from pcall or xpcall fast func.
-  |  lwz PC, FRAME_PC(TMP2)             // Fetch PC of previous frame.
-  |  mr BASE, TMP2                      // Restore caller base.
-  |  // Prepending may overwrite the pcall frame, so do it at the end.
-  |   stwu TMP1, FRAME_PC(RA)           // Prepend true to results.
-  |
-  |->vm_returnc:
-  |  addi RD, RD, 8                     // RD = (nresults+1)*8.
-  |   andi. TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
-  |  cmpwi cr1, RD, 0
-  |  li CRET1, LUA_YIELD
-  |  beq cr1, ->vm_unwind_c_eh
-  |  mr MULTRES, RD
-  |   beq ->BC_RET_Z                    // Handle regular return to Lua.
-  |
-  |->vm_return:
-  |  // BASE = base, RA = resultptr, RD/MULTRES = (nresults+1)*8, PC = return
-  |  // TMP0 = PC & FRAME_TYPE
-  |  cmpwi TMP0, FRAME_C
-  |   rlwinm TMP2, PC, 0, 0, 28
-  |    li_vmstate C
-  |   sub TMP2, BASE, TMP2              // TMP2 = previous base.
-  |  bne ->vm_returnp
-  |
-  |  addic. TMP1, RD, -8
-  |   stw TMP2, L->base
-  |   lwz TMP2, SAVE_NRES
-  |    subi BASE, BASE, 8
-  |    st_vmstate
-  |   slwi TMP2, TMP2, 3
-  |  beq >2
-  |1:
-  |  addic. TMP1, TMP1, -8
-  |   evldd TMP0, 0(RA)
-  |    addi RA, RA, 8
-  |   evstdd TMP0, 0(BASE)
-  |    addi BASE, BASE, 8
-  |  bne <1
-  |
-  |2:
-  |  cmpw TMP2, RD                      // More/less results wanted?
-  |  bne >6
-  |3:
-  |  stw BASE, L->top                   // Store new top.
-  |
-  |->vm_leave_cp:
-  |  lwz TMP0, SAVE_CFRAME              // Restore previous C frame.
-  |   li CRET1, 0                       // Ok return status for vm_pcall.
-  |  stw TMP0, L->cframe
-  |
-  |->vm_leave_unw:
-  |  restoreregs
-  |  blr
-  |
-  |6:
-  |  ble >7                             // Less results wanted?
-  |  // More results wanted. Check stack size and fill up results with nil.
-  |  lwz TMP1, L->maxstack
-  |  cmplw BASE, TMP1
-  |  bge >8
-  |  evstdd TISNIL, 0(BASE)
-  |  addi RD, RD, 8
-  |  addi BASE, BASE, 8
-  |  b <2
-  |
-  |7:  // Less results wanted.
-  |   sub TMP0, RD, TMP2
-  |  cmpwi TMP2, 0                      // LUA_MULTRET+1 case?
-  |   sub TMP0, BASE, TMP0              // Subtract the difference.
-  |  iseleq BASE, BASE, TMP0            // Either keep top or shrink it.
-  |  b <3
-  |
-  |8:  // Corner case: need to grow stack for filling up results.
-  |  // This can happen if:
-  |  // - A C function grows the stack (a lot).
-  |  // - The GC shrinks the stack in between.
-  |  // - A return back from a lua_call() with (high) nresults adjustment.
-  |  stw BASE, L->top                   // Save current top held in BASE (yes).
-  |   mr SAVE0, RD
-  |  mr CARG2, TMP2
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |  bl extern lj_state_growstack       // (lua_State *L, int n)
-  |    lwz TMP2, SAVE_NRES
-  |   mr RD, SAVE0
-  |    slwi TMP2, TMP2, 3
-  |  lwz BASE, L->top                   // Need the (realloced) L->top in BASE.
-  |  b <2
-  |
-  |->vm_unwind_c:                       // Unwind C stack, return from vm_pcall.
-  |  // (void *cframe, int errcode)
-  |  mr sp, CARG1
-  |  mr CRET1, CARG2
-  |->vm_unwind_c_eh:                    // Landing pad for external unwinder.
-  |  lwz L, SAVE_L
-  |   li TMP0, ~LJ_VMST_C
-  |  lwz GL:TMP1, L->glref
-  |   stw TMP0, GL:TMP1->vmstate
-  |  b ->vm_leave_unw
-  |
-  |->vm_unwind_ff:                      // Unwind C stack, return from ff pcall.
-  |  // (void *cframe)
-  |  rlwinm sp, CARG1, 0, 0, 29
-  |->vm_unwind_ff_eh:                   // Landing pad for external unwinder.
-  |  lwz L, SAVE_L
-  |     evsplati TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM+1    // Setup type comparison constants.
-  |     evsplati TISFUNC, LJ_TFUNC
-  |     lus TOBIT, 0x4338
-  |     evsplati TISTAB, LJ_TTAB
-  |     li TMP0, 0
-  |  lwz BASE, L->base
-  |     evmergelo TOBIT, TOBIT, TMP0
-  |   lwz DISPATCH, L->glref            // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
-  |     evsplati TISSTR, LJ_TSTR
-  |  li TMP1, LJ_TFALSE
-  |     evsplati TISNIL, LJ_TNIL
-  |    li_vmstate INTERP
-  |  lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)             // Fetch PC of previous frame.
-  |  la RA, -8(BASE)                    // Results start at BASE-8.
-  |   addi DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
-  |  stw TMP1, 0(RA)                    // Prepend false to error message.
-  |  li RD, 16                          // 2 results: false + error message.
-  |    st_vmstate
-  |  b ->vm_returnc
-  |
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |//-- Grow stack for calls -----------------------------------------------
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |->vm_growstack_c:                    // Grow stack for C function.
-  |  li CARG2, LUA_MINSTACK
-  |  b >2
-  |
-  |->vm_growstack_l:                    // Grow stack for Lua function.
-  |  // BASE = new base, RA = BASE+framesize*8, RC = nargs*8, PC = first PC
-  |  add RC, BASE, RC
-  |   sub RA, RA, BASE
-  |  stw BASE, L->base
-  |   addi PC, PC, 4                    // Must point after first instruction.
-  |  stw RC, L->top
-  |   srwi CARG2, RA, 3
-  |2:
-  |  // L->base = new base, L->top = top
-  |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |  bl extern lj_state_growstack       // (lua_State *L, int n)
-  |  lwz BASE, L->base
-  |  lwz RC, L->top
-  |  lwz LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
-  |  sub RC, RC, BASE
-  |  // BASE = new base, RB = LFUNC/CFUNC, RC = nargs*8, FRAME_PC(BASE) = PC
-  |  ins_callt                          // Just retry the call.
-  |
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |//-- Entry points into the assembler VM ---------------------------------
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |->vm_resume:                         // Setup C frame and resume thread.
-  |  // (lua_State *L, TValue *base, int nres1 = 0, ptrdiff_t ef = 0)
-  |  saveregs
-  |  mr L, CARG1
-  |    lwz DISPATCH, L->glref           // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
-  |  mr BASE, CARG2
-  |    lbz TMP1, L->status
-  |   stw L, SAVE_L
-  |  li PC, FRAME_CP
-  |  addi TMP0, sp, CFRAME_RESUME
-  |    addi DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
-  |   stw CARG3, SAVE_NRES
-  |    cmplwi TMP1, 0
-  |   stw CARG3, SAVE_ERRF
-  |  stw TMP0, L->cframe
-  |   stw CARG3, SAVE_CFRAME
-  |   stw CARG1, SAVE_PC                // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
-  |    beq >3
-  |
-  |  // Resume after yield (like a return).
-  |  mr RA, BASE
-  |   lwz BASE, L->base
-  |    evsplati TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM+1     // Setup type comparison constants.
-  |   lwz TMP1, L->top
-  |    evsplati TISFUNC, LJ_TFUNC
-  |    lus TOBIT, 0x4338
-  |    evsplati TISTAB, LJ_TTAB
-  |  lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |    li TMP2, 0
-  |    evsplati TISSTR, LJ_TSTR
-  |   sub RD, TMP1, BASE
-  |    evmergelo TOBIT, TOBIT, TMP2
-  |    stb CARG3, L->status
-  |  andi. TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
-  |    li_vmstate INTERP
-  |   addi RD, RD, 8
-  |    evsplati TISNIL, LJ_TNIL
-  |   mr MULTRES, RD
-  |    st_vmstate
-  |  beq ->BC_RET_Z
-  |  b ->vm_return
-  |
-  |->vm_pcall:                          // Setup protected C frame and enter VM.
-  |  // (lua_State *L, TValue *base, int nres1, ptrdiff_t ef)
-  |  saveregs
-  |  li PC, FRAME_CP
-  |  stw CARG4, SAVE_ERRF
-  |  b >1
-  |
-  |->vm_call:                           // Setup C frame and enter VM.
-  |  // (lua_State *L, TValue *base, int nres1)
-  |  saveregs
-  |  li PC, FRAME_C
-  |
-  |1:  // Entry point for vm_pcall above (PC = ftype).
-  |  lwz TMP1, L:CARG1->cframe
-  |   stw CARG3, SAVE_NRES
-  |    mr L, CARG1
-  |   stw CARG1, SAVE_L
-  |    mr BASE, CARG2
-  |  stw sp, L->cframe                  // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
-  |    lwz DISPATCH, L->glref           // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
-  |   stw CARG1, SAVE_PC                // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
-  |  stw TMP1, SAVE_CFRAME
-  |    addi DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
-  |
-  |3:  // Entry point for vm_cpcall/vm_resume (BASE = base, PC = ftype).
-  |  lwz TMP2, L->base                  // TMP2 = old base (used in vmeta_call).
-  |    evsplati TISNUM, LJ_TISNUM+1     // Setup type comparison constants.
-  |   lwz TMP1, L->top
-  |    evsplati TISFUNC, LJ_TFUNC
-  |  add PC, PC, BASE
-  |    evsplati TISTAB, LJ_TTAB
-  |    lus TOBIT, 0x4338
-  |    li TMP0, 0
-  |  sub PC, PC, TMP2                   // PC = frame delta + frame type
-  |    evsplati TISSTR, LJ_TSTR
-  |   sub NARGS8:RC, TMP1, BASE
-  |    evmergelo TOBIT, TOBIT, TMP0
-  |    li_vmstate INTERP
-  |    evsplati TISNIL, LJ_TNIL
-  |    st_vmstate
-  |
-  |->vm_call_dispatch:
-  |  // TMP2 = old base, BASE = new base, RC = nargs*8, PC = caller PC
-  |  li TMP0, -8
-  |  evlddx LFUNC:RB, BASE, TMP0
-  |  checkfunc LFUNC:RB
-  |  checkfail ->vmeta_call
-  |
-  |->vm_call_dispatch_f:
-  |  ins_call
-  |  // BASE = new base, RB = func, RC = nargs*8, PC = caller PC
-  |
-  |->vm_cpcall:                         // Setup protected C frame, call C.
-  |  // (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud, lua_CPFunction cp)
-  |  saveregs
-  |  mr L, CARG1
-  |   lwz TMP0, L:CARG1->stack
-  |  stw CARG1, SAVE_L
-  |   lwz TMP1, L->top
-  |  stw CARG1, SAVE_PC                 // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
-  |   sub TMP0, TMP0, TMP1              // Compute -savestack(L, L->top).
-  |    lwz TMP1, L->cframe
-  |    stw sp, L->cframe                // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
-  |  li TMP2, 0
-  |   stw TMP0, SAVE_NRES               // Neg. delta means cframe w/o frame.
-  |  stw TMP2, SAVE_ERRF                // No error function.
-  |    stw TMP1, SAVE_CFRAME
-  |  mtctr CARG4
-  |  bctrl                      // (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud)
-  |  mr. BASE, CRET1
-  |   lwz DISPATCH, L->glref            // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
-  |    li PC, FRAME_CP
-  |   addi DISPATCH, DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
-  |  bne <3                             // Else continue with the call.
-  |  b ->vm_leave_cp                    // No base? Just remove C frame.
-  |
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |//-- Metamethod handling ------------------------------------------------
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |// The lj_meta_* functions (except for lj_meta_cat) don't reallocate the
-  |// stack, so BASE doesn't need to be reloaded across these calls.
-  |
-  |//-- Continuation dispatch ----------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |->cont_dispatch:
-  |  // BASE = meta base, RA = resultptr, RD = (nresults+1)*8
-  |  lwz TMP0, -12(BASE)                // Continuation.
-  |   mr RB, BASE
-  |   mr BASE, TMP2                     // Restore caller BASE.
-  |    lwz LFUNC:TMP1, FRAME_FUNC(TMP2)
-  |  cmplwi TMP0, 0
-  |     lwz PC, -16(RB)                 // Restore PC from [cont|PC].
-  |  beq >1
-  |   subi TMP2, RD, 8
-  |    lwz TMP1, LFUNC:TMP1->pc
-  |   evstddx TISNIL, RA, TMP2          // Ensure one valid arg.
-  |    lwz KBASE, PC2PROTO(k)(TMP1)
-  |  // BASE = base, RA = resultptr, RB = meta base
-  |  mtctr TMP0
-  |  bctr                               // Jump to continuation.
-  |
-  |1:  // Tail call from C function.
-  |  subi TMP1, RB, 16
-  |  sub RC, TMP1, BASE
-  |  b ->vm_call_tail
-  |
-  |->cont_cat:                          // RA = resultptr, RB = meta base
-  |  lwz INS, -4(PC)
-  |   subi CARG2, RB, 16
-  |  decode_RB8 SAVE0, INS
-  |   evldd TMP0, 0(RA)
-  |  add TMP1, BASE, SAVE0
-  |   stw BASE, L->base
-  |  cmplw TMP1, CARG2
-  |   sub CARG3, CARG2, TMP1
-  |  decode_RA8 RA, INS
-  |   evstdd TMP0, 0(CARG2)
-  |  bne ->BC_CAT_Z
-  |   evstddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-  |  b ->cont_nop
-  |
-  |//-- Table indexing metamethods -----------------------------------------
-  |
-  |->vmeta_tgets1:
-  |  evmergelo STR:RC, TISSTR, STR:RC
-  |  la CARG3, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)(DISPATCH)
-  |   decode_RB8 RB, INS
-  |  evstdd STR:RC, 0(CARG3)
-  |   add CARG2, BASE, RB
-  |  b >1
-  |
-  |->vmeta_tgets:
-  |  evmergelo TAB:RB, TISTAB, TAB:RB
-  |  la CARG2, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)(DISPATCH)
-  |   evmergelo STR:RC, TISSTR, STR:RC
-  |  evstdd TAB:RB, 0(CARG2)
-  |   la CARG3, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv2)(DISPATCH)
-  |   evstdd STR:RC, 0(CARG3)
-  |  b >1
-  |
-  |->vmeta_tgetb:                       // TMP0 = index
-  |  efdcfsi TMP0, TMP0
-  |   decode_RB8 RB, INS
-  |  la CARG3, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)(DISPATCH)
-  |   add CARG2, BASE, RB
-  |  evstdd TMP0, 0(CARG3)
-  |  b >1
-  |
-  |->vmeta_tgetv:
-  |  decode_RB8 RB, INS
-  |   decode_RC8 RC, INS
-  |  add CARG2, BASE, RB
-  |   add CARG3, BASE, RC
-  |1:
-  |  stw BASE, L->base
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |  stw PC, SAVE_PC
-  |  bl extern lj_meta_tget             // (lua_State *L, TValue *o, TValue *k)
-  |  // Returns TValue * (finished) or NULL (metamethod).
-  |  cmplwi CRET1, 0
-  |  beq >3
-  |  evldd TMP0, 0(CRET1)
-  |  evstddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-  |  ins_next
-  |
-  |3:  // Call __index metamethod.
-  |  // BASE = base, L->top = new base, stack = cont/func/t/k
-  |  subfic TMP1, BASE, FRAME_CONT
-  |  lwz BASE, L->top
-  |  stw PC, -16(BASE)                  // [cont|PC]
-  |   add PC, TMP1, BASE
-  |  lwz LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)     // Guaranteed to be a function here.
-  |   li NARGS8:RC, 16                  // 2 args for func(t, k).
-  |  b ->vm_call_dispatch_f
-  |
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |->vmeta_tsets1:
-  |  evmergelo STR:RC, TISSTR, STR:RC
-  |  la CARG3, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)(DISPATCH)
-  |   decode_RB8 RB, INS
-  |  evstdd STR:RC, 0(CARG3)
-  |   add CARG2, BASE, RB
-  |  b >1
-  |
-  |->vmeta_tsets:
-  |  evmergelo TAB:RB, TISTAB, TAB:RB
-  |  la CARG2, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)(DISPATCH)
-  |   evmergelo STR:RC, TISSTR, STR:RC
-  |  evstdd TAB:RB, 0(CARG2)
-  |   la CARG3, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv2)(DISPATCH)
-  |   evstdd STR:RC, 0(CARG3)
-  |  b >1
-  |
-  |->vmeta_tsetb:                       // TMP0 = index
-  |  efdcfsi TMP0, TMP0
-  |   decode_RB8 RB, INS
-  |  la CARG3, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)(DISPATCH)
-  |   add CARG2, BASE, RB
-  |  evstdd TMP0, 0(CARG3)
-  |  b >1
-  |
-  |->vmeta_tsetv:
-  |  decode_RB8 RB, INS
-  |   decode_RC8 RC, INS
-  |  add CARG2, BASE, RB
-  |   add CARG3, BASE, RC
-  |1:
-  |  stw BASE, L->base
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |  stw PC, SAVE_PC
-  |  bl extern lj_meta_tset             // (lua_State *L, TValue *o, TValue *k)
-  |  // Returns TValue * (finished) or NULL (metamethod).
-  |  cmplwi CRET1, 0
-  |   evlddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-  |  beq >3
-  |  // NOBARRIER: lj_meta_tset ensures the table is not black.
-  |   evstdd TMP0, 0(CRET1)
-  |  ins_next
-  |
-  |3:  // Call __newindex metamethod.
-  |  // BASE = base, L->top = new base, stack = cont/func/t/k/(v)
-  |  subfic TMP1, BASE, FRAME_CONT
-  |  lwz BASE, L->top
-  |  stw PC, -16(BASE)                  // [cont|PC]
-  |   add PC, TMP1, BASE
-  |  lwz LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)     // Guaranteed to be a function here.
-  |   li NARGS8:RC, 24                  // 3 args for func(t, k, v)
-  |  evstdd TMP0, 16(BASE)              // Copy value to third argument.
-  |  b ->vm_call_dispatch_f
-  |
-  |//-- Comparison metamethods ---------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |->vmeta_comp:
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |   subi PC, PC, 4
-  |  add CARG2, BASE, RA
-  |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-  |  add CARG3, BASE, RD
-  |   stw BASE, L->base
-  |  decode_OP1 CARG4, INS
-  |  bl extern lj_meta_comp  // (lua_State *L, TValue *o1, *o2, int op)
-  |  // Returns 0/1 or TValue * (metamethod).
-  |3:
-  |  cmplwi CRET1, 1
-  |  bgt ->vmeta_binop
-  |4:
-  |  lwz INS, 0(PC)
-  |   addi PC, PC, 4
-  |  decode_RD4 TMP2, INS
-  |  addis TMP3, PC, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
-  |  add TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
-  |  isellt PC, PC, TMP2
-  |->cont_nop:
-  |  ins_next
-  |
-  |->cont_ra:                           // RA = resultptr
-  |  lwz INS, -4(PC)
-  |   evldd TMP0, 0(RA)
-  |  decode_RA8 TMP1, INS
-  |   evstddx TMP0, BASE, TMP1
-  |  b ->cont_nop
-  |
-  |->cont_condt:                        // RA = resultptr
-  |  lwz TMP0, 0(RA)
-  |   li TMP1, LJ_TTRUE
-  |  cmplw TMP1, TMP0                   // Branch if result is true.
-  |  b <4
-  |
-  |->cont_condf:                        // RA = resultptr
-  |  lwz TMP0, 0(RA)
-  |   li TMP1, LJ_TFALSE
-  |  cmplw TMP0, TMP1                   // Branch if result is false.
-  |  b <4
-  |
-  |->vmeta_equal:
-  |  // CARG2, CARG3, CARG4 are already set by BC_ISEQV/BC_ISNEV.
-  |  subi PC, PC, 4
-  |   stw BASE, L->base
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-  |  bl extern lj_meta_equal  // (lua_State *L, GCobj *o1, *o2, int ne)
-  |  // Returns 0/1 or TValue * (metamethod).
-  |  b <3
-  |
-  |//-- Arithmetic metamethods ---------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |->vmeta_arith_vn:
-  |  add CARG3, BASE, RB
-  |  add CARG4, KBASE, RC
-  |  b >1
-  |
-  |->vmeta_arith_nv:
-  |  add CARG3, KBASE, RC
-  |  add CARG4, BASE, RB
-  |  b >1
-  |
-  |->vmeta_unm:
-  |  add CARG3, BASE, RD
-  |  mr CARG4, CARG3
-  |  b >1
-  |
-  |->vmeta_arith_vv:
-  |  add CARG3, BASE, RB
-  |  add CARG4, BASE, RC
-  |1:
-  |  add CARG2, BASE, RA
-  |   stw BASE, L->base
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-  |  decode_OP1 CARG5, INS              // Caveat: CARG5 overlaps INS.
-  |  bl extern lj_meta_arith  // (lua_State *L, TValue *ra,*rb,*rc, BCReg op)
-  |  // Returns NULL (finished) or TValue * (metamethod).
-  |  cmplwi CRET1, 0
-  |  beq ->cont_nop
-  |
-  |  // Call metamethod for binary op.
-  |->vmeta_binop:
-  |  // BASE = old base, CRET1 = new base, stack = cont/func/o1/o2
-  |  sub TMP1, CRET1, BASE
-  |   stw PC, -16(CRET1)                // [cont|PC]
-  |   mr TMP2, BASE
-  |  addi PC, TMP1, FRAME_CONT
-  |   mr BASE, CRET1
-  |  li NARGS8:RC, 16                   // 2 args for func(o1, o2).
-  |  b ->vm_call_dispatch
-  |
-  |->vmeta_len:
-#if LJ_52
-  |  mr SAVE0, CARG1
-#endif
-  |  add CARG2, BASE, RD
-  |   stw BASE, L->base
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-  |  bl extern lj_meta_len              // (lua_State *L, TValue *o)
-  |  // Returns NULL (retry) or TValue * (metamethod base).
-#if LJ_52
-  |  cmplwi CRET1, 0
-  |  bne ->vmeta_binop                  // Binop call for compatibility.
-  |  mr CARG1, SAVE0
-  |  b ->BC_LEN_Z
-#else
-  |  b ->vmeta_binop                    // Binop call for compatibility.
-#endif
-  |
-  |//-- Call metamethod ----------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |->vmeta_call:                        // Resolve and call __call metamethod.
-  |  // TMP2 = old base, BASE = new base, RC = nargs*8
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |   stw TMP2, L->base                 // This is the callers base!
-  |  subi CARG2, BASE, 8
-  |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-  |  add CARG3, BASE, RC
-  |   mr SAVE0, NARGS8:RC
-  |  bl extern lj_meta_call     // (lua_State *L, TValue *func, TValue *top)
-  |  lwz LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)     // Guaranteed to be a function here.
-  |   addi NARGS8:RC, SAVE0, 8          // Got one more argument now.
-  |  ins_call
-  |
-  |->vmeta_callt:                       // Resolve __call for BC_CALLT.
-  |  // BASE = old base, RA = new base, RC = nargs*8
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |   stw BASE, L->base
-  |  subi CARG2, RA, 8
-  |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-  |  add CARG3, RA, RC
-  |   mr SAVE0, NARGS8:RC
-  |  bl extern lj_meta_call     // (lua_State *L, TValue *func, TValue *top)
-  |  lwz TMP1, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |   addi NARGS8:RC, SAVE0, 8          // Got one more argument now.
-  |   lwz LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(RA)      // Guaranteed to be a function here.
-  |  b ->BC_CALLT_Z
-  |
-  |//-- Argument coercion for 'for' statement ------------------------------
-  |
-  |->vmeta_for:
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |   stw BASE, L->base
-  |  mr CARG2, RA
-  |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-  |  mr SAVE0, INS
-  |  bl extern lj_meta_for      // (lua_State *L, TValue *base)
-  |.if JIT
-  |   decode_OP1 TMP0, SAVE0
-  |.endif
-  |  decode_RA8 RA, SAVE0
-  |.if JIT
-  |   cmpwi TMP0, BC_JFORI
-  |.endif
-  |  decode_RD8 RD, SAVE0
-  |.if JIT
-  |   beq =>BC_JFORI
-  |.endif
-  |  b =>BC_FORI
-  |
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |//-- Fast functions -----------------------------------------------------
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |.macro .ffunc, name
-  |->ff_ .. name:
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |.macro .ffunc_1, name
-  |->ff_ .. name:
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   evldd CARG1, 0(BASE)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |.macro .ffunc_2, name
-  |->ff_ .. name:
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 16
-  |   evldd CARG1, 0(BASE)
-  |   evldd CARG2, 8(BASE)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |.macro .ffunc_n, name
-  |  .ffunc_1 name
-  |  checknum CARG1
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |.macro .ffunc_nn, name
-  |  .ffunc_2 name
-  |  evmergehi TMP0, CARG1, CARG2
-  |  checknum TMP0
-  |  checkanyfail ->fff_fallback
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |// Inlined GC threshold check. Caveat: uses TMP0 and TMP1.
-  |.macro ffgccheck
-  |  lwz TMP0, DISPATCH_GL(gc.total)(DISPATCH)
-  |  lwz TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(gc.threshold)(DISPATCH)
-  |  cmplw TMP0, TMP1
-  |  bgel ->fff_gcstep
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |//-- Base library: checks -----------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |.ffunc assert
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   evldd TMP0, 0(BASE)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |  evaddw TMP1, TISNIL, TISNIL        // Synthesize LJ_TFALSE.
-  |  la RA, -8(BASE)
-  |   evcmpltu cr1, TMP0, TMP1
-  |    lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |  bge cr1, ->fff_fallback
-  |   evstdd TMP0, 0(RA)
-  |  addi RD, NARGS8:RC, 8              // Compute (nresults+1)*8.
-  |   beq ->fff_res                     // Done if exactly 1 argument.
-  |  li TMP1, 8
-  |  subi RC, RC, 8
-  |1:
-  |  cmplw TMP1, RC
-  |   evlddx TMP0, BASE, TMP1
-  |   evstddx TMP0, RA, TMP1
-  |    addi TMP1, TMP1, 8
-  |  bne <1
-  |  b ->fff_res
-  |
-  |.ffunc type
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   lwz CARG1, 0(BASE)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |    li TMP2, ~LJ_TNUMX
-  |  cmplw CARG1, TISNUM
-  |  not TMP1, CARG1
-  |  isellt TMP1, TMP2, TMP1
-  |  slwi TMP1, TMP1, 3
-  |   la TMP2, CFUNC:RB->upvalue
-  |  evlddx STR:CRET1, TMP2, TMP1
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |
-  |//-- Base library: getters and setters ---------------------------------
-  |
-  |.ffunc_1 getmetatable
-  |  checktab CARG1
-  |   evmergehi TMP1, CARG1, CARG1
-  |  checkfail >6
-  |1:  // Field metatable must be at same offset for GCtab and GCudata!
-  |  lwz TAB:RB, TAB:CARG1->metatable
-  |2:
-  |  evmr CRET1, TISNIL
-  |   cmplwi TAB:RB, 0
-  |  lwz STR:RC, DISPATCH_GL(gcroot[GCROOT_MMNAME+MM_metatable])(DISPATCH)
-  |   beq ->fff_restv
-  |  lwz TMP0, TAB:RB->hmask
-  |   evmergelo CRET1, TISTAB, TAB:RB   // Use metatable as default result.
-  |  lwz TMP1, STR:RC->hash
-  |  lwz NODE:TMP2, TAB:RB->node
-  |   evmergelo STR:RC, TISSTR, STR:RC
-  |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0               // idx = str->hash & tab->hmask
-  |  slwi TMP0, TMP1, 5
-  |  slwi TMP1, TMP1, 3
-  |  sub TMP1, TMP0, TMP1
-  |  add NODE:TMP2, NODE:TMP2, TMP1     // node = tab->node + (idx*32-idx*8)
-  |3:  // Rearranged logic, because we expect _not_ to find the key.
-  |  evldd TMP0, NODE:TMP2->key
-  |   evldd TMP1, NODE:TMP2->val
-  |  evcmpeq TMP0, STR:RC
-  |   lwz NODE:TMP2, NODE:TMP2->next
-  |  checkallok >5
-  |   cmplwi NODE:TMP2, 0
-  |   beq ->fff_restv                   // Not found, keep default result.
-  |   b <3
-  |5:
-  |  checknil TMP1
-  |  checkok ->fff_restv                // Ditto for nil value.
-  |  evmr CRET1, TMP1                   // Return value of mt.__metatable.
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |
-  |6:
-  |  cmpwi TMP1, LJ_TUDATA
-  |   not TMP1, TMP1
-  |  beq <1
-  |  checknum CARG1
-  |   slwi TMP1, TMP1, 2
-  |   li TMP2, 4*~LJ_TNUMX
-  |  isellt TMP1, TMP2, TMP1
-  |   la TMP2, DISPATCH_GL(gcroot[GCROOT_BASEMT])(DISPATCH)
-  |  lwzx TAB:RB, TMP2, TMP1
-  |  b <2
-  |
-  |.ffunc_2 setmetatable
-  |  // Fast path: no mt for table yet and not clearing the mt.
-  |  evmergehi TMP0, TAB:CARG1, TAB:CARG2
-  |  checktab TMP0
-  |  checkanyfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  lwz TAB:TMP1, TAB:CARG1->metatable
-  |  cmplwi TAB:TMP1, 0
-  |   lbz TMP3, TAB:CARG1->marked
-  |  bne ->fff_fallback
-  |   andi. TMP0, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK     // isblack(table)
-  |    stw TAB:CARG2, TAB:CARG1->metatable
-  |   beq ->fff_restv
-  |  barrierback TAB:CARG1, TMP3, TMP0
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |
-  |.ffunc rawget
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 16
-  |   evldd CARG2, 0(BASE)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |  checktab CARG2
-  |   la CARG3, 8(BASE)
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |   mr CARG1, L
-  |  bl extern lj_tab_get  // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, cTValue *key)
-  |  // Returns cTValue *.
-  |  evldd CRET1, 0(CRET1)
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |
-  |//-- Base library: conversions ------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |.ffunc tonumber
-  |  // Only handles the number case inline (without a base argument).
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   evldd CARG1, 0(BASE)
-  |  bne ->fff_fallback                 // Exactly one argument.
-  |  checknum CARG1
-  |  checkok ->fff_restv
-  |  b ->fff_fallback
-  |
-  |.ffunc_1 tostring
-  |  // Only handles the string or number case inline.
-  |  checkstr CARG1
-  |  // A __tostring method in the string base metatable is ignored.
-  |  checkok ->fff_restv                // String key?
-  |  // Handle numbers inline, unless a number base metatable is present.
-  |  lwz TMP0, DISPATCH_GL(gcroot[GCROOT_BASEMT_NUM])(DISPATCH)
-  |  checknum CARG1
-  |  cmplwi cr1, TMP0, 0
-  |   stw BASE, L->base                 // Add frame since C call can throw.
-  |  crand 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr1+eq
-  |   stw PC, SAVE_PC                   // Redundant (but a defined value).
-  |  bne ->fff_fallback
-  |  ffgccheck
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |  mr CARG2, BASE
-  |  bl extern lj_str_fromnum           // (lua_State *L, lua_Number *np)
-  |  // Returns GCstr *.
-  |  evmergelo STR:CRET1, TISSTR, STR:CRET1
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |
-  |//-- Base library: iterators -------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |.ffunc next
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   evldd CARG2, 0(BASE)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |   evstddx TISNIL, BASE, NARGS8:RC   // Set missing 2nd arg to nil.
-  |  checktab TAB:CARG2
-  |   lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |   stw BASE, L->base                 // Add frame since C call can throw.
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |   stw BASE, L->top                  // Dummy frame length is ok.
-  |  la CARG3, 8(BASE)
-  |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-  |  bl extern lj_tab_next      // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, TValue *key)
-  |  // Returns 0 at end of traversal.
-  |  cmplwi CRET1, 0
-  |   evmr CRET1, TISNIL
-  |  beq ->fff_restv                    // End of traversal: return nil.
-  |  evldd TMP0, 8(BASE)                // Copy key and value to results.
-  |   la RA, -8(BASE)
-  |  evldd TMP1, 16(BASE)
-  |  evstdd TMP0, 0(RA)
-  |   li RD, (2+1)*8
-  |  evstdd TMP1, 8(RA)
-  |  b ->fff_res
-  |
-  |.ffunc_1 pairs
-  |  checktab TAB:CARG1
-  |   lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-#if LJ_52
-  |   lwz TAB:TMP2, TAB:CARG1->metatable
-  |  evldd CFUNC:TMP0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
-  |   cmplwi TAB:TMP2, 0
-  |  la RA, -8(BASE)
-  |   bne ->fff_fallback
-#else
-  |  evldd CFUNC:TMP0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
-  |  la RA, -8(BASE)
-#endif
-  |   evstdd TISNIL, 8(BASE)
-  |  li RD, (3+1)*8
-  |  evstdd CFUNC:TMP0, 0(RA)
-  |  b ->fff_res
-  |
-  |.ffunc_2 ipairs_aux
-  |  checktab TAB:CARG1
-  |   lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  checknum CARG2
-  |    lus TMP3, 0x3ff0
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  efdctsi TMP2, CARG2
-  |   lwz TMP0, TAB:CARG1->asize
-  |    evmergelo TMP3, TMP3, ZERO
-  |   lwz TMP1, TAB:CARG1->array
-  |  efdadd CARG2, CARG2, TMP3
-  |  addi TMP2, TMP2, 1
-  |   la RA, -8(BASE)
-  |  cmplw TMP0, TMP2
-  |   slwi TMP3, TMP2, 3
-  |  evstdd CARG2, 0(RA)
-  |  ble >2                             // Not in array part?
-  |  evlddx TMP1, TMP1, TMP3
-  |1:
-  |  checknil TMP1
-  |   li RD, (0+1)*8
-  |  checkok ->fff_res                  // End of iteration, return 0 results.
-  |   li RD, (2+1)*8
-  |  evstdd TMP1, 8(RA)
-  |  b ->fff_res
-  |2:  // Check for empty hash part first. Otherwise call C function.
-  |  lwz TMP0, TAB:CARG1->hmask
-  |  cmplwi TMP0, 0
-  |   li RD, (0+1)*8
-  |  beq ->fff_res
-  |   mr CARG2, TMP2
-  |  bl extern lj_tab_getinth           // (GCtab *t, int32_t key)
-  |  // Returns cTValue * or NULL.
-  |  cmplwi CRET1, 0
-  |   li RD, (0+1)*8
-  |  beq ->fff_res
-  |  evldd TMP1, 0(CRET1)
-  |  b <1
-  |
-  |.ffunc_1 ipairs
-  |  checktab TAB:CARG1
-  |   lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-#if LJ_52
-  |   lwz TAB:TMP2, TAB:CARG1->metatable
-  |  evldd CFUNC:TMP0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
-  |   cmplwi TAB:TMP2, 0
-  |  la RA, -8(BASE)
-  |   bne ->fff_fallback
-#else
-  |  evldd CFUNC:TMP0, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
-  |  la RA, -8(BASE)
-#endif
-  |    evsplati TMP1, 0
-  |  li RD, (3+1)*8
-  |    evstdd TMP1, 8(BASE)
-  |  evstdd CFUNC:TMP0, 0(RA)
-  |  b ->fff_res
-  |
-  |//-- Base library: catch errors ----------------------------------------
-  |
-  |.ffunc pcall
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   lbz TMP3, DISPATCH_GL(hookmask)(DISPATCH)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |   mr TMP2, BASE
-  |   la BASE, 8(BASE)
-  |  // Remember active hook before pcall.
-  |  rlwinm TMP3, TMP3, 32-HOOK_ACTIVE_SHIFT, 31, 31
-  |   subi NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |  addi PC, TMP3, 8+FRAME_PCALL
-  |  b ->vm_call_dispatch
-  |
-  |.ffunc_2 xpcall
-  |  lbz TMP3, DISPATCH_GL(hookmask)(DISPATCH)
-  |   mr TMP2, BASE
-  |  checkfunc CARG2                    // Traceback must be a function.
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |   la BASE, 16(BASE)
-  |  // Remember active hook before pcall.
-  |  rlwinm TMP3, TMP3, 32-HOOK_ACTIVE_SHIFT, 31, 31
-  |   evstdd CARG2, 0(TMP2)             // Swap function and traceback.
-  |  subi NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, 16
-  |   evstdd CARG1, 8(TMP2)
-  |  addi PC, TMP3, 16+FRAME_PCALL
-  |  b ->vm_call_dispatch
-  |
-  |//-- Coroutine library --------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |.macro coroutine_resume_wrap, resume
-  |.if resume
-  |.ffunc_1 coroutine_resume
-  |  evmergehi TMP0, L:CARG1, L:CARG1
-  |.else
-  |.ffunc coroutine_wrap_aux
-  |  lwz L:CARG1, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].gcr
-  |.endif
-  |.if resume
-  |  cmpwi TMP0, LJ_TTHREAD
-  |  bne ->fff_fallback
-  |.endif
-  |  lbz TMP0, L:CARG1->status
-  |   lwz TMP1, L:CARG1->cframe
-  |    lwz CARG2, L:CARG1->top
-  |  cmplwi cr0, TMP0, LUA_YIELD
-  |    lwz TMP2, L:CARG1->base
-  |   cmplwi cr1, TMP1, 0
-  |   lwz TMP0, L:CARG1->maxstack
-  |    cmplw cr7, CARG2, TMP2
-  |   lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |  crorc 4*cr6+lt, 4*cr0+gt, 4*cr1+eq         // st>LUA_YIELD || cframe!=0
-  |   add TMP2, CARG2, NARGS8:RC
-  |  crandc 4*cr6+gt, 4*cr7+eq, 4*cr0+eq        // base==top && st!=LUA_YIELD
-  |   cmplw cr1, TMP2, TMP0
-  |  cror 4*cr6+lt, 4*cr6+lt, 4*cr6+gt
-  |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-  |  cror 4*cr6+lt, 4*cr6+lt, 4*cr1+gt          // cond1 || cond2 || stackov
-  |   stw BASE, L->base
-  |  blt cr6, ->fff_fallback
-  |1:
-  |.if resume
-  |  addi BASE, BASE, 8                 // Keep resumed thread in stack for GC.
-  |  subi NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |  subi TMP2, TMP2, 8
-  |.endif
-  |  stw TMP2, L:CARG1->top
-  |  li TMP1, 0
-  |  stw BASE, L->top
-  |2:  // Move args to coroutine.
-  |  cmpw TMP1, NARGS8:RC
-  |   evlddx TMP0, BASE, TMP1
-  |  beq >3
-  |   evstddx TMP0, CARG2, TMP1
-  |  addi TMP1, TMP1, 8
-  |  b <2
-  |3:
-  |  li CARG3, 0
-  |   mr L:SAVE0, L:CARG1
-  |  li CARG4, 0
-  |  bl ->vm_resume                     // (lua_State *L, TValue *base, 0, 0)
-  |  // Returns thread status.
-  |4:
-  |  lwz TMP2, L:SAVE0->base
-  |   cmplwi CRET1, LUA_YIELD
-  |  lwz TMP3, L:SAVE0->top
-  |    li_vmstate INTERP
-  |  lwz BASE, L->base
-  |    st_vmstate
-  |   bgt >8
-  |  sub RD, TMP3, TMP2
-  |   lwz TMP0, L->maxstack
-  |  cmplwi RD, 0
-  |   add TMP1, BASE, RD
-  |  beq >6                             // No results?
-  |  cmplw TMP1, TMP0
-  |   li TMP1, 0
-  |  bgt >9                             // Need to grow stack?
-  |
-  |  subi TMP3, RD, 8
-  |   stw TMP2, L:SAVE0->top            // Clear coroutine stack.
-  |5:  // Move results from coroutine.
-  |  cmplw TMP1, TMP3
-  |   evlddx TMP0, TMP2, TMP1
-  |   evstddx TMP0, BASE, TMP1
-  |    addi TMP1, TMP1, 8
-  |  bne <5
-  |6:
-  |  andi. TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
-  |.if resume
-  |  li TMP1, LJ_TTRUE
-  |   la RA, -8(BASE)
-  |  stw TMP1, -8(BASE)                 // Prepend true to results.
-  |  addi RD, RD, 16
-  |.else
-  |  mr RA, BASE
-  |  addi RD, RD, 8
-  |.endif
-  |7:
-  |    stw PC, SAVE_PC
-  |   mr MULTRES, RD
-  |  beq ->BC_RET_Z
-  |  b ->vm_return
-  |
-  |8:  // Coroutine returned with error (at co->top-1).
-  |.if resume
-  |  andi. TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
-  |  la TMP3, -8(TMP3)
-  |   li TMP1, LJ_TFALSE
-  |  evldd TMP0, 0(TMP3)
-  |   stw TMP3, L:SAVE0->top            // Remove error from coroutine stack.
-  |    li RD, (2+1)*8
-  |   stw TMP1, -8(BASE)                // Prepend false to results.
-  |    la RA, -8(BASE)
-  |  evstdd TMP0, 0(BASE)               // Copy error message.
-  |  b <7
-  |.else
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |  mr CARG2, L:SAVE0
-  |  bl extern lj_ffh_coroutine_wrap_err  // (lua_State *L, lua_State *co)
-  |.endif
-  |
-  |9:  // Handle stack expansion on return from yield.
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |  srwi CARG2, RD, 3
-  |  bl extern lj_state_growstack       // (lua_State *L, int n)
-  |  li CRET1, 0
-  |  b <4
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |  coroutine_resume_wrap 1            // coroutine.resume
-  |  coroutine_resume_wrap 0            // coroutine.wrap
-  |
-  |.ffunc coroutine_yield
-  |  lwz TMP0, L->cframe
-  |   add TMP1, BASE, NARGS8:RC
-  |   stw BASE, L->base
-  |  andi. TMP0, TMP0, CFRAME_RESUME
-  |   stw TMP1, L->top
-  |    li CRET1, LUA_YIELD
-  |  beq ->fff_fallback
-  |   stw ZERO, L->cframe
-  |    stb CRET1, L->status
-  |  b ->vm_leave_unw
-  |
-  |//-- Math library -------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |.ffunc_n math_abs
-  |  efdabs CRET1, CARG1
-  |  // Fallthrough.
-  |
-  |->fff_restv:
-  |  // CRET1 = TValue result.
-  |  lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |   la RA, -8(BASE)
-  |  evstdd CRET1, 0(RA)
-  |->fff_res1:
-  |  // RA = results, PC = return.
-  |  li RD, (1+1)*8
-  |->fff_res:
-  |  // RA = results, RD = (nresults+1)*8, PC = return.
-  |  andi. TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
-  |   mr MULTRES, RD
-  |  bne ->vm_return
-  |  lwz INS, -4(PC)
-  |  decode_RB8 RB, INS
-  |5:
-  |  cmplw RB, RD                       // More results expected?
-  |   decode_RA8 TMP0, INS
-  |  bgt >6
-  |  ins_next1
-  |  // Adjust BASE. KBASE is assumed to be set for the calling frame.
-  |   sub BASE, RA, TMP0
-  |  ins_next2
-  |
-  |6:  // Fill up results with nil.
-  |  subi TMP1, RD, 8
-  |   addi RD, RD, 8
-  |  evstddx TISNIL, RA, TMP1
-  |  b <5
-  |
-  |.macro math_extern, func
-  |  .ffunc math_ .. func
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   evldd CARG2, 0(BASE)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |  checknum CARG2
-  |   evmergehi CARG1, CARG2, CARG2
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  bl extern func@plt
-  |  evmergelo CRET1, CRET1, CRET2
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |.macro math_extern2, func
-  |  .ffunc math_ .. func
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 16
-  |   evldd CARG2, 0(BASE)
-  |   evldd CARG4, 8(BASE)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |  evmergehi CARG1, CARG4, CARG2
-  |  checknum CARG1
-  |   evmergehi CARG3, CARG4, CARG4
-  |  checkanyfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  bl extern func@plt
-  |  evmergelo CRET1, CRET1, CRET2
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |.macro math_round, func
-  |  .ffunc math_ .. func
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   evldd CARG2, 0(BASE)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |  checknum CARG2
-  |   evmergehi CARG1, CARG2, CARG2
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |   lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |  bl ->vm_..func.._hilo;
-  |  la RA, -8(BASE)
-  |  evstdd CRET2, 0(RA)
-  |  b ->fff_res1
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |  math_round floor
-  |  math_round ceil
-  |
-  |  math_extern sqrt
-  |
-  |.ffunc math_log
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   evldd CARG2, 0(BASE)
-  |  bne ->fff_fallback                 // Need exactly 1 argument.
-  |  checknum CARG2
-  |   evmergehi CARG1, CARG2, CARG2
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  bl extern log@plt
-  |  evmergelo CRET1, CRET1, CRET2
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |
-  |  math_extern log10
-  |  math_extern exp
-  |  math_extern sin
-  |  math_extern cos
-  |  math_extern tan
-  |  math_extern asin
-  |  math_extern acos
-  |  math_extern atan
-  |  math_extern sinh
-  |  math_extern cosh
-  |  math_extern tanh
-  |  math_extern2 pow
-  |  math_extern2 atan2
-  |  math_extern2 fmod
-  |
-  |->ff_math_deg:
-  |.ffunc_n math_rad
-  |  evldd CARG2, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
-  |  efdmul CRET1, CARG1, CARG2
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |
-  |.ffunc math_ldexp
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 16
-  |   evldd CARG2, 0(BASE)
-  |   evldd CARG4, 8(BASE)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |  evmergehi CARG1, CARG4, CARG2
-  |  checknum CARG1
-  |  checkanyfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  efdctsi CARG3, CARG4
-  |  bl extern ldexp@plt
-  |  evmergelo CRET1, CRET1, CRET2
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |
-  |.ffunc math_frexp
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   evldd CARG2, 0(BASE)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |  checknum CARG2
-  |   evmergehi CARG1, CARG2, CARG2
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  la CARG3, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)(DISPATCH)
-  |   lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |  bl extern frexp@plt
-  |   lwz TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)(DISPATCH)
-  |  evmergelo CRET1, CRET1, CRET2
-  |   efdcfsi CRET2, TMP1
-  |   la RA, -8(BASE)
-  |  evstdd CRET1, 0(RA)
-  |  li RD, (2+1)*8
-  |   evstdd CRET2, 8(RA)
-  |  b ->fff_res
-  |
-  |.ffunc math_modf
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   evldd CARG2, 0(BASE)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |  checknum CARG2
-  |   evmergehi CARG1, CARG2, CARG2
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  la CARG3, -8(BASE)
-  |   lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |  bl extern modf@plt
-  |  evmergelo CRET1, CRET1, CRET2
-  |   la RA, -8(BASE)
-  |  evstdd CRET1, 0(BASE)
-  |  li RD, (2+1)*8
-  |  b ->fff_res
-  |
-  |.macro math_minmax, name, cmpop
-  |  .ffunc_1 name
-  |  checknum CARG1
-  |   li TMP1, 8
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |1:
-  |  evlddx CARG2, BASE, TMP1
-  |  cmplw cr1, TMP1, NARGS8:RC
-  |   checknum CARG2
-  |  bge cr1, ->fff_restv               // Ok, since CRET1 = CARG1.
-  |   checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  cmpop CARG2, CARG1
-  |   addi TMP1, TMP1, 8
-  |  crmove 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr0+gt
-  |  evsel CARG1, CARG2, CARG1
-  |  b <1
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |  math_minmax math_min, efdtstlt
-  |  math_minmax math_max, efdtstgt
-  |
-  |//-- String library -----------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |.ffunc_1 string_len
-  |  checkstr STR:CARG1
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  lwz TMP0, STR:CARG1->len
-  |  efdcfsi CRET1, TMP0
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |
-  |.ffunc string_byte                   // Only handle the 1-arg case here.
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   evldd STR:CARG1, 0(BASE)
-  |  bne ->fff_fallback                 // Need exactly 1 argument.
-  |  checkstr STR:CARG1
-  |   la RA, -8(BASE)
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  lwz TMP0, STR:CARG1->len
-  |   li RD, (0+1)*8
-  |    lbz TMP1, STR:CARG1[1]           // Access is always ok (NUL at end).
-  |   li TMP2, (1+1)*8
-  |  cmplwi TMP0, 0
-  |   lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-  |    efdcfsi CRET1, TMP1
-  |  iseleq RD, RD, TMP2
-  |    evstdd CRET1, 0(RA)
-  |  b ->fff_res
-  |
-  |.ffunc string_char                   // Only handle the 1-arg case here.
-  |  ffgccheck
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   evldd CARG1, 0(BASE)
-  |  bne ->fff_fallback                 // Exactly 1 argument.
-  |  checknum CARG1
-  |   la CARG2, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)(DISPATCH)
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  efdctsiz TMP0, CARG1
-  |   li CARG3, 1
-  |  cmplwi TMP0, 255
-  |   stb TMP0, 0(CARG2)
-  |  bgt ->fff_fallback
-  |->fff_newstr:
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |  stw BASE, L->base
-  |  stw PC, SAVE_PC
-  |  bl extern lj_str_new               // (lua_State *L, char *str, size_t l)
-  |  // Returns GCstr *.
-  |  lwz BASE, L->base
-  |   evmergelo STR:CRET1, TISSTR, STR:CRET1
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |
-  |.ffunc string_sub
-  |  ffgccheck
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 16
-  |   evldd CARG3, 16(BASE)
-  |   evldd STR:CARG1, 0(BASE)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |   evldd CARG2, 8(BASE)
-  |   li TMP2, -1
-  |  beq >1
-  |  checknum CARG3
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  efdctsiz TMP2, CARG3
-  |1:
-  |  checknum CARG2
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  checkstr STR:CARG1
-  |   efdctsiz TMP1, CARG2
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |   lwz TMP0, STR:CARG1->len
-  |  cmplw TMP0, TMP2                   // len < end? (unsigned compare)
-  |   add TMP3, TMP2, TMP0
-  |  blt >5
-  |2:
-  |  cmpwi TMP1, 0                      // start <= 0?
-  |   add TMP3, TMP1, TMP0
-  |  ble >7
-  |3:
-  |  sub. CARG3, TMP2, TMP1
-  |    addi CARG2, STR:CARG1, #STR-1
-  |   addi CARG3, CARG3, 1
-  |    add CARG2, CARG2, TMP1
-  |  isellt CARG3, r0, CARG3
-  |  b ->fff_newstr
-  |
-  |5:  // Negative end or overflow.
-  |  cmpw TMP0, TMP2
-  |   addi TMP3, TMP3, 1
-  |  iselgt TMP2, TMP3, TMP0            // end = end > len ? len : end+len+1
-  |  b <2
-  |
-  |7:  // Negative start or underflow.
-  |   cmpwi cr1, TMP3, 0
-  |  iseleq TMP1, r0, TMP3
-  |   isel TMP1, r0, TMP1, 4*cr1+lt
-  |  addi TMP1, TMP1, 1                 // start = 1 + (start ? start+len : 0)
-  |  b <3
-  |
-  |.ffunc string_rep                    // Only handle the 1-char case inline.
-  |  ffgccheck
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 16
-  |   evldd CARG1, 0(BASE)
-  |   evldd CARG2, 8(BASE)
-  |  bne ->fff_fallback                 // Exactly 2 arguments.
-  |  checknum CARG2
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  checkstr STR:CARG1
-  |   efdctsiz CARG3, CARG2
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |   lwz TMP0, STR:CARG1->len
-  |  cmpwi CARG3, 0
-  |   lwz TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.sz)(DISPATCH)
-  |  ble >2                             // Count <= 0? (or non-int)
-  |   cmplwi TMP0, 1
-  |  subi TMP2, CARG3, 1
-  |   blt >2                            // Zero length string?
-  |  cmplw cr1, TMP1, CARG3
-  |   bne ->fff_fallback                // Fallback for > 1-char strings.
-  |   lbz TMP0, STR:CARG1[1]
-  |   lwz CARG2, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.buf)(DISPATCH)
-  |  blt cr1, ->fff_fallback
-  |1:  // Fill buffer with char. Yes, this is suboptimal code (do you care?).
-  |  cmplwi TMP2, 0
-  |   stbx TMP0, CARG2, TMP2
-  |   subi TMP2, TMP2, 1
-  |  bne <1
-  |  b ->fff_newstr
-  |2:  // Return empty string.
-  |  la STR:CRET1, DISPATCH_GL(strempty)(DISPATCH)
-  |  evmergelo CRET1, TISSTR, STR:CRET1
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |
-  |.ffunc string_reverse
-  |  ffgccheck
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   evldd CARG1, 0(BASE)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |  checkstr STR:CARG1
-  |   lwz TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.sz)(DISPATCH)
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  lwz CARG3, STR:CARG1->len
-  |   la CARG1, #STR(STR:CARG1)
-  |   lwz CARG2, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.buf)(DISPATCH)
-  |   li TMP2, 0
-  |  cmplw TMP1, CARG3
-  |   subi TMP3, CARG3, 1
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |1:  // Reverse string copy.
-  |  cmpwi TMP3, 0
-  |   lbzx TMP1, CARG1, TMP2
-  |  blt ->fff_newstr
-  |   stbx TMP1, CARG2, TMP3
-  |  subi TMP3, TMP3, 1
-  |  addi TMP2, TMP2, 1
-  |  b <1
-  |
-  |.macro ffstring_case, name, lo
-  |  .ffunc name
-  |  ffgccheck
-  |  cmplwi NARGS8:RC, 8
-  |   evldd CARG1, 0(BASE)
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |  checkstr STR:CARG1
-  |   lwz TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.sz)(DISPATCH)
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  lwz CARG3, STR:CARG1->len
-  |   la CARG1, #STR(STR:CARG1)
-  |   lwz CARG2, DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.buf)(DISPATCH)
-  |  cmplw TMP1, CARG3
-  |   li TMP2, 0
-  |  blt ->fff_fallback
-  |1:  // ASCII case conversion.
-  |  cmplw TMP2, CARG3
-  |   lbzx TMP1, CARG1, TMP2
-  |  bge ->fff_newstr
-  |   subi TMP0, TMP1, lo
-  |    xori TMP3, TMP1, 0x20
-  |   cmplwi TMP0, 26
-  |   isellt TMP1, TMP3, TMP1
-  |   stbx TMP1, CARG2, TMP2
-  |  addi TMP2, TMP2, 1
-  |  b <1
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |ffstring_case string_lower, 65
-  |ffstring_case string_upper, 97
-  |
-  |//-- Table library ------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |.ffunc_1 table_getn
-  |  checktab CARG1
-  |  checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  bl extern lj_tab_len               // (GCtab *t)
-  |  // Returns uint32_t (but less than 2^31).
-  |  efdcfsi CRET1, CRET1
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |
-  |//-- Bit library --------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |.macro .ffunc_bit, name
-  |  .ffunc_n bit_..name
-  |  efdadd CARG1, CARG1, TOBIT
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |.ffunc_bit tobit
-  |->fff_resbit:
-  |  efdcfsi CRET1, CARG1
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |
-  |.macro .ffunc_bit_op, name, ins
-  |  .ffunc_bit name
-  |   li TMP1, 8
-  |1:
-  |  evlddx CARG2, BASE, TMP1
-  |  cmplw cr1, TMP1, NARGS8:RC
-  |   checknum CARG2
-  |  bge cr1, ->fff_resbit
-  |   checkfail ->fff_fallback
-  |  efdadd CARG2, CARG2, TOBIT
-  |  ins CARG1, CARG1, CARG2
-  |   addi TMP1, TMP1, 8
-  |  b <1
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |.ffunc_bit_op band, and
-  |.ffunc_bit_op bor, or
-  |.ffunc_bit_op bxor, xor
-  |
-  |.ffunc_bit bswap
-  |  rotlwi TMP0, CARG1, 8
-  |  rlwimi TMP0, CARG1, 24, 0, 7
-  |  rlwimi TMP0, CARG1, 24, 16, 23
-  |  efdcfsi CRET1, TMP0
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |
-  |.ffunc_bit bnot
-  |  not TMP0, CARG1
-  |  efdcfsi CRET1, TMP0
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |
-  |.macro .ffunc_bit_sh, name, ins, shmod
-  |  .ffunc_nn bit_..name
-  |  efdadd CARG2, CARG2, TOBIT
-  |   efdadd CARG1, CARG1, TOBIT
-  |.if shmod == 1
-  |  rlwinm CARG2, CARG2, 0, 27, 31
-  |.elif shmod == 2
-  |  neg CARG2, CARG2
-  |.endif
-  |  ins TMP0, CARG1, CARG2
-  |  efdcfsi CRET1, TMP0
-  |  b ->fff_restv
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |.ffunc_bit_sh lshift, slw, 1
-  |.ffunc_bit_sh rshift, srw, 1
-  |.ffunc_bit_sh arshift, sraw, 1
-  |.ffunc_bit_sh rol, rotlw, 0
-  |.ffunc_bit_sh ror, rotlw, 2
-  |
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |->fff_fallback:                      // Call fast function fallback handler.
-  |  // BASE = new base, RB = CFUNC, RC = nargs*8
-  |  lwz TMP3, CFUNC:RB->f
-  |    add TMP1, BASE, NARGS8:RC
-  |   lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)            // Fallback may overwrite PC.
-  |    addi TMP0, TMP1, 8*LUA_MINSTACK
-  |     lwz TMP2, L->maxstack
-  |   stw PC, SAVE_PC                   // Redundant (but a defined value).
-  |  cmplw TMP0, TMP2
-  |     stw BASE, L->base
-  |    stw TMP1, L->top
-  |   mr CARG1, L
-  |  bgt >5                             // Need to grow stack.
-  |  mtctr TMP3
-  |  bctrl                              // (lua_State *L)
-  |  // Either throws an error, or recovers and returns -1, 0 or nresults+1.
-  |  lwz BASE, L->base
-  |  cmpwi CRET1, 0
-  |   slwi RD, CRET1, 3
-  |   la RA, -8(BASE)
-  |  bgt ->fff_res                      // Returned nresults+1?
-  |1:  // Returned 0 or -1: retry fast path.
-  |  lwz TMP0, L->top
-  |   lwz LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
-  |  sub NARGS8:RC, TMP0, BASE
-  |  bne ->vm_call_tail                 // Returned -1?
-  |  ins_callt                          // Returned 0: retry fast path.
-  |
-  |// Reconstruct previous base for vmeta_call during tailcall.
-  |->vm_call_tail:
-  |  andi. TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
-  |   rlwinm TMP1, PC, 0, 0, 28
-  |  bne >3
-  |  lwz INS, -4(PC)
-  |  decode_RA8 TMP1, INS
-  |  addi TMP1, TMP1, 8
-  |3:
-  |  sub TMP2, BASE, TMP1
-  |  b ->vm_call_dispatch               // Resolve again for tailcall.
-  |
-  |5:  // Grow stack for fallback handler.
-  |  li CARG2, LUA_MINSTACK
-  |  bl extern lj_state_growstack       // (lua_State *L, int n)
-  |  lwz BASE, L->base
-  |  cmpw TMP0, TMP0                    // Set 4*cr0+eq to force retry.
-  |  b <1
-  |
-  |->fff_gcstep:                        // Call GC step function.
-  |  // BASE = new base, RC = nargs*8
-  |  mflr SAVE0
-  |   stw BASE, L->base
-  |  add TMP0, BASE, NARGS8:RC
-  |   stw PC, SAVE_PC                   // Redundant (but a defined value).
-  |  stw TMP0, L->top
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |  bl extern lj_gc_step               // (lua_State *L)
-  |   lwz BASE, L->base
-  |  mtlr SAVE0
-  |    lwz TMP0, L->top
-  |   sub NARGS8:RC, TMP0, BASE
-  |   lwz CFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
-  |  blr
-  |
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |//-- Special dispatch targets -------------------------------------------
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |->vm_record:                         // Dispatch target for recording phase.
-  |.if JIT
-  |  NYI
-  |.endif
-  |
-  |->vm_rethook:                        // Dispatch target for return hooks.
-  |  lbz TMP3, DISPATCH_GL(hookmask)(DISPATCH)
-  |  andi. TMP0, TMP3, HOOK_ACTIVE      // Hook already active?
-  |  beq >1
-  |5:  // Re-dispatch to static ins.
-  |  addi TMP1, TMP1, GG_DISP2STATIC    // Assumes decode_OP4 TMP1, INS.
-  |  lwzx TMP0, DISPATCH, TMP1
-  |  mtctr TMP0
-  |  bctr
-  |
-  |->vm_inshook:                        // Dispatch target for instr/line hooks.
-  |  lbz TMP3, DISPATCH_GL(hookmask)(DISPATCH)
-  |  lwz TMP2, DISPATCH_GL(hookcount)(DISPATCH)
-  |  andi. TMP0, TMP3, HOOK_ACTIVE      // Hook already active?
-  |   rlwinm TMP0, TMP3, 31-LUA_HOOKLINE, 31, 0
-  |  bne <5
-  |
-  |   cmpwi cr1, TMP0, 0
-  |  addic. TMP2, TMP2, -1
-  |   beq cr1, <5
-  |  stw TMP2, DISPATCH_GL(hookcount)(DISPATCH)
-  |  beq >1
-  |   bge cr1, <5
-  |1:
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |   stw MULTRES, SAVE_MULTRES
-  |  mr CARG2, PC
-  |   stw BASE, L->base
-  |  // SAVE_PC must hold the _previous_ PC. The callee updates it with PC.
-  |  bl extern lj_dispatch_ins          // (lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
-  |3:
-  |  lwz BASE, L->base
-  |4:  // Re-dispatch to static ins.
-  |  lwz INS, -4(PC)
-  |  decode_OP4 TMP1, INS
-  |   decode_RB8 RB, INS
-  |  addi TMP1, TMP1, GG_DISP2STATIC
-  |   decode_RD8 RD, INS
-  |  lwzx TMP0, DISPATCH, TMP1
-  |   decode_RA8 RA, INS
-  |   decode_RC8 RC, INS
-  |  mtctr TMP0
-  |  bctr
-  |
-  |->cont_hook:                         // Continue from hook yield.
-  |  addi PC, PC, 4
-  |  lwz MULTRES, -20(RB)               // Restore MULTRES for *M ins.
-  |  b <4
-  |
-  |->vm_hotloop:                        // Hot loop counter underflow.
-  |.if JIT
-  |  NYI
-  |.endif
-  |
-  |->vm_callhook:                       // Dispatch target for call hooks.
-  |  mr CARG2, PC
-  |.if JIT
-  |  b >1
-  |.endif
-  |
-  |->vm_hotcall:                        // Hot call counter underflow.
-  |.if JIT
-  |  ori CARG2, PC, 1
-  |1:
-  |.endif
-  |  add TMP0, BASE, RC
-  |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-  |  mr CARG1, L
-  |   stw BASE, L->base
-  |  sub RA, RA, BASE
-  |   stw TMP0, L->top
-  |  bl extern lj_dispatch_call         // (lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
-  |  // Returns ASMFunction.
-  |  lwz BASE, L->base
-  |   lwz TMP0, L->top
-  |   stw ZERO, SAVE_PC                 // Invalidate for subsequent line hook.
-  |  sub NARGS8:RC, TMP0, BASE
-  |  add RA, BASE, RA
-  |  lwz LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
-  |  mtctr CRET1
-  |  bctr
-  |
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |//-- Trace exit handler -------------------------------------------------
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |->vm_exit_handler:
-  |.if JIT
-  |  NYI
-  |.endif
-  |->vm_exit_interp:
-  |.if JIT
-  |  NYI
-  |.endif
-  |
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |//-- Math helper functions ----------------------------------------------
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |// FP value rounding. Called by math.floor/math.ceil fast functions
-  |// and from JIT code.
-  |//
-  |// This can be inlined if the CPU has the frin/friz/frip/frim instructions.
-  |// The alternative hard-float approaches have a deep dependency chain.
-  |// The resulting latency is at least 3x-7x the double-precision FP latency
-  |// (e500v2: 6cy, e600: 5cy, Cell: 10cy) or around 20-70 cycles.
-  |//
-  |// The soft-float approach is tedious, but much faster (e500v2: ~11cy/~6cy).
-  |// However it relies on a fast way to transfer the FP value to GPRs
-  |// (e500v2: 0cy for lo-word, 1cy for hi-word).
-  |//
-  |.macro vm_round, name, mode
-  |  // Used temporaries: TMP0, TMP1, TMP2, TMP3.
-  |->name.._efd:                        // Input: CARG2, output: CRET2
-  |  evmergehi CARG1, CARG2, CARG2
-  |->name.._hilo:
-  |  // Input: CARG1 (hi), CARG2 (hi, lo), output: CRET2
-  |  rlwinm TMP2, CARG1, 12, 21, 31
-  |  addic. TMP2, TMP2, -1023           // exp = exponent(x) - 1023
-  |   li TMP1, -1
-  |  cmplwi cr1, TMP2, 51               // 0 <= exp <= 51?
-  |   subfic TMP0, TMP2, 52
-  |  bgt cr1, >1
-  |   lus TMP3, 0xfff0
-  |  slw TMP0, TMP1, TMP0               // lomask = -1 << (52-exp)
-  |   sraw TMP1, TMP3, TMP2             // himask = (int32_t)0xfff00000 >> exp
-  |.if mode == 2                // trunc(x):
-  |  evmergelo TMP0, TMP1, TMP0
-  |  evand CRET2, CARG2, TMP0           // hi &= himask, lo &= lomask
-  |.else
-  |  andc TMP2, CARG2, TMP0
-  |   andc TMP3, CARG1, TMP1
-  |  or TMP2, TMP2, TMP3                // ztest = (hi&~himask) | (lo&~lomask)
-  |   srawi TMP3, CARG1, 31             // signmask = (int32_t)hi >> 31
-  |.if mode == 0                // floor(x):
-  |  and. TMP2, TMP2, TMP3              // iszero = ((ztest & signmask) == 0)
-  |.else                        // ceil(x):
-  |  andc. TMP2, TMP2, TMP3             // iszero = ((ztest & ~signmask) == 0)
-  |.endif
-  |  and CARG2, CARG2, TMP0             // lo &= lomask
-  |  and CARG1, CARG1, TMP1             // hi &= himask
-  |   subc TMP0, CARG2, TMP0
-  |  iseleq TMP0, CARG2, TMP0           // lo = iszero ? lo : lo-lomask
-  |   sube TMP1, CARG1, TMP1
-  |  iseleq TMP1, CARG1, TMP1           // hi = iszero ? hi : hi-himask+carry
-  |  evmergelo CRET2, TMP1, TMP0
-  |.endif
-  |  blr
-  |1:
-  |  bgtlr                              // Already done if >=2^52, +-inf or nan.
-  |.if mode == 2                // trunc(x):
-  |  rlwinm TMP1, CARG1, 0, 0, 0        // hi = sign(x)
-  |  li TMP0, 0
-  |  evmergelo CRET2, TMP1, TMP0
-  |.else
-  |  rlwinm TMP2, CARG1, 0, 1, 31
-  |  srawi TMP0, CARG1, 31              // signmask = (int32_t)hi >> 31
-  |  or TMP2, TMP2, CARG2               // ztest = abs(hi) | lo
-  |   lus TMP1, 0x3ff0
-  |.if mode == 0                // floor(x):
-  |  and. TMP2, TMP2, TMP0              // iszero = ((ztest & signmask) == 0)
-  |.else                        // ceil(x):
-  |  andc. TMP2, TMP2, TMP0             // iszero = ((ztest & ~signmask) == 0)
-  |.endif
-  |   li TMP0, 0
-  |  iseleq TMP1, r0, TMP1
-  |  rlwimi CARG1, TMP1, 0, 1, 31       // hi = sign(x) | (iszero ? 0.0 : 1.0)
-  |  evmergelo CRET2, CARG1, TMP0
-  |.endif
-  |  blr
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |->vm_floor:
-  |  mflr CARG3
-  |  evmergelo CARG2, CARG1, CARG2
-  |  bl ->vm_floor_hilo
-  |  mtlr CARG3
-  |  evmergehi CRET1, CRET2, CRET2
-  |  blr
-  |
-  |  vm_round vm_floor, 0
-  |  vm_round vm_ceil,  1
-  |.if JIT
-  |  vm_round vm_trunc, 2
-  |.else
-  |->vm_trunc_efd:
-  |->vm_trunc_hilo:
-  |.endif
-  |
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |//-- Miscellaneous functions --------------------------------------------
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |//-- FFI helper functions -----------------------------------------------
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |->vm_ffi_call:
-  |.if FFI
-  |  NYI
-  |.endif
-  |
-  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-}
-
-/* Generate the code for a single instruction. */
-static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
-{
-  int vk = 0;
-  |=>defop:
-
-  switch (op) {
-
-  /* -- Comparison ops ---------------------------------------------------- */
-
-  /* Remember: all ops branch for a true comparison, fall through otherwise. */
-
-  case BC_ISLT: case BC_ISGE: case BC_ISLE: case BC_ISGT:
-    |  // RA = src1*8, RD = src2*8, JMP with RD = target
-    |  evlddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-    |   addi PC, PC, 4
-    |  evlddx TMP1, BASE, RD
-    |   addis TMP3, PC, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
-    |   lwz TMP2, -4(PC)
-    |  evmergehi RB, TMP0, TMP1
-    |   decode_RD4 TMP2, TMP2
-    |  checknum RB
-    |   add TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
-    |  checkanyfail ->vmeta_comp
-    |  efdcmplt TMP0, TMP1
-    if (op == BC_ISLE || op == BC_ISGT) {
-      |  efdcmpeq cr1, TMP0, TMP1
-      |  cror 4*cr0+gt, 4*cr0+gt, 4*cr1+gt
-    }
-    if (op == BC_ISLT || op == BC_ISLE) {
-      |  iselgt PC, TMP2, PC
-    } else {
-      |  iselgt PC, PC, TMP2
-    }
-    |  ins_next
-    break;
-
-  case BC_ISEQV: case BC_ISNEV:
-    vk = op == BC_ISEQV;
-    |  // RA = src1*8, RD = src2*8, JMP with RD = target
-    |  evlddx CARG2, BASE, RA
-    |   addi PC, PC, 4
-    |  evlddx CARG3, BASE, RD
-    |   addis TMP3, PC, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
-    |   lwz TMP2, -4(PC)
-    |  evmergehi RB, CARG2, CARG3
-    |   decode_RD4 TMP2, TMP2
-    |  checknum RB
-    |   add TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
-    |  checkanyfail >5
-    |  efdcmpeq CARG2, CARG3
-    if (vk) {
-      |  iselgt PC, TMP2, PC
-    } else {
-      |  iselgt PC, PC, TMP2
-    }
-    |1:
-    |  ins_next
-    |
-    |5:  // Either or both types are not numbers.
-    |  evcmpeq CARG2, CARG3
-    |   not TMP3, RB
-    |   cmplwi cr1, TMP3, ~LJ_TISPRI            // Primitive?
-    |  crorc 4*cr7+lt, 4*cr0+so, 4*cr0+lt       // 1: Same tv or different type.
-    |   cmplwi cr6, TMP3, ~LJ_TISTABUD          // Table or userdata?
-    |  crandc 4*cr7+gt, 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr1+gt      // 2: Same type and primitive.
-    |   mr SAVE0, PC
-    if (vk) {
-      |  isel PC, TMP2, PC, 4*cr7+gt
-    } else {
-      |  isel TMP2, PC, TMP2, 4*cr7+gt
-    }
-    |  cror 4*cr7+lt, 4*cr7+lt, 4*cr7+gt        // 1 or 2.
-    if (vk) {
-      |  isel PC, TMP2, PC, 4*cr0+so
-    } else {
-      |  isel PC, PC, TMP2, 4*cr0+so
-    }
-    |  blt cr7, <1                      // Done if 1 or 2.
-    |  blt cr6, <1                      // Done if not tab/ud.
-    |
-    |  // Different tables or userdatas. Need to check __eq metamethod.
-    |  // Field metatable must be at same offset for GCtab and GCudata!
-    |  lwz TAB:TMP2, TAB:CARG2->metatable
-    |   li CARG4, 1-vk                  // ne = 0 or 1.
-    |  cmplwi TAB:TMP2, 0
-    |  beq <1                           // No metatable?
-    |  lbz TMP2, TAB:TMP2->nomm
-    |  andi. TMP2, TMP2, 1<<MM_eq
-    |  bne <1                           // Or 'no __eq' flag set?
-    |  mr PC, SAVE0                     // Restore old PC.
-    |  b ->vmeta_equal                  // Handle __eq metamethod.
-    break;
-
-  case BC_ISEQS: case BC_ISNES:
-    vk = op == BC_ISEQS;
-    |  // RA = src*8, RD = str_const*8 (~), JMP with RD = target
-    |  evlddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-    |   srwi RD, RD, 1
-    |    lwz INS, 0(PC)
-    |   subfic RD, RD, -4
-    |    addi PC, PC, 4
-    |   lwzx STR:TMP1, KBASE, RD        // KBASE-4-str_const*4
-    |    addis TMP3, PC, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
-    |    decode_RD4 TMP2, INS
-    |   evmergelo STR:TMP1, TISSTR, STR:TMP1
-    |    add TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
-    |  evcmpeq TMP0, STR:TMP1
-    if (vk) {
-      |  isel PC, TMP2, PC, 4*cr0+so
-    } else {
-      |  isel PC, PC, TMP2, 4*cr0+so
-    }
-    |  ins_next
-    break;
-
-  case BC_ISEQN: case BC_ISNEN:
-    vk = op == BC_ISEQN;
-    |  // RA = src*8, RD = num_const*8, JMP with RD = target
-    |  evlddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-    |   addi PC, PC, 4
-    |  evlddx TMP1, KBASE, RD
-    |   addis TMP3, PC, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
-    |   lwz INS, -4(PC)
-    |  checknum TMP0
-    |  checkfail >5
-    |  efdcmpeq TMP0, TMP1
-    |1:
-    |   decode_RD4 TMP2, INS
-    |   add TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
-    if (vk) {
-      |  iselgt PC, TMP2, PC
-      |5:
-    } else {
-      |  iselgt PC, PC, TMP2
-    }
-    |3:
-    |  ins_next
-    if (!vk) {
-      |5:
-      |  decode_RD4 TMP2, INS
-      |  add PC, TMP2, TMP3
-      |  b <3
-    }
-    break;
-
-  case BC_ISEQP: case BC_ISNEP:
-    vk = op == BC_ISEQP;
-    |  // RA = src*8, RD = primitive_type*8 (~), JMP with RD = target
-    |  lwzx TMP0, BASE, RA
-    |   srwi TMP1, RD, 3
-    |    lwz INS, 0(PC)
-    |    addi PC, PC, 4
-    |   not TMP1, TMP1
-    |    addis TMP3, PC, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
-    |  cmplw TMP0, TMP1
-    |    decode_RD4 TMP2, INS
-    |    add TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
-    if (vk) {
-      |  iseleq PC, TMP2, PC
-    } else {
-      |  iseleq PC, PC, TMP2
-    }
-    |  ins_next
-    break;
-
-  /* -- Unary test and copy ops ------------------------------------------- */
-
-  case BC_ISTC: case BC_ISFC: case BC_IST: case BC_ISF:
-    |  // RA = dst*8 or unused, RD = src*8, JMP with RD = target
-    |  evlddx TMP0, BASE, RD
-    |   evaddw TMP1, TISNIL, TISNIL     // Synthesize LJ_TFALSE.
-    |   lwz INS, 0(PC)
-    |  evcmpltu TMP0, TMP1
-    |   addi PC, PC, 4
-    if (op == BC_IST || op == BC_ISF) {
-      |  addis TMP3, PC, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
-      |  decode_RD4 TMP2, INS
-      |  add TMP2, TMP2, TMP3
-      if (op == BC_IST) {
-        |  isellt PC, TMP2, PC
-      } else {
-        |  isellt PC, PC, TMP2
-      }
-    } else {
-      if (op == BC_ISTC) {
-        |  checkfail >1
-      } else {
-        |  checkok >1
-      }
-      |  addis PC, PC, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
-      |  decode_RD4 TMP2, INS
-      |   evstddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-      |  add PC, PC, TMP2
-      |1:
-    }
-    |  ins_next
-    break;
-
-  /* -- Unary ops --------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-  case BC_MOV:
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = src*8
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  evlddx TMP0, BASE, RD
-    |  evstddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next2
-    break;
-  case BC_NOT:
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = src*8
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  lwzx TMP0, BASE, RD
-    |  subfic TMP1, TMP0, LJ_TTRUE
-    |  adde TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
-    |  stwx TMP0, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next2
-    break;
-  case BC_UNM:
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = src*8
-    |  evlddx TMP0, BASE, RD
-    |  checknum TMP0
-    |  checkfail ->vmeta_unm
-    |  efdneg TMP0, TMP0
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  evstddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next2
-    break;
-  case BC_LEN:
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = src*8
-    |  evlddx CARG1, BASE, RD
-    |  checkstr CARG1
-    |  checkfail >2
-    |  lwz CRET1, STR:CARG1->len
-    |1:
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  efdcfsi TMP0, CRET1
-    |  evstddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next2
-    |2:
-    |  checktab CARG1
-    |  checkfail ->vmeta_len
-#if LJ_52
-    |  lwz TAB:TMP2, TAB:CARG1->metatable
-    |  cmplwi TAB:TMP2, 0
-    |  bne >9
-    |3:
-#endif
-    |->BC_LEN_Z:
-    |  bl extern lj_tab_len             // (GCtab *t)
-    |  // Returns uint32_t (but less than 2^31).
-    |  b <1
-#if LJ_52
-    |9:
-    |  lbz TMP0, TAB:TMP2->nomm
-    |  andi. TMP0, TMP0, 1<<MM_len
-    |  bne <3                           // 'no __len' flag set: done.
-    |  b ->vmeta_len
-#endif
-    break;
-
-  /* -- Binary ops -------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-    |.macro ins_arithpre, t0, t1
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RB = src1*8, RC = src2*8 | num_const*8
-    ||vk = ((int)op - BC_ADDVN) / (BC_ADDNV-BC_ADDVN);
-    ||switch (vk) {
-    ||case 0:
-    |   evlddx t0, BASE, RB
-    |    checknum t0
-    |   evlddx t1, KBASE, RC
-    |    checkfail ->vmeta_arith_vn
-    ||  break;
-    ||case 1:
-    |   evlddx t1, BASE, RB
-    |    checknum t1
-    |   evlddx t0, KBASE, RC
-    |    checkfail ->vmeta_arith_nv
-    ||  break;
-    ||default:
-    |   evlddx t0, BASE, RB
-    |   evlddx t1, BASE, RC
-    |    evmergehi TMP2, t0, t1
-    |    checknum TMP2
-    |    checkanyfail ->vmeta_arith_vv
-    ||  break;
-    ||}
-    |.endmacro
-    |
-    |.macro ins_arith, ins
-    |  ins_arithpre TMP0, TMP1
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  ins TMP0, TMP0, TMP1
-    |  evstddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next2
-    |.endmacro
-
-  case BC_ADDVN: case BC_ADDNV: case BC_ADDVV:
-    |  ins_arith efdadd
-    break;
-  case BC_SUBVN: case BC_SUBNV: case BC_SUBVV:
-    |  ins_arith efdsub
-    break;
-  case BC_MULVN: case BC_MULNV: case BC_MULVV:
-    |  ins_arith efdmul
-    break;
-  case BC_DIVVN: case BC_DIVNV: case BC_DIVVV:
-    |  ins_arith efddiv
-    break;
-  case BC_MODVN:
-    |  ins_arithpre RD, SAVE0
-    |->BC_MODVN_Z:
-    |  efddiv CARG2, RD, SAVE0
-    |  bl ->vm_floor_efd                // floor(b/c)
-    |  efdmul TMP0, CRET2, SAVE0
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  efdsub TMP0, RD, TMP0            // b - floor(b/c)*c
-    |  evstddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next2
-    break;
-  case BC_MODNV: case BC_MODVV:
-    |  ins_arithpre RD, SAVE0
-    |  b ->BC_MODVN_Z                   // Avoid 3 copies. It's slow anyway.
-    break;
-  case BC_POW:
-    |  evlddx CARG2, BASE, RB
-    |  evlddx CARG4, BASE, RC
-    |  evmergehi CARG1, CARG4, CARG2
-    |  checknum CARG1
-    |   evmergehi CARG3, CARG4, CARG4
-    |  checkanyfail ->vmeta_arith_vv
-    |  bl extern pow@plt
-    |  evmergelo CRET2, CRET1, CRET2
-    |  evstddx CRET2, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next
-    break;
-
-  case BC_CAT:
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RB = src_start*8, RC = src_end*8
-    |  sub CARG3, RC, RB
-    |   stw BASE, L->base
-    |  add CARG2, BASE, RC
-    |  mr SAVE0, RB
-    |->BC_CAT_Z:
-    |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-    |  mr CARG1, L
-    |  srwi CARG3, CARG3, 3
-    |  bl extern lj_meta_cat            // (lua_State *L, TValue *top, int left)
-    |  // Returns NULL (finished) or TValue * (metamethod).
-    |  cmplwi CRET1, 0
-    |   lwz BASE, L->base
-    |  bne ->vmeta_binop
-    |  evlddx TMP0, BASE, SAVE0         // Copy result from RB to RA.
-    |  evstddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next
-    break;
-
-  /* -- Constant ops ------------------------------------------------------ */
-
-  case BC_KSTR:
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = str_const*8 (~)
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  srwi TMP1, RD, 1
-    |  subfic TMP1, TMP1, -4
-    |  lwzx TMP0, KBASE, TMP1           // KBASE-4-str_const*4
-    |  evmergelo TMP0, TISSTR, TMP0
-    |  evstddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next2
-    break;
-  case BC_KCDATA:
-    |.if FFI
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = cdata_const*8 (~)
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  srwi TMP1, RD, 1
-    |  subfic TMP1, TMP1, -4
-    |  lwzx TMP0, KBASE, TMP1           // KBASE-4-cdata_const*4
-    |  li TMP2, LJ_TCDATA
-    |  evmergelo TMP0, TMP2, TMP0
-    |  evstddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next2
-    |.endif
-    break;
-  case BC_KSHORT:
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = int16_literal*8
-    |  srwi TMP1, RD, 3
-    |  extsh TMP1, TMP1
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  efdcfsi TMP0, TMP1
-    |  evstddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next2
-    break;
-  case BC_KNUM:
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = num_const*8
-    |  evlddx TMP0, KBASE, RD
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  evstddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next2
-    break;
-  case BC_KPRI:
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = primitive_type*8 (~)
-    |  srwi TMP1, RD, 3
-    |  not TMP0, TMP1
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  stwx TMP0, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next2
-    break;
-  case BC_KNIL:
-    |  // RA = base*8, RD = end*8
-    |  evstddx TISNIL, BASE, RA
-    |   addi RA, RA, 8
-    |1:
-    |  evstddx TISNIL, BASE, RA
-    |  cmpw RA, RD
-    |   addi RA, RA, 8
-    |  blt <1
-    |  ins_next_
-    break;
-
-  /* -- Upvalue and function ops ------------------------------------------ */
-
-  case BC_UGET:
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = uvnum*8
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  lwz LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
-    |   srwi RD, RD, 1
-    |   addi RD, RD, offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)
-    |  lwzx UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RB, RD
-    |  lwz TMP1, UPVAL:RB->v
-    |  evldd TMP0, 0(TMP1)
-    |  evstddx TMP0, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next2
-    break;
-  case BC_USETV:
-    |  // RA = uvnum*8, RD = src*8
-    |  lwz LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
-    |    srwi RA, RA, 1
-    |    addi RA, RA, offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)
-    |   evlddx TMP1, BASE, RD
-    |  lwzx UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RB, RA
-    |  lbz TMP3, UPVAL:RB->marked
-    |   lwz CARG2, UPVAL:RB->v
-    |  andi. TMP3, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK    // isblack(uv)
-    |    lbz TMP0, UPVAL:RB->closed
-    |   evmergehi TMP2, TMP1, TMP1
-    |   evstdd TMP1, 0(CARG2)
-    |    cmplwi cr1, TMP0, 0
-    |  cror 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr1+eq
-    |   subi TMP2, TMP2, (LJ_TISNUM+1)
-    |  bne >2                           // Upvalue is closed and black?
-    |1:
-    |  ins_next
-    |
-    |2:  // Check if new value is collectable.
-    |  cmplwi TMP2, LJ_TISGCV - (LJ_TISNUM+1)
-    |  bge <1                           // tvisgcv(v)
-    |  lbz TMP3, GCOBJ:TMP1->gch.marked
-    |  andi. TMP3, TMP3, LJ_GC_WHITES   // iswhite(v)
-    |   la CARG1, GG_DISP2G(DISPATCH)
-    |  // Crossed a write barrier. Move the barrier forward.
-    |  beq <1
-    |  bl extern lj_gc_barrieruv        // (global_State *g, TValue *tv)
-    |  b <1
-    break;
-  case BC_USETS:
-    |  // RA = uvnum*8, RD = str_const*8 (~)
-    |  lwz LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
-    |   srwi TMP1, RD, 1
-    |    srwi RA, RA, 1
-    |   subfic TMP1, TMP1, -4
-    |    addi RA, RA, offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)
-    |   lwzx STR:TMP1, KBASE, TMP1      // KBASE-4-str_const*4
-    |  lwzx UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RB, RA
-    |   evmergelo STR:TMP1, TISSTR, STR:TMP1
-    |  lbz TMP3, UPVAL:RB->marked
-    |   lwz CARG2, UPVAL:RB->v
-    |  andi. TMP3, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK    // isblack(uv)
-    |   lbz TMP3, STR:TMP1->marked
-    |   lbz TMP2, UPVAL:RB->closed
-    |   evstdd STR:TMP1, 0(CARG2)
-    |  bne >2
-    |1:
-    |  ins_next
-    |
-    |2:  // Check if string is white and ensure upvalue is closed.
-    |  andi. TMP3, TMP3, LJ_GC_WHITES   // iswhite(str)
-    |   cmplwi cr1, TMP2, 0
-    |  cror 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr1+eq
-    |   la CARG1, GG_DISP2G(DISPATCH)
-    |  // Crossed a write barrier. Move the barrier forward.
-    |  beq <1
-    |  bl extern lj_gc_barrieruv        // (global_State *g, TValue *tv)
-    |  b <1
-    break;
-  case BC_USETN:
-    |  // RA = uvnum*8, RD = num_const*8
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  lwz LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
-    |   srwi RA, RA, 1
-    |   addi RA, RA, offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)
-    |    evlddx TMP0, KBASE, RD
-    |  lwzx UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RB, RA
-    |  lwz TMP1, UPVAL:RB->v
-    |  evstdd TMP0, 0(TMP1)
-    |  ins_next2
-    break;
-  case BC_USETP:
-    |  // RA = uvnum*8, RD = primitive_type*8 (~)
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  lwz LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
-    |   srwi RA, RA, 1
-    |   addi RA, RA, offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)
-    |    srwi TMP0, RD, 3
-    |  lwzx UPVAL:RB, LFUNC:RB, RA
-    |    not TMP0, TMP0
-    |  lwz TMP1, UPVAL:RB->v
-    |  stw TMP0, 0(TMP1)
-    |  ins_next2
-    break;
-
-  case BC_UCLO:
-    |  // RA = level*8, RD = target
-    |  lwz TMP1, L->openupval
-    |  branch_RD                        // Do this first since RD is not saved.
-    |   stw BASE, L->base
-    |  cmplwi TMP1, 0
-    |   mr CARG1, L
-    |  beq >1
-    |   add CARG2, BASE, RA
-    |  bl extern lj_func_closeuv        // (lua_State *L, TValue *level)
-    |  lwz BASE, L->base
-    |1:
-    |  ins_next
-    break;
-
-  case BC_FNEW:
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = proto_const*8 (~) (holding function prototype)
-    |  srwi TMP1, RD, 1
-    |   stw BASE, L->base
-    |  subfic TMP1, TMP1, -4
-    |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-    |  lwzx CARG2, KBASE, TMP1          // KBASE-4-tab_const*4
-    |   mr CARG1, L
-    |  lwz CARG3, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
-    |  // (lua_State *L, GCproto *pt, GCfuncL *parent)
-    |  bl extern lj_func_newL_gc
-    |  // Returns GCfuncL *.
-    |  lwz BASE, L->base
-    |  evmergelo LFUNC:CRET1, TISFUNC, LFUNC:CRET1
-    |  evstddx LFUNC:CRET1, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next
-    break;
-
-  /* -- Table ops --------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-  case BC_TNEW:
-  case BC_TDUP:
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = (hbits|asize)*8 | tab_const*8 (~)
-    |  lwz TMP0, DISPATCH_GL(gc.total)(DISPATCH)
-    |   mr CARG1, L
-    |  lwz TMP1, DISPATCH_GL(gc.threshold)(DISPATCH)
-    |   stw BASE, L->base
-    |  cmplw TMP0, TMP1
-    |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-    |  bge >5
-    |1:
-    if (op == BC_TNEW) {
-      |  rlwinm CARG2, RD, 29, 21, 31
-      |  rlwinm CARG3, RD, 18, 27, 31
-      |  cmpwi CARG2, 0x7ff
-      |   li TMP1, 0x801
-      |  iseleq CARG2, TMP1, CARG2
-      |  bl extern lj_tab_new  // (lua_State *L, int32_t asize, uint32_t hbits)
-      |  // Returns Table *.
-    } else {
-      |  srwi TMP1, RD, 1
-      |  subfic TMP1, TMP1, -4
-      |  lwzx CARG2, KBASE, TMP1                // KBASE-4-tab_const*4
-      |  bl extern lj_tab_dup  // (lua_State *L, Table *kt)
-      |  // Returns Table *.
-    }
-    |  lwz BASE, L->base
-    |  evmergelo TAB:CRET1, TISTAB, TAB:CRET1
-    |  evstddx TAB:CRET1, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next
-    |5:
-    |  mr SAVE0, RD
-    |  bl extern lj_gc_step_fixtop  // (lua_State *L)
-    |  mr RD, SAVE0
-    |  mr CARG1, L
-    |  b <1
-    break;
-
-  case BC_GGET:
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RD = str_const*8 (~)
-  case BC_GSET:
-    |  // RA = src*8, RD = str_const*8 (~)
-    |  lwz LFUNC:TMP2, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
-    |   srwi TMP1, RD, 1
-    |  lwz TAB:RB, LFUNC:TMP2->env
-    |   subfic TMP1, TMP1, -4
-    |   lwzx STR:RC, KBASE, TMP1        // KBASE-4-str_const*4
-    if (op == BC_GGET) {
-      |  b ->BC_TGETS_Z
-    } else {
-      |  b ->BC_TSETS_Z
-    }
-    break;
-
-  case BC_TGETV:
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RB = table*8, RC = key*8
-    |  evlddx TAB:RB, BASE, RB
-    |   evlddx RC, BASE, RC
-    |  checktab TAB:RB
-    |  checkfail ->vmeta_tgetv
-    |  checknum RC
-    |  checkfail >5
-    |  // Convert number key to integer
-    |  efdctsi TMP2, RC
-    |   lwz TMP0, TAB:RB->asize
-    |  efdcfsi TMP1, TMP2
-    |   cmplw cr0, TMP0, TMP2
-    |  efdcmpeq cr1, RC, TMP1
-    |   lwz TMP1, TAB:RB->array
-    |  crand 4*cr0+gt, 4*cr0+gt, 4*cr1+gt
-    |   slwi TMP2, TMP2, 3
-    |  ble ->vmeta_tgetv                // Integer key and in array part?
-    |  evlddx TMP1, TMP1, TMP2
-    |  checknil TMP1
-    |  checkok >2
-    |1:
-    |  evstddx TMP1, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next
-    |
-    |2:  // Check for __index if table value is nil.
-    |  lwz TAB:TMP2, TAB:RB->metatable
-    |  cmplwi TAB:TMP2, 0
-    |  beq <1                           // No metatable: done.
-    |  lbz TMP0, TAB:TMP2->nomm
-    |  andi. TMP0, TMP0, 1<<MM_index
-    |  bne <1                           // 'no __index' flag set: done.
-    |  b ->vmeta_tgetv
-    |
-    |5:
-    |  checkstr STR:RC                  // String key?
-    |  checkok ->BC_TGETS_Z
-    |  b ->vmeta_tgetv
-    break;
-  case BC_TGETS:
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RB = table*8, RC = str_const*8 (~)
-    |  evlddx TAB:RB, BASE, RB
-    |   srwi TMP1, RC, 1
-    |  checktab TAB:RB
-    |   subfic TMP1, TMP1, -4
-    |   lwzx STR:RC, KBASE, TMP1        // KBASE-4-str_const*4
-    |  checkfail ->vmeta_tgets1
-    |->BC_TGETS_Z:
-    |  // TAB:RB = GCtab *, STR:RC = GCstr *, RA = dst*8
-    |  lwz TMP0, TAB:RB->hmask
-    |  lwz TMP1, STR:RC->hash
-    |  lwz NODE:TMP2, TAB:RB->node
-    |   evmergelo STR:RC, TISSTR, STR:RC
-    |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0             // idx = str->hash & tab->hmask
-    |  slwi TMP0, TMP1, 5
-    |  slwi TMP1, TMP1, 3
-    |  sub TMP1, TMP0, TMP1
-    |  add NODE:TMP2, NODE:TMP2, TMP1   // node = tab->node + (idx*32-idx*8)
-    |1:
-    |  evldd TMP0, NODE:TMP2->key
-    |   evldd TMP1, NODE:TMP2->val
-    |  evcmpeq TMP0, STR:RC
-    |  checkanyfail >4
-    |   checknil TMP1
-    |   checkok >5                      // Key found, but nil value?
-    |3:
-    |   evstddx TMP1, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next
-    |
-    |4:  // Follow hash chain.
-    |  lwz NODE:TMP2, NODE:TMP2->next
-    |  cmplwi NODE:TMP2, 0
-    |  bne <1
-    |  // End of hash chain: key not found, nil result.
-    |   evmr TMP1, TISNIL
-    |
-    |5:  // Check for __index if table value is nil.
-    |  lwz TAB:TMP2, TAB:RB->metatable
-    |  cmplwi TAB:TMP2, 0
-    |  beq <3                           // No metatable: done.
-    |  lbz TMP0, TAB:TMP2->nomm
-    |  andi. TMP0, TMP0, 1<<MM_index
-    |  bne <3                           // 'no __index' flag set: done.
-    |  b ->vmeta_tgets
-    break;
-  case BC_TGETB:
-    |  // RA = dst*8, RB = table*8, RC = index*8
-    |  evlddx TAB:RB, BASE, RB
-    |   srwi TMP0, RC, 3
-    |  checktab TAB:RB
-    |  checkfail ->vmeta_tgetb
-    |  lwz TMP1, TAB:RB->asize
-    |   lwz TMP2, TAB:RB->array
-    |  cmplw TMP0, TMP1
-    |  bge ->vmeta_tgetb
-    |  evlddx TMP1, TMP2, RC
-    |  checknil TMP1
-    |  checkok >5
-    |1:
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  evstddx TMP1, BASE, RA
-    |  ins_next2
-    |
-    |5:  // Check for __index if table value is nil.
-    |  lwz TAB:TMP2, TAB:RB->metatable
-    |  cmplwi TAB:TMP2, 0
-    |  beq <1                           // No metatable: done.
-    |  lbz TMP2, TAB:TMP2->nomm
-    |  andi. TMP2, TMP2, 1<<MM_index
-    |  bne <1                           // 'no __index' flag set: done.
-    |  b ->vmeta_tgetb                  // Caveat: preserve TMP0!
-    break;
-
-  case BC_TSETV:
-    |  // RA = src*8, RB = table*8, RC = key*8
-    |  evlddx TAB:RB, BASE, RB
-    |   evlddx RC, BASE, RC
-    |  checktab TAB:RB
-    |  checkfail ->vmeta_tsetv
-    |  checknum RC
-    |  checkfail >5
-    |  // Convert number key to integer
-    |  efdctsi TMP2, RC
-    |    evlddx SAVE0, BASE, RA
-    |   lwz TMP0, TAB:RB->asize
-    |  efdcfsi TMP1, TMP2
-    |   cmplw cr0, TMP0, TMP2
-    |  efdcmpeq cr1, RC, TMP1
-    |   lwz TMP1, TAB:RB->array
-    |  crand 4*cr0+gt, 4*cr0+gt, 4*cr1+gt
-    |   slwi TMP0, TMP2, 3
-    |  ble ->vmeta_tsetv                // Integer key and in array part?
-    |   lbz TMP3, TAB:RB->marked
-    |  evlddx TMP2, TMP1, TMP0
-    |  checknil TMP2
-    |  checkok >3
-    |1:
-    |  andi. TMP2, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK    // isblack(table)
-    |   evstddx SAVE0, TMP1, TMP0
-    |  bne >7
-    |2:
-    |  ins_next
-    |
-    |3:  // Check for __newindex if previous value is nil.
-    |  lwz TAB:TMP2, TAB:RB->metatable
-    |  cmplwi TAB:TMP2, 0
-    |  beq <1                           // No metatable: done.
-    |  lbz TMP2, TAB:TMP2->nomm
-    |  andi. TMP2, TMP2, 1<<MM_newindex
-    |  bne <1                           // 'no __newindex' flag set: done.
-    |  b ->vmeta_tsetv
-    |
-    |5:
-    |  checkstr STR:RC                  // String key?
-    |  checkok ->BC_TSETS_Z
-    |  b ->vmeta_tsetv
-    |
-    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
-    |  barrierback TAB:RB, TMP3, TMP0
-    |  b <2
-    break;
-  case BC_TSETS:
-    |  // RA = src*8, RB = table*8, RC = str_const*8 (~)
-    |  evlddx TAB:RB, BASE, RB
-    |   srwi TMP1, RC, 1
-    |  checktab TAB:RB
-    |   subfic TMP1, TMP1, -4
-    |   lwzx STR:RC, KBASE, TMP1        // KBASE-4-str_const*4
-    |  checkfail ->vmeta_tsets1
-    |->BC_TSETS_Z:
-    |  // TAB:RB = GCtab *, STR:RC = GCstr *, RA = src*8
-    |  lwz TMP0, TAB:RB->hmask
-    |  lwz TMP1, STR:RC->hash
-    |  lwz NODE:TMP2, TAB:RB->node
-    |   evmergelo STR:RC, TISSTR, STR:RC
-    |    stb ZERO, TAB:RB->nomm         // Clear metamethod cache.
-    |  and TMP1, TMP1, TMP0             // idx = str->hash & tab->hmask
-    |    evlddx SAVE0, BASE, RA
-    |  slwi TMP0, TMP1, 5
-    |  slwi TMP1, TMP1, 3
-    |  sub TMP1, TMP0, TMP1
-    |    lbz TMP3, TAB:RB->marked
-    |  add NODE:TMP2, NODE:TMP2, TMP1   // node = tab->node + (idx*32-idx*8)
-    |1:
-    |  evldd TMP0, NODE:TMP2->key
-    |   evldd TMP1, NODE:TMP2->val
-    |  evcmpeq TMP0, STR:RC
-    |  checkanyfail >5
-    |   checknil TMP1
-    |   checkok >4                      // Key found, but nil value?
-    |2:
-    |  andi. TMP0, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK    // isblack(table)
-    |    evstdd SAVE0, NODE:TMP2->val
-    |  bne >7
-    |3:
-    |  ins_next
-    |
-    |4:  // Check for __newindex if previous value is nil.
-    |  lwz TAB:TMP1, TAB:RB->metatable
-    |  cmplwi TAB:TMP1, 0
-    |  beq <2                           // No metatable: done.
-    |  lbz TMP0, TAB:TMP1->nomm
-    |  andi. TMP0, TMP0, 1<<MM_newindex
-    |  bne <2                           // 'no __newindex' flag set: done.
-    |  b ->vmeta_tsets
-    |
-    |5:  // Follow hash chain.
-    |  lwz NODE:TMP2, NODE:TMP2->next
-    |  cmplwi NODE:TMP2, 0
-    |  bne <1
-    |  // End of hash chain: key not found, add a new one.
-    |
-    |  // But check for __newindex first.
-    |  lwz TAB:TMP1, TAB:RB->metatable
-    |   la CARG3, DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)(DISPATCH)
-    |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-    |   mr CARG1, L
-    |  cmplwi TAB:TMP1, 0
-    |   stw BASE, L->base
-    |  beq >6                           // No metatable: continue.
-    |  lbz TMP0, TAB:TMP1->nomm
-    |  andi. TMP0, TMP0, 1<<MM_newindex
-    |  beq ->vmeta_tsets                // 'no __newindex' flag NOT set: check.
-    |6:
-    |  mr CARG2, TAB:RB
-    |  evstdd STR:RC, 0(CARG3)
-    |  bl extern lj_tab_newkey          // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, TValue *k)
-    |  // Returns TValue *.
-    |  lwz BASE, L->base
-    |  evstdd SAVE0, 0(CRET1)
-    |  b <3                             // No 2nd write barrier needed.
-    |
-    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
-    |  barrierback TAB:RB, TMP3, TMP0
-    |  b <3
-    break;
-  case BC_TSETB:
-    |  // RA = src*8, RB = table*8, RC = index*8
-    |  evlddx TAB:RB, BASE, RB
-    |   srwi TMP0, RC, 3
-    |  checktab TAB:RB
-    |  checkfail ->vmeta_tsetb
-    |  lwz TMP1, TAB:RB->asize
-    |   lwz TMP2, TAB:RB->array
-    |    lbz TMP3, TAB:RB->marked
-    |  cmplw TMP0, TMP1
-    |   evlddx SAVE0, BASE, RA
-    |  bge ->vmeta_tsetb
-    |  evlddx TMP1, TMP2, RC
-    |  checknil TMP1
-    |  checkok >5
-    |1:
-    |  andi. TMP0, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK    // isblack(table)
-    |   evstddx SAVE0, TMP2, RC
-    |  bne >7
-    |2:
-    |  ins_next
-    |
-    |5:  // Check for __newindex if previous value is nil.
-    |  lwz TAB:TMP1, TAB:RB->metatable
-    |  cmplwi TAB:TMP1, 0
-    |  beq <1                           // No metatable: done.
-    |  lbz TMP1, TAB:TMP1->nomm
-    |  andi. TMP1, TMP1, 1<<MM_newindex
-    |  bne <1                           // 'no __newindex' flag set: done.
-    |  b ->vmeta_tsetb                  // Caveat: preserve TMP0!
-    |
-    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
-    |  barrierback TAB:RB, TMP3, TMP0
-    |  b <2
-    break;
-
-  case BC_TSETM:
-    |  // RA = base*8 (table at base-1), RD = num_const*8 (start index)
-    |  add RA, BASE, RA
-    |1:
-    |   add TMP3, KBASE, RD
-    |  lwz TAB:CARG2, -4(RA)            // Guaranteed to be a table.
-    |    addic. TMP0, MULTRES, -8
-    |   lwz TMP3, 4(TMP3)               // Integer constant is in lo-word.
-    |    srwi CARG3, TMP0, 3
-    |    beq >4                         // Nothing to copy?
-    |  add CARG3, CARG3, TMP3
-    |  lwz TMP2, TAB:CARG2->asize
-    |   slwi TMP1, TMP3, 3
-    |    lbz TMP3, TAB:CARG2->marked
-    |  cmplw CARG3, TMP2
-    |   add TMP2, RA, TMP0
-    |   lwz TMP0, TAB:CARG2->array
-    |  bgt >5
-    |   add TMP1, TMP1, TMP0
-    |    andi. TMP0, TMP3, LJ_GC_BLACK  // isblack(table)
-    |3:  // Copy result slots to table.
-    |   evldd TMP0, 0(RA)
-    |  addi RA, RA, 8
-    |  cmpw cr1, RA, TMP2
-    |   evstdd TMP0, 0(TMP1)
-    |    addi TMP1, TMP1, 8
-    |  blt cr1, <3
-    |  bne >7
-    |4:
-    |  ins_next
-    |
-    |5:  // Need to resize array part.
-    |   stw BASE, L->base
-    |  mr CARG1, L
-    |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-    |  mr SAVE0, RD
-    |  bl extern lj_tab_reasize         // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, int nasize)
-    |  // Must not reallocate the stack.
-    |  mr RD, SAVE0
-    |  b <1
-    |
-    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for any value. Skip valiswhite check.
-    |  barrierback TAB:CARG2, TMP3, TMP0
-    |  b <4
-    break;
-
-  /* -- Calls and vararg handling ----------------------------------------- */
-
-  case BC_CALLM:
-    |  // RA = base*8, (RB = (nresults+1)*8,) RC = extra_nargs*8
-    |  add NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, MULTRES
-    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_CALL follows.
-    break;
-  case BC_CALL:
-    |  // RA = base*8, (RB = (nresults+1)*8,) RC = (nargs+1)*8
-    |  evlddx LFUNC:RB, BASE, RA
-    |   mr TMP2, BASE
-    |   add BASE, BASE, RA
-    |    subi NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, 8
-    |  checkfunc LFUNC:RB
-    |   addi BASE, BASE, 8
-    |  checkfail ->vmeta_call
-    |  ins_call
-    break;
-
-  case BC_CALLMT:
-    |  // RA = base*8, (RB = 0,) RC = extra_nargs*8
-    |  add NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, MULTRES
-    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_CALLT follows.
-    break;
-  case BC_CALLT:
-    |  // RA = base*8, (RB = 0,) RC = (nargs+1)*8
-    |  evlddx LFUNC:RB, BASE, RA
-    |   add RA, BASE, RA
-    |    lwz TMP1, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-    |    subi NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, 8
-    |  checkfunc LFUNC:RB
-    |   addi RA, RA, 8
-    |  checkfail ->vmeta_callt
-    |->BC_CALLT_Z:
-    |  andi. TMP0, TMP1, FRAME_TYPE     // Caveat: preserve cr0 until the crand.
-    |   lbz TMP3, LFUNC:RB->ffid
-    |    xori TMP2, TMP1, FRAME_VARG
-    |    cmplwi cr1, NARGS8:RC, 0
-    |  bne >7
-    |1:
-    |  stw LFUNC:RB, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)   // Copy function down, but keep PC.
-    |  li TMP2, 0
-    |   cmplwi cr7, TMP3, 1             // (> FF_C) Calling a fast function?
-    |    beq cr1, >3
-    |2:
-    |  addi TMP3, TMP2, 8
-    |   evlddx TMP0, RA, TMP2
-    |  cmplw cr1, TMP3, NARGS8:RC
-    |   evstddx TMP0, BASE, TMP2
-    |  mr TMP2, TMP3
-    |  bne cr1, <2
-    |3:
-    |  crand 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr7+gt
-    |  beq >5
-    |4:
-    |  ins_callt
-    |
-    |5:  // Tailcall to a fast function with a Lua frame below.
-    |  lwz INS, -4(TMP1)
-    |  decode_RA8 RA, INS
-    |  sub TMP1, BASE, RA
-    |  lwz LFUNC:TMP1, FRAME_FUNC-8(TMP1)
-    |  lwz TMP1, LFUNC:TMP1->pc
-    |  lwz KBASE, PC2PROTO(k)(TMP1)     // Need to prepare KBASE.
-    |  b <4
-    |
-    |7:  // Tailcall from a vararg function.
-    |  andi. TMP0, TMP2, FRAME_TYPEP
-    |  bne <1                           // Vararg frame below?
-    |  sub BASE, BASE, TMP2             // Relocate BASE down.
-    |  lwz TMP1, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-    |  andi. TMP0, TMP1, FRAME_TYPE
-    |  b <1
-    break;
-
-  case BC_ITERC:
-    |  // RA = base*8, (RB = (nresults+1)*8, RC = (nargs+1)*8 ((2+1)*8))
-    |  subi RA, RA, 24                  // evldd doesn't support neg. offsets.
-    |   mr TMP2, BASE
-    |  evlddx LFUNC:RB, BASE, RA
-    |   add BASE, BASE, RA
-    |   evldd TMP0, 8(BASE)
-    |    evldd TMP1, 16(BASE)
-    |  evstdd LFUNC:RB, 24(BASE)        // Copy callable.
-    |  checkfunc LFUNC:RB
-    |   evstdd TMP0, 32(BASE)           // Copy state.
-    |     li NARGS8:RC, 16              // Iterators get 2 arguments.
-    |    evstdd TMP1, 40(BASE)          // Copy control var.
-    |     addi BASE, BASE, 32
-    |  checkfail ->vmeta_call
-    |  ins_call
-    break;
-
-  case BC_ITERN:
-    |  // RA = base*8, (RB = (nresults+1)*8, RC = (nargs+1)*8 (2+1)*8)
-    |.if JIT
-    |  // NYI: add hotloop, record BC_ITERN.
-    |.endif
-    |  add RA, BASE, RA
-    |  lwz TAB:RB, -12(RA)
-    |  lwz RC, -4(RA)                   // Get index from control var.
-    |  lwz TMP0, TAB:RB->asize
-    |  lwz TMP1, TAB:RB->array
-    |   addi PC, PC, 4
-    |1:  // Traverse array part.
-    |  cmplw RC, TMP0
-    |   slwi TMP3, RC, 3
-    |  bge >5                           // Index points after array part?
-    |  evlddx TMP2, TMP1, TMP3
-    |  checknil TMP2
-    |     lwz INS, -4(PC)
-    |  checkok >4
-    |   efdcfsi TMP0, RC
-    |    addi RC, RC, 1
-    |     addis TMP3, PC, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
-    |  evstdd TMP2, 8(RA)
-    |     decode_RD4 TMP1, INS
-    |    stw RC, -4(RA)                 // Update control var.
-    |     add PC, TMP1, TMP3
-    |   evstdd TMP0, 0(RA)
-    |3:
-    |  ins_next
-    |
-    |4:  // Skip holes in array part.
-    |  addi RC, RC, 1
-    |  b <1
-    |
-    |5:  // Traverse hash part.
-    |  lwz TMP1, TAB:RB->hmask
-    |  sub RC, RC, TMP0
-    |   lwz TMP2, TAB:RB->node
-    |6:
-    |  cmplw RC, TMP1                   // End of iteration? Branch to ITERL+1.
-    |   slwi TMP3, RC, 5
-    |  bgt <3
-    |   slwi RB, RC, 3
-    |   sub TMP3, TMP3, RB
-    |  evlddx RB, TMP2, TMP3
-    |   add NODE:TMP3, TMP2, TMP3
-    |  checknil RB
-    |     lwz INS, -4(PC)
-    |  checkok >7
-    |   evldd TMP3, NODE:TMP3->key
-    |     addis TMP2, PC, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
-    |  evstdd RB, 8(RA)
-    |    add RC, RC, TMP0
-    |     decode_RD4 TMP1, INS
-    |   evstdd TMP3, 0(RA)
-    |    addi RC, RC, 1
-    |     add PC, TMP1, TMP2
-    |    stw RC, -4(RA)                 // Update control var.
-    |  b <3
-    |
-    |7:  // Skip holes in hash part.
-    |  addi RC, RC, 1
-    |  b <6
-    break;
-
-  case BC_ISNEXT:
-    |  // RA = base*8, RD = target (points to ITERN)
-    |  add RA, BASE, RA
-    |   li TMP2, -24
-    |  evlddx CFUNC:TMP1, RA, TMP2
-    |   lwz TMP2, -16(RA)
-    |    lwz TMP3, -8(RA)
-    |  evmergehi TMP0, CFUNC:TMP1, CFUNC:TMP1
-    |   cmpwi cr0, TMP2, LJ_TTAB
-    |  cmpwi cr1, TMP0, LJ_TFUNC
-    |    cmpwi cr6, TMP3, LJ_TNIL
-    |  bne cr1, >5
-    |  lbz TMP1, CFUNC:TMP1->ffid
-    |   crand 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr6+eq
-    |  cmpwi cr7, TMP1, FF_next_N
-    |    srwi TMP0, RD, 1
-    |  crand 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr0+eq, 4*cr7+eq
-    |    add TMP3, PC, TMP0
-    |  bne cr0, >5
-    |  lus TMP1, 0xfffe
-    |  ori TMP1, TMP1, 0x7fff
-    |  stw ZERO, -4(RA)                 // Initialize control var.
-    |  stw TMP1, -8(RA)
-    |    addis PC, TMP3, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
-    |1:
-    |  ins_next
-    |5:  // Despecialize bytecode if any of the checks fail.
-    |  li TMP0, BC_JMP
-    |   li TMP1, BC_ITERC
-    |  stb TMP0, -1(PC)
-    |    addis PC, TMP3, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
-    |   stb TMP1, 3(PC)
-    |  b <1
-    break;
-
-  case BC_VARG:
-    |  // RA = base*8, RB = (nresults+1)*8, RC = numparams*8
-    |  lwz TMP0, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-    |  add RC, BASE, RC
-    |   add RA, BASE, RA
-    |  addi RC, RC, FRAME_VARG
-    |   add TMP2, RA, RB
-    |  subi TMP3, BASE, 8               // TMP3 = vtop
-    |  sub RC, RC, TMP0                 // RC = vbase
-    |  // Note: RC may now be even _above_ BASE if nargs was < numparams.
-    |  cmplwi cr1, RB, 0
-    |   sub. TMP1, TMP3, RC
-    |  beq cr1, >5                      // Copy all varargs?
-    |   subi TMP2, TMP2, 16
-    |   ble >2                          // No vararg slots?
-    |1:  // Copy vararg slots to destination slots.
-    |  evldd TMP0, 0(RC)
-    |   addi RC, RC, 8
-    |  evstdd TMP0, 0(RA)
-    |  cmplw RA, TMP2
-    |   cmplw cr1, RC, TMP3
-    |  bge >3                           // All destination slots filled?
-    |    addi RA, RA, 8
-    |   blt cr1, <1                     // More vararg slots?
-    |2:  // Fill up remainder with nil.
-    |  evstdd TISNIL, 0(RA)
-    |  cmplw RA, TMP2
-    |   addi RA, RA, 8
-    |  blt <2
-    |3:
-    |  ins_next
-    |
-    |5:  // Copy all varargs.
-    |  lwz TMP0, L->maxstack
-    |   li MULTRES, 8                   // MULTRES = (0+1)*8
-    |  ble <3                           // No vararg slots?
-    |  add TMP2, RA, TMP1
-    |  cmplw TMP2, TMP0
-    |   addi MULTRES, TMP1, 8
-    |  bgt >7
-    |6:
-    |  evldd TMP0, 0(RC)
-    |   addi RC, RC, 8
-    |  evstdd TMP0, 0(RA)
-    |  cmplw RC, TMP3
-    |   addi RA, RA, 8
-    |  blt <6                           // More vararg slots?
-    |  b <3
-    |
-    |7:  // Grow stack for varargs.
-    |  mr CARG1, L
-    |   stw RA, L->top
-    |  sub SAVE0, RC, BASE              // Need delta, because BASE may change.
-    |   stw BASE, L->base
-    |  sub RA, RA, BASE
-    |   stw PC, SAVE_PC
-    |  srwi CARG2, TMP1, 3
-    |  bl extern lj_state_growstack     // (lua_State *L, int n)
-    |  lwz BASE, L->base
-    |  add RA, BASE, RA
-    |  add RC, BASE, SAVE0
-    |  subi TMP3, BASE, 8
-    |  b <6
-    break;
-
-  /* -- Returns ----------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-  case BC_RETM:
-    |  // RA = results*8, RD = extra_nresults*8
-    |  add RD, RD, MULTRES              // MULTRES >= 8, so RD >= 8.
-    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_RET follows.
-    break;
-
-  case BC_RET:
-    |  // RA = results*8, RD = (nresults+1)*8
-    |  lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-    |   add RA, BASE, RA
-    |    mr MULTRES, RD
-    |1:
-    |  andi. TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
-    |   xori TMP1, PC, FRAME_VARG
-    |  bne ->BC_RETV_Z
-    |
-    |->BC_RET_Z:
-    |  // BASE = base, RA = resultptr, RD = (nresults+1)*8, PC = return
-    |   lwz INS, -4(PC)
-    |  cmpwi RD, 8
-    |   subi TMP2, BASE, 8
-    |   subi RC, RD, 8
-    |   decode_RB8 RB, INS
-    |  beq >3
-    |   li TMP1, 0
-    |2:
-    |  addi TMP3, TMP1, 8
-    |   evlddx TMP0, RA, TMP1
-    |  cmpw TMP3, RC
-    |   evstddx TMP0, TMP2, TMP1
-    |  beq >3
-    |  addi TMP1, TMP3, 8
-    |   evlddx TMP0, RA, TMP3
-    |  cmpw TMP1, RC
-    |   evstddx TMP0, TMP2, TMP3
-    |  bne <2
-    |3:
-    |5:
-    |  cmplw RB, RD
-    |   decode_RA8 RA, INS
-    |  bgt >6
-    |   sub BASE, TMP2, RA
-    |  lwz LFUNC:TMP1, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  lwz TMP1, LFUNC:TMP1->pc
-    |  lwz KBASE, PC2PROTO(k)(TMP1)
-    |  ins_next2
-    |
-    |6:  // Fill up results with nil.
-    |  subi TMP1, RD, 8
-    |   addi RD, RD, 8
-    |  evstddx TISNIL, TMP2, TMP1
-    |  b <5
-    |
-    |->BC_RETV_Z:  // Non-standard return case.
-    |  andi. TMP2, TMP1, FRAME_TYPEP
-    |  bne ->vm_return
-    |  // Return from vararg function: relocate BASE down.
-    |  sub BASE, BASE, TMP1
-    |  lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-    |  b <1
-    break;
-
-  case BC_RET0: case BC_RET1:
-    |  // RA = results*8, RD = (nresults+1)*8
-    |  lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)
-    |   add RA, BASE, RA
-    |    mr MULTRES, RD
-    |  andi. TMP0, PC, FRAME_TYPE
-    |   xori TMP1, PC, FRAME_VARG
-    |  bne ->BC_RETV_Z
-    |
-    |  lwz INS, -4(PC)
-    |   subi TMP2, BASE, 8
-    |  decode_RB8 RB, INS
-    if (op == BC_RET1) {
-      |  evldd TMP0, 0(RA)
-      |  evstdd TMP0, 0(TMP2)
-    }
-    |5:
-    |  cmplw RB, RD
-    |   decode_RA8 RA, INS
-    |  bgt >6
-    |   sub BASE, TMP2, RA
-    |  lwz LFUNC:TMP1, FRAME_FUNC(BASE)
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  lwz TMP1, LFUNC:TMP1->pc
-    |  lwz KBASE, PC2PROTO(k)(TMP1)
-    |  ins_next2
-    |
-    |6:  // Fill up results with nil.
-    |  subi TMP1, RD, 8
-    |   addi RD, RD, 8
-    |  evstddx TISNIL, TMP2, TMP1
-    |  b <5
-    break;
-
-  /* -- Loops and branches ------------------------------------------------ */
-
-  case BC_FORL:
-    |.if JIT
-    |  hotloop
-    |.endif
-    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_IFORL follows.
-    break;
-
-  case BC_JFORI:
-  case BC_JFORL:
-#if !LJ_HASJIT
-    break;
-#endif
-  case BC_FORI:
-  case BC_IFORL:
-    |  // RA = base*8, RD = target (after end of loop or start of loop)
-    vk = (op == BC_IFORL || op == BC_JFORL);
-    |  add RA, BASE, RA
-    |  evldd TMP1, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
-    |  evldd TMP3, FORL_STEP*8(RA)
-    |  evldd TMP2, FORL_STOP*8(RA)
-    if (!vk) {
-      |  evcmpgtu cr0, TMP1, TISNUM
-      |  evcmpgtu cr7, TMP3, TISNUM
-      |  evcmpgtu cr1, TMP2, TISNUM
-      |  cror 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr7+lt
-      |  cror 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr0+lt, 4*cr1+lt
-      |  blt ->vmeta_for
-    }
-    if (vk) {
-      |  efdadd TMP1, TMP1, TMP3
-      |  evstdd TMP1, FORL_IDX*8(RA)
-    }
-    |   evcmpgts TMP3, TISNIL
-    |  evstdd TMP1, FORL_EXT*8(RA)
-    |   bge >2
-    |  efdcmpgt TMP1, TMP2
-    |1:
-    if (op != BC_JFORL) {
-      |  srwi RD, RD, 1
-      |  add RD, PC, RD
-      if (op == BC_JFORI) {
-        |  addis PC, RD, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
-      } else {
-        |  addis RD, RD, -(BCBIAS_J*4 >> 16)
-      }
-    }
-    if (op == BC_FORI) {
-      |  iselgt PC, RD, PC
-    } else if (op == BC_IFORL) {
-      |  iselgt PC, PC, RD
-    } else {
-      |  ble =>BC_JLOOP
-    }
-    |  ins_next
-    |2:
-    |  efdcmpgt TMP2, TMP1
-    |  b <1
-    break;
-
-  case BC_ITERL:
-    |.if JIT
-    |  hotloop
-    |.endif
-    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_IITERL follows.
-    break;
-
-  case BC_JITERL:
-#if !LJ_HASJIT
-    break;
-#endif
-  case BC_IITERL:
-    |  // RA = base*8, RD = target
-    |  evlddx TMP1, BASE, RA
-    |   subi RA, RA, 8
-    |  checknil TMP1
-    |  checkok >1                       // Stop if iterator returned nil.
-    if (op == BC_JITERL) {
-      |  NYI
-    } else {
-      |  branch_RD                      // Otherwise save control var + branch.
-      |  evstddx TMP1, BASE, RA
-    }
-    |1:
-    |  ins_next
-    break;
-
-  case BC_LOOP:
-    |  // RA = base*8, RD = target (loop extent)
-    |  // Note: RA/RD is only used by trace recorder to determine scope/extent
-    |  // This opcode does NOT jump, it's only purpose is to detect a hot loop.
-    |.if JIT
-    |  hotloop
-    |.endif
-    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_ILOOP follows.
-    break;
-
-  case BC_ILOOP:
-    |  // RA = base*8, RD = target (loop extent)
-    |  ins_next
-    break;
-
-  case BC_JLOOP:
-    |.if JIT
-    |  NYI
-    |.endif
-    break;
-
-  case BC_JMP:
-    |  // RA = base*8 (only used by trace recorder), RD = target
-    |  branch_RD
-    |  ins_next
-    break;
-
-  /* -- Function headers -------------------------------------------------- */
-
-  case BC_FUNCF:
-    |.if JIT
-    |  hotcall
-    |.endif
-  case BC_FUNCV:  /* NYI: compiled vararg functions. */
-    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_IFUNCF/BC_IFUNCV follow.
-    break;
-
-  case BC_JFUNCF:
-#if !LJ_HASJIT
-    break;
-#endif
-  case BC_IFUNCF:
-    |  // BASE = new base, RA = BASE+framesize*8, RB = LFUNC, RC = nargs*8
-    |  lwz TMP2, L->maxstack
-    |   lbz TMP1, -4+PC2PROTO(numparams)(PC)
-    |    lwz KBASE, -4+PC2PROTO(k)(PC)
-    |  cmplw RA, TMP2
-    |   slwi TMP1, TMP1, 3
-    |  bgt ->vm_growstack_l
-    |  ins_next1
-    |2:
-    |  cmplw NARGS8:RC, TMP1            // Check for missing parameters.
-    |  ble >3
-    if (op == BC_JFUNCF) {
-      |  NYI
-    } else {
-      |  ins_next2
-    }
-    |
-    |3:  // Clear missing parameters.
-    |  evstddx TISNIL, BASE, NARGS8:RC
-    |  addi NARGS8:RC, NARGS8:RC, 8
-    |  b <2
-    break;
-
-  case BC_JFUNCV:
-#if !LJ_HASJIT
-    break;
-#endif
-    |  NYI  // NYI: compiled vararg functions
-    break;  /* NYI: compiled vararg functions. */
-
-  case BC_IFUNCV:
-    |  // BASE = new base, RA = BASE+framesize*8, RB = LFUNC, RC = nargs*8
-    |  lwz TMP2, L->maxstack
-    |   add TMP1, BASE, RC
-    |  add TMP0, RA, RC
-    |   stw LFUNC:RB, 4(TMP1)           // Store copy of LFUNC.
-    |   addi TMP3, RC, 8+FRAME_VARG
-    |    lwz KBASE, -4+PC2PROTO(k)(PC)
-    |  cmplw TMP0, TMP2
-    |   stw TMP3, 0(TMP1)               // Store delta + FRAME_VARG.
-    |  bge ->vm_growstack_l
-    |  lbz TMP2, -4+PC2PROTO(numparams)(PC)
-    |   mr RA, BASE
-    |   mr RC, TMP1
-    |  ins_next1
-    |  cmpwi TMP2, 0
-    |   addi BASE, TMP1, 8
-    |  beq >3
-    |1:
-    |  cmplw RA, RC                     // Less args than parameters?
-    |   evldd TMP0, 0(RA)
-    |  bge >4
-    |    evstdd TISNIL, 0(RA)           // Clear old fixarg slot (help the GC).
-    |    addi RA, RA, 8
-    |2:
-    |  addic. TMP2, TMP2, -1
-    |   evstdd TMP0, 8(TMP1)
-    |    addi TMP1, TMP1, 8
-    |  bne <1
-    |3:
-    |  ins_next2
-    |
-    |4:  // Clear missing parameters.
-    |  evmr TMP0, TISNIL
-    |  b <2
-    break;
-
-  case BC_FUNCC:
-  case BC_FUNCCW:
-    |  // BASE = new base, RA = BASE+framesize*8, RB = CFUNC, RC = nargs*8
-    if (op == BC_FUNCC) {
-      |  lwz TMP3, CFUNC:RB->f
-    } else {
-      |  lwz TMP3, DISPATCH_GL(wrapf)(DISPATCH)
-    }
-    |   add TMP1, RA, NARGS8:RC
-    |   lwz TMP2, L->maxstack
-    |    add RC, BASE, NARGS8:RC
-    |   stw BASE, L->base
-    |   cmplw TMP1, TMP2
-    |    stw RC, L->top
-    |     li_vmstate C
-    |  mtctr TMP3
-    if (op == BC_FUNCCW) {
-      |  lwz CARG2, CFUNC:RB->f
-    }
-    |  mr CARG1, L
-    |   bgt ->vm_growstack_c            // Need to grow stack.
-    |     st_vmstate
-    |  bctrl                            // (lua_State *L [, lua_CFunction f])
-    |  // Returns nresults.
-    |  lwz TMP1, L->top
-    |   slwi RD, CRET1, 3
-    |  lwz BASE, L->base
-    |    li_vmstate INTERP
-    |  lwz PC, FRAME_PC(BASE)           // Fetch PC of caller.
-    |   sub RA, TMP1, RD                // RA = L->top - nresults*8
-    |    st_vmstate
-    |  b ->vm_returnc
-    break;
-
-  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-  default:
-    fprintf(stderr, "Error: undefined opcode BC_%s\n", bc_names[op]);
-    exit(2);
-    break;
-  }
-}
-
-static int build_backend(BuildCtx *ctx)
-{
-  int op;
-
-  dasm_growpc(Dst, BC__MAX);
-
-  build_subroutines(ctx);
-
-  |.code_op
-  for (op = 0; op < BC__MAX; op++)
-    build_ins(ctx, (BCOp)op, op);
-
-  return BC__MAX;
-}
-
-/* Emit pseudo frame-info for all assembler functions. */
-static void emit_asm_debug(BuildCtx *ctx)
-{
-  int i;
-  switch (ctx->mode) {
-  case BUILD_elfasm:
-    fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.section .debug_frame,\"\",@progbits\n");
-    fprintf(ctx->fp,
-        ".Lframe0:\n"
-        "\t.long .LECIE0-.LSCIE0\n"
-        ".LSCIE0:\n"
-        "\t.long 0xffffffff\n"
-        "\t.byte 0x1\n"
-        "\t.string \"\"\n"
-        "\t.uleb128 0x1\n"
-        "\t.sleb128 -4\n"
-        "\t.byte 65\n"
-        "\t.byte 0xc\n\t.uleb128 1\n\t.uleb128 0\n"
-        "\t.align 2\n"
-        ".LECIE0:\n\n");
-    fprintf(ctx->fp,
-        ".LSFDE0:\n"
-        "\t.long .LEFDE0-.LASFDE0\n"
-        ".LASFDE0:\n"
-        "\t.long .Lframe0\n"
-        "\t.long .Lbegin\n"
-        "\t.long %d\n"
-        "\t.byte 0xe\n\t.uleb128 %d\n"
-        "\t.byte 0x11\n\t.uleb128 65\n\t.sleb128 -1\n"
-        "\t.byte 0x5\n\t.uleb128 70\n\t.sleb128 37\n",
-        (int)ctx->codesz, CFRAME_SIZE);
-    for (i = 14; i <= 31; i++)
-      fprintf(ctx->fp,
-        "\t.byte %d\n\t.uleb128 %d\n"
-        "\t.byte 5\n\t.uleb128 %d\n\t.uleb128 %d\n",
-        0x80+i, 1+2*(31-i), 1200+i, 2+2*(31-i));
-    fprintf(ctx->fp,
-        "\t.align 2\n"
-        ".LEFDE0:\n\n");
-    fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.section .eh_frame,\"a\",@progbits\n");
-    fprintf(ctx->fp,
-        ".Lframe1:\n"
-        "\t.long .LECIE1-.LSCIE1\n"
-        ".LSCIE1:\n"
-        "\t.long 0\n"
-        "\t.byte 0x1\n"
-        "\t.string \"zPR\"\n"
-        "\t.uleb128 0x1\n"
-        "\t.sleb128 -4\n"
-        "\t.byte 65\n"
-        "\t.uleb128 6\n"                        /* augmentation length */
-        "\t.byte 0x1b\n"                        /* pcrel|sdata4 */
-        "\t.long lj_err_unwind_dwarf-.\n"
-        "\t.byte 0x1b\n"                        /* pcrel|sdata4 */
-        "\t.byte 0xc\n\t.uleb128 1\n\t.uleb128 0\n"
-        "\t.align 2\n"
-        ".LECIE1:\n\n");
-    fprintf(ctx->fp,
-        ".LSFDE1:\n"
-        "\t.long .LEFDE1-.LASFDE1\n"
-        ".LASFDE1:\n"
-        "\t.long .LASFDE1-.Lframe1\n"
-        "\t.long .Lbegin-.\n"
-        "\t.long %d\n"
-        "\t.uleb128 0\n"                        /* augmentation length */
-        "\t.byte 0xe\n\t.uleb128 %d\n"
-        "\t.byte 0x11\n\t.uleb128 65\n\t.sleb128 -1\n"
-        "\t.byte 0x5\n\t.uleb128 70\n\t.sleb128 37\n",
-        (int)ctx->codesz, CFRAME_SIZE);
-    for (i = 14; i <= 31; i++)
-      fprintf(ctx->fp,
-        "\t.byte %d\n\t.uleb128 %d\n"
-        "\t.byte 5\n\t.uleb128 %d\n\t.uleb128 %d\n",
-        0x80+i, 1+2*(31-i), 1200+i, 2+2*(31-i));
-    fprintf(ctx->fp,
-        "\t.align 2\n"
-        ".LEFDE1:\n\n");
-    break;
-  default:
-    break;
-  }
-}
-
diff --git a/src/vm_x64.dasc b/src/vm_x64.dasc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8649b4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/vm_x64.dasc
@@ -0,0 +1,4946 @@
+|// Low-level VM code for x64 CPUs in LJ_GC64 mode.
+|// Bytecode interpreter, fast functions and helper functions.
+|// Copyright (C) 2005-2023 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+|
+|.arch x64
+|.section code_op, code_sub
+|
+|.actionlist build_actionlist
+|.globals GLOB_
+|.globalnames globnames
+|.externnames extnames
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+|
+|.if WIN
+|.define X64WIN, 1                      // Windows/x64 calling conventions.
+|.endif
+|
+|// Fixed register assignments for the interpreter.
+|// This is very fragile and has many dependencies. Caveat emptor.
+|.define BASE,          rdx             // Not C callee-save, refetched anyway.
+|.if X64WIN
+|.define KBASE,         rdi             // Must be C callee-save.
+|.define PC,            rsi             // Must be C callee-save.
+|.define DISPATCH,      rbx             // Must be C callee-save.
+|.define KBASEd,        edi
+|.define PCd,           esi
+|.define DISPATCHd,     ebx
+|.else
+|.define KBASE,         r15             // Must be C callee-save.
+|.define PC,            rbx             // Must be C callee-save.
+|.define DISPATCH,      r14             // Must be C callee-save.
+|.define KBASEd,        r15d
+|.define PCd,           ebx
+|.define DISPATCHd,     r14d
+|.endif
+|
+|.define RA,            rcx
+|.define RAd,           ecx
+|.define RAH,           ch
+|.define RAL,           cl
+|.define RB,            rbp             // Must be rbp (C callee-save).
+|.define RBd,           ebp
+|.define RC,            rax             // Must be rax.
+|.define RCd,           eax
+|.define RCW,           ax
+|.define RCH,           ah
+|.define RCL,           al
+|.define OP,            RBd
+|.define RD,            RC
+|.define RDd,           RCd
+|.define RDW,           RCW
+|.define RDL,           RCL
+|.define TMPR,          r10
+|.define TMPRd,         r10d
+|.define ITYPE,         r11
+|.define ITYPEd,        r11d
+|
+|.if X64WIN
+|.define CARG1,         rcx             // x64/WIN64 C call arguments.
+|.define CARG2,         rdx
+|.define CARG3,         r8
+|.define CARG4,         r9
+|.define CARG1d,        ecx
+|.define CARG2d,        edx
+|.define CARG3d,        r8d
+|.define CARG4d,        r9d
+|.else
+|.define CARG1,         rdi             // x64/POSIX C call arguments.
+|.define CARG2,         rsi
+|.define CARG3,         rdx
+|.define CARG4,         rcx
+|.define CARG5,         r8
+|.define CARG6,         r9
+|.define CARG1d,        edi
+|.define CARG2d,        esi
+|.define CARG3d,        edx
+|.define CARG4d,        ecx
+|.define CARG5d,        r8d
+|.define CARG6d,        r9d
+|.endif
+|
+|// Type definitions. Some of these are only used for documentation.
+|.type L,               lua_State
+|.type GL,              global_State
+|.type TVALUE,          TValue
+|.type GCOBJ,           GCobj
+|.type STR,             GCstr
+|.type TAB,             GCtab
+|.type LFUNC,           GCfuncL
+|.type CFUNC,           GCfuncC
+|.type PROTO,           GCproto
+|.type UPVAL,           GCupval
+|.type NODE,            Node
+|.type NARGS,           int
+|.type TRACE,           GCtrace
+|.type SBUF,            SBuf
+|
+|// Stack layout while in interpreter. Must match with lj_frame.h.
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+|.if X64WIN             // x64/Windows stack layout
+|
+|.define CFRAME_SPACE,  aword*5                 // Delta for rsp (see <--).
+|.macro saveregs_
+|  push rdi; push rsi; push rbx
+|  sub rsp, CFRAME_SPACE
+|.endmacro
+|.macro saveregs
+|  push rbp; saveregs_
+|.endmacro
+|.macro restoreregs
+|  add rsp, CFRAME_SPACE
+|  pop rbx; pop rsi; pop rdi; pop rbp
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.define SAVE_CFRAME,   aword [rsp+aword*13]
+|.define SAVE_PC,       aword [rsp+aword*12]
+|.define SAVE_L,        aword [rsp+aword*11]
+|.define SAVE_ERRF,     dword [rsp+dword*21]
+|.define SAVE_NRES,     dword [rsp+dword*20]
+|//----- 16 byte aligned, ^^^ 32 byte register save area, owned by interpreter
+|.define SAVE_RET,      aword [rsp+aword*9]     //<-- rsp entering interpreter.
+|.define SAVE_R4,       aword [rsp+aword*8]
+|.define SAVE_R3,       aword [rsp+aword*7]
+|.define SAVE_R2,       aword [rsp+aword*6]
+|.define SAVE_R1,       aword [rsp+aword*5]     //<-- rsp after register saves.
+|.define ARG5,          aword [rsp+aword*4]
+|.define CSAVE_4,       aword [rsp+aword*3]
+|.define CSAVE_3,       aword [rsp+aword*2]
+|.define CSAVE_2,       aword [rsp+aword*1]
+|.define CSAVE_1,       aword [rsp]             //<-- rsp while in interpreter.
+|//----- 16 byte aligned, ^^^ 32 byte register save area, owned by callee
+|
+|.define ARG5d,         dword [rsp+dword*8]
+|.define TMP1,          ARG5                    // TMP1 overlaps ARG5
+|.define TMP1d,         ARG5d
+|.define TMP1hi,        dword [rsp+dword*9]
+|.define MULTRES,       TMP1d                   // MULTRES overlaps TMP1d.
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+|.else                  // x64/POSIX stack layout
+|
+|.define CFRAME_SPACE,  aword*5                 // Delta for rsp (see <--).
+|.macro saveregs_
+|  push rbx; push r15; push r14
+|.if NO_UNWIND
+|  push r13; push r12
+|.endif
+|  sub rsp, CFRAME_SPACE
+|.endmacro
+|.macro saveregs
+|  push rbp; saveregs_
+|.endmacro
+|.macro restoreregs
+|  add rsp, CFRAME_SPACE
+|.if NO_UNWIND
+|  pop r12; pop r13
+|.endif
+|  pop r14; pop r15; pop rbx; pop rbp
+|.endmacro
+|
+|//----- 16 byte aligned,
+|.if NO_UNWIND
+|.define SAVE_RET,      aword [rsp+aword*11]    //<-- rsp entering interpreter.
+|.define SAVE_R4,       aword [rsp+aword*10]
+|.define SAVE_R3,       aword [rsp+aword*9]
+|.define SAVE_R2,       aword [rsp+aword*8]
+|.define SAVE_R1,       aword [rsp+aword*7]
+|.define SAVE_RU2,      aword [rsp+aword*6]
+|.define SAVE_RU1,      aword [rsp+aword*5]     //<-- rsp after register saves.
+|.else
+|.define SAVE_RET,      aword [rsp+aword*9]     //<-- rsp entering interpreter.
+|.define SAVE_R4,       aword [rsp+aword*8]
+|.define SAVE_R3,       aword [rsp+aword*7]
+|.define SAVE_R2,       aword [rsp+aword*6]
+|.define SAVE_R1,       aword [rsp+aword*5]     //<-- rsp after register saves.
+|.endif
+|.define SAVE_CFRAME,   aword [rsp+aword*4]
+|.define SAVE_PC,       aword [rsp+aword*3]
+|.define SAVE_L,        aword [rsp+aword*2]
+|.define SAVE_ERRF,     dword [rsp+dword*3]
+|.define SAVE_NRES,     dword [rsp+dword*2]
+|.define TMP1,          aword [rsp]             //<-- rsp while in interpreter.
+|//----- 16 byte aligned
+|
+|.define TMP1d,         dword [rsp]
+|.define TMP1hi,        dword [rsp+dword*1]
+|.define MULTRES,       TMP1d                   // MULTRES overlaps TMP1d.
+|
+|.endif
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+|
+|// Instruction headers.
+|.macro ins_A; .endmacro
+|.macro ins_AD; .endmacro
+|.macro ins_AJ; .endmacro
+|.macro ins_ABC; movzx RBd, RCH; movzx RCd, RCL; .endmacro
+|.macro ins_AB_; movzx RBd, RCH; .endmacro
+|.macro ins_A_C; movzx RCd, RCL; .endmacro
+|.macro ins_AND; not RD; .endmacro
+|
+|// Instruction decode+dispatch. Carefully tuned (nope, lodsd is not faster).
+|.macro ins_NEXT
+|  mov RCd, [PC]
+|  movzx RAd, RCH
+|  movzx OP, RCL
+|  add PC, 4
+|  shr RCd, 16
+|  jmp aword [DISPATCH+OP*8]
+|.endmacro
+|
+|// Instruction footer.
+|.if 1
+|  // Replicated dispatch. Less unpredictable branches, but higher I-Cache use.
+|  .define ins_next, ins_NEXT
+|  .define ins_next_, ins_NEXT
+|.else
+|  // Common dispatch. Lower I-Cache use, only one (very) unpredictable branch.
+|  // Affects only certain kinds of benchmarks (and only with -j off).
+|  // Around 10%-30% slower on Core2, a lot more slower on P4.
+|  .macro ins_next
+|    jmp ->ins_next
+|  .endmacro
+|  .macro ins_next_
+|  ->ins_next:
+|    ins_NEXT
+|  .endmacro
+|.endif
+|
+|// Call decode and dispatch.
+|.macro ins_callt
+|  // BASE = new base, RB = LFUNC, RD = nargs+1, [BASE-8] = PC
+|  mov PC, LFUNC:RB->pc
+|  mov RAd, [PC]
+|  movzx OP, RAL
+|  movzx RAd, RAH
+|  add PC, 4
+|  jmp aword [DISPATCH+OP*8]
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.macro ins_call
+|  // BASE = new base, RB = LFUNC, RD = nargs+1
+|  mov [BASE-8], PC
+|  ins_callt
+|.endmacro
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+|
+|// Macros to clear or set tags.
+|.macro cleartp, reg; shl reg, 17; shr reg, 17; .endmacro
+|.macro settp, reg, tp
+|  mov64 ITYPE, ((uint64_t)tp<<47)
+|  or reg, ITYPE
+|.endmacro
+|.macro settp, dst, reg, tp
+|  mov64 dst, ((uint64_t)tp<<47)
+|  or dst, reg
+|.endmacro
+|.macro setint, reg
+|  settp reg, LJ_TISNUM
+|.endmacro
+|.macro setint, dst, reg
+|  settp dst, reg, LJ_TISNUM
+|.endmacro
+|
+|// Macros to test operand types.
+|.macro checktp_nc, reg, tp, target
+|  mov ITYPE, reg
+|  sar ITYPE, 47
+|  cmp ITYPEd, tp
+|  jne target
+|.endmacro
+|.macro checktp, reg, tp, target
+|  mov ITYPE, reg
+|  cleartp reg
+|  sar ITYPE, 47
+|  cmp ITYPEd, tp
+|  jne target
+|.endmacro
+|.macro checktptp, src, tp, target
+|  mov ITYPE, src
+|  sar ITYPE, 47
+|  cmp ITYPEd, tp
+|  jne target
+|.endmacro
+|.macro checkstr, reg, target; checktp reg, LJ_TSTR, target; .endmacro
+|.macro checktab, reg, target; checktp reg, LJ_TTAB, target; .endmacro
+|.macro checkfunc, reg, target; checktp reg, LJ_TFUNC, target; .endmacro
+|
+|.macro checknumx, reg, target, jump
+|  mov ITYPE, reg
+|  sar ITYPE, 47
+|  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TISNUM
+|  jump target
+|.endmacro
+|.macro checkint, reg, target; checknumx reg, target, jne; .endmacro
+|.macro checkinttp, src, target; checknumx src, target, jne; .endmacro
+|.macro checknum, reg, target; checknumx reg, target, jae; .endmacro
+|.macro checknumtp, src, target; checknumx src, target, jae; .endmacro
+|.macro checknumber, src, target; checknumx src, target, ja; .endmacro
+|
+|.macro mov_false, reg; mov64 reg, (int64_t)~((uint64_t)1<<47); .endmacro
+|.macro mov_true, reg; mov64 reg, (int64_t)~((uint64_t)2<<47); .endmacro
+|
+|// These operands must be used with movzx.
+|.define PC_OP, byte [PC-4]
+|.define PC_RA, byte [PC-3]
+|.define PC_RB, byte [PC-1]
+|.define PC_RC, byte [PC-2]
+|.define PC_RD, word [PC-2]
+|
+|.macro branchPC, reg
+|  lea PC, [PC+reg*4-BCBIAS_J*4]
+|.endmacro
+|
+|// Assumes DISPATCH is relative to GL.
+#define DISPATCH_GL(field)      (GG_DISP2G + (int)offsetof(global_State, field))
+#define DISPATCH_J(field)       (GG_DISP2J + (int)offsetof(jit_State, field))
+|
+#define PC2PROTO(field)  ((int)offsetof(GCproto, field)-(int)sizeof(GCproto))
+|
+|// Decrement hashed hotcount and trigger trace recorder if zero.
+|.macro hotloop, reg
+|  mov reg, PCd
+|  shr reg, 1
+|  and reg, HOTCOUNT_PCMASK
+|  sub word [DISPATCH+reg+GG_DISP2HOT], HOTCOUNT_LOOP
+|  jb ->vm_hotloop
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.macro hotcall, reg
+|  mov reg, PCd
+|  shr reg, 1
+|  and reg, HOTCOUNT_PCMASK
+|  sub word [DISPATCH+reg+GG_DISP2HOT], HOTCOUNT_CALL
+|  jb ->vm_hotcall
+|.endmacro
+|
+|// Set current VM state.
+|.macro set_vmstate, st
+|  mov dword [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(vmstate)], ~LJ_VMST_..st
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.macro fpop1; fstp st1; .endmacro
+|
+|// Synthesize SSE FP constants.
+|.macro sseconst_abs, reg, tmp          // Synthesize abs mask.
+|  mov64 tmp, U64x(7fffffff,ffffffff); movd reg, tmp
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.macro sseconst_hi, reg, tmp, val      // Synthesize hi-32 bit const.
+|  mov64 tmp, U64x(val,00000000); movd reg, tmp
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.macro sseconst_sign, reg, tmp         // Synthesize sign mask.
+|  sseconst_hi reg, tmp, 80000000
+|.endmacro
+|.macro sseconst_1, reg, tmp            // Synthesize 1.0.
+|  sseconst_hi reg, tmp, 3ff00000
+|.endmacro
+|.macro sseconst_2p52, reg, tmp         // Synthesize 2^52.
+|  sseconst_hi reg, tmp, 43300000
+|.endmacro
+|.macro sseconst_tobit, reg, tmp        // Synthesize 2^52 + 2^51.
+|  sseconst_hi reg, tmp, 43380000
+|.endmacro
+|
+|// Move table write barrier back. Overwrites reg.
+|.macro barrierback, tab, reg
+|  and byte tab->marked, (uint8_t)~LJ_GC_BLACK  // black2gray(tab)
+|  mov reg, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(gc.grayagain)]
+|  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(gc.grayagain)], tab
+|  mov tab->gclist, reg
+|.endmacro
+|
+|//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/* Generate subroutines used by opcodes and other parts of the VM. */
+/* The .code_sub section should be last to help static branch prediction. */
+static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
+{
+  |.code_sub
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Return handling ----------------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vm_returnp:
+  |  test PCd, FRAME_P
+  |  jz ->cont_dispatch
+  |
+  |  // Return from pcall or xpcall fast func.
+  |  and PC, -8
+  |  sub BASE, PC                       // Restore caller base.
+  |  lea RA, [RA+PC-8]                  // Rebase RA and prepend one result.
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]                   // Fetch PC of previous frame.
+  |  // Prepending may overwrite the pcall frame, so do it at the end.
+  |  mov_true ITYPE
+  |  mov aword [BASE+RA], ITYPE         // Prepend true to results.
+  |
+  |->vm_returnc:
+  |  add RDd, 1                         // RD = nresults+1
+  |  jz ->vm_unwind_yield
+  |  mov MULTRES, RDd
+  |  test PC, FRAME_TYPE
+  |  jz ->BC_RET_Z                      // Handle regular return to Lua.
+  |
+  |->vm_return:
+  |  // BASE = base, RA = resultofs, RD = nresults+1 (= MULTRES), PC = return
+  |  xor PC, FRAME_C
+  |  test PCd, FRAME_TYPE
+  |  jnz ->vm_returnp
+  |
+  |  // Return to C.
+  |  set_vmstate C
+  |  and PC, -8
+  |  sub PC, BASE
+  |  neg PC                             // Previous base = BASE - delta.
+  |
+  |  sub RDd, 1
+  |  jz >2
+  |1:  // Move results down.
+  |  mov RB, [BASE+RA]
+  |  mov [BASE-16], RB
+  |  add BASE, 8
+  |  sub RDd, 1
+  |  jnz <1
+  |2:
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, PC
+  |3:
+  |  mov RDd, MULTRES
+  |  mov RAd, SAVE_NRES                 // RA = wanted nresults+1
+  |4:
+  |  cmp RAd, RDd
+  |  jne >6                             // More/less results wanted?
+  |5:
+  |  sub BASE, 16
+  |  mov L:RB->top, BASE
+  |
+  |->vm_leave_cp:
+  |  mov RA, SAVE_CFRAME                // Restore previous C frame.
+  |  mov L:RB->cframe, RA
+  |  xor eax, eax                       // Ok return status for vm_pcall.
+  |
+  |->vm_leave_unw:
+  |  restoreregs
+  |  ret
+  |
+  |6:
+  |  jb >7                              // Less results wanted?
+  |  // More results wanted. Check stack size and fill up results with nil.
+  |  cmp BASE, L:RB->maxstack
+  |  ja >8
+  |  mov aword [BASE-16], LJ_TNIL
+  |  add BASE, 8
+  |  add RDd, 1
+  |  jmp <4
+  |
+  |7:  // Less results wanted.
+  |  test RAd, RAd
+  |  jz <5                              // But check for LUA_MULTRET+1.
+  |  sub RA, RD                         // Negative result!
+  |  lea BASE, [BASE+RA*8]              // Correct top.
+  |  jmp <5
+  |
+  |8:  // Corner case: need to grow stack for filling up results.
+  |  // This can happen if:
+  |  // - A C function grows the stack (a lot).
+  |  // - The GC shrinks the stack in between.
+  |  // - A return back from a lua_call() with (high) nresults adjustment.
+  |  mov L:RB->top, BASE                // Save current top held in BASE (yes).
+  |  mov MULTRES, RDd                   // Need to fill only remainder with nil.
+  |  mov CARG2d, RAd
+  |  mov CARG1, L:RB
+  |  call extern lj_state_growstack     // (lua_State *L, int n)
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->top                // Need the (realloced) L->top in BASE.
+  |  jmp <3
+  |
+  |->vm_unwind_yield:
+  |  mov al, LUA_YIELD
+  |  jmp ->vm_unwind_c_eh
+  |
+  |->vm_unwind_c:                       // Unwind C stack, return from vm_pcall.
+  |  // (void *cframe, int errcode)
+  |  mov eax, CARG2d                    // Error return status for vm_pcall.
+  |  mov rsp, CARG1
+  |->vm_unwind_c_eh:                    // Landing pad for external unwinder.
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov GL:RB, L:RB->glref
+  |  mov dword GL:RB->vmstate, ~LJ_VMST_C
+  |  jmp ->vm_leave_unw
+  |
+  |->vm_unwind_rethrow:
+  |.if not X64WIN
+  |  mov CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |  mov CARG2d, eax
+  |  restoreregs
+  |  jmp extern lj_err_throw            // (lua_State *L, int errcode)
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_unwind_ff:                      // Unwind C stack, return from ff pcall.
+  |  // (void *cframe)
+  |  and CARG1, CFRAME_RAWMASK
+  |  mov rsp, CARG1
+  |->vm_unwind_ff_eh:                   // Landing pad for external unwinder.
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov RDd, 1+1                       // Really 1+2 results, incr. later.
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  mov DISPATCH, L:RB->glref          // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
+  |  add DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]                   // Fetch PC of previous frame.
+  |  mov_false RA
+  |  mov RB, [BASE]
+  |  mov [BASE-16], RA                  // Prepend false to error message.
+  |  mov [BASE-8], RB
+  |  mov RA, -16                        // Results start at BASE+RA = BASE-16.
+  |  set_vmstate INTERP
+  |  jmp ->vm_returnc                   // Increments RD/MULTRES and returns.
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Grow stack for calls -----------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vm_growstack_c:                    // Grow stack for C function.
+  |  mov CARG2d, LUA_MINSTACK
+  |  jmp >2
+  |
+  |->vm_growstack_v:                    // Grow stack for vararg Lua function.
+  |  sub RD, 16                         // LJ_FR2
+  |  jmp >1
+  |
+  |->vm_growstack_f:                    // Grow stack for fixarg Lua function.
+  |  // BASE = new base, RD = nargs+1, RB = L, PC = first PC
+  |  lea RD, [BASE+NARGS:RD*8-8]
+  |1:
+  |  movzx RAd, byte [PC-4+PC2PROTO(framesize)]
+  |  add PC, 4                          // Must point after first instruction.
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  mov L:RB->top, RD
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  mov CARG2, RA
+  |2:
+  |  // RB = L, L->base = new base, L->top = top
+  |  mov CARG1, L:RB
+  |  call extern lj_state_growstack     // (lua_State *L, int n)
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  mov RD, L:RB->top
+  |  mov LFUNC:RB, [BASE-16]
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+  |  sub RD, BASE
+  |  shr RDd, 3
+  |  add NARGS:RDd, 1
+  |  // BASE = new base, RB = LFUNC, RD = nargs+1
+  |  ins_callt                          // Just retry the call.
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Entry points into the assembler VM ---------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vm_resume:                         // Setup C frame and resume thread.
+  |  // (lua_State *L, TValue *base, int nres1 = 0, ptrdiff_t ef = 0)
+  |  saveregs
+  |  mov L:RB, CARG1                    // Caveat: CARG1 may be RA.
+  |  mov SAVE_L, CARG1
+  |  mov RA, CARG2
+  |  mov PCd, FRAME_CP
+  |  xor RDd, RDd
+  |  lea KBASE, [esp+CFRAME_RESUME]
+  |  mov DISPATCH, L:RB->glref          // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
+  |  add DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, RD                    // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
+  |  mov SAVE_CFRAME, RD
+  |  mov SAVE_NRES, RDd
+  |  mov SAVE_ERRF, RDd
+  |  mov L:RB->cframe, KBASE
+  |  cmp byte L:RB->status, RDL
+  |  je >2                              // Initial resume (like a call).
+  |
+  |  // Resume after yield (like a return).
+  |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)], L:RB
+  |  set_vmstate INTERP
+  |  mov byte L:RB->status, RDL
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  mov RD, L:RB->top
+  |  sub RD, RA
+  |  shr RDd, 3
+  |  add RDd, 1                         // RD = nresults+1
+  |  sub RA, BASE                       // RA = resultofs
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  mov MULTRES, RDd
+  |  test PCd, FRAME_TYPE
+  |  jz ->BC_RET_Z
+  |  jmp ->vm_return
+  |
+  |->vm_pcall:                          // Setup protected C frame and enter VM.
+  |  // (lua_State *L, TValue *base, int nres1, ptrdiff_t ef)
+  |  saveregs
+  |  mov PCd, FRAME_CP
+  |  mov SAVE_ERRF, CARG4d
+  |  jmp >1
+  |
+  |->vm_call:                           // Setup C frame and enter VM.
+  |  // (lua_State *L, TValue *base, int nres1)
+  |  saveregs
+  |  mov PCd, FRAME_C
+  |
+  |1:  // Entry point for vm_pcall above (PC = ftype).
+  |  mov SAVE_NRES, CARG3d
+  |  mov L:RB, CARG1                    // Caveat: CARG1 may be RA.
+  |  mov SAVE_L, CARG1
+  |  mov RA, CARG2
+  |
+  |  mov DISPATCH, L:RB->glref          // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
+  |  mov KBASE, L:RB->cframe            // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
+  |  mov SAVE_CFRAME, KBASE
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, L:RB                  // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
+  |  add DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
+  |  mov L:RB->cframe, rsp
+  |
+  |2:  // Entry point for vm_resume/vm_cpcall (RA = base, RB = L, PC = ftype).
+  |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)], L:RB
+  |  set_vmstate INTERP
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base               // BASE = old base (used in vmeta_call).
+  |  add PC, RA
+  |  sub PC, BASE                       // PC = frame delta + frame type
+  |
+  |  mov RD, L:RB->top
+  |  sub RD, RA
+  |  shr NARGS:RDd, 3
+  |  add NARGS:RDd, 1                   // RD = nargs+1
+  |
+  |->vm_call_dispatch:
+  |  mov LFUNC:RB, [RA-16]
+  |  checkfunc LFUNC:RB, ->vmeta_call   // Ensure KBASE defined and != BASE.
+  |
+  |->vm_call_dispatch_f:
+  |  mov BASE, RA
+  |  ins_call
+  |  // BASE = new base, RB = func, RD = nargs+1, PC = caller PC
+  |
+  |->vm_cpcall:                         // Setup protected C frame, call C.
+  |  // (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud, lua_CPFunction cp)
+  |  saveregs
+  |  mov L:RB, CARG1                    // Caveat: CARG1 may be RA.
+  |  mov SAVE_L, CARG1
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, L:RB                  // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
+  |
+  |  mov KBASE, L:RB->stack             // Compute -savestack(L, L->top).
+  |  sub KBASE, L:RB->top
+  |   mov DISPATCH, L:RB->glref         // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
+  |  mov SAVE_ERRF, 0                   // No error function.
+  |  mov SAVE_NRES, KBASEd              // Neg. delta means cframe w/o frame.
+  |   add DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
+  |  // Handler may change cframe_nres(L->cframe) or cframe_errfunc(L->cframe).
+  |
+  |  mov KBASE, L:RB->cframe            // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
+  |  mov SAVE_CFRAME, KBASE
+  |  mov L:RB->cframe, rsp
+  |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)], L:RB
+  |
+  |  call CARG4                 // (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud)
+  |  // TValue * (new base) or NULL returned in eax (RC).
+  |  test RC, RC
+  |  jz ->vm_leave_cp                   // No base? Just remove C frame.
+  |  mov RA, RC
+  |  mov PCd, FRAME_CP
+  |  jmp <2                             // Else continue with the call.
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Metamethod handling ------------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |//-- Continuation dispatch ----------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->cont_dispatch:
+  |  // BASE = meta base, RA = resultofs, RD = nresults+1 (also in MULTRES)
+  |  add RA, BASE
+  |  and PC, -8
+  |  mov RB, BASE
+  |  sub BASE, PC                       // Restore caller BASE.
+  |  mov aword [RA+RD*8-8], LJ_TNIL     // Ensure one valid arg.
+  |  mov RC, RA                         // ... in [RC]
+  |  mov PC, [RB-24]                    // Restore PC from [cont|PC].
+  |  mov RA, qword [RB-32]              // May be negative on WIN64 with debug.
+  |.if FFI
+  |  cmp RA, 1
+  |  jbe >1
+  |.endif
+  |  mov LFUNC:KBASE, [BASE-16]
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:KBASE
+  |  mov KBASE, LFUNC:KBASE->pc
+  |  mov KBASE, [KBASE+PC2PROTO(k)]
+  |  // BASE = base, RC = result, RB = meta base
+  |  jmp RA                             // Jump to continuation.
+  |
+  |.if FFI
+  |1:
+  |  je ->cont_ffi_callback             // cont = 1: return from FFI callback.
+  |  // cont = 0: Tail call from C function.
+  |  sub RB, BASE
+  |  shr RBd, 3
+  |  lea RDd, [RBd-3]
+  |  jmp ->vm_call_tail
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->cont_cat:                          // BASE = base, RC = result, RB = mbase
+  |  movzx RAd, PC_RB
+  |  sub RB, 32
+  |  lea RA, [BASE+RA*8]
+  |  sub RA, RB
+  |  je ->cont_ra
+  |  neg RA
+  |  shr RAd, 3
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  mov CARG3d, RAd
+  |  mov L:CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:CARG1->base, BASE
+  |  mov RC, [RC]
+  |  mov [RB], RC
+  |  mov CARG2, RB
+  |.else
+  |  mov L:CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:CARG1->base, BASE
+  |  mov CARG3d, RAd
+  |  mov RA, [RC]
+  |  mov [RB], RA
+  |  mov CARG2, RB
+  |.endif
+  |  jmp ->BC_CAT_Z
+  |
+  |//-- Table indexing metamethods -----------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tgets:
+  |  settp STR:RC, LJ_TSTR              // STR:RC = GCstr *
+  |  mov TMP1, STR:RC
+  |  lea RC, TMP1
+  |  cmp PC_OP, BC_GGET
+  |  jne >1
+  |  settp TAB:RA, TAB:RB, LJ_TTAB      // TAB:RB = GCtab *
+  |  lea RB, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)]  // Store fn->l.env in g->tmptv.
+  |  mov [RB], TAB:RA
+  |  jmp >2
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tgetb:
+  |  movzx RCd, PC_RC
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  setint RC
+  |  mov TMP1, RC
+  |.else
+  |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RCd
+  |  movsd TMP1, xmm0
+  |.endif
+  |  lea RC, TMP1
+  |  jmp >1
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tgetv:
+  |  movzx RCd, PC_RC                   // Reload TValue *k from RC.
+  |  lea RC, [BASE+RC*8]
+  |1:
+  |  movzx RBd, PC_RB                   // Reload TValue *t from RB.
+  |  lea RB, [BASE+RB*8]
+  |2:
+  |  mov L:CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:CARG1->base, BASE            // Caveat: CARG2/CARG3 may be BASE.
+  |  mov CARG2, RB
+  |  mov CARG3, RC
+  |  mov L:RB, L:CARG1
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  call extern lj_meta_tget           // (lua_State *L, TValue *o, TValue *k)
+  |  // TValue * (finished) or NULL (metamethod) returned in eax (RC).
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  test RC, RC
+  |  jz >3
+  |->cont_ra:                           // BASE = base, RC = result
+  |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+  |  mov RB, [RC]
+  |  mov [BASE+RA*8], RB
+  |  ins_next
+  |
+  |3:  // Call __index metamethod.
+  |  // BASE = base, L->top = new base, stack = cont/func/t/k
+  |  mov RA, L:RB->top
+  |  mov [RA-24], PC                    // [cont|PC]
+  |  lea PC, [RA+FRAME_CONT]
+  |  sub PC, BASE
+  |  mov LFUNC:RB, [RA-16]              // Guaranteed to be a function here.
+  |  mov NARGS:RDd, 2+1                 // 2 args for func(t, k).
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+  |  jmp ->vm_call_dispatch_f
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tgetr:
+  |  mov CARG1, TAB:RB
+  |  mov RB, BASE                       // Save BASE.
+  |  mov CARG2d, RCd                    // Caveat: CARG2 == BASE
+  |  call extern lj_tab_getinth         // (GCtab *t, int32_t key)
+  |  // cTValue * or NULL returned in eax (RC).
+  |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+  |  mov BASE, RB                       // Restore BASE.
+  |  test RC, RC
+  |  jnz ->BC_TGETR_Z
+  |  mov ITYPE, LJ_TNIL
+  |  jmp ->BC_TGETR2_Z
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tsets:
+  |  settp STR:RC, LJ_TSTR              // STR:RC = GCstr *
+  |  mov TMP1, STR:RC
+  |  lea RC, TMP1
+  |  cmp PC_OP, BC_GSET
+  |  jne >1
+  |  settp TAB:RA, TAB:RB, LJ_TTAB      // TAB:RB = GCtab *
+  |  lea RB, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(tmptv)]  // Store fn->l.env in g->tmptv.
+  |  mov [RB], TAB:RA
+  |  jmp >2
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tsetb:
+  |  movzx RCd, PC_RC
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  setint RC
+  |  mov TMP1, RC
+  |.else
+  |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RCd
+  |  movsd TMP1, xmm0
+  |.endif
+  |  lea RC, TMP1
+  |  jmp >1
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tsetv:
+  |  movzx RCd, PC_RC                   // Reload TValue *k from RC.
+  |  lea RC, [BASE+RC*8]
+  |1:
+  |  movzx RBd, PC_RB                   // Reload TValue *t from RB.
+  |  lea RB, [BASE+RB*8]
+  |2:
+  |  mov L:CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:CARG1->base, BASE            // Caveat: CARG2/CARG3 may be BASE.
+  |  mov CARG2, RB
+  |  mov CARG3, RC
+  |  mov L:RB, L:CARG1
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  call extern lj_meta_tset           // (lua_State *L, TValue *o, TValue *k)
+  |  // TValue * (finished) or NULL (metamethod) returned in eax (RC).
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  test RC, RC
+  |  jz >3
+  |  // NOBARRIER: lj_meta_tset ensures the table is not black.
+  |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+  |  mov RB, [BASE+RA*8]
+  |  mov [RC], RB
+  |->cont_nop:                          // BASE = base, (RC = result)
+  |  ins_next
+  |
+  |3:  // Call __newindex metamethod.
+  |  // BASE = base, L->top = new base, stack = cont/func/t/k/(v)
+  |  mov RA, L:RB->top
+  |  mov [RA-24], PC                    // [cont|PC]
+  |  movzx RCd, PC_RA
+  |  // Copy value to third argument.
+  |  mov RB, [BASE+RC*8]
+  |  mov [RA+16], RB
+  |  lea PC, [RA+FRAME_CONT]
+  |  sub PC, BASE
+  |  mov LFUNC:RB, [RA-16]              // Guaranteed to be a function here.
+  |  mov NARGS:RDd, 3+1                 // 3 args for func(t, k, v).
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+  |  jmp ->vm_call_dispatch_f
+  |
+  |->vmeta_tsetr:
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  mov L:CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |  mov CARG3d, RCd
+  |  mov L:CARG1->base, BASE
+  |  xchg CARG2, TAB:RB                 // Caveat: CARG2 == BASE.
+  |.else
+  |  mov L:CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |  mov CARG2, TAB:RB
+  |  mov L:CARG1->base, BASE
+  |  mov RB, BASE                       // Save BASE.
+  |  mov CARG3d, RCd                    // Caveat: CARG3 == BASE.
+  |.endif
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  call extern lj_tab_setinth  // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, int32_t key)
+  |  // TValue * returned in eax (RC).
+  |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+  |  mov BASE, RB                       // Restore BASE.
+  |  jmp ->BC_TSETR_Z
+  |
+  |//-- Comparison metamethods ---------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_comp:
+  |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+  |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE               // Caveat: CARG2/CARG3 == BASE.
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  lea CARG3, [BASE+RD*8]
+  |  lea CARG2, [BASE+RA*8]
+  |.else
+  |  lea CARG2, [BASE+RA*8]
+  |  lea CARG3, [BASE+RD*8]
+  |.endif
+  |  mov CARG1, L:RB                    // Caveat: CARG1/CARG4 == RA.
+  |  movzx CARG4d, PC_OP
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  call extern lj_meta_comp   // (lua_State *L, TValue *o1, *o2, int op)
+  |  // 0/1 or TValue * (metamethod) returned in eax (RC).
+  |3:
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  cmp RC, 1
+  |  ja ->vmeta_binop
+  |4:
+  |  lea PC, [PC+4]
+  |  jb >6
+  |5:
+  |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+  |  branchPC RD
+  |6:
+  |  ins_next
+  |
+  |->cont_condt:                        // BASE = base, RC = result
+  |  add PC, 4
+  |  mov ITYPE, [RC]
+  |  sar ITYPE, 47
+  |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TISTRUECOND         // Branch if result is true.
+  |  jb <5
+  |  jmp <6
+  |
+  |->cont_condf:                        // BASE = base, RC = result
+  |  mov ITYPE, [RC]
+  |  sar ITYPE, 47
+  |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TISTRUECOND         // Branch if result is false.
+  |  jmp <4
+  |
+  |->vmeta_equal:
+  |  cleartp TAB:RD
+  |  sub PC, 4
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  mov CARG3, RD
+  |  mov CARG4d, RBd
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE               // Caveat: CARG2 == BASE.
+  |  mov CARG2, RA
+  |  mov CARG1, L:RB                    // Caveat: CARG1 == RA.
+  |.else
+  |  mov CARG2, RA
+  |  mov CARG4d, RBd                    // Caveat: CARG4 == RA.
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE               // Caveat: CARG3 == BASE.
+  |  mov CARG3, RD
+  |  mov CARG1, L:RB
+  |.endif
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  call extern lj_meta_equal  // (lua_State *L, GCobj *o1, *o2, int ne)
+  |  // 0/1 or TValue * (metamethod) returned in eax (RC).
+  |  jmp <3
+  |
+  |->vmeta_equal_cd:
+  |.if FFI
+  |  sub PC, 4
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  mov CARG1, L:RB
+  |  mov CARG2d, dword [PC-4]
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  call extern lj_meta_equal_cd       // (lua_State *L, BCIns ins)
+  |  // 0/1 or TValue * (metamethod) returned in eax (RC).
+  |  jmp <3
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vmeta_istype:
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE               // Caveat: CARG2/CARG3 may be BASE.
+  |  mov CARG2d, RAd
+  |  mov CARG3d, RDd
+  |  mov L:CARG1, L:RB
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  call extern lj_meta_istype  // (lua_State *L, BCReg ra, BCReg tp)
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  jmp <6
+  |
+  |//-- Arithmetic metamethods ---------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_arith_vno:
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  movzx RBd, PC_RB
+  |  movzx RCd, PC_RC
+  |.endif
+  |->vmeta_arith_vn:
+  |  lea RC, [KBASE+RC*8]
+  |  jmp >1
+  |
+  |->vmeta_arith_nvo:
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  movzx RBd, PC_RB
+  |  movzx RCd, PC_RC
+  |.endif
+  |->vmeta_arith_nv:
+  |  lea TMPR, [KBASE+RC*8]
+  |  lea RC, [BASE+RB*8]
+  |  mov RB, TMPR
+  |  jmp >2
+  |
+  |->vmeta_unm:
+  |  lea RC, [BASE+RD*8]
+  |  mov RB, RC
+  |  jmp >2
+  |
+  |->vmeta_arith_vvo:
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  movzx RBd, PC_RB
+  |  movzx RCd, PC_RC
+  |.endif
+  |->vmeta_arith_vv:
+  |  lea RC, [BASE+RC*8]
+  |1:
+  |  lea RB, [BASE+RB*8]
+  |2:
+  |  lea RA, [BASE+RA*8]
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  mov CARG3, RB
+  |  mov CARG4, RC
+  |  movzx RCd, PC_OP
+  |  mov ARG5d, RCd
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE               // Caveat: CARG2 == BASE.
+  |  mov CARG2, RA
+  |  mov CARG1, L:RB                    // Caveat: CARG1 == RA.
+  |.else
+  |  movzx CARG5d, PC_OP
+  |  mov CARG2, RA
+  |  mov CARG4, RC                      // Caveat: CARG4 == RA.
+  |  mov L:CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:CARG1->base, BASE            // Caveat: CARG3 == BASE.
+  |  mov CARG3, RB
+  |  mov L:RB, L:CARG1
+  |.endif
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  call extern lj_meta_arith  // (lua_State *L, TValue *ra,*rb,*rc, BCReg op)
+  |  // NULL (finished) or TValue * (metamethod) returned in eax (RC).
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  test RC, RC
+  |  jz ->cont_nop
+  |
+  |  // Call metamethod for binary op.
+  |->vmeta_binop:
+  |  // BASE = base, RC = new base, stack = cont/func/o1/o2
+  |  mov RA, RC
+  |  sub RC, BASE
+  |  mov [RA-24], PC                    // [cont|PC]
+  |  lea PC, [RC+FRAME_CONT]
+  |  mov NARGS:RDd, 2+1                 // 2 args for func(o1, o2).
+  |  jmp ->vm_call_dispatch
+  |
+  |->vmeta_len:
+  |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  lea CARG2, [BASE+RD*8]             // Caveat: CARG2 == BASE
+  |  mov L:CARG1, L:RB
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  call extern lj_meta_len            // (lua_State *L, TValue *o)
+  |  // NULL (retry) or TValue * (metamethod) returned in eax (RC).
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+#if LJ_52
+  |  test RC, RC
+  |  jne ->vmeta_binop                  // Binop call for compatibility.
+  |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+  |  mov TAB:CARG1, [BASE+RD*8]
+  |  cleartp TAB:CARG1
+  |  jmp ->BC_LEN_Z
+#else
+  |  jmp ->vmeta_binop                  // Binop call for compatibility.
+#endif
+  |
+  |//-- Call metamethod ----------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_call_ra:
+  |  lea RA, [BASE+RA*8+16]
+  |->vmeta_call:                        // Resolve and call __call metamethod.
+  |  // BASE = old base, RA = new base, RC = nargs+1, PC = return
+  |  mov TMP1d, NARGS:RDd               // Save RA, RC for us.
+  |  mov RB, RA
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  mov L:TMPR, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:TMPR->base, BASE             // Caveat: CARG2 is BASE.
+  |  lea CARG2, [RA-16]
+  |  lea CARG3, [RA+NARGS:RD*8-8]
+  |  mov CARG1, L:TMPR                  // Caveat: CARG1 is RA.
+  |.else
+  |  mov L:CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:CARG1->base, BASE            // Caveat: CARG3 is BASE.
+  |  lea CARG2, [RA-16]
+  |  lea CARG3, [RA+NARGS:RD*8-8]
+  |.endif
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  call extern lj_meta_call   // (lua_State *L, TValue *func, TValue *top)
+  |  mov RA, RB
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  mov NARGS:RDd, TMP1d
+  |  mov LFUNC:RB, [RA-16]
+  |  add NARGS:RDd, 1
+  |  // This is fragile. L->base must not move, KBASE must always be defined.
+  |  cmp KBASE, BASE                    // Continue with CALLT if flag set.
+  |  je ->BC_CALLT_Z
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+  |  mov BASE, RA
+  |  ins_call                           // Otherwise call resolved metamethod.
+  |
+  |//-- Argument coercion for 'for' statement ------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vmeta_for:
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  mov CARG2, RA                      // Caveat: CARG2 == BASE
+  |  mov L:CARG1, L:RB                  // Caveat: CARG1 == RA
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  call extern lj_meta_for    // (lua_State *L, TValue *base)
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  mov RCd, [PC-4]
+  |  movzx RAd, RCH
+  |  movzx OP, RCL
+  |  shr RCd, 16
+  |  jmp aword [DISPATCH+OP*8+GG_DISP2STATIC]   // Retry FORI or JFORI.
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Fast functions -----------------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc, name
+  |->ff_ .. name:
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_1, name
+  |->ff_ .. name:
+  |  cmp NARGS:RDd, 1+1;  jb ->fff_fallback
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_2, name
+  |->ff_ .. name:
+  |  cmp NARGS:RDd, 2+1;  jb ->fff_fallback
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_n, name, op
+  |  .ffunc_1 name
+  |  checknumtp [BASE], ->fff_fallback
+  |  op xmm0, qword [BASE]
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_n, name
+  |  .ffunc_n name, movsd
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_nn, name
+  |  .ffunc_2 name
+  |  checknumtp [BASE], ->fff_fallback
+  |  checknumtp [BASE+8], ->fff_fallback
+  |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE]
+  |  movsd xmm1, qword [BASE+8]
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |// Inlined GC threshold check. Caveat: uses label 1.
+  |.macro ffgccheck
+  |  mov RB, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(gc.total)]
+  |  cmp RB, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(gc.threshold)]
+  |  jb >1
+  |  call ->fff_gcstep
+  |1:
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |//-- Base library: checks -----------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 assert
+  |  mov ITYPE, [BASE]
+  |  mov RB, ITYPE
+  |  sar ITYPE, 47
+  |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TISTRUECOND; jae ->fff_fallback
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  mov MULTRES, RDd
+  |  mov RB, [BASE]
+  |  mov [BASE-16], RB
+  |  sub RDd, 2
+  |  jz >2
+  |  mov RA, BASE
+  |1:
+  |  add RA, 8
+  |  mov RB, [RA]
+  |  mov [RA-16], RB
+  |  sub RDd, 1
+  |  jnz <1
+  |2:
+  |  mov RDd, MULTRES
+  |  jmp ->fff_res_
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 type
+  |  mov RC, [BASE]
+  |  sar RC, 47
+  |  mov RBd, LJ_TISNUM
+  |  cmp RCd, RBd
+  |  cmovb RCd, RBd
+  |  not RCd
+  |2:
+  |  mov CFUNC:RB, [BASE-16]
+  |  cleartp CFUNC:RB
+  |  mov STR:RC, [CFUNC:RB+RC*8+((char *)(&((GCfuncC *)0)->upvalue))]
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  settp STR:RC, LJ_TSTR
+  |  mov [BASE-16], STR:RC
+  |  jmp ->fff_res1
+  |
+  |//-- Base library: getters and setters ---------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 getmetatable
+  |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE]
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  checktab TAB:RB, >6
+  |1:  // Field metatable must be at same offset for GCtab and GCudata!
+  |  mov TAB:RB, TAB:RB->metatable
+  |2:
+  |  test TAB:RB, TAB:RB
+  |  mov aword [BASE-16], LJ_TNIL
+  |  jz ->fff_res1
+  |  settp TAB:RC, TAB:RB, LJ_TTAB
+  |  mov [BASE-16], TAB:RC              // Store metatable as default result.
+  |  mov STR:RC, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(gcroot)+8*(GCROOT_MMNAME+MM_metatable)]
+  |  mov RAd, TAB:RB->hmask
+  |  and RAd, STR:RC->sid
+  |  settp STR:RC, LJ_TSTR
+  |  imul RAd, #NODE
+  |  add NODE:RA, TAB:RB->node
+  |3:  // Rearranged logic, because we expect _not_ to find the key.
+  |  cmp NODE:RA->key, STR:RC
+  |  je >5
+  |4:
+  |  mov NODE:RA, NODE:RA->next
+  |  test NODE:RA, NODE:RA
+  |  jnz <3
+  |  jmp ->fff_res1                     // Not found, keep default result.
+  |5:
+  |  mov RB, NODE:RA->val
+  |  cmp RB, LJ_TNIL; je ->fff_res1     // Ditto for nil value.
+  |  mov [BASE-16], RB                  // Return value of mt.__metatable.
+  |  jmp ->fff_res1
+  |
+  |6:
+  |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TUDATA; je <1
+  |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TISNUM; ja >7
+  |  mov ITYPEd, LJ_TISNUM
+  |7:
+  |  not ITYPEd
+  |  mov TAB:RB, [DISPATCH+ITYPE*8+DISPATCH_GL(gcroot[GCROOT_BASEMT])]
+  |  jmp <2
+  |
+  |.ffunc_2 setmetatable
+  |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE]
+  |  mov TAB:TMPR, TAB:RB
+  |  checktab TAB:RB, ->fff_fallback
+  |  // Fast path: no mt for table yet and not clearing the mt.
+  |  cmp aword TAB:RB->metatable, 0; jne ->fff_fallback
+  |  mov TAB:RA, [BASE+8]
+  |  checktab TAB:RA, ->fff_fallback
+  |  mov TAB:RB->metatable, TAB:RA
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  mov [BASE-16], TAB:TMPR                    // Return original table.
+  |  test byte TAB:RB->marked, LJ_GC_BLACK      // isblack(table)
+  |  jz >1
+  |  // Possible write barrier. Table is black, but skip iswhite(mt) check.
+  |  barrierback TAB:RB, RC
+  |1:
+  |  jmp ->fff_res1
+  |
+  |.ffunc_2 rawget
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  mov TAB:RA, [BASE]
+  |  checktab TAB:RA, ->fff_fallback
+  |  mov RB, BASE                       // Save BASE.
+  |  lea CARG3, [BASE+8]
+  |  mov CARG2, TAB:RA                  // Caveat: CARG2 == BASE.
+  |  mov CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |.else
+  |  mov TAB:CARG2, [BASE]
+  |  checktab TAB:CARG2, ->fff_fallback
+  |  mov RB, BASE                       // Save BASE.
+  |  lea CARG3, [BASE+8]                // Caveat: CARG3 == BASE.
+  |  mov CARG1, SAVE_L
+  |.endif
+  |  call extern lj_tab_get     // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, cTValue *key)
+  |  // cTValue * returned in eax (RD).
+  |  mov BASE, RB                       // Restore BASE.
+  |  // Copy table slot.
+  |  mov RB, [RD]
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  mov [BASE-16], RB
+  |  jmp ->fff_res1
+  |
+  |//-- Base library: conversions ------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc tonumber
+  |  // Only handles the number case inline (without a base argument).
+  |  cmp NARGS:RDd, 1+1;  jne ->fff_fallback    // Exactly one argument.
+  |  mov RB, [BASE]
+  |  checknumber RB, ->fff_fallback
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  mov [BASE-16], RB
+  |  jmp ->fff_res1
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 tostring
+  |  // Only handles the string or number case inline.
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  mov STR:RB, [BASE]
+  |  checktp_nc STR:RB, LJ_TSTR, >3
+  |  // A __tostring method in the string base metatable is ignored.
+  |2:
+  |  mov [BASE-16], STR:RB
+  |  jmp ->fff_res1
+  |3:  // Handle numbers inline, unless a number base metatable is present.
+  |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TISNUM;  ja ->fff_fallback_1
+  |  cmp aword [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(gcroot[GCROOT_BASEMT_NUM])], 0
+  |  jne ->fff_fallback
+  |  ffgccheck                          // Caveat: uses label 1.
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE               // Add frame since C call can throw.
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC                    // Redundant (but a defined value).
+  |.if not X64WIN
+  |  mov CARG2, BASE                    // Otherwise: CARG2 == BASE
+  |.endif
+  |  mov L:CARG1, L:RB
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  call extern lj_strfmt_number       // (lua_State *L, cTValue *o)
+  |.else
+  |  call extern lj_strfmt_num          // (lua_State *L, lua_Number *np)
+  |.endif
+  |  // GCstr returned in eax (RD).
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  settp STR:RB, RD, LJ_TSTR
+  |  jmp <2
+  |
+  |//-- Base library: iterators -------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 next
+  |  je >2                              // Missing 2nd arg?
+  |1:
+  |  mov CARG1, [BASE]
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  checktab CARG1, ->fff_fallback
+  |  mov RB, BASE                       // Save BASE.
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  lea CARG3, [BASE-16]
+  |  lea CARG2, [BASE+8]                // Caveat: CARG2 == BASE.
+  |.else
+  |  lea CARG2, [BASE+8]
+  |  lea CARG3, [BASE-16]               // Caveat: CARG3 == BASE.
+  |.endif
+  |  call extern lj_tab_next            // (GCtab *t, cTValue *key, TValue *o)
+  |  // 1=found, 0=end, -1=error returned in eax (RD).
+  |  mov BASE, RB                       // Restore BASE.
+  |  test RDd, RDd;  jg ->fff_res2      // Found key/value.
+  |  js ->fff_fallback_2                // Invalid key.
+  |  // End of traversal: return nil.
+  |  mov aword [BASE-16], LJ_TNIL
+  |  jmp ->fff_res1
+  |2:  // Set missing 2nd arg to nil.
+  |  mov aword [BASE+8], LJ_TNIL
+  |  jmp <1
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 pairs
+  |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE]
+  |  mov TMPR, TAB:RB
+  |  checktab TAB:RB, ->fff_fallback
+#if LJ_52
+  |  cmp aword TAB:RB->metatable, 0; jne ->fff_fallback
+#endif
+  |  mov CFUNC:RD, [BASE-16]
+  |  cleartp CFUNC:RD
+  |  mov CFUNC:RD, CFUNC:RD->upvalue[0]
+  |  settp CFUNC:RD, LJ_TFUNC
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  mov [BASE-16], CFUNC:RD
+  |  mov [BASE-8], TMPR
+  |  mov aword [BASE], LJ_TNIL
+  |  mov RDd, 1+3
+  |  jmp ->fff_res
+  |
+  |.ffunc_2 ipairs_aux
+  |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE]
+  |  checktab TAB:RB, ->fff_fallback
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  mov RA, [BASE+8]
+  |  checkint RA, ->fff_fallback
+  |.else
+  |  checknumtp [BASE+8], ->fff_fallback
+  |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE+8]
+  |.endif
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  add RAd, 1
+  |  setint ITYPE, RA
+  |  mov [BASE-16], ITYPE
+  |.else
+  |  sseconst_1 xmm1, TMPR
+  |  addsd xmm0, xmm1
+  |  cvttsd2si RAd, xmm0
+  |  movsd qword [BASE-16], xmm0
+  |.endif
+  |  cmp RAd, TAB:RB->asize;  jae >2    // Not in array part?
+  |  mov RD, TAB:RB->array
+  |  lea RD, [RD+RA*8]
+  |1:
+  |  cmp aword [RD], LJ_TNIL;  je ->fff_res0
+  |  // Copy array slot.
+  |  mov RB, [RD]
+  |  mov [BASE-8], RB
+  |->fff_res2:
+  |  mov RDd, 1+2
+  |  jmp ->fff_res
+  |2:  // Check for empty hash part first. Otherwise call C function.
+  |  cmp dword TAB:RB->hmask, 0; je ->fff_res0
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  mov TMPR, BASE
+  |  mov CARG2d, RAd
+  |  mov CARG1, TAB:RB
+  |  mov RB, TMPR
+  |.else
+  |  mov CARG1, TAB:RB
+  |  mov RB, BASE                       // Save BASE.
+  |  mov CARG2d, RAd                    // Caveat: CARG2 == BASE
+  |.endif
+  |  call extern lj_tab_getinth         // (GCtab *t, int32_t key)
+  |  // cTValue * or NULL returned in eax (RD).
+  |  mov BASE, RB
+  |  test RD, RD
+  |  jnz <1
+  |->fff_res0:
+  |  mov RDd, 1+0
+  |  jmp ->fff_res
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 ipairs
+  |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE]
+  |  mov TMPR, TAB:RB
+  |  checktab TAB:RB, ->fff_fallback
+#if LJ_52
+  |  cmp aword TAB:RB->metatable, 0; jne ->fff_fallback
+#endif
+  |  mov CFUNC:RD, [BASE-16]
+  |  cleartp CFUNC:RD
+  |  mov CFUNC:RD, CFUNC:RD->upvalue[0]
+  |  settp CFUNC:RD, LJ_TFUNC
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  mov [BASE-16], CFUNC:RD
+  |  mov [BASE-8], TMPR
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  mov64 RD, ((uint64_t)LJ_TISNUM<<47)
+  |  mov [BASE], RD
+  |.else
+  |  mov qword [BASE], 0
+  |.endif
+  |  mov RDd, 1+3
+  |  jmp ->fff_res
+  |
+  |//-- Base library: catch errors ----------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc_1 pcall
+  |  lea RA, [BASE+16]
+  |  sub NARGS:RDd, 1
+  |  mov PCd, 16+FRAME_PCALL
+  |1:
+  |  movzx RBd, byte [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(hookmask)]
+  |  shr RB, HOOK_ACTIVE_SHIFT
+  |  and RB, 1
+  |  add PC, RB                         // Remember active hook before pcall.
+  |  // Note: this does a (harmless) copy of the function to the PC slot, too.
+  |  mov KBASE, RD
+  |2:
+  |  mov RB, [RA+KBASE*8-24]
+  |  mov [RA+KBASE*8-16], RB
+  |  sub KBASE, 1
+  |  ja <2
+  |  jmp ->vm_call_dispatch
+  |
+  |.ffunc_2 xpcall
+  |  mov LFUNC:RA, [BASE+8]
+  |  checktp_nc LFUNC:RA, LJ_TFUNC, ->fff_fallback
+  |  mov LFUNC:RB, [BASE]               // Swap function and traceback.
+  |  mov [BASE], LFUNC:RA
+  |  mov [BASE+8], LFUNC:RB
+  |  lea RA, [BASE+24]
+  |  sub NARGS:RDd, 2
+  |  mov PCd, 24+FRAME_PCALL
+  |  jmp <1
+  |
+  |//-- Coroutine library --------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.macro coroutine_resume_wrap, resume
+  |.if resume
+  |.ffunc_1 coroutine_resume
+  |  mov L:RB, [BASE]
+  |  cleartp L:RB
+  |.else
+  |.ffunc coroutine_wrap_aux
+  |  mov CFUNC:RB, [BASE-16]
+  |  cleartp CFUNC:RB
+  |  mov L:RB, CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0].gcr
+  |  cleartp L:RB
+  |.endif
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  mov TMP1, L:RB
+  |.if resume
+  |  checktptp [BASE], LJ_TTHREAD, ->fff_fallback
+  |.endif
+  |  cmp aword L:RB->cframe, 0; jne ->fff_fallback
+  |  cmp byte L:RB->status, LUA_YIELD;  ja ->fff_fallback
+  |  mov RA, L:RB->top
+  |  je >1                              // Status != LUA_YIELD (i.e. 0)?
+  |  cmp RA, L:RB->base                 // Check for presence of initial func.
+  |  je ->fff_fallback
+  |  mov PC, [RA-8]                     // Move initial function up.
+  |  mov [RA], PC
+  |  add RA, 8
+  |1:
+  |.if resume
+  |  lea PC, [RA+NARGS:RD*8-16]         // Check stack space (-1-thread).
+  |.else
+  |  lea PC, [RA+NARGS:RD*8-8]          // Check stack space (-1).
+  |.endif
+  |  cmp PC, L:RB->maxstack; ja ->fff_fallback
+  |  mov L:RB->top, PC
+  |
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |.if resume
+  |  add BASE, 8                        // Keep resumed thread in stack for GC.
+  |.endif
+  |  mov L:RB->top, BASE
+  |.if resume
+  |  lea RB, [BASE+NARGS:RD*8-24]       // RB = end of source for stack move.
+  |.else
+  |  lea RB, [BASE+NARGS:RD*8-16]       // RB = end of source for stack move.
+  |.endif
+  |  sub RB, PC                 // Relative to PC.
+  |
+  |  cmp PC, RA
+  |  je >3
+  |2:  // Move args to coroutine.
+  |  mov RC, [PC+RB]
+  |  mov [PC-8], RC
+  |  sub PC, 8
+  |  cmp PC, RA
+  |  jne <2
+  |3:
+  |  mov CARG2, RA
+  |  mov CARG1, TMP1
+  |  call ->vm_resume                   // (lua_State *L, TValue *base, 0, 0)
+  |
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:PC, TMP1
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)], L:RB
+  |  set_vmstate INTERP
+  |
+  |  cmp eax, LUA_YIELD
+  |  ja >8
+  |4:
+  |  mov RA, L:PC->base
+  |  mov KBASE, L:PC->top
+  |  mov L:PC->top, RA                  // Clear coroutine stack.
+  |  mov PC, KBASE
+  |  sub PC, RA
+  |  je >6                              // No results?
+  |  lea RD, [BASE+PC]
+  |  shr PCd, 3
+  |  cmp RD, L:RB->maxstack
+  |  ja >9                              // Need to grow stack?
+  |
+  |  mov RB, BASE
+  |  sub RB, RA
+  |5:  // Move results from coroutine.
+  |  mov RD, [RA]
+  |  mov [RA+RB], RD
+  |  add RA, 8
+  |  cmp RA, KBASE
+  |  jne <5
+  |6:
+  |.if resume
+  |  lea RDd, [PCd+2]                   // nresults+1 = 1 + true + results.
+  |  mov_true ITYPE                     // Prepend true to results.
+  |  mov [BASE-8], ITYPE
+  |.else
+  |  lea RDd, [PCd+1]                   // nresults+1 = 1 + results.
+  |.endif
+  |7:
+  |  mov PC, SAVE_PC
+  |  mov MULTRES, RDd
+  |.if resume
+  |  mov RA, -8
+  |.else
+  |  xor RAd, RAd
+  |.endif
+  |  test PCd, FRAME_TYPE
+  |  jz ->BC_RET_Z
+  |  jmp ->vm_return
+  |
+  |8:  // Coroutine returned with error (at co->top-1).
+  |.if resume
+  |  mov_false ITYPE                    // Prepend false to results.
+  |  mov [BASE-8], ITYPE
+  |  mov RA, L:PC->top
+  |  sub RA, 8
+  |  mov L:PC->top, RA                  // Clear error from coroutine stack.
+  |  // Copy error message.
+  |  mov RD, [RA]
+  |  mov [BASE], RD
+  |  mov RDd, 1+2                       // nresults+1 = 1 + false + error.
+  |  jmp <7
+  |.else
+  |  mov CARG2, L:PC
+  |  mov CARG1, L:RB
+  |  call extern lj_ffh_coroutine_wrap_err  // (lua_State *L, lua_State *co)
+  |  // Error function does not return.
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |9:  // Handle stack expansion on return from yield.
+  |  mov L:RA, TMP1
+  |  mov L:RA->top, KBASE               // Undo coroutine stack clearing.
+  |  mov CARG2, PC
+  |  mov CARG1, L:RB
+  |  call extern lj_state_growstack     // (lua_State *L, int n)
+  |  mov L:PC, TMP1
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  jmp <4                             // Retry the stack move.
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |  coroutine_resume_wrap 1            // coroutine.resume
+  |  coroutine_resume_wrap 0            // coroutine.wrap
+  |
+  |.ffunc coroutine_yield
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  test aword L:RB->cframe, CFRAME_RESUME
+  |  jz ->fff_fallback
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  lea RD, [BASE+NARGS:RD*8-8]
+  |  mov L:RB->top, RD
+  |  xor RDd, RDd
+  |  mov aword L:RB->cframe, RD
+  |  mov al, LUA_YIELD
+  |  mov byte L:RB->status, al
+  |  jmp ->vm_leave_unw
+  |
+  |//-- Math library -------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |  .ffunc_1 math_abs
+  |  mov RB, [BASE]
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  checkint RB, >3
+  |  cmp RBd, 0; jns ->fff_resi
+  |  neg RBd; js >2
+  |->fff_resbit:
+  |->fff_resi:
+  |  setint RB
+  |->fff_resRB:
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  mov [BASE-16], RB
+  |  jmp ->fff_res1
+  |2:
+  |  mov64 RB, U64x(41e00000,00000000)  // 2^31.
+  |  jmp ->fff_resRB
+  |3:
+  |  ja ->fff_fallback
+  |.else
+  |  checknum RB, ->fff_fallback
+  |.endif
+  |  shl RB, 1
+  |  shr RB, 1
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  mov [BASE-16], RB
+  |  jmp ->fff_res1
+  |
+  |.ffunc_n math_sqrt, sqrtsd
+  |->fff_resxmm0:
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  movsd qword [BASE-16], xmm0
+  |  // fallthrough
+  |
+  |->fff_res1:
+  |  mov RDd, 1+1
+  |->fff_res:
+  |  mov MULTRES, RDd
+  |->fff_res_:
+  |  test PCd, FRAME_TYPE
+  |  jnz >7
+  |5:
+  |  cmp PC_RB, RDL                     // More results expected?
+  |  ja >6
+  |  // Adjust BASE. KBASE is assumed to be set for the calling frame.
+  |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+  |  neg RA
+  |  lea BASE, [BASE+RA*8-16]           // base = base - (RA+2)*8
+  |  ins_next
+  |
+  |6:  // Fill up results with nil.
+  |  mov aword [BASE+RD*8-24], LJ_TNIL
+  |  add RD, 1
+  |  jmp <5
+  |
+  |7:  // Non-standard return case.
+  |  mov RA, -16                        // Results start at BASE+RA = BASE-16.
+  |  jmp ->vm_return
+  |
+  |.macro math_round, func
+  |  .ffunc math_ .. func
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  mov RB, [BASE]
+  |  checknumx RB, ->fff_resRB, je
+  |  ja ->fff_fallback
+  |.else
+  |  checknumtp [BASE], ->fff_fallback
+  |.endif
+  |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE]
+  |  call ->vm_ .. func .. _sse
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  cvttsd2si RBd, xmm0
+  |  cmp RBd, 0x80000000
+  |  jne ->fff_resi
+  |  cvtsi2sd xmm1, RBd
+  |  ucomisd xmm0, xmm1
+  |  jp ->fff_resxmm0
+  |  je ->fff_resi
+  |.endif
+  |  jmp ->fff_resxmm0
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |  math_round floor
+  |  math_round ceil
+  |
+  |.ffunc math_log
+  |  cmp NARGS:RDd, 1+1; jne ->fff_fallback     // Exactly one argument.
+  |  checknumtp [BASE], ->fff_fallback
+  |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE]
+  |  mov RB, BASE
+  |  call extern log
+  |  mov BASE, RB
+  |  jmp ->fff_resxmm0
+  |
+  |.macro math_extern, func
+  |  .ffunc_n math_ .. func
+  |  mov RB, BASE
+  |  call extern func
+  |  mov BASE, RB
+  |  jmp ->fff_resxmm0
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro math_extern2, func
+  |  .ffunc_nn math_ .. func
+  |  mov RB, BASE
+  |  call extern func
+  |  mov BASE, RB
+  |  jmp ->fff_resxmm0
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |  math_extern log10
+  |  math_extern exp
+  |  math_extern sin
+  |  math_extern cos
+  |  math_extern tan
+  |  math_extern asin
+  |  math_extern acos
+  |  math_extern atan
+  |  math_extern sinh
+  |  math_extern cosh
+  |  math_extern tanh
+  |  math_extern2 pow
+  |  math_extern2 atan2
+  |  math_extern2 fmod
+  |
+  |.ffunc_2 math_ldexp
+  |  checknumtp [BASE], ->fff_fallback
+  |  checknumtp [BASE+8], ->fff_fallback
+  |  fld qword [BASE+8]
+  |  fld qword [BASE]
+  |  fscale
+  |  fpop1
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  fstp qword [BASE-16]
+  |  jmp ->fff_res1
+  |
+  |.ffunc_n math_frexp
+  |  mov RB, BASE
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  lea CARG2, TMP1            // Caveat: CARG2 == BASE
+  |.else
+  |  lea CARG1, TMP1
+  |.endif
+  |  call extern frexp
+  |  mov BASE, RB
+  |  mov RBd, TMP1d
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  movsd qword [BASE-16], xmm0
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  setint RB
+  |  mov [BASE-8], RB
+  |.else
+  |  cvtsi2sd xmm1, RBd
+  |  movsd qword [BASE-8], xmm1
+  |.endif
+  |  mov RDd, 1+2
+  |  jmp ->fff_res
+  |
+  |.ffunc_n math_modf
+  |  mov RB, BASE
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  lea CARG2, [BASE-16]       // Caveat: CARG2 == BASE
+  |.else
+  |  lea CARG1, [BASE-16]
+  |.endif
+  |  call extern modf
+  |  mov BASE, RB
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  movsd qword [BASE-8], xmm0
+  |  mov RDd, 1+2
+  |  jmp ->fff_res
+  |
+  |.macro math_minmax, name, cmovop, sseop
+  |  .ffunc_1 name
+  |  mov RAd, 2
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  mov RB, [BASE]
+  |  checkint RB, >4
+  |1:  // Handle integers.
+  |  cmp RAd, RDd; jae ->fff_resRB
+  |  mov TMPR, [BASE+RA*8-8]
+  |  checkint TMPR, >3
+  |  cmp RBd, TMPRd
+  |  cmovop RB, TMPR
+  |  add RAd, 1
+  |  jmp <1
+  |3:
+  |  ja ->fff_fallback
+  |  // Convert intermediate result to number and continue below.
+  |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RBd
+  |  jmp >6
+  |4:
+  |  ja ->fff_fallback
+  |.else
+  |  checknumtp [BASE], ->fff_fallback
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE]
+  |5:  // Handle numbers or integers.
+  |  cmp RAd, RDd; jae ->fff_resxmm0
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  mov RB, [BASE+RA*8-8]
+  |  checknumx RB, >6, jb
+  |  ja ->fff_fallback
+  |  cvtsi2sd xmm1, RBd
+  |  jmp >7
+  |.else
+  |  checknumtp [BASE+RA*8-8], ->fff_fallback
+  |.endif
+  |6:
+  |  movsd xmm1, qword [BASE+RA*8-8]
+  |7:
+  |  sseop xmm0, xmm1
+  |  add RAd, 1
+  |  jmp <5
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |  math_minmax math_min, cmovg, minsd
+  |  math_minmax math_max, cmovl, maxsd
+  |
+  |//-- String library -----------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.ffunc string_byte                   // Only handle the 1-arg case here.
+  |  cmp NARGS:RDd, 1+1;  jne ->fff_fallback
+  |  mov STR:RB, [BASE]
+  |  checkstr STR:RB, ->fff_fallback
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  cmp dword STR:RB->len, 1
+  |  jb ->fff_res0                      // Return no results for empty string.
+  |  movzx RBd, byte STR:RB[1]
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  jmp ->fff_resi
+  |.else
+  |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RBd; jmp ->fff_resxmm0
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |.ffunc string_char                   // Only handle the 1-arg case here.
+  |  ffgccheck
+  |  cmp NARGS:RDd, 1+1;  jne ->fff_fallback    // *Exactly* 1 arg.
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  mov RB, [BASE]
+  |  checkint RB, ->fff_fallback
+  |.else
+  |  checknumtp [BASE], ->fff_fallback
+  |  cvttsd2si RBd, qword [BASE]
+  |.endif
+  |  cmp RBd, 255;  ja ->fff_fallback
+  |  mov TMP1d, RBd
+  |  mov TMPRd, 1
+  |  lea RD, TMP1                       // Points to stack. Little-endian.
+  |->fff_newstr:
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  mov CARG3d, TMPRd                  // Zero-extended to size_t.
+  |  mov CARG2, RD
+  |  mov CARG1, L:RB
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  call extern lj_str_new             // (lua_State *L, char *str, size_t l)
+  |->fff_resstr:
+  |  // GCstr * returned in eax (RD).
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+  |  settp STR:RD, LJ_TSTR
+  |  mov [BASE-16], STR:RD
+  |  jmp ->fff_res1
+  |
+  |.ffunc string_sub
+  |  ffgccheck
+  |  mov TMPRd, -1
+  |  cmp NARGS:RDd, 1+2;  jb ->fff_fallback
+  |  jna >1
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  mov TMPR, [BASE+16]
+  |  checkint TMPR, ->fff_fallback
+  |.else
+  |  checknumtp [BASE+16], ->fff_fallback
+  |  cvttsd2si TMPRd, qword [BASE+16]
+  |.endif
+  |1:
+  |  mov STR:RB, [BASE]
+  |  checkstr STR:RB, ->fff_fallback
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  mov ITYPE, [BASE+8]
+  |  mov RAd, ITYPEd                    // Must clear hiword for lea below.
+  |  sar ITYPE, 47
+  |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TISNUM
+  |  jne ->fff_fallback
+  |.else
+  |  checknumtp [BASE+8], ->fff_fallback
+  |  cvttsd2si RAd, qword [BASE+8]
+  |.endif
+  |  mov RCd, STR:RB->len
+  |  cmp RCd, TMPRd                     // len < end? (unsigned compare)
+  |  jb >5
+  |2:
+  |  test RAd, RAd                      // start <= 0?
+  |  jle >7
+  |3:
+  |  sub TMPRd, RAd                     // start > end?
+  |  jl ->fff_emptystr
+  |  lea RD, [STR:RB+RAd+#STR-1]
+  |  add TMPRd, 1
+  |4:
+  |  jmp ->fff_newstr
+  |
+  |5:  // Negative end or overflow.
+  |  jl >6
+  |  lea TMPRd, [TMPRd+RCd+1]           // end = end+(len+1)
+  |  jmp <2
+  |6:  // Overflow.
+  |  mov TMPRd, RCd                     // end = len
+  |  jmp <2
+  |
+  |7:  // Negative start or underflow.
+  |  je >8
+  |  add RAd, RCd                       // start = start+(len+1)
+  |  add RAd, 1
+  |  jg <3                              // start > 0?
+  |8:  // Underflow.
+  |  mov RAd, 1                         // start = 1
+  |  jmp <3
+  |
+  |->fff_emptystr:  // Range underflow.
+  |  xor TMPRd, TMPRd                   // Zero length. Any ptr in RD is ok.
+  |  jmp <4
+  |
+  |.macro ffstring_op, name
+  |  .ffunc_1 string_ .. name
+  |  ffgccheck
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  mov STR:TMPR, [BASE]
+  |  checkstr STR:TMPR, ->fff_fallback
+  |.else
+  |  mov STR:CARG2, [BASE]
+  |  checkstr STR:CARG2, ->fff_fallback
+  |.endif
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |   lea SBUF:CARG1, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf)]
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  mov STR:CARG2, STR:TMPR            // Caveat: CARG2 == BASE
+  |.endif
+  |   mov RC, SBUF:CARG1->b
+  |   mov SBUF:CARG1->L, L:RB
+  |   mov SBUF:CARG1->w, RC
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  call extern lj_buf_putstr_ .. name
+  |  mov CARG1, rax
+  |  call extern lj_buf_tostr
+  |  jmp ->fff_resstr
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |ffstring_op reverse
+  |ffstring_op lower
+  |ffstring_op upper
+  |
+  |//-- Bit library --------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_bit, name, kind, fdef
+  |  fdef name
+  |.if kind == 2
+  |  sseconst_tobit xmm1, RB
+  |.endif
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  mov RB, [BASE]
+  |  checkint RB, >1
+  |.if kind > 0
+  |  jmp >2
+  |.else
+  |  jmp ->fff_resbit
+  |.endif
+  |1:
+  |  ja ->fff_fallback
+  |  movd xmm0, RB
+  |.else
+  |  checknumtp [BASE], ->fff_fallback
+  |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE]
+  |.endif
+  |.if kind < 2
+  |  sseconst_tobit xmm1, RB
+  |.endif
+  |  addsd xmm0, xmm1
+  |  movd RBd, xmm0
+  |2:
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_bit, name, kind
+  |  .ffunc_bit name, kind, .ffunc_1
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.ffunc_bit bit_tobit, 0
+  |  jmp ->fff_resbit
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_bit_op, name, ins
+  |  .ffunc_bit name, 2
+  |  mov TMPRd, NARGS:RDd               // Save for fallback.
+  |  lea RD, [BASE+NARGS:RD*8-16]
+  |1:
+  |  cmp RD, BASE
+  |  jbe ->fff_resbit
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  mov RA, [RD]
+  |  checkint RA, >2
+  |  ins RBd, RAd
+  |  sub RD, 8
+  |  jmp <1
+  |2:
+  |  ja ->fff_fallback_bit_op
+  |  movd xmm0, RA
+  |.else
+  |  checknumtp [RD], ->fff_fallback_bit_op
+  |  movsd xmm0, qword [RD]
+  |.endif
+  |  addsd xmm0, xmm1
+  |  movd RAd, xmm0
+  |  ins RBd, RAd
+  |  sub RD, 8
+  |  jmp <1
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.ffunc_bit_op bit_band, and
+  |.ffunc_bit_op bit_bor, or
+  |.ffunc_bit_op bit_bxor, xor
+  |
+  |.ffunc_bit bit_bswap, 1
+  |  bswap RBd
+  |  jmp ->fff_resbit
+  |
+  |.ffunc_bit bit_bnot, 1
+  |  not RBd
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  jmp ->fff_resbit
+  |.else
+  |->fff_resbit:
+  |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RBd
+  |  jmp ->fff_resxmm0
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->fff_fallback_bit_op:
+  |  mov NARGS:RDd, TMPRd               // Restore for fallback
+  |  jmp ->fff_fallback
+  |
+  |.macro .ffunc_bit_sh, name, ins
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  .ffunc_bit name, 1, .ffunc_2
+  |  // Note: no inline conversion from number for 2nd argument!
+  |  mov RA, [BASE+8]
+  |  checkint RA, ->fff_fallback
+  |.else
+  |  .ffunc_nn name
+  |  sseconst_tobit xmm2, RB
+  |  addsd xmm0, xmm2
+  |  addsd xmm1, xmm2
+  |  movd RBd, xmm0
+  |  movd RAd, xmm1
+  |.endif
+  |  ins RBd, cl                        // Assumes RA is ecx.
+  |  jmp ->fff_resbit
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |.ffunc_bit_sh bit_lshift, shl
+  |.ffunc_bit_sh bit_rshift, shr
+  |.ffunc_bit_sh bit_arshift, sar
+  |.ffunc_bit_sh bit_rol, rol
+  |.ffunc_bit_sh bit_ror, ror
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->fff_fallback_2:
+  |  mov NARGS:RDd, 1+2                 // Other args are ignored, anyway.
+  |  jmp ->fff_fallback
+  |->fff_fallback_1:
+  |  mov NARGS:RDd, 1+1                 // Other args are ignored, anyway.
+  |->fff_fallback:                      // Call fast function fallback handler.
+  |  // BASE = new base, RD = nargs+1
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov PC, [BASE-8]                   // Fallback may overwrite PC.
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC                    // Redundant (but a defined value).
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  lea RD, [BASE+NARGS:RD*8-8]
+  |  lea RA, [RD+8*LUA_MINSTACK]        // Ensure enough space for handler.
+  |  mov L:RB->top, RD
+  |  mov CFUNC:RD, [BASE-16]
+  |  cleartp CFUNC:RD
+  |  cmp RA, L:RB->maxstack
+  |  ja >5                              // Need to grow stack.
+  |  mov CARG1, L:RB
+  |  call aword CFUNC:RD->f             // (lua_State *L)
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  // Either throws an error, or recovers and returns -1, 0 or nresults+1.
+  |  test RDd, RDd; jg ->fff_res        // Returned nresults+1?
+  |1:
+  |  mov RA, L:RB->top
+  |  sub RA, BASE
+  |  shr RAd, 3
+  |  test RDd, RDd
+  |  lea NARGS:RDd, [RAd+1]
+  |  mov LFUNC:RB, [BASE-16]
+  |  jne ->vm_call_tail                 // Returned -1?
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+  |  ins_callt                          // Returned 0: retry fast path.
+  |
+  |// Reconstruct previous base for vmeta_call during tailcall.
+  |->vm_call_tail:
+  |  mov RA, BASE
+  |  test PCd, FRAME_TYPE
+  |  jnz >3
+  |  movzx RBd, PC_RA
+  |  neg RB
+  |  lea BASE, [BASE+RB*8-16]           // base = base - (RB+2)*8
+  |  jmp ->vm_call_dispatch             // Resolve again for tailcall.
+  |3:
+  |  mov RB, PC
+  |  and RB, -8
+  |  sub BASE, RB
+  |  jmp ->vm_call_dispatch             // Resolve again for tailcall.
+  |
+  |5:  // Grow stack for fallback handler.
+  |  mov CARG2d, LUA_MINSTACK
+  |  mov CARG1, L:RB
+  |  call extern lj_state_growstack     // (lua_State *L, int n)
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  xor RDd, RDd                       // Simulate a return 0.
+  |  jmp <1                             // Dumb retry (goes through ff first).
+  |
+  |->fff_gcstep:                        // Call GC step function.
+  |  // BASE = new base, RD = nargs+1
+  |  pop RB                             // Must keep stack at same level.
+  |  mov TMP1, RB                       // Save return address
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC                    // Redundant (but a defined value).
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  lea RD, [BASE+NARGS:RD*8-8]
+  |  mov CARG1, L:RB
+  |  mov L:RB->top, RD
+  |  call extern lj_gc_step             // (lua_State *L)
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  mov RD, L:RB->top
+  |  sub RD, BASE
+  |  shr RDd, 3
+  |  add NARGS:RDd, 1
+  |  mov RB, TMP1
+  |  push RB                            // Restore return address.
+  |  ret
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Special dispatch targets -------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->vm_record:                         // Dispatch target for recording phase.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  movzx RDd, byte [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(hookmask)]
+  |  test RDL, HOOK_VMEVENT             // No recording while in vmevent.
+  |  jnz >5
+  |  // Decrement the hookcount for consistency, but always do the call.
+  |  test RDL, HOOK_ACTIVE
+  |  jnz >1
+  |  test RDL, LUA_MASKLINE|LUA_MASKCOUNT
+  |  jz >1
+  |  dec dword [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(hookcount)]
+  |  jmp >1
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_rethook:                        // Dispatch target for return hooks.
+  |  movzx RDd, byte [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(hookmask)]
+  |  test RDL, HOOK_ACTIVE              // Hook already active?
+  |  jnz >5
+  |  jmp >1
+  |
+  |->vm_inshook:                        // Dispatch target for instr/line hooks.
+  |  movzx RDd, byte [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(hookmask)]
+  |  test RDL, HOOK_ACTIVE              // Hook already active?
+  |  jnz >5
+  |
+  |  test RDL, LUA_MASKLINE|LUA_MASKCOUNT
+  |  jz >5
+  |  dec dword [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(hookcount)]
+  |  jz >1
+  |  test RDL, LUA_MASKLINE
+  |  jz >5
+  |1:
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  mov CARG2, PC                      // Caveat: CARG2 == BASE
+  |  mov CARG1, L:RB
+  |  // SAVE_PC must hold the _previous_ PC. The callee updates it with PC.
+  |  call extern lj_dispatch_ins        // (lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
+  |3:
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |4:
+  |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+  |5:
+  |  movzx OP, PC_OP
+  |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+  |  jmp aword [DISPATCH+OP*8+GG_DISP2STATIC]   // Re-dispatch to static ins.
+  |
+  |->cont_hook:                         // Continue from hook yield.
+  |  add PC, 4
+  |  mov RA, [RB-40]
+  |  mov MULTRES, RAd                   // Restore MULTRES for *M ins.
+  |  jmp <4
+  |
+  |->vm_hotloop:                        // Hot loop counter underflow.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  mov LFUNC:RB, [BASE-16]            // Same as curr_topL(L).
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+  |  mov RB, LFUNC:RB->pc
+  |  movzx RDd, byte [RB+PC2PROTO(framesize)]
+  |  lea RD, [BASE+RD*8]
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  mov L:RB->top, RD
+  |  mov CARG2, PC
+  |  lea CARG1, [DISPATCH+GG_DISP2J]
+  |  mov aword [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_J(L)], L:RB
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  call extern lj_trace_hot           // (jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc)
+  |  jmp <3
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_callhook:                       // Dispatch target for call hooks.
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |.if JIT
+  |  jmp >1
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_hotcall:                        // Hot call counter underflow.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  or PC, 1                           // Marker for hot call.
+  |1:
+  |.endif
+  |  lea RD, [BASE+NARGS:RD*8-8]
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  mov L:RB->top, RD
+  |  mov CARG2, PC
+  |  mov CARG1, L:RB
+  |  call extern lj_dispatch_call       // (lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
+  |  // ASMFunction returned in eax/rax (RD).
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, 0                     // Invalidate for subsequent line hook.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  and PC, -2
+  |.endif
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  mov RA, RD
+  |  mov RD, L:RB->top
+  |  sub RD, BASE
+  |  mov RB, RA
+  |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+  |  shr RDd, 3
+  |  add NARGS:RDd, 1
+  |  jmp RB
+  |
+  |->cont_stitch:                       // Trace stitching.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  // BASE = base, RC = result, RB = mbase
+  |  mov TRACE:ITYPE, [RB-40]           // Save previous trace.
+  |  cleartp TRACE:ITYPE
+  |  mov TMPRd, MULTRES
+  |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+  |  lea RA, [BASE+RA*8]                // Call base.
+  |  sub TMPRd, 1
+  |  jz >2
+  |1:  // Move results down.
+  |  mov RB, [RC]
+  |  mov [RA], RB
+  |  add RC, 8
+  |  add RA, 8
+  |  sub TMPRd, 1
+  |  jnz <1
+  |2:
+  |  movzx RCd, PC_RA
+  |  movzx RBd, PC_RB
+  |  add RC, RB
+  |  lea RC, [BASE+RC*8-8]
+  |3:
+  |  cmp RC, RA
+  |  ja >9                              // More results wanted?
+  |
+  |  test TRACE:ITYPE, TRACE:ITYPE
+  |  jz ->cont_nop
+  |  movzx RBd, word TRACE:ITYPE->traceno
+  |  movzx RDd, word TRACE:ITYPE->link
+  |  cmp RDd, RBd
+  |  je ->cont_nop                      // Blacklisted.
+  |  test RDd, RDd
+  |  jne =>BC_JLOOP                     // Jump to stitched trace.
+  |
+  |  // Stitch a new trace to the previous trace.
+  |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_J(exitno)], RB
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  mov CARG2, PC
+  |  lea CARG1, [DISPATCH+GG_DISP2J]
+  |  mov aword [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_J(L)], L:RB
+  |  call extern lj_dispatch_stitch     // (jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc)
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  jmp ->cont_nop
+  |
+  |9:  // Fill up results with nil.
+  |  mov aword [RA], LJ_TNIL
+  |  add RA, 8
+  |  jmp <3
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_profhook:                       // Dispatch target for profiler hook.
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  mov CARG2, PC                      // Caveat: CARG2 == BASE
+  |  mov CARG1, L:RB
+  |  call extern lj_dispatch_profile    // (lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  // HOOK_PROFILE is off again, so re-dispatch to dynamic instruction.
+  |  sub PC, 4
+  |  jmp ->cont_nop
+#endif
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Trace exit handler -------------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |// Called from an exit stub with the exit number on the stack.
+  |// The 16 bit exit number is stored with two (sign-extended) push imm8.
+  |->vm_exit_handler:
+  |.if JIT
+  |  push r13; push r12
+  |  push r11; push r10; push r9; push r8
+  |  push rdi; push rsi; push rbp; lea rbp, [rsp+88]; push rbp
+  |  push rbx; push rdx; push rcx; push rax
+  |  movzx RCd, byte [rbp-8]            // Reconstruct exit number.
+  |  mov RCH, byte [rbp-16]
+  |  mov [rbp-8], r15; mov [rbp-16], r14
+  |  // DISPATCH is preserved on-trace in LJ_GC64 mode.
+  |  mov RAd, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(vmstate)]   // Get trace number.
+  |  set_vmstate EXIT
+  |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_J(exitno)], RCd
+  |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_J(parent)], RAd
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  sub rsp, 16*8+4*8                  // Room for SSE regs + save area.
+  |.else
+  |  sub rsp, 16*8                      // Room for SSE regs.
+  |.endif
+  |  add rbp, -128
+  |  movsd qword [rbp-8],   xmm15; movsd qword [rbp-16],  xmm14
+  |  movsd qword [rbp-24],  xmm13; movsd qword [rbp-32],  xmm12
+  |  movsd qword [rbp-40],  xmm11; movsd qword [rbp-48],  xmm10
+  |  movsd qword [rbp-56],  xmm9;  movsd qword [rbp-64],  xmm8
+  |  movsd qword [rbp-72],  xmm7;  movsd qword [rbp-80],  xmm6
+  |  movsd qword [rbp-88],  xmm5;  movsd qword [rbp-96],  xmm4
+  |  movsd qword [rbp-104], xmm3;  movsd qword [rbp-112], xmm2
+  |  movsd qword [rbp-120], xmm1;  movsd qword [rbp-128], xmm0
+  |  // Caveat: RB is rbp.
+  |  mov L:RB, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)]
+  |  mov BASE, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)]
+  |  mov aword [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_J(L)], L:RB
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  lea CARG2, [rsp+4*8]
+  |.else
+  |  mov CARG2, rsp
+  |.endif
+  |  lea CARG1, [DISPATCH+GG_DISP2J]
+  |  mov qword [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)], 0
+  |  call extern lj_trace_exit          // (jit_State *J, ExitState *ex)
+  |  // MULTRES or negated error code returned in eax (RD).
+  |  mov RA, L:RB->cframe
+  |  and RA, CFRAME_RAWMASK
+  |  mov [RA+CFRAME_OFS_L], L:RB        // Set SAVE_L (on-trace resume/yield).
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  mov PC, [RA+CFRAME_OFS_PC] // Get SAVE_PC.
+  |  jmp >1
+  |.endif
+  |->vm_exit_interp:
+  |  // RD = MULTRES or negated error code, BASE, PC and DISPATCH set.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  // Restore additional callee-save registers only used in compiled code.
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  lea RA, [rsp+10*16+4*8]
+  |1:
+  |  movdqa xmm15, [RA-10*16]
+  |  movdqa xmm14, [RA-9*16]
+  |  movdqa xmm13, [RA-8*16]
+  |  movdqa xmm12, [RA-7*16]
+  |  movdqa xmm11, [RA-6*16]
+  |  movdqa xmm10, [RA-5*16]
+  |  movdqa xmm9, [RA-4*16]
+  |  movdqa xmm8, [RA-3*16]
+  |  movdqa xmm7, [RA-2*16]
+  |  mov rsp, RA                        // Reposition stack to C frame.
+  |  movdqa xmm6, [RA-1*16]
+  |  mov r15, CSAVE_1
+  |  mov r14, CSAVE_2
+  |  mov r13, CSAVE_3
+  |  mov r12, CSAVE_4
+  |.else
+  |  lea RA, [rsp+16]
+  |1:
+  |  mov r13, [RA-8]
+  |  mov r12, [RA]
+  |  mov rsp, RA                        // Reposition stack to C frame.
+  |.endif
+  |  cmp RDd, -LUA_ERRERR; jae >9       // Check for error from exit.
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov MULTRES, RDd
+  |  mov LFUNC:KBASE, [BASE-16]
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:KBASE
+  |  mov KBASE, LFUNC:KBASE->pc
+  |  mov KBASE, [KBASE+PC2PROTO(k)]
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  mov qword [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)], 0
+  |  set_vmstate INTERP
+  |  // Modified copy of ins_next which handles function header dispatch, too.
+  |  mov RCd, [PC]
+  |  movzx RAd, RCH
+  |  movzx OP, RCL
+  |  add PC, 4
+  |  shr RCd, 16
+  |  cmp MULTRES, -17                   // Static dispatch?
+  |  je >5
+  |  cmp OP, BC_FUNCF                   // Function header?
+  |  jb >3
+  |  cmp OP, BC_FUNCC+2                 // Fast function?
+  |  jae >4
+  |2:
+  |  mov RCd, MULTRES                   // RC/RD holds nres+1.
+  |3:
+  |  jmp aword [DISPATCH+OP*8]
+  |
+  |4:  // Check frame below fast function.
+  |  mov RC, [BASE-8]
+  |  test RCd, FRAME_TYPE
+  |  jnz <2                             // Trace stitching continuation?
+  |  // Otherwise set KBASE for Lua function below fast function.
+  |  movzx RCd, byte [RC-3]
+  |  neg RC
+  |  mov LFUNC:KBASE, [BASE+RC*8-32]
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:KBASE
+  |  mov KBASE, LFUNC:KBASE->pc
+  |  mov KBASE, [KBASE+PC2PROTO(k)]
+  |  jmp <2
+  |
+  |5:  // Dispatch to static entry of original ins replaced by BC_JLOOP.
+  |  mov RA, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_J(trace)]
+  |  mov TRACE:RA, [RA+RD*8]
+  |  mov RCd, TRACE:RA->startins
+  |  movzx RAd, RCH
+  |  movzx OP, RCL
+  |  shr RCd, 16
+  |  jmp aword [DISPATCH+OP*8+GG_DISP2STATIC]
+  |
+  |9:  // Rethrow error from the right C frame.
+  |  mov CARG2d, RDd
+  |  mov CARG1, L:RB
+  |  neg CARG2d
+  |  call extern lj_err_trace           // (lua_State *L, int errcode)
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Math helper functions ----------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |// FP value rounding. Called by math.floor/math.ceil fast functions
+  |// and from JIT code. arg/ret is xmm0. xmm0-xmm3 and RD (eax) modified.
+  |.macro vm_round, name, mode, cond
+  |->name:
+  |->name .. _sse:
+  |  sseconst_abs xmm2, RD
+  |  sseconst_2p52 xmm3, RD
+  |  movaps xmm1, xmm0
+  |  andpd xmm1, xmm2                   // |x|
+  |  ucomisd xmm3, xmm1                 // No truncation if 2^52 <= |x|.
+  |  jbe >1
+  |  andnpd xmm2, xmm0                  // Isolate sign bit.
+  |.if mode == 2                // trunc(x)?
+  |  movaps xmm0, xmm1
+  |  addsd xmm1, xmm3                   // (|x| + 2^52) - 2^52
+  |  subsd xmm1, xmm3
+  |  sseconst_1 xmm3, RD
+  |  cmpsd xmm0, xmm1, 1                // |x| < result?
+  |  andpd xmm0, xmm3
+  |  subsd xmm1, xmm0                   // If yes, subtract -1.
+  |  orpd xmm1, xmm2                    // Merge sign bit back in.
+  |.else
+  |  addsd xmm1, xmm3                   // (|x| + 2^52) - 2^52
+  |  subsd xmm1, xmm3
+  |  orpd xmm1, xmm2                    // Merge sign bit back in.
+  |  sseconst_1 xmm3, RD
+  |  .if mode == 1              // ceil(x)?
+  |    cmpsd xmm0, xmm1, 6              // x > result?
+  |    andpd xmm0, xmm3
+  |    addsd xmm1, xmm0                 // If yes, add 1.
+  |    orpd xmm1, xmm2                  // Merge sign bit back in (again).
+  |  .else                      // floor(x)?
+  |    cmpsd xmm0, xmm1, 1              // x < result?
+  |    andpd xmm0, xmm3
+  |    subsd xmm1, xmm0                 // If yes, subtract 1.
+  |  .endif
+  |.endif
+  |  movaps xmm0, xmm1
+  |1:
+  |  ret
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |  vm_round vm_floor, 0, 1
+  |  vm_round vm_ceil,  1, JIT
+  |  vm_round vm_trunc, 2, JIT
+  |
+  |// FP modulo x%y. Called by BC_MOD* and vm_arith.
+  |->vm_mod:
+  |// Args in xmm0/xmm1, return value in xmm0.
+  |// Caveat: xmm0-xmm5 and RC (eax) modified!
+  |  movaps xmm5, xmm0
+  |  divsd xmm0, xmm1
+  |  sseconst_abs xmm2, RD
+  |  sseconst_2p52 xmm3, RD
+  |  movaps xmm4, xmm0
+  |  andpd xmm4, xmm2                   // |x/y|
+  |  ucomisd xmm3, xmm4                 // No truncation if 2^52 <= |x/y|.
+  |  jbe >1
+  |  andnpd xmm2, xmm0                  // Isolate sign bit.
+  |  addsd xmm4, xmm3                   // (|x/y| + 2^52) - 2^52
+  |  subsd xmm4, xmm3
+  |  orpd xmm4, xmm2                    // Merge sign bit back in.
+  |  sseconst_1 xmm2, RD
+  |  cmpsd xmm0, xmm4, 1                // x/y < result?
+  |  andpd xmm0, xmm2
+  |  subsd xmm4, xmm0                   // If yes, subtract 1.0.
+  |  movaps xmm0, xmm5
+  |  mulsd xmm1, xmm4
+  |  subsd xmm0, xmm1
+  |  ret
+  |1:
+  |  mulsd xmm1, xmm0
+  |  movaps xmm0, xmm5
+  |  subsd xmm0, xmm1
+  |  ret
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Miscellaneous functions --------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |// int lj_vm_cpuid(uint32_t f, uint32_t res[4])
+  |->vm_cpuid:
+  |  mov eax, CARG1d
+  |  .if X64WIN; push rsi; mov rsi, CARG2; .endif
+  |  push rbx
+  |  xor ecx, ecx
+  |  cpuid
+  |  mov [rsi], eax
+  |  mov [rsi+4], ebx
+  |  mov [rsi+8], ecx
+  |  mov [rsi+12], edx
+  |  pop rbx
+  |  .if X64WIN; pop rsi; .endif
+  |  ret
+  |
+  |.define NEXT_TAB,            TAB:CARG1
+  |.define NEXT_IDX,            CARG2d
+  |.define NEXT_IDXa,           CARG2
+  |.define NEXT_PTR,            RC
+  |.define NEXT_PTRd,           RCd
+  |.define NEXT_TMP,            CARG3
+  |.define NEXT_ASIZE,          CARG4d
+  |.macro NEXT_RES_IDXL, op2;   lea edx, [NEXT_IDX+op2]; .endmacro
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |.define NEXT_RES_PTR,        [rsp+aword*5]
+  |.macro NEXT_RES_IDX, op2;    add NEXT_IDX, op2; .endmacro
+  |.else
+  |.define NEXT_RES_PTR,        [rsp+aword*1]
+  |.macro NEXT_RES_IDX, op2;    lea edx, [NEXT_IDX+op2]; .endmacro
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |// TValue *lj_vm_next(GCtab *t, uint32_t idx)
+  |// Next idx returned in edx.
+  |->vm_next:
+  |.if JIT
+  |  mov NEXT_ASIZE, NEXT_TAB->asize
+  |1:  // Traverse array part.
+  |  cmp NEXT_IDX, NEXT_ASIZE;  jae >5
+  |  mov NEXT_TMP, NEXT_TAB->array
+  |  mov NEXT_TMP, qword [NEXT_TMP+NEXT_IDX*8]
+  |  cmp NEXT_TMP, LJ_TNIL;  je >2
+  |  lea NEXT_PTR, NEXT_RES_PTR
+  |  mov qword [NEXT_PTR], NEXT_TMP
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  setint NEXT_TMP, NEXT_IDXa
+  |  mov qword [NEXT_PTR+qword*1], NEXT_TMP
+  |.else
+  |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, NEXT_IDX
+  |  movsd qword [NEXT_PTR+qword*1], xmm0
+  |.endif
+  |  NEXT_RES_IDX 1
+  |  ret
+  |2:  // Skip holes in array part.
+  |  add NEXT_IDX, 1
+  |  jmp <1
+  |
+  |5:  // Traverse hash part.
+  |  sub NEXT_IDX, NEXT_ASIZE
+  |6:
+  |  cmp NEXT_IDX, NEXT_TAB->hmask; ja >9
+  |  imul NEXT_PTRd, NEXT_IDX, #NODE
+  |  add NODE:NEXT_PTR, NEXT_TAB->node
+  |  cmp qword NODE:NEXT_PTR->val, LJ_TNIL; je >7
+  |  NEXT_RES_IDXL NEXT_ASIZE+1
+  |  ret
+  |7:  // Skip holes in hash part.
+  |  add NEXT_IDX, 1
+  |  jmp <6
+  |
+  |9:  // End of iteration. Set the key to nil (not the value).
+  |  NEXT_RES_IDX NEXT_ASIZE
+  |  lea NEXT_PTR, NEXT_RES_PTR
+  |  mov qword [NEXT_PTR+qword*1], LJ_TNIL
+  |  ret
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- Assertions ---------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |->assert_bad_for_arg_type:
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+  |  int3
+#endif
+  |  int3
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |//-- FFI helper functions -----------------------------------------------
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  |
+  |// Handler for callback functions. Callback slot number in ah/al.
+  |->vm_ffi_callback:
+  |.if FFI
+  |.type CTSTATE, CTState, PC
+  |  saveregs_  // ebp/rbp already saved. ebp now holds global_State *.
+  |  lea DISPATCH, [ebp+GG_G2DISP]
+  |  mov CTSTATE, GL:ebp->ctype_state
+  |  movzx eax, ax
+  |  mov CTSTATE->cb.slot, eax
+  |  mov CTSTATE->cb.gpr[0], CARG1
+  |  mov CTSTATE->cb.gpr[1], CARG2
+  |  mov CTSTATE->cb.gpr[2], CARG3
+  |  mov CTSTATE->cb.gpr[3], CARG4
+  |  movsd qword CTSTATE->cb.fpr[0], xmm0
+  |  movsd qword CTSTATE->cb.fpr[1], xmm1
+  |  movsd qword CTSTATE->cb.fpr[2], xmm2
+  |  movsd qword CTSTATE->cb.fpr[3], xmm3
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  lea rax, [rsp+CFRAME_SIZE+4*8]
+  |.else
+  |  lea rax, [rsp+CFRAME_SIZE]
+  |  mov CTSTATE->cb.gpr[4], CARG5
+  |  mov CTSTATE->cb.gpr[5], CARG6
+  |  movsd qword CTSTATE->cb.fpr[4], xmm4
+  |  movsd qword CTSTATE->cb.fpr[5], xmm5
+  |  movsd qword CTSTATE->cb.fpr[6], xmm6
+  |  movsd qword CTSTATE->cb.fpr[7], xmm7
+  |.endif
+  |  mov CTSTATE->cb.stack, rax
+  |  mov CARG2, rsp
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, CTSTATE               // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
+  |  mov CARG1, CTSTATE
+  |  call extern lj_ccallback_enter     // (CTState *cts, void *cf)
+  |  // lua_State * returned in eax (RD).
+  |  set_vmstate INTERP
+  |  mov BASE, L:RD->base
+  |  mov RD, L:RD->top
+  |  sub RD, BASE
+  |  mov LFUNC:RB, [BASE-16]
+  |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+  |  shr RD, 3
+  |  add RD, 1
+  |  ins_callt
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->cont_ffi_callback:                 // Return from FFI callback.
+  |.if FFI
+  |  mov L:RA, SAVE_L
+  |  mov CTSTATE, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(ctype_state)]
+  |  mov aword CTSTATE->L, L:RA
+  |  mov L:RA->base, BASE
+  |  mov L:RA->top, RB
+  |  mov CARG1, CTSTATE
+  |  mov CARG2, RC
+  |  call extern lj_ccallback_leave     // (CTState *cts, TValue *o)
+  |  mov rax, CTSTATE->cb.gpr[0]
+  |  movsd xmm0, qword CTSTATE->cb.fpr[0]
+  |  jmp ->vm_leave_unw
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_ffi_call:                       // Call C function via FFI.
+  |  // Caveat: needs special frame unwinding, see below.
+  |.if FFI
+  |  .type CCSTATE, CCallState, rbx
+  |  push rbp; mov rbp, rsp; push rbx; mov CCSTATE, CARG1
+  |
+  |  // Readjust stack.
+  |  mov eax, CCSTATE->spadj
+  |  sub rsp, rax
+  |
+  |  // Copy stack slots.
+  |  movzx ecx, byte CCSTATE->nsp
+  |  sub ecx, 1
+  |  js >2
+  |1:
+  |  mov rax, [CCSTATE+rcx*8+offsetof(CCallState, stack)]
+  |  mov [rsp+rcx*8+CCALL_SPS_EXTRA*8], rax
+  |  sub ecx, 1
+  |  jns <1
+  |2:
+  |
+  |  movzx eax, byte CCSTATE->nfpr
+  |  mov CARG1, CCSTATE->gpr[0]
+  |  mov CARG2, CCSTATE->gpr[1]
+  |  mov CARG3, CCSTATE->gpr[2]
+  |  mov CARG4, CCSTATE->gpr[3]
+  |.if not X64WIN
+  |  mov CARG5, CCSTATE->gpr[4]
+  |  mov CARG6, CCSTATE->gpr[5]
+  |.endif
+  |  test eax, eax; jz >5
+  |  movaps xmm0, CCSTATE->fpr[0]
+  |  movaps xmm1, CCSTATE->fpr[1]
+  |  movaps xmm2, CCSTATE->fpr[2]
+  |  movaps xmm3, CCSTATE->fpr[3]
+  |.if not X64WIN
+  |  cmp eax, 4; jbe >5
+  |  movaps xmm4, CCSTATE->fpr[4]
+  |  movaps xmm5, CCSTATE->fpr[5]
+  |  movaps xmm6, CCSTATE->fpr[6]
+  |  movaps xmm7, CCSTATE->fpr[7]
+  |.endif
+  |5:
+  |
+  |  call aword CCSTATE->func
+  |
+  |  mov CCSTATE->gpr[0], rax
+  |  movaps CCSTATE->fpr[0], xmm0
+  |.if not X64WIN
+  |  mov CCSTATE->gpr[1], rdx
+  |  movaps CCSTATE->fpr[1], xmm1
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |  mov rbx, [rbp-8]; leave; ret
+  |.endif
+  |// Note: vm_ffi_call must be the last function in this object file!
+  |
+  |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+}
+
+/* Generate the code for a single instruction. */
+static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
+{
+  int vk = 0;
+  |// Note: aligning all instructions does not pay off.
+  |=>defop:
+
+  switch (op) {
+
+  /* -- Comparison ops ---------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  /* Remember: all ops branch for a true comparison, fall through otherwise. */
+
+  |.macro jmp_comp, lt, ge, le, gt, target
+  ||switch (op) {
+  ||case BC_ISLT:
+  |   lt target
+  ||break;
+  ||case BC_ISGE:
+  |   ge target
+  ||break;
+  ||case BC_ISLE:
+  |   le target
+  ||break;
+  ||case BC_ISGT:
+  |   gt target
+  ||break;
+  ||default: break;  /* Shut up GCC. */
+  ||}
+  |.endmacro
+
+  case BC_ISLT: case BC_ISGE: case BC_ISLE: case BC_ISGT:
+    |  // RA = src1, RD = src2, JMP with RD = target
+    |  ins_AD
+    |  mov ITYPE, [BASE+RA*8]
+    |  mov RB, [BASE+RD*8]
+    |  mov RA, ITYPE
+    |  mov RD, RB
+    |  sar ITYPE, 47
+    |  sar RB, 47
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TISNUM; jne >7
+    |  cmp RBd, LJ_TISNUM; jne >8
+    |  add PC, 4
+    |  cmp RAd, RDd
+    |  jmp_comp jge, jl, jg, jle, >9
+    |6:
+    |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+    |  branchPC RD
+    |9:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |7:  // RA is not an integer.
+    |  ja ->vmeta_comp
+    |  // RA is a number.
+    |  cmp RBd, LJ_TISNUM; jb >1; jne ->vmeta_comp
+    |  // RA is a number, RD is an integer.
+    |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RDd
+    |  jmp >2
+    |
+    |8:  // RA is an integer, RD is not an integer.
+    |  ja ->vmeta_comp
+    |  // RA is an integer, RD is a number.
+    |  cvtsi2sd xmm1, RAd
+    |  movd xmm0, RD
+    |  jmp >3
+    |.else
+    |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TISNUM; jae ->vmeta_comp
+    |  cmp RBd, LJ_TISNUM; jae ->vmeta_comp
+    |.endif
+    |1:
+    |  movd xmm0, RD
+    |2:
+    |  movd xmm1, RA
+    |3:
+    |  add PC, 4
+    |  ucomisd xmm0, xmm1
+    |  // Unordered: all of ZF CF PF set, ordered: PF clear.
+    |  // To preserve NaN semantics GE/GT branch on unordered, but LT/LE don't.
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  jmp_comp jbe, ja, jb, jae, <9
+    |  jmp <6
+    |.else
+    |  jmp_comp jbe, ja, jb, jae, >1
+    |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+    |  branchPC RD
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    |.endif
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ISEQV: case BC_ISNEV:
+    vk = op == BC_ISEQV;
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = src1, RD = src2, JMP with RD = target
+    |  mov RB, [BASE+RD*8]
+    |  mov ITYPE, [BASE+RA*8]
+    |  add PC, 4
+    |  mov RD, RB
+    |  mov RA, ITYPE
+    |  sar RB, 47
+    |  sar ITYPE, 47
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  cmp RBd, LJ_TISNUM; jne >7
+    |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TISNUM; jne >8
+    |  cmp RDd, RAd
+    if (vk) {
+      |  jne >9
+    } else {
+      |  je >9
+    }
+    |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+    |  branchPC RD
+    |9:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |7:  // RD is not an integer.
+    |  ja >5
+    |  // RD is a number.
+    |  movd xmm1, RD
+    |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TISNUM; jb >1; jne >5
+    |  // RD is a number, RA is an integer.
+    |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RAd
+    |  jmp >2
+    |
+    |8:  // RD is an integer, RA is not an integer.
+    |  ja >5
+    |  // RD is an integer, RA is a number.
+    |  cvtsi2sd xmm1, RDd
+    |  jmp >1
+    |
+    |.else
+    |  cmp RBd, LJ_TISNUM; jae >5
+    |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TISNUM; jae >5
+    |  movd xmm1, RD
+    |.endif
+    |1:
+    |  movd xmm0, RA
+    |2:
+    |  ucomisd xmm0, xmm1
+    |4:
+  iseqne_fp:
+    if (vk) {
+      |  jp >2                          // Unordered means not equal.
+      |  jne >2
+    } else {
+      |  jp >2                          // Unordered means not equal.
+      |  je >1
+    }
+  iseqne_end:
+    if (vk) {
+      |1:                               // EQ: Branch to the target.
+      |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+      |  branchPC RD
+      |2:                               // NE: Fallthrough to next instruction.
+      |.if not FFI
+      |3:
+      |.endif
+    } else {
+      |.if not FFI
+      |3:
+      |.endif
+      |2:                               // NE: Branch to the target.
+      |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+      |  branchPC RD
+      |1:                               // EQ: Fallthrough to next instruction.
+    }
+    if (LJ_DUALNUM && (op == BC_ISEQV || op == BC_ISNEV ||
+                       op == BC_ISEQN || op == BC_ISNEN)) {
+      |  jmp <9
+    } else {
+      |  ins_next
+    }
+    |
+    if (op == BC_ISEQV || op == BC_ISNEV) {
+      |5:  // Either or both types are not numbers.
+      |.if FFI
+      |  cmp RBd, LJ_TCDATA; je ->vmeta_equal_cd
+      |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TCDATA; je ->vmeta_equal_cd
+      |.endif
+      |  cmp RA, RD
+      |  je <1                          // Same GCobjs or pvalues?
+      |  cmp RBd, ITYPEd
+      |  jne <2                         // Not the same type?
+      |  cmp RBd, LJ_TISTABUD
+      |  ja <2                          // Different objects and not table/ud?
+      |
+      |  // Different tables or userdatas. Need to check __eq metamethod.
+      |  // Field metatable must be at same offset for GCtab and GCudata!
+      |  cleartp TAB:RA
+      |  mov TAB:RB, TAB:RA->metatable
+      |  test TAB:RB, TAB:RB
+      |  jz <2                          // No metatable?
+      |  test byte TAB:RB->nomm, 1<<MM_eq
+      |  jnz <2                         // Or 'no __eq' flag set?
+      if (vk) {
+        |  xor RBd, RBd                 // ne = 0
+      } else {
+        |  mov RBd, 1                   // ne = 1
+      }
+      |  jmp ->vmeta_equal              // Handle __eq metamethod.
+    } else {
+      |.if FFI
+      |3:
+      |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TCDATA
+      if (LJ_DUALNUM && vk) {
+        |  jne <9
+      } else {
+        |  jne <2
+      }
+      |  jmp ->vmeta_equal_cd
+      |.endif
+    }
+    break;
+  case BC_ISEQS: case BC_ISNES:
+    vk = op == BC_ISEQS;
+    |  ins_AND  // RA = src, RD = str const, JMP with RD = target
+    |  mov RB, [BASE+RA*8]
+    |  add PC, 4
+    |  checkstr RB, >3
+    |  cmp RB, [KBASE+RD*8]
+  iseqne_test:
+    if (vk) {
+      |  jne >2
+    } else {
+      |  je >1
+    }
+    goto iseqne_end;
+  case BC_ISEQN: case BC_ISNEN:
+    vk = op == BC_ISEQN;
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = src, RD = num const, JMP with RD = target
+    |  mov RB, [BASE+RA*8]
+    |  add PC, 4
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  checkint RB, >7
+    |  mov RD, [KBASE+RD*8]
+    |  checkint RD, >8
+    |  cmp RBd, RDd
+    if (vk) {
+      |  jne >9
+    } else {
+      |  je >9
+    }
+    |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+    |  branchPC RD
+    |9:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |7:  // RA is not an integer.
+    |  ja >3
+    |  // RA is a number.
+    |  mov RD, [KBASE+RD*8]
+    |  checkint RD, >1
+    |  // RA is a number, RD is an integer.
+    |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RDd
+    |  jmp >2
+    |
+    |8:  // RA is an integer, RD is a number.
+    |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RBd
+    |  movd xmm1, RD
+    |  ucomisd xmm0, xmm1
+    |  jmp >4
+    |1:
+    |  movd xmm0, RD
+    |.else
+    |  checknum RB, >3
+    |1:
+    |  movsd xmm0, qword [KBASE+RD*8]
+    |.endif
+    |2:
+    |  ucomisd xmm0, qword [BASE+RA*8]
+    |4:
+    goto iseqne_fp;
+  case BC_ISEQP: case BC_ISNEP:
+    vk = op == BC_ISEQP;
+    |  ins_AND  // RA = src, RD = primitive type (~), JMP with RD = target
+    |  mov RB, [BASE+RA*8]
+    |  sar RB, 47
+    |  add PC, 4
+    |  cmp RBd, RDd
+    if (!LJ_HASFFI) goto iseqne_test;
+    if (vk) {
+      |  jne >3
+      |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+      |  branchPC RD
+      |2:
+      |  ins_next
+      |3:
+      |  cmp RBd, LJ_TCDATA; jne <2
+      |  jmp ->vmeta_equal_cd
+    } else {
+      |  je >2
+      |  cmp RBd, LJ_TCDATA; je ->vmeta_equal_cd
+      |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+      |  branchPC RD
+      |2:
+      |  ins_next
+    }
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Unary test and copy ops ------------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_ISTC: case BC_ISFC: case BC_IST: case BC_ISF:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = dst or unused, RD = src, JMP with RD = target
+    |  mov ITYPE, [BASE+RD*8]
+    |  add PC, 4
+    if (op == BC_ISTC || op == BC_ISFC) {
+      |  mov RB, ITYPE
+    }
+    |  sar ITYPE, 47
+    |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TISTRUECOND
+    if (op == BC_IST || op == BC_ISTC) {
+      |  jae >1
+    } else {
+      |  jb >1
+    }
+    if (op == BC_ISTC || op == BC_ISFC) {
+      |  mov [BASE+RA*8], RB
+    }
+    |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+    |  branchPC RD
+    |1:                                 // Fallthrough to the next instruction.
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ISTYPE:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = src, RD = -type
+    |  mov RB, [BASE+RA*8]
+    |  sar RB, 47
+    |  add RBd, RDd
+    |  jne ->vmeta_istype
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_ISNUM:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = src, RD = -(TISNUM-1)
+    |  checknumtp [BASE+RA*8], ->vmeta_istype
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Unary ops --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_MOV:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = dst, RD = src
+    |  mov RB, [BASE+RD*8]
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], RB
+    |  ins_next_
+    break;
+  case BC_NOT:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = dst, RD = src
+    |  mov RB, [BASE+RD*8]
+    |  sar RB, 47
+    |  mov RCd, 2
+    |  cmp RB, LJ_TISTRUECOND
+    |  sbb RCd, 0
+    |  shl RC, 47
+    |  not RC
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], RC
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_UNM:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = dst, RD = src
+    |  mov RB, [BASE+RD*8]
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  checkint RB, >5
+    |  neg RBd
+    |  jo >4
+    |  setint RB
+    |9:
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], RB
+    |  ins_next
+    |4:
+    |  mov64 RB, U64x(41e00000,00000000)  // 2^31.
+    |  jmp <9
+    |5:
+    |  ja ->vmeta_unm
+    |.else
+    |  checknum RB, ->vmeta_unm
+    |.endif
+    |  mov64 RD, U64x(80000000,00000000)
+    |  xor RB, RD
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  jmp <9
+    |.else
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], RB
+    |  ins_next
+    |.endif
+    break;
+  case BC_LEN:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = dst, RD = src
+    |  mov RD, [BASE+RD*8]
+    |  checkstr RD, >2
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  mov RDd, dword STR:RD->len
+    |1:
+    |  setint RD
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], RD
+    |.else
+    |  xorps xmm0, xmm0
+    |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, dword STR:RD->len
+    |1:
+    |  movsd qword [BASE+RA*8], xmm0
+    |.endif
+    |  ins_next
+    |2:
+    |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TTAB; jne ->vmeta_len
+    |  mov TAB:CARG1, TAB:RD
+#if LJ_52
+    |  mov TAB:RB, TAB:RD->metatable
+    |  cmp TAB:RB, 0
+    |  jnz >9
+    |3:
+#endif
+    |->BC_LEN_Z:
+    |  mov RB, BASE                     // Save BASE.
+    |  call extern lj_tab_len           // (GCtab *t)
+    |  // Length of table returned in eax (RD).
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  // Nothing to do.
+    |.else
+    |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RDd
+    |.endif
+    |  mov BASE, RB                     // Restore BASE.
+    |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+    |  jmp <1
+#if LJ_52
+    |9:  // Check for __len.
+    |  test byte TAB:RB->nomm, 1<<MM_len
+    |  jnz <3
+    |  jmp ->vmeta_len                  // 'no __len' flag NOT set: check.
+#endif
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Binary ops -------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+    |.macro ins_arithpre, sseins, ssereg
+    |  ins_ABC
+    ||vk = ((int)op - BC_ADDVN) / (BC_ADDNV-BC_ADDVN);
+    ||switch (vk) {
+    ||case 0:
+    |   checknumtp [BASE+RB*8], ->vmeta_arith_vn
+    |   .if DUALNUM
+    |     checknumtp [KBASE+RC*8], ->vmeta_arith_vn
+    |   .endif
+    |   movsd xmm0, qword [BASE+RB*8]
+    |   sseins ssereg, qword [KBASE+RC*8]
+    ||  break;
+    ||case 1:
+    |   checknumtp [BASE+RB*8], ->vmeta_arith_nv
+    |   .if DUALNUM
+    |     checknumtp [KBASE+RC*8], ->vmeta_arith_nv
+    |   .endif
+    |   movsd xmm0, qword [KBASE+RC*8]
+    |   sseins ssereg, qword [BASE+RB*8]
+    ||  break;
+    ||default:
+    |   checknumtp [BASE+RB*8], ->vmeta_arith_vv
+    |   checknumtp [BASE+RC*8], ->vmeta_arith_vv
+    |   movsd xmm0, qword [BASE+RB*8]
+    |   sseins ssereg, qword [BASE+RC*8]
+    ||  break;
+    ||}
+    |.endmacro
+    |
+    |.macro ins_arithdn, intins
+    |  ins_ABC
+    ||vk = ((int)op - BC_ADDVN) / (BC_ADDNV-BC_ADDVN);
+    ||switch (vk) {
+    ||case 0:
+    |   mov RB, [BASE+RB*8]
+    |   mov RC, [KBASE+RC*8]
+    |   checkint RB, ->vmeta_arith_vno
+    |   checkint RC, ->vmeta_arith_vno
+    |   intins RBd, RCd; jo ->vmeta_arith_vno
+    ||  break;
+    ||case 1:
+    |   mov RB, [BASE+RB*8]
+    |   mov RC, [KBASE+RC*8]
+    |   checkint RB, ->vmeta_arith_nvo
+    |   checkint RC, ->vmeta_arith_nvo
+    |   intins RCd, RBd; jo ->vmeta_arith_nvo
+    ||  break;
+    ||default:
+    |   mov RB, [BASE+RB*8]
+    |   mov RC, [BASE+RC*8]
+    |   checkint RB, ->vmeta_arith_vvo
+    |   checkint RC, ->vmeta_arith_vvo
+    |   intins RBd, RCd; jo ->vmeta_arith_vvo
+    ||  break;
+    ||}
+    ||if (vk == 1) {
+    |   setint RC
+    |   mov [BASE+RA*8], RC
+    ||} else {
+    |   setint RB
+    |   mov [BASE+RA*8], RB
+    ||}
+    |  ins_next
+    |.endmacro
+    |
+    |.macro ins_arithpost
+    |  movsd qword [BASE+RA*8], xmm0
+    |.endmacro
+    |
+    |.macro ins_arith, sseins
+    |  ins_arithpre sseins, xmm0
+    |  ins_arithpost
+    |  ins_next
+    |.endmacro
+    |
+    |.macro ins_arith, intins, sseins
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  ins_arithdn intins
+    |.else
+    |  ins_arith, sseins
+    |.endif
+    |.endmacro
+
+    |  // RA = dst, RB = src1 or num const, RC = src2 or num const
+  case BC_ADDVN: case BC_ADDNV: case BC_ADDVV:
+    |  ins_arith add, addsd
+    break;
+  case BC_SUBVN: case BC_SUBNV: case BC_SUBVV:
+    |  ins_arith sub, subsd
+    break;
+  case BC_MULVN: case BC_MULNV: case BC_MULVV:
+    |  ins_arith imul, mulsd
+    break;
+  case BC_DIVVN: case BC_DIVNV: case BC_DIVVV:
+    |  ins_arith divsd
+    break;
+  case BC_MODVN:
+    |  ins_arithpre movsd, xmm1
+    |->BC_MODVN_Z:
+    |  call ->vm_mod
+    |  ins_arithpost
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_MODNV: case BC_MODVV:
+    |  ins_arithpre movsd, xmm1
+    |  jmp ->BC_MODVN_Z                 // Avoid 3 copies. It's slow anyway.
+    break;
+  case BC_POW:
+    |  ins_arithpre movsd, xmm1
+    |  mov RB, BASE
+    |  call extern pow
+    |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+    |  mov BASE, RB
+    |  ins_arithpost
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_CAT:
+    |  ins_ABC  // RA = dst, RB = src_start, RC = src_end
+    |  mov L:CARG1, SAVE_L
+    |  mov L:CARG1->base, BASE
+    |  lea CARG2, [BASE+RC*8]
+    |  mov CARG3d, RCd
+    |  sub CARG3d, RBd
+    |->BC_CAT_Z:
+    |  mov L:RB, L:CARG1
+    |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+    |  call extern lj_meta_cat          // (lua_State *L, TValue *top, int left)
+    |  // NULL (finished) or TValue * (metamethod) returned in eax (RC).
+    |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+    |  test RC, RC
+    |  jnz ->vmeta_binop
+    |  movzx RBd, PC_RB                 // Copy result to Stk[RA] from Stk[RB].
+    |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+    |  mov RC, [BASE+RB*8]
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], RC
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Constant ops ------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+  case BC_KSTR:
+    |  ins_AND  // RA = dst, RD = str const (~)
+    |  mov RD, [KBASE+RD*8]
+    |  settp RD, LJ_TSTR
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], RD
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_KCDATA:
+    |.if FFI
+    |  ins_AND  // RA = dst, RD = cdata const (~)
+    |  mov RD, [KBASE+RD*8]
+    |  settp RD, LJ_TCDATA
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], RD
+    |  ins_next
+    |.endif
+    break;
+  case BC_KSHORT:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = dst, RD = signed int16 literal
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  movsx RDd, RDW
+    |  setint RD
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], RD
+    |.else
+    |  movsx RDd, RDW                   // Sign-extend literal.
+    |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RDd
+    |  movsd qword [BASE+RA*8], xmm0
+    |.endif
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_KNUM:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = dst, RD = num const
+    |  movsd xmm0, qword [KBASE+RD*8]
+    |  movsd qword [BASE+RA*8], xmm0
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_KPRI:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = dst, RD = primitive type (~)
+    |  shl RD, 47
+    |  not RD
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], RD
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_KNIL:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = dst_start, RD = dst_end
+    |  lea RA, [BASE+RA*8+8]
+    |  lea RD, [BASE+RD*8]
+    |  mov RB, LJ_TNIL
+    |  mov [RA-8], RB                   // Sets minimum 2 slots.
+    |1:
+    |  mov [RA], RB
+    |  add RA, 8
+    |  cmp RA, RD
+    |  jbe <1
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Upvalue and function ops ------------------------------------------ */
+
+  case BC_UGET:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = dst, RD = upvalue #
+    |  mov LFUNC:RB, [BASE-16]
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+    |  mov UPVAL:RB, [LFUNC:RB+RD*8+offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)]
+    |  mov RB, UPVAL:RB->v
+    |  mov RD, [RB]
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], RD
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_USETV:
+#define TV2MARKOFS \
+ ((int32_t)offsetof(GCupval, marked)-(int32_t)offsetof(GCupval, tv))
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = upvalue #, RD = src
+    |  mov LFUNC:RB, [BASE-16]
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+    |  mov UPVAL:RB, [LFUNC:RB+RA*8+offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)]
+    |  cmp byte UPVAL:RB->closed, 0
+    |  mov RB, UPVAL:RB->v
+    |  mov RA, [BASE+RD*8]
+    |  mov [RB], RA
+    |  jz >1
+    |  // Check barrier for closed upvalue.
+    |  test byte [RB+TV2MARKOFS], LJ_GC_BLACK           // isblack(uv)
+    |  jnz >2
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |2:  // Upvalue is black. Check if new value is collectable and white.
+    |  mov RD, RA
+    |  sar RD, 47
+    |  sub RDd, LJ_TISGCV
+    |  cmp RDd, LJ_TNUMX - LJ_TISGCV                    // tvisgcv(v)
+    |  jbe <1
+    |  cleartp GCOBJ:RA
+    |  test byte GCOBJ:RA->gch.marked, LJ_GC_WHITES     // iswhite(v)
+    |  jz <1
+    |  // Crossed a write barrier. Move the barrier forward.
+    |.if not X64WIN
+    |  mov CARG2, RB
+    |  mov RB, BASE                     // Save BASE.
+    |.else
+    |  xchg CARG2, RB                   // Save BASE (CARG2 == BASE).
+    |.endif
+    |  lea GL:CARG1, [DISPATCH+GG_DISP2G]
+    |  call extern lj_gc_barrieruv      // (global_State *g, TValue *tv)
+    |  mov BASE, RB                     // Restore BASE.
+    |  jmp <1
+    break;
+#undef TV2MARKOFS
+  case BC_USETS:
+    |  ins_AND  // RA = upvalue #, RD = str const (~)
+    |  mov LFUNC:RB, [BASE-16]
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+    |  mov UPVAL:RB, [LFUNC:RB+RA*8+offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)]
+    |  mov STR:RA, [KBASE+RD*8]
+    |  mov RD, UPVAL:RB->v
+    |  settp STR:ITYPE, STR:RA, LJ_TSTR
+    |  mov [RD], STR:ITYPE
+    |  test byte UPVAL:RB->marked, LJ_GC_BLACK          // isblack(uv)
+    |  jnz >2
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |2:  // Check if string is white and ensure upvalue is closed.
+    |  test byte GCOBJ:RA->gch.marked, LJ_GC_WHITES     // iswhite(str)
+    |  jz <1
+    |  cmp byte UPVAL:RB->closed, 0
+    |  jz <1
+    |  // Crossed a write barrier. Move the barrier forward.
+    |  mov RB, BASE                     // Save BASE (CARG2 == BASE).
+    |  mov CARG2, RD
+    |  lea GL:CARG1, [DISPATCH+GG_DISP2G]
+    |  call extern lj_gc_barrieruv      // (global_State *g, TValue *tv)
+    |  mov BASE, RB                     // Restore BASE.
+    |  jmp <1
+    break;
+  case BC_USETN:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = upvalue #, RD = num const
+    |  mov LFUNC:RB, [BASE-16]
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+    |  movsd xmm0, qword [KBASE+RD*8]
+    |  mov UPVAL:RB, [LFUNC:RB+RA*8+offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)]
+    |  mov RA, UPVAL:RB->v
+    |  movsd qword [RA], xmm0
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_USETP:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = upvalue #, RD = primitive type (~)
+    |  mov LFUNC:RB, [BASE-16]
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+    |  mov UPVAL:RB, [LFUNC:RB+RA*8+offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)]
+    |  shl RD, 47
+    |  not RD
+    |  mov RA, UPVAL:RB->v
+    |  mov [RA], RD
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_UCLO:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = level, RD = target
+    |  branchPC RD                      // Do this first to free RD.
+    |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+    |  cmp aword L:RB->openupval, 0
+    |  je >1
+    |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+    |  lea CARG2, [BASE+RA*8]           // Caveat: CARG2 == BASE
+    |  mov L:CARG1, L:RB                // Caveat: CARG1 == RA
+    |  call extern lj_func_closeuv      // (lua_State *L, TValue *level)
+    |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_FNEW:
+    |  ins_AND  // RA = dst, RD = proto const (~) (holding function prototype)
+    |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+    |  mov L:RB->base, BASE             // Caveat: CARG2/CARG3 may be BASE.
+    |  mov CARG3, [BASE-16]
+    |  cleartp CARG3
+    |  mov CARG2, [KBASE+RD*8]          // Fetch GCproto *.
+    |  mov CARG1, L:RB
+    |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+    |  // (lua_State *L, GCproto *pt, GCfuncL *parent)
+    |  call extern lj_func_newL_gc
+    |  // GCfuncL * returned in eax (RC).
+    |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+    |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+    |  settp LFUNC:RC, LJ_TFUNC
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], LFUNC:RC
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Table ops --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_TNEW:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = dst, RD = hbits|asize
+    |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+    |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+    |  mov RA, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(gc.total)]
+    |  cmp RA, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(gc.threshold)]
+    |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+    |  jae >5
+    |1:
+    |  mov CARG3d, RDd
+    |  and RDd, 0x7ff
+    |  shr CARG3d, 11
+    |  cmp RDd, 0x7ff
+    |  je >3
+    |2:
+    |  mov L:CARG1, L:RB
+    |  mov CARG2d, RDd
+    |  call extern lj_tab_new  // (lua_State *L, int32_t asize, uint32_t hbits)
+    |  // Table * returned in eax (RC).
+    |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+    |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+    |  settp TAB:RC, LJ_TTAB
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], TAB:RC
+    |  ins_next
+    |3:  // Turn 0x7ff into 0x801.
+    |  mov RDd, 0x801
+    |  jmp <2
+    |5:
+    |  mov L:CARG1, L:RB
+    |  call extern lj_gc_step_fixtop    // (lua_State *L)
+    |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+    |  jmp <1
+    break;
+  case BC_TDUP:
+    |  ins_AND  // RA = dst, RD = table const (~) (holding template table)
+    |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+    |  mov RA, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(gc.total)]
+    |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+    |  cmp RA, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(gc.threshold)]
+    |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+    |  jae >3
+    |2:
+    |  mov TAB:CARG2, [KBASE+RD*8]      // Caveat: CARG2 == BASE
+    |  mov L:CARG1, L:RB                // Caveat: CARG1 == RA
+    |  call extern lj_tab_dup           // (lua_State *L, Table *kt)
+    |  // Table * returned in eax (RC).
+    |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+    |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+    |  settp TAB:RC, LJ_TTAB
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], TAB:RC
+    |  ins_next
+    |3:
+    |  mov L:CARG1, L:RB
+    |  call extern lj_gc_step_fixtop    // (lua_State *L)
+    |  movzx RDd, PC_RD                 // Need to reload RD.
+    |  not RD
+    |  jmp <2
+    break;
+
+  case BC_GGET:
+    |  ins_AND  // RA = dst, RD = str const (~)
+    |  mov LFUNC:RB, [BASE-16]
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+    |  mov TAB:RB, LFUNC:RB->env
+    |  mov STR:RC, [KBASE+RD*8]
+    |  jmp ->BC_TGETS_Z
+    break;
+  case BC_GSET:
+    |  ins_AND  // RA = src, RD = str const (~)
+    |  mov LFUNC:RB, [BASE-16]
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+    |  mov TAB:RB, LFUNC:RB->env
+    |  mov STR:RC, [KBASE+RD*8]
+    |  jmp ->BC_TSETS_Z
+    break;
+
+  case BC_TGETV:
+    |  ins_ABC  // RA = dst, RB = table, RC = key
+    |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE+RB*8]
+    |  mov RC, [BASE+RC*8]
+    |  checktab TAB:RB, ->vmeta_tgetv
+    |
+    |  // Integer key?
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  checkint RC, >5
+    |.else
+    |  // Convert number to int and back and compare.
+    |  checknum RC, >5
+    |  movd xmm0, RC
+    |  cvttsd2si RCd, xmm0
+    |  cvtsi2sd xmm1, RCd
+    |  ucomisd xmm0, xmm1
+    |  jne ->vmeta_tgetv                // Generic numeric key? Use fallback.
+    |.endif
+    |  cmp RCd, TAB:RB->asize           // Takes care of unordered, too.
+    |  jae ->vmeta_tgetv                // Not in array part? Use fallback.
+    |  shl RCd, 3
+    |  add RC, TAB:RB->array
+    |  // Get array slot.
+    |  mov ITYPE, [RC]
+    |  cmp ITYPE, LJ_TNIL               // Avoid overwriting RB in fastpath.
+    |  je >2
+    |1:
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], ITYPE
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |2:  // Check for __index if table value is nil.
+    |  mov TAB:TMPR, TAB:RB->metatable
+    |  test TAB:TMPR, TAB:TMPR
+    |  jz <1
+    |  test byte TAB:TMPR->nomm, 1<<MM_index
+    |  jz ->vmeta_tgetv                 // 'no __index' flag NOT set: check.
+    |  jmp <1
+    |
+    |5:  // String key?
+    |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TSTR; jne ->vmeta_tgetv
+    |  cleartp STR:RC
+    |  jmp ->BC_TGETS_Z
+    break;
+  case BC_TGETS:
+    |  ins_ABC  // RA = dst, RB = table, RC = str const (~)
+    |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE+RB*8]
+    |  not RC
+    |  mov STR:RC, [KBASE+RC*8]
+    |  checktab TAB:RB, ->vmeta_tgets
+    |->BC_TGETS_Z:      // RB = GCtab *, RC = GCstr *
+    |  mov TMPRd, TAB:RB->hmask
+    |  and TMPRd, STR:RC->sid
+    |  imul TMPRd, #NODE
+    |  add NODE:TMPR, TAB:RB->node
+    |  settp ITYPE, STR:RC, LJ_TSTR
+    |1:
+    |  cmp NODE:TMPR->key, ITYPE
+    |  jne >4
+    |  // Get node value.
+    |  mov ITYPE, NODE:TMPR->val
+    |  cmp ITYPE, LJ_TNIL
+    |  je >5                            // Key found, but nil value?
+    |2:
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], ITYPE
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |4:  // Follow hash chain.
+    |  mov NODE:TMPR, NODE:TMPR->next
+    |  test NODE:TMPR, NODE:TMPR
+    |  jnz <1
+    |  // End of hash chain: key not found, nil result.
+    |  mov ITYPE, LJ_TNIL
+    |
+    |5:  // Check for __index if table value is nil.
+    |  mov TAB:TMPR, TAB:RB->metatable
+    |  test TAB:TMPR, TAB:TMPR
+    |  jz <2                            // No metatable: done.
+    |  test byte TAB:TMPR->nomm, 1<<MM_index
+    |  jnz <2                           // 'no __index' flag set: done.
+    |  jmp ->vmeta_tgets                // Caveat: preserve STR:RC.
+    break;
+  case BC_TGETB:
+    |  ins_ABC  // RA = dst, RB = table, RC = byte literal
+    |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE+RB*8]
+    |  checktab TAB:RB, ->vmeta_tgetb
+    |  cmp RCd, TAB:RB->asize
+    |  jae ->vmeta_tgetb
+    |  shl RCd, 3
+    |  add RC, TAB:RB->array
+    |  // Get array slot.
+    |  mov ITYPE, [RC]
+    |  cmp ITYPE, LJ_TNIL
+    |  je >2
+    |1:
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], ITYPE
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |2:  // Check for __index if table value is nil.
+    |  mov TAB:TMPR, TAB:RB->metatable
+    |  test TAB:TMPR, TAB:TMPR
+    |  jz <1
+    |  test byte TAB:TMPR->nomm, 1<<MM_index
+    |  jz ->vmeta_tgetb                 // 'no __index' flag NOT set: check.
+    |  jmp <1
+    break;
+  case BC_TGETR:
+    |  ins_ABC  // RA = dst, RB = table, RC = key
+    |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE+RB*8]
+    |  cleartp TAB:RB
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  mov RCd, dword [BASE+RC*8]
+    |.else
+    |  cvttsd2si RCd, qword [BASE+RC*8]
+    |.endif
+    |  cmp RCd, TAB:RB->asize
+    |  jae ->vmeta_tgetr                // Not in array part? Use fallback.
+    |  shl RCd, 3
+    |  add RC, TAB:RB->array
+    |  // Get array slot.
+    |->BC_TGETR_Z:
+    |  mov ITYPE, [RC]
+    |->BC_TGETR2_Z:
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], ITYPE
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_TSETV:
+    |  ins_ABC  // RA = src, RB = table, RC = key
+    |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE+RB*8]
+    |  mov RC, [BASE+RC*8]
+    |  checktab TAB:RB, ->vmeta_tsetv
+    |
+    |  // Integer key?
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  checkint RC, >5
+    |.else
+    |  // Convert number to int and back and compare.
+    |  checknum RC, >5
+    |  movd xmm0, RC
+    |  cvttsd2si RCd, xmm0
+    |  cvtsi2sd xmm1, RCd
+    |  ucomisd xmm0, xmm1
+    |  jne ->vmeta_tsetv                // Generic numeric key? Use fallback.
+    |.endif
+    |  cmp RCd, TAB:RB->asize           // Takes care of unordered, too.
+    |  jae ->vmeta_tsetv
+    |  shl RCd, 3
+    |  add RC, TAB:RB->array
+    |  cmp aword [RC], LJ_TNIL
+    |  je >3                            // Previous value is nil?
+    |1:
+    |  test byte TAB:RB->marked, LJ_GC_BLACK    // isblack(table)
+    |  jnz >7
+    |2:  // Set array slot.
+    |  mov RB, [BASE+RA*8]
+    |  mov [RC], RB
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |3:  // Check for __newindex if previous value is nil.
+    |  mov TAB:TMPR, TAB:RB->metatable
+    |  test TAB:TMPR, TAB:TMPR
+    |  jz <1
+    |  test byte TAB:TMPR->nomm, 1<<MM_newindex
+    |  jz ->vmeta_tsetv                 // 'no __newindex' flag NOT set: check.
+    |  jmp <1
+    |
+    |5:  // String key?
+    |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TSTR; jne ->vmeta_tsetv
+    |  cleartp STR:RC
+    |  jmp ->BC_TSETS_Z
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:RB, TMPR
+    |  jmp <2
+    break;
+  case BC_TSETS:
+    |  ins_ABC  // RA = src, RB = table, RC = str const (~)
+    |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE+RB*8]
+    |  not RC
+    |  mov STR:RC, [KBASE+RC*8]
+    |  checktab TAB:RB, ->vmeta_tsets
+    |->BC_TSETS_Z:      // RB = GCtab *, RC = GCstr *
+    |  mov TMPRd, TAB:RB->hmask
+    |  and TMPRd, STR:RC->sid
+    |  imul TMPRd, #NODE
+    |  mov byte TAB:RB->nomm, 0         // Clear metamethod cache.
+    |  add NODE:TMPR, TAB:RB->node
+    |  settp ITYPE, STR:RC, LJ_TSTR
+    |1:
+    |  cmp NODE:TMPR->key, ITYPE
+    |  jne >5
+    |  // Ok, key found. Assumes: offsetof(Node, val) == 0
+    |  cmp aword [TMPR], LJ_TNIL
+    |  je >4                            // Previous value is nil?
+    |2:
+    |  test byte TAB:RB->marked, LJ_GC_BLACK    // isblack(table)
+    |  jnz >7
+    |3:  // Set node value.
+    |  mov ITYPE, [BASE+RA*8]
+    |  mov [TMPR], ITYPE
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |4:  // Check for __newindex if previous value is nil.
+    |  mov TAB:ITYPE, TAB:RB->metatable
+    |  test TAB:ITYPE, TAB:ITYPE
+    |  jz <2
+    |  test byte TAB:ITYPE->nomm, 1<<MM_newindex
+    |  jz ->vmeta_tsets                 // 'no __newindex' flag NOT set: check.
+    |  jmp <2
+    |
+    |5:  // Follow hash chain.
+    |  mov NODE:TMPR, NODE:TMPR->next
+    |  test NODE:TMPR, NODE:TMPR
+    |  jnz <1
+    |  // End of hash chain: key not found, add a new one.
+    |
+    |  // But check for __newindex first.
+    |  mov TAB:TMPR, TAB:RB->metatable
+    |  test TAB:TMPR, TAB:TMPR
+    |  jz >6                            // No metatable: continue.
+    |  test byte TAB:TMPR->nomm, 1<<MM_newindex
+    |  jz ->vmeta_tsets                 // 'no __newindex' flag NOT set: check.
+    |6:
+    |  mov TMP1, ITYPE
+    |  mov L:CARG1, SAVE_L
+    |  mov L:CARG1->base, BASE
+    |  lea CARG3, TMP1
+    |  mov CARG2, TAB:RB
+    |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+    |  call extern lj_tab_newkey        // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, TValue *k)
+    |  // Handles write barrier for the new key. TValue * returned in eax (RC).
+    |  mov L:CARG1, SAVE_L
+    |  mov BASE, L:CARG1->base
+    |  mov TMPR, rax
+    |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+    |  jmp <2                           // Must check write barrier for value.
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:RB, ITYPE
+    |  jmp <3
+    break;
+  case BC_TSETB:
+    |  ins_ABC  // RA = src, RB = table, RC = byte literal
+    |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE+RB*8]
+    |  checktab TAB:RB, ->vmeta_tsetb
+    |  cmp RCd, TAB:RB->asize
+    |  jae ->vmeta_tsetb
+    |  shl RCd, 3
+    |  add RC, TAB:RB->array
+    |  cmp aword [RC], LJ_TNIL
+    |  je >3                            // Previous value is nil?
+    |1:
+    |  test byte TAB:RB->marked, LJ_GC_BLACK    // isblack(table)
+    |  jnz >7
+    |2:  // Set array slot.
+    |  mov ITYPE, [BASE+RA*8]
+    |  mov [RC], ITYPE
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |3:  // Check for __newindex if previous value is nil.
+    |  mov TAB:TMPR, TAB:RB->metatable
+    |  test TAB:TMPR, TAB:TMPR
+    |  jz <1
+    |  test byte TAB:TMPR->nomm, 1<<MM_newindex
+    |  jz ->vmeta_tsetb                 // 'no __newindex' flag NOT set: check.
+    |  jmp <1
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:RB, TMPR
+    |  jmp <2
+    break;
+  case BC_TSETR:
+    |  ins_ABC  // RA = src, RB = table, RC = key
+    |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE+RB*8]
+    |  cleartp TAB:RB
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  mov RC, [BASE+RC*8]
+    |.else
+    |  cvttsd2si RCd, qword [BASE+RC*8]
+    |.endif
+    |  test byte TAB:RB->marked, LJ_GC_BLACK    // isblack(table)
+    |  jnz >7
+    |2:
+    |  cmp RCd, TAB:RB->asize
+    |  jae ->vmeta_tsetr
+    |  shl RCd, 3
+    |  add RC, TAB:RB->array
+    |  // Set array slot.
+    |->BC_TSETR_Z:
+    |  mov ITYPE, [BASE+RA*8]
+    |  mov [RC], ITYPE
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:RB, TMPR
+    |  jmp <2
+    break;
+
+  case BC_TSETM:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = base (table at base-1), RD = num const (start index)
+    |1:
+    |  mov TMPRd, dword [KBASE+RD*8]    // Integer constant is in lo-word.
+    |  lea RA, [BASE+RA*8]
+    |  mov TAB:RB, [RA-8]               // Guaranteed to be a table.
+    |  cleartp TAB:RB
+    |  test byte TAB:RB->marked, LJ_GC_BLACK    // isblack(table)
+    |  jnz >7
+    |2:
+    |  mov RDd, MULTRES
+    |  sub RDd, 1
+    |  jz >4                            // Nothing to copy?
+    |  add RDd, TMPRd                   // Compute needed size.
+    |  cmp RDd, TAB:RB->asize
+    |  ja >5                            // Doesn't fit into array part?
+    |  sub RDd, TMPRd
+    |  shl TMPRd, 3
+    |  add TMPR, TAB:RB->array
+    |3:  // Copy result slots to table.
+    |  mov RB, [RA]
+    |  add RA, 8
+    |  mov [TMPR], RB
+    |  add TMPR, 8
+    |  sub RDd, 1
+    |  jnz <3
+    |4:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |5:  // Need to resize array part.
+    |  mov L:CARG1, SAVE_L
+    |  mov L:CARG1->base, BASE          // Caveat: CARG2/CARG3 may be BASE.
+    |  mov CARG2, TAB:RB
+    |  mov CARG3d, RDd
+    |  mov L:RB, L:CARG1
+    |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+    |  call extern lj_tab_reasize       // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, int nasize)
+    |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+    |  movzx RAd, PC_RA                 // Restore RA.
+    |  movzx RDd, PC_RD                 // Restore RD.
+    |  jmp <1                           // Retry.
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for any value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:RB, RD
+    |  jmp <2
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Calls and vararg handling ----------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_CALL: case BC_CALLM:
+    |  ins_A_C  // RA = base, (RB = nresults+1,) RC = nargs+1 | extra_nargs
+    if (op == BC_CALLM) {
+      |  add NARGS:RDd, MULTRES
+    }
+    |  mov LFUNC:RB, [BASE+RA*8]
+    |  checkfunc LFUNC:RB, ->vmeta_call_ra
+    |  lea BASE, [BASE+RA*8+16]
+    |  ins_call
+    break;
+
+  case BC_CALLMT:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = base, RD = extra_nargs
+    |  add NARGS:RDd, MULTRES
+    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_CALLT follows and ins_AD is a no-op.
+    break;
+  case BC_CALLT:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = base, RD = nargs+1
+    |  lea RA, [BASE+RA*8+16]
+    |  mov KBASE, BASE                  // Use KBASE for move + vmeta_call hint.
+    |  mov LFUNC:RB, [RA-16]
+    |  checktp_nc LFUNC:RB, LJ_TFUNC, ->vmeta_call
+    |->BC_CALLT_Z:
+    |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+    |  test PCd, FRAME_TYPE
+    |  jnz >7
+    |1:
+    |  mov [BASE-16], LFUNC:RB          // Copy func+tag down, reloaded below.
+    |  mov MULTRES, NARGS:RDd
+    |  sub NARGS:RDd, 1
+    |  jz >3
+    |2:  // Move args down.
+    |  mov RB, [RA]
+    |  add RA, 8
+    |  mov [KBASE], RB
+    |  add KBASE, 8
+    |  sub NARGS:RDd, 1
+    |  jnz <2
+    |
+    |  mov LFUNC:RB, [BASE-16]
+    |3:
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:RB
+    |  mov NARGS:RDd, MULTRES
+    |  cmp byte LFUNC:RB->ffid, 1       // (> FF_C) Calling a fast function?
+    |  ja >5
+    |4:
+    |  ins_callt
+    |
+    |5:  // Tailcall to a fast function.
+    |  test PCd, FRAME_TYPE             // Lua frame below?
+    |  jnz <4
+    |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+    |  neg RA
+    |  mov LFUNC:KBASE, [BASE+RA*8-32]  // Need to prepare KBASE.
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:KBASE
+    |  mov KBASE, LFUNC:KBASE->pc
+    |  mov KBASE, [KBASE+PC2PROTO(k)]
+    |  jmp <4
+    |
+    |7:  // Tailcall from a vararg function.
+    |  sub PC, FRAME_VARG
+    |  test PCd, FRAME_TYPEP
+    |  jnz >8                           // Vararg frame below?
+    |  sub BASE, PC                     // Need to relocate BASE/KBASE down.
+    |  mov KBASE, BASE
+    |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+    |  jmp <1
+    |8:
+    |  add PCd, FRAME_VARG
+    |  jmp <1
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ITERC:
+    |  ins_A    // RA = base, (RB = nresults+1,) RC = nargs+1 (2+1)
+    |  lea RA, [BASE+RA*8+16]           // fb = base+2
+    |  mov RB, [RA-32]                  // Copy state. fb[0] = fb[-4].
+    |  mov RC, [RA-24]                  // Copy control var. fb[1] = fb[-3].
+    |  mov [RA], RB
+    |  mov [RA+8], RC
+    |  mov LFUNC:RB, [RA-40]            // Copy callable. fb[-2] = fb[-5]
+    |  mov [RA-16], LFUNC:RB
+    |  mov NARGS:RDd, 2+1               // Handle like a regular 2-arg call.
+    |  checkfunc LFUNC:RB, ->vmeta_call
+    |  mov BASE, RA
+    |  ins_call
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ITERN:
+    |.if JIT
+    |  hotloop RBd
+    |.endif
+    |->vm_IITERN:
+    |  ins_A    // RA = base, (RB = nresults+1, RC = nargs+1 (2+1))
+    |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE+RA*8-16]
+    |  cleartp TAB:RB
+    |  mov RCd, [BASE+RA*8-8]           // Get index from control var.
+    |  mov TMPRd, TAB:RB->asize
+    |  add PC, 4
+    |  mov ITYPE, TAB:RB->array
+    |1:  // Traverse array part.
+    |  cmp RCd, TMPRd; jae >5           // Index points after array part?
+    |  cmp aword [ITYPE+RC*8], LJ_TNIL; je >4
+    |.if not DUALNUM
+    |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RCd
+    |.endif
+    |  // Copy array slot to returned value.
+    |  mov RB, [ITYPE+RC*8]
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8+8], RB
+    |  // Return array index as a numeric key.
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  setint ITYPE, RC
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], ITYPE
+    |.else
+    |  movsd qword [BASE+RA*8], xmm0
+    |.endif
+    |  add RCd, 1
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8-8], RCd           // Update control var.
+    |2:
+    |  movzx RDd, PC_RD                 // Get target from ITERL.
+    |  branchPC RD
+    |3:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |4:  // Skip holes in array part.
+    |  add RCd, 1
+    |  jmp <1
+    |
+    |5:  // Traverse hash part.
+    |  sub RCd, TMPRd
+    |6:
+    |  cmp RCd, TAB:RB->hmask; ja <3    // End of iteration? Branch to ITERL+1.
+    |  imul ITYPEd, RCd, #NODE
+    |  add NODE:ITYPE, TAB:RB->node
+    |  cmp aword NODE:ITYPE->val, LJ_TNIL; je >7
+    |  lea TMPRd, [RCd+TMPRd+1]
+    |  // Copy key and value from hash slot.
+    |  mov RB, NODE:ITYPE->key
+    |  mov RC, NODE:ITYPE->val
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], RB
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8+8], RC
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8-8], TMPRd
+    |  jmp <2
+    |
+    |7:  // Skip holes in hash part.
+    |  add RCd, 1
+    |  jmp <6
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ISNEXT:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = base, RD = target (points to ITERN)
+    |  mov CFUNC:RB, [BASE+RA*8-24]
+    |  checkfunc CFUNC:RB, >5
+    |  checktptp [BASE+RA*8-16], LJ_TTAB, >5
+    |  cmp aword [BASE+RA*8-8], LJ_TNIL; jne >5
+    |  cmp byte CFUNC:RB->ffid, FF_next_N; jne >5
+    |  branchPC RD
+    |  mov64 TMPR, ((uint64_t)LJ_KEYINDEX << 32)
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8-8], TMPR          // Initialize control var.
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    |5:  // Despecialize bytecode if any of the checks fail.
+    |  mov PC_OP, BC_JMP
+    |  branchPC RD
+    |.if JIT
+    |  cmp byte [PC], BC_ITERN
+    |  jne >6
+    |.endif
+    |  mov byte [PC], BC_ITERC
+    |  jmp <1
+    |.if JIT
+    |6:  // Unpatch JLOOP.
+    |  mov RA, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_J(trace)]
+    |  movzx RCd, word [PC+2]
+    |  mov TRACE:RA, [RA+RC*8]
+    |  mov eax, TRACE:RA->startins
+    |  mov al, BC_ITERC
+    |  mov dword [PC], eax
+    |  jmp <1
+    |.endif
+    break;
+
+  case BC_VARG:
+    |  ins_ABC  // RA = base, RB = nresults+1, RC = numparams
+    |  lea TMPR, [BASE+RC*8+(16+FRAME_VARG)]
+    |  lea RA, [BASE+RA*8]
+    |  sub TMPR, [BASE-8]
+    |  // Note: TMPR may now be even _above_ BASE if nargs was < numparams.
+    |  test RB, RB
+    |  jz >5                            // Copy all varargs?
+    |  lea RB, [RA+RB*8-8]
+    |  cmp TMPR, BASE                   // No vararg slots?
+    |  jnb >2
+    |1:  // Copy vararg slots to destination slots.
+    |  mov RC, [TMPR-16]
+    |  add TMPR, 8
+    |  mov [RA], RC
+    |  add RA, 8
+    |  cmp RA, RB                       // All destination slots filled?
+    |  jnb >3
+    |  cmp TMPR, BASE                   // No more vararg slots?
+    |  jb <1
+    |2:  // Fill up remainder with nil.
+    |  mov aword [RA], LJ_TNIL
+    |  add RA, 8
+    |  cmp RA, RB
+    |  jb <2
+    |3:
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |5:  // Copy all varargs.
+    |  mov MULTRES, 1                   // MULTRES = 0+1
+    |  mov RC, BASE
+    |  sub RC, TMPR
+    |  jbe <3                           // No vararg slots?
+    |  mov RBd, RCd
+    |  shr RBd, 3
+    |  add RBd, 1
+    |  mov MULTRES, RBd                 // MULTRES = #varargs+1
+    |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+    |  add RC, RA
+    |  cmp RC, L:RB->maxstack
+    |  ja >7                            // Need to grow stack?
+    |6:  // Copy all vararg slots.
+    |  mov RC, [TMPR-16]
+    |  add TMPR, 8
+    |  mov [RA], RC
+    |  add RA, 8
+    |  cmp TMPR, BASE                   // No more vararg slots?
+    |  jb <6
+    |  jmp <3
+    |
+    |7:  // Grow stack for varargs.
+    |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+    |  mov L:RB->top, RA
+    |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+    |  sub TMPR, BASE                   // Need delta, because BASE may change.
+    |  mov TMP1hi, TMPRd
+    |  mov CARG2d, MULTRES
+    |  sub CARG2d, 1
+    |  mov CARG1, L:RB
+    |  call extern lj_state_growstack   // (lua_State *L, int n)
+    |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+    |  movsxd TMPR, TMP1hi
+    |  mov RA, L:RB->top
+    |  add TMPR, BASE
+    |  jmp <6
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Returns ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  case BC_RETM:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = results, RD = extra_nresults
+    |  add RDd, MULTRES                 // MULTRES >=1, so RD >=1.
+    |  // Fall through. Assumes BC_RET follows and ins_AD is a no-op.
+    break;
+
+  case BC_RET: case BC_RET0: case BC_RET1:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = results, RD = nresults+1
+    if (op != BC_RET0) {
+      |  shl RAd, 3
+    }
+    |1:
+    |  mov PC, [BASE-8]
+    |  mov MULTRES, RDd                 // Save nresults+1.
+    |  test PCd, FRAME_TYPE             // Check frame type marker.
+    |  jnz >7                           // Not returning to a fixarg Lua func?
+    switch (op) {
+    case BC_RET:
+      |->BC_RET_Z:
+      |  mov KBASE, BASE                // Use KBASE for result move.
+      |  sub RDd, 1
+      |  jz >3
+      |2:  // Move results down.
+      |  mov RB, [KBASE+RA]
+      |  mov [KBASE-16], RB
+      |  add KBASE, 8
+      |  sub RDd, 1
+      |  jnz <2
+      |3:
+      |  mov RDd, MULTRES               // Note: MULTRES may be >255.
+      |  movzx RBd, PC_RB               // So cannot compare with RDL!
+      |5:
+      |  cmp RBd, RDd                   // More results expected?
+      |  ja >6
+      break;
+    case BC_RET1:
+      |  mov RB, [BASE+RA]
+      |  mov [BASE-16], RB
+      /* fallthrough */
+    case BC_RET0:
+      |5:
+      |  cmp PC_RB, RDL                 // More results expected?
+      |  ja >6
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+    |  movzx RAd, PC_RA
+    |  neg RA
+    |  lea BASE, [BASE+RA*8-16]         // base = base - (RA+2)*8
+    |  mov LFUNC:KBASE, [BASE-16]
+    |  cleartp LFUNC:KBASE
+    |  mov KBASE, LFUNC:KBASE->pc
+    |  mov KBASE, [KBASE+PC2PROTO(k)]
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |6:  // Fill up results with nil.
+    if (op == BC_RET) {
+      |  mov aword [KBASE-16], LJ_TNIL  // Note: relies on shifted base.
+      |  add KBASE, 8
+    } else {
+      |  mov aword [BASE+RD*8-24], LJ_TNIL
+    }
+    |  add RD, 1
+    |  jmp <5
+    |
+    |7:  // Non-standard return case.
+    |  lea RB, [PC-FRAME_VARG]
+    |  test RBd, FRAME_TYPEP
+    |  jnz ->vm_return
+    |  // Return from vararg function: relocate BASE down and RA up.
+    |  sub BASE, RB
+    if (op != BC_RET0) {
+      |  add RA, RB
+    }
+    |  jmp <1
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Loops and branches ------------------------------------------------ */
+
+  |.define FOR_IDX,  [RA]
+  |.define FOR_STOP, [RA+8]
+  |.define FOR_STEP, [RA+16]
+  |.define FOR_EXT,  [RA+24]
+
+  case BC_FORL:
+    |.if JIT
+    |  hotloop RBd
+    |.endif
+    | // Fall through. Assumes BC_IFORL follows and ins_AJ is a no-op.
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JFORI:
+  case BC_JFORL:
+#if !LJ_HASJIT
+    break;
+#endif
+  case BC_FORI:
+  case BC_IFORL:
+    vk = (op == BC_IFORL || op == BC_JFORL);
+    |  ins_AJ   // RA = base, RD = target (after end of loop or start of loop)
+    |  lea RA, [BASE+RA*8]
+    if (LJ_DUALNUM) {
+      |  mov RB, FOR_IDX
+      |  checkint RB, >9
+      |  mov TMPR, FOR_STOP
+      if (!vk) {
+        |  checkint TMPR, ->vmeta_for
+        |  mov ITYPE, FOR_STEP
+        |  test ITYPEd, ITYPEd; js >5
+        |  sar ITYPE, 47;
+        |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TISNUM; jne ->vmeta_for
+      } else {
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+        |  checkinttp FOR_STOP, ->assert_bad_for_arg_type
+        |  checkinttp FOR_STEP, ->assert_bad_for_arg_type
+#endif
+        |  mov ITYPE, FOR_STEP
+        |  test ITYPEd, ITYPEd; js >5
+        |  add RBd, ITYPEd; jo >1
+        |  setint RB
+        |  mov FOR_IDX, RB
+      }
+      |  cmp RBd, TMPRd
+      |  mov FOR_EXT, RB
+      if (op == BC_FORI) {
+        |  jle >7
+        |1:
+        |6:
+        |  branchPC RD
+      } else if (op == BC_JFORI) {
+        |  branchPC RD
+        |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+        |  jle =>BC_JLOOP
+        |1:
+        |6:
+      } else if (op == BC_IFORL) {
+        |  jg >7
+        |6:
+        |  branchPC RD
+        |1:
+      } else {
+        |  jle =>BC_JLOOP
+        |1:
+        |6:
+      }
+      |7:
+      |  ins_next
+      |
+      |5:  // Invert check for negative step.
+      if (!vk) {
+        |  sar ITYPE, 47;
+        |  cmp ITYPEd, LJ_TISNUM; jne ->vmeta_for
+      } else {
+        |  add RBd, ITYPEd; jo <1
+        |  setint RB
+        |  mov FOR_IDX, RB
+      }
+      |  cmp RBd, TMPRd
+      |  mov FOR_EXT, RB
+      if (op == BC_FORI) {
+        |  jge <7
+      } else if (op == BC_JFORI) {
+        |  branchPC RD
+        |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+        |  jge =>BC_JLOOP
+      } else if (op == BC_IFORL) {
+        |  jl <7
+      } else {
+        |  jge =>BC_JLOOP
+      }
+      |  jmp <6
+      |9:  // Fallback to FP variant.
+      if (!vk) {
+        |  jae ->vmeta_for
+      }
+    } else if (!vk) {
+      |  checknumtp FOR_IDX, ->vmeta_for
+    }
+    if (!vk) {
+      |  checknumtp FOR_STOP, ->vmeta_for
+    } else {
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+      |  checknumtp FOR_STOP, ->assert_bad_for_arg_type
+      |  checknumtp FOR_STEP, ->assert_bad_for_arg_type
+#endif
+    }
+    |  mov RB, FOR_STEP
+    if (!vk) {
+      |  checknum RB, ->vmeta_for
+    }
+    |  movsd xmm0, qword FOR_IDX
+    |  movsd xmm1, qword FOR_STOP
+    if (vk) {
+      |  addsd xmm0, qword FOR_STEP
+      |  movsd qword FOR_IDX, xmm0
+      |  test RB, RB; js >3
+    } else {
+      |  jl >3
+    }
+    |  ucomisd xmm1, xmm0
+    |1:
+    |  movsd qword FOR_EXT, xmm0
+    if (op == BC_FORI) {
+      |.if DUALNUM
+      |  jnb <7
+      |.else
+      |  jnb >2
+      |  branchPC RD
+      |.endif
+    } else if (op == BC_JFORI) {
+      |  branchPC RD
+      |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+      |  jnb =>BC_JLOOP
+    } else if (op == BC_IFORL) {
+      |.if DUALNUM
+      |  jb <7
+      |.else
+      |  jb >2
+      |  branchPC RD
+      |.endif
+    } else {
+      |  jnb =>BC_JLOOP
+    }
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  jmp <6
+    |.else
+    |2:
+    |  ins_next
+    |.endif
+    |
+    |3:  // Invert comparison if step is negative.
+    |  ucomisd xmm0, xmm1
+    |  jmp <1
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ITERL:
+    |.if JIT
+    |  hotloop RBd
+    |.endif
+    | // Fall through. Assumes BC_IITERL follows and ins_AJ is a no-op.
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JITERL:
+#if !LJ_HASJIT
+    break;
+#endif
+  case BC_IITERL:
+    |  ins_AJ   // RA = base, RD = target
+    |  lea RA, [BASE+RA*8]
+    |  mov RB, [RA]
+    |  cmp RB, LJ_TNIL; je >1           // Stop if iterator returned nil.
+    if (op == BC_JITERL) {
+      |  mov [RA-8], RB
+      |  jmp =>BC_JLOOP
+    } else {
+      |  branchPC RD                    // Otherwise save control var + branch.
+      |  mov [RA-8], RB
+    }
+    |1:
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_LOOP:
+    |  ins_A    // RA = base, RD = target (loop extent)
+    |  // Note: RA/RD is only used by trace recorder to determine scope/extent
+    |  // This opcode does NOT jump, it's only purpose is to detect a hot loop.
+    |.if JIT
+    |  hotloop RBd
+    |.endif
+    | // Fall through. Assumes BC_ILOOP follows and ins_A is a no-op.
+    break;
+
+  case BC_ILOOP:
+    |  ins_A    // RA = base, RD = target (loop extent)
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JLOOP:
+    |.if JIT
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = base (ignored), RD = traceno
+    |  mov RA, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_J(trace)]
+    |  mov TRACE:RD, [RA+RD*8]
+    |  mov RD, TRACE:RD->mcode
+    |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+    |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)], BASE
+    |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.L)], L:RB
+    |  // Save additional callee-save registers only used in compiled code.
+    |.if X64WIN
+    |  mov CSAVE_4, r12
+    |  mov CSAVE_3, r13
+    |  mov CSAVE_2, r14
+    |  mov CSAVE_1, r15
+    |  mov RA, rsp
+    |  sub rsp, 10*16+4*8
+    |  movdqa [RA-1*16], xmm6
+    |  movdqa [RA-2*16], xmm7
+    |  movdqa [RA-3*16], xmm8
+    |  movdqa [RA-4*16], xmm9
+    |  movdqa [RA-5*16], xmm10
+    |  movdqa [RA-6*16], xmm11
+    |  movdqa [RA-7*16], xmm12
+    |  movdqa [RA-8*16], xmm13
+    |  movdqa [RA-9*16], xmm14
+    |  movdqa [RA-10*16], xmm15
+    |.else
+    |  sub rsp, 16
+    |  mov [rsp+16], r12
+    |  mov [rsp+8], r13
+    |.endif
+    |  jmp RD
+    |.endif
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JMP:
+    |  ins_AJ   // RA = unused, RD = target
+    |  branchPC RD
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
+  /* -- Function headers -------------------------------------------------- */
+
+   /*
+   ** Reminder: A function may be called with func/args above L->maxstack,
+   ** i.e. occupying EXTRA_STACK slots. And vmeta_call may add one extra slot,
+   ** too. This means all FUNC* ops (including fast functions) must check
+   ** for stack overflow _before_ adding more slots!
+   */
+
+  case BC_FUNCF:
+    |.if JIT
+    |  hotcall RBd
+    |.endif
+  case BC_FUNCV:  /* NYI: compiled vararg functions. */
+    | // Fall through. Assumes BC_IFUNCF/BC_IFUNCV follow and ins_AD is a no-op.
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JFUNCF:
+#if !LJ_HASJIT
+    break;
+#endif
+  case BC_IFUNCF:
+    |  ins_AD  // BASE = new base, RA = framesize, RD = nargs+1
+    |  mov KBASE, [PC-4+PC2PROTO(k)]
+    |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+    |  lea RA, [BASE+RA*8]              // Top of frame.
+    |  cmp RA, L:RB->maxstack
+    |  ja ->vm_growstack_f
+    |  movzx RAd, byte [PC-4+PC2PROTO(numparams)]
+    |  cmp NARGS:RDd, RAd               // Check for missing parameters.
+    |  jbe >3
+    |2:
+    if (op == BC_JFUNCF) {
+      |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+      |  jmp =>BC_JLOOP
+    } else {
+      |  ins_next
+    }
+    |
+    |3:  // Clear missing parameters.
+    |  mov aword [BASE+NARGS:RD*8-8], LJ_TNIL
+    |  add NARGS:RDd, 1
+    |  cmp NARGS:RDd, RAd
+    |  jbe <3
+    |  jmp <2
+    break;
+
+  case BC_JFUNCV:
+#if !LJ_HASJIT
+    break;
+#endif
+    | int3  // NYI: compiled vararg functions
+    break;  /* NYI: compiled vararg functions. */
+
+  case BC_IFUNCV:
+    |  ins_AD  // BASE = new base, RA = framesize, RD = nargs+1
+    |  lea RBd, [NARGS:RD*8+FRAME_VARG+8]
+    |  lea RD, [BASE+NARGS:RD*8+8]
+    |  mov LFUNC:KBASE, [BASE-16]
+    |  mov [RD-8], RB                   // Store delta + FRAME_VARG.
+    |  mov [RD-16], LFUNC:KBASE         // Store copy of LFUNC.
+    |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+    |  lea RA, [RD+RA*8]
+    |  cmp RA, L:RB->maxstack
+    |  ja ->vm_growstack_v              // Need to grow stack.
+    |  mov RA, BASE
+    |  mov BASE, RD
+    |  movzx RBd, byte [PC-4+PC2PROTO(numparams)]
+    |  test RBd, RBd
+    |  jz >2
+    |  add RA, 8
+    |1:  // Copy fixarg slots up to new frame.
+    |  add RA, 8
+    |  cmp RA, BASE
+    |  jnb >3                           // Less args than parameters?
+    |  mov KBASE, [RA-16]
+    |  mov [RD], KBASE
+    |  add RD, 8
+    |  mov aword [RA-16], LJ_TNIL       // Clear old fixarg slot (help the GC).
+    |  sub RBd, 1
+    |  jnz <1
+    |2:
+    if (op == BC_JFUNCV) {
+      |  movzx RDd, PC_RD
+      |  jmp =>BC_JLOOP
+    } else {
+      |  mov KBASE, [PC-4+PC2PROTO(k)]
+      |  ins_next
+    }
+    |
+    |3:  // Clear missing parameters.
+    |  mov aword [RD], LJ_TNIL
+    |  add RD, 8
+    |  sub RBd, 1
+    |  jnz <3
+    |  jmp <2
+    break;
+
+  case BC_FUNCC:
+  case BC_FUNCCW:
+    |  ins_AD  // BASE = new base, RA = ins RA|RD (unused), RD = nargs+1
+    |  mov CFUNC:RB, [BASE-16]
+    |  cleartp CFUNC:RB
+    |  mov KBASE, CFUNC:RB->f
+    |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+    |  lea RD, [BASE+NARGS:RD*8-8]
+    |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+    |  lea RA, [RD+8*LUA_MINSTACK]
+    |  cmp RA, L:RB->maxstack
+    |  mov L:RB->top, RD
+    if (op == BC_FUNCC) {
+      |  mov CARG1, L:RB                // Caveat: CARG1 may be RA.
+    } else {
+      |  mov CARG2, KBASE
+      |  mov CARG1, L:RB                // Caveat: CARG1 may be RA.
+    }
+    |  ja ->vm_growstack_c              // Need to grow stack.
+    |  set_vmstate C
+    if (op == BC_FUNCC) {
+      |  call KBASE                     // (lua_State *L)
+    } else {
+      |  // (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f)
+      |  call aword [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(wrapf)]
+    }
+    |  // nresults returned in eax (RD).
+    |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+    |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)], L:RB
+    |  set_vmstate INTERP
+    |  lea RA, [BASE+RD*8]
+    |  neg RA
+    |  add RA, L:RB->top                // RA = (L->top-(L->base+nresults))*8
+    |  mov PC, [BASE-8]                 // Fetch PC of caller.
+    |  jmp ->vm_returnc
+    break;
+
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  default:
+    fprintf(stderr, "Error: undefined opcode BC_%s\n", bc_names[op]);
+    exit(2);
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+static int build_backend(BuildCtx *ctx)
+{
+  int op;
+  dasm_growpc(Dst, BC__MAX);
+  build_subroutines(ctx);
+  |.code_op
+  for (op = 0; op < BC__MAX; op++)
+    build_ins(ctx, (BCOp)op, op);
+  return BC__MAX;
+}
+
+/* Emit pseudo frame-info for all assembler functions. */
+static void emit_asm_debug(BuildCtx *ctx)
+{
+  int fcofs = (int)((uint8_t *)ctx->glob[GLOB_vm_ffi_call] - ctx->code);
+  switch (ctx->mode) {
+  case BUILD_elfasm:
+    fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.section .debug_frame,\"\",@progbits\n");
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        ".Lframe0:\n"
+        "\t.long .LECIE0-.LSCIE0\n"
+        ".LSCIE0:\n"
+        "\t.long 0xffffffff\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x1\n"
+        "\t.string \"\"\n"
+        "\t.uleb128 0x1\n"
+        "\t.sleb128 -8\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x10\n"
+        "\t.byte 0xc\n\t.uleb128 0x7\n\t.uleb128 8\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x80+0x10\n\t.uleb128 0x1\n"
+        "\t.align 8\n"
+        ".LECIE0:\n\n");
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        ".LSFDE0:\n"
+        "\t.long .LEFDE0-.LASFDE0\n"
+        ".LASFDE0:\n"
+        "\t.long .Lframe0\n"
+        "\t.quad .Lbegin\n"
+        "\t.quad %d\n"
+        "\t.byte 0xe\n\t.uleb128 %d\n"          /* def_cfa_offset */
+        "\t.byte 0x86\n\t.uleb128 0x2\n"        /* offset rbp */
+        "\t.byte 0x83\n\t.uleb128 0x3\n"        /* offset rbx */
+        "\t.byte 0x8f\n\t.uleb128 0x4\n"        /* offset r15 */
+        "\t.byte 0x8e\n\t.uleb128 0x5\n"        /* offset r14 */
+#if LJ_NO_UNWIND
+        "\t.byte 0x8d\n\t.uleb128 0x6\n"        /* offset r13 */
+        "\t.byte 0x8c\n\t.uleb128 0x7\n"        /* offset r12 */
+#endif
+        "\t.align 8\n"
+        ".LEFDE0:\n\n", fcofs, CFRAME_SIZE);
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        ".LSFDE1:\n"
+        "\t.long .LEFDE1-.LASFDE1\n"
+        ".LASFDE1:\n"
+        "\t.long .Lframe0\n"
+        "\t.quad lj_vm_ffi_call\n"
+        "\t.quad %d\n"
+        "\t.byte 0xe\n\t.uleb128 16\n"          /* def_cfa_offset */
+        "\t.byte 0x86\n\t.uleb128 0x2\n"        /* offset rbp */
+        "\t.byte 0xd\n\t.uleb128 0x6\n"         /* def_cfa_register rbp */
+        "\t.byte 0x83\n\t.uleb128 0x3\n"        /* offset rbx */
+        "\t.align 8\n"
+        ".LEFDE1:\n\n", (int)ctx->codesz - fcofs);
+#endif
+#if !LJ_NO_UNWIND
+#if LJ_TARGET_SOLARIS
+    fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.section .eh_frame,\"a\",@unwind\n");
+#else
+    fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.section .eh_frame,\"a\",@progbits\n");
+#endif
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        ".Lframe1:\n"
+        "\t.long .LECIE1-.LSCIE1\n"
+        ".LSCIE1:\n"
+        "\t.long 0\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x1\n"
+        "\t.string \"zPR\"\n"
+        "\t.uleb128 0x1\n"
+        "\t.sleb128 -8\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x10\n"
+        "\t.uleb128 6\n"                        /* augmentation length */
+        "\t.byte 0x1b\n"                        /* pcrel|sdata4 */
+        "\t.long lj_err_unwind_dwarf-.\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x1b\n"                        /* pcrel|sdata4 */
+        "\t.byte 0xc\n\t.uleb128 0x7\n\t.uleb128 8\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x80+0x10\n\t.uleb128 0x1\n"
+        "\t.align 8\n"
+        ".LECIE1:\n\n");
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        ".LSFDE2:\n"
+        "\t.long .LEFDE2-.LASFDE2\n"
+        ".LASFDE2:\n"
+        "\t.long .LASFDE2-.Lframe1\n"
+        "\t.long .Lbegin-.\n"
+        "\t.long %d\n"
+        "\t.uleb128 0\n"                        /* augmentation length */
+        "\t.byte 0xe\n\t.uleb128 %d\n"          /* def_cfa_offset */
+        "\t.byte 0x86\n\t.uleb128 0x2\n"        /* offset rbp */
+        "\t.byte 0x83\n\t.uleb128 0x3\n"        /* offset rbx */
+        "\t.byte 0x8f\n\t.uleb128 0x4\n"        /* offset r15 */
+        "\t.byte 0x8e\n\t.uleb128 0x5\n"        /* offset r14 */
+        "\t.align 8\n"
+        ".LEFDE2:\n\n", fcofs, CFRAME_SIZE);
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        ".Lframe2:\n"
+        "\t.long .LECIE2-.LSCIE2\n"
+        ".LSCIE2:\n"
+        "\t.long 0\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x1\n"
+        "\t.string \"zR\"\n"
+        "\t.uleb128 0x1\n"
+        "\t.sleb128 -8\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x10\n"
+        "\t.uleb128 1\n"                        /* augmentation length */
+        "\t.byte 0x1b\n"                        /* pcrel|sdata4 */
+        "\t.byte 0xc\n\t.uleb128 0x7\n\t.uleb128 8\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x80+0x10\n\t.uleb128 0x1\n"
+        "\t.align 8\n"
+        ".LECIE2:\n\n");
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        ".LSFDE3:\n"
+        "\t.long .LEFDE3-.LASFDE3\n"
+        ".LASFDE3:\n"
+        "\t.long .LASFDE3-.Lframe2\n"
+        "\t.long lj_vm_ffi_call-.\n"
+        "\t.long %d\n"
+        "\t.uleb128 0\n"                        /* augmentation length */
+        "\t.byte 0xe\n\t.uleb128 16\n"          /* def_cfa_offset */
+        "\t.byte 0x86\n\t.uleb128 0x2\n"        /* offset rbp */
+        "\t.byte 0xd\n\t.uleb128 0x6\n"         /* def_cfa_register rbp */
+        "\t.byte 0x83\n\t.uleb128 0x3\n"        /* offset rbx */
+        "\t.align 8\n"
+        ".LEFDE3:\n\n", (int)ctx->codesz - fcofs);
+#endif
+#endif
+    break;
+#if !LJ_NO_UNWIND
+  /* Mental note: never let Apple design an assembler.
+  ** Or a linker. Or a plastic case. But I digress.
+  */
+  case BUILD_machasm: {
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+    int fcsize = 0;
+#endif
+    int i;
+    fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.section __TEXT,__eh_frame,coalesced,no_toc+strip_static_syms+live_support\n");
+    fprintf(ctx->fp,
+        "EH_frame1:\n"
+        "\t.set L$set$x,LECIEX-LSCIEX\n"
+        "\t.long L$set$x\n"
+        "LSCIEX:\n"
+        "\t.long 0\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x1\n"
+        "\t.ascii \"zPR\\0\"\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x1\n"
+        "\t.byte 128-8\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x10\n"
+        "\t.byte 6\n"                           /* augmentation length */
+        "\t.byte 0x9b\n"                        /* indirect|pcrel|sdata4 */
+        "\t.long _lj_err_unwind_dwarf+4@GOTPCREL\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x1b\n"                        /* pcrel|sdata4 */
+        "\t.byte 0xc\n\t.byte 0x7\n\t.byte 8\n"
+        "\t.byte 0x80+0x10\n\t.byte 0x1\n"
+        "\t.align 3\n"
+        "LECIEX:\n\n");
+    for (i = 0; i < ctx->nsym; i++) {
+      const char *name = ctx->sym[i].name;
+      int32_t size = ctx->sym[i+1].ofs - ctx->sym[i].ofs;
+      if (size == 0) continue;
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+      if (!strcmp(name, "_lj_vm_ffi_call")) { fcsize = size; continue; }
+#endif
+      fprintf(ctx->fp,
+          "%s.eh:\n"
+          "LSFDE%d:\n"
+          "\t.set L$set$%d,LEFDE%d-LASFDE%d\n"
+          "\t.long L$set$%d\n"
+          "LASFDE%d:\n"
+          "\t.long LASFDE%d-EH_frame1\n"
+          "\t.long %s-.\n"
+          "\t.long %d\n"
+          "\t.byte 0\n"                         /* augmentation length */
+          "\t.byte 0xe\n\t.byte %d\n"           /* def_cfa_offset */
+          "\t.byte 0x86\n\t.byte 0x2\n"         /* offset rbp */
+          "\t.byte 0x83\n\t.byte 0x3\n"         /* offset rbx */
+          "\t.byte 0x8f\n\t.byte 0x4\n"         /* offset r15 */
+          "\t.byte 0x8e\n\t.byte 0x5\n"         /* offset r14 */
+          "\t.align 3\n"
+          "LEFDE%d:\n\n",
+          name, i, i, i, i, i, i, i, name, size, CFRAME_SIZE, i);
+    }
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+    if (fcsize) {
+      fprintf(ctx->fp,
+          "EH_frame2:\n"
+          "\t.set L$set$y,LECIEY-LSCIEY\n"
+          "\t.long L$set$y\n"
+          "LSCIEY:\n"
+          "\t.long 0\n"
+          "\t.byte 0x1\n"
+          "\t.ascii \"zR\\0\"\n"
+          "\t.byte 0x1\n"
+          "\t.byte 128-8\n"
+          "\t.byte 0x10\n"
+          "\t.byte 1\n"                         /* augmentation length */
+          "\t.byte 0x1b\n"                      /* pcrel|sdata4 */
+          "\t.byte 0xc\n\t.byte 0x7\n\t.byte 8\n"
+          "\t.byte 0x80+0x10\n\t.byte 0x1\n"
+          "\t.align 3\n"
+          "LECIEY:\n\n");
+      fprintf(ctx->fp,
+          "_lj_vm_ffi_call.eh:\n"
+          "LSFDEY:\n"
+          "\t.set L$set$yy,LEFDEY-LASFDEY\n"
+          "\t.long L$set$yy\n"
+          "LASFDEY:\n"
+          "\t.long LASFDEY-EH_frame2\n"
+          "\t.long _lj_vm_ffi_call-.\n"
+          "\t.long %d\n"
+          "\t.byte 0\n"                         /* augmentation length */
+          "\t.byte 0xe\n\t.byte 16\n"           /* def_cfa_offset */
+          "\t.byte 0x86\n\t.byte 0x2\n"         /* offset rbp */
+          "\t.byte 0xd\n\t.byte 0x6\n"          /* def_cfa_register rbp */
+          "\t.byte 0x83\n\t.byte 0x3\n"         /* offset rbx */
+          "\t.align 3\n"
+          "LEFDEY:\n\n", fcsize);
+    }
+#endif
+    fprintf(ctx->fp, ".subsections_via_symbols\n");
+    }
+    break;
+#endif
+  default:  /* Difficult for other modes. */
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
diff --git a/src/vm_x86.dasc b/src/vm_x86.dasc
index 5b3356dc..bda9d7d7 100644
--- a/src/vm_x86.dasc
+++ b/src/vm_x86.dasc
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 |
 |.if P64
 |.define X64, 1
-|.define SSE, 1
 |.if WIN
 |.define X64WIN, 1
 |.endif
@@ -116,24 +115,74 @@
 |.type NODE,            Node
 |.type NARGS,           int
 |.type TRACE,           GCtrace
+|.type SBUF,            SBuf
 |
 |// Stack layout while in interpreter. Must match with lj_frame.h.
 |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |.if not X64            // x86 stack layout.
 |
-|.define CFRAME_SPACE,  aword*7                 // Delta for esp (see <--).
+|.if WIN
+|
+|.define CFRAME_SPACE,  aword*9                 // Delta for esp (see <--).
 |.macro saveregs_
 |  push edi; push esi; push ebx
+|  push extern lj_err_unwind_win
+|  fs; push dword [0]
+|  fs; mov [0], esp
 |  sub esp, CFRAME_SPACE
 |.endmacro
-|.macro saveregs
-|  push ebp; saveregs_
+|.macro restoreregs
+|  add esp, CFRAME_SPACE
+|  fs; pop dword [0]
+|  pop edi      // Short for esp += 4.
+|  pop ebx; pop esi; pop edi; pop ebp
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.else
+|
+|.define CFRAME_SPACE,  aword*7                 // Delta for esp (see <--).
+|.macro saveregs_
+|  push edi; push esi; push ebx
+|  sub esp, CFRAME_SPACE
 |.endmacro
 |.macro restoreregs
 |  add esp, CFRAME_SPACE
 |  pop ebx; pop esi; pop edi; pop ebp
 |.endmacro
 |
+|.endif
+|
+|.macro saveregs
+|  push ebp; saveregs_
+|.endmacro
+|
+|.if WIN
+|.define SAVE_ERRF,     aword [esp+aword*19]    // vm_pcall/vm_cpcall only.
+|.define SAVE_NRES,     aword [esp+aword*18]
+|.define SAVE_CFRAME,   aword [esp+aword*17]
+|.define SAVE_L,        aword [esp+aword*16]
+|//----- 16 byte aligned, ^^^ arguments from C caller
+|.define SAVE_RET,      aword [esp+aword*15]    //<-- esp entering interpreter.
+|.define SAVE_R4,       aword [esp+aword*14]
+|.define SAVE_R3,       aword [esp+aword*13]
+|.define SAVE_R2,       aword [esp+aword*12]
+|//----- 16 byte aligned
+|.define SAVE_R1,       aword [esp+aword*11]
+|.define SEH_FUNC,      aword [esp+aword*10]
+|.define SEH_NEXT,      aword [esp+aword*9]     //<-- esp after register saves.
+|.define UNUSED2,       aword [esp+aword*8]
+|//----- 16 byte aligned
+|.define UNUSED1,       aword [esp+aword*7]
+|.define SAVE_PC,       aword [esp+aword*6]
+|.define TMP2,          aword [esp+aword*5]
+|.define TMP1,          aword [esp+aword*4]
+|//----- 16 byte aligned
+|.define ARG4,          aword [esp+aword*3]
+|.define ARG3,          aword [esp+aword*2]
+|.define ARG2,          aword [esp+aword*1]
+|.define ARG1,          aword [esp]             //<-- esp while in interpreter.
+|//----- 16 byte aligned, ^^^ arguments for C callee
+|.else
 |.define SAVE_ERRF,     aword [esp+aword*15]    // vm_pcall/vm_cpcall only.
 |.define SAVE_NRES,     aword [esp+aword*14]
 |.define SAVE_CFRAME,   aword [esp+aword*13]
@@ -154,6 +203,7 @@
 |.define ARG2,          aword [esp+aword*1]
 |.define ARG1,          aword [esp]             //<-- esp while in interpreter.
 |//----- 16 byte aligned, ^^^ arguments for C callee
+|.endif
 |
 |// FPARGx overlaps ARGx and ARG(x+1) on x86.
 |.define FPARG3,        qword [esp+qword*1]
@@ -389,7 +439,6 @@
 |  fpop
 |.endmacro
 |
-|.macro fdup; fld st0; .endmacro
 |.macro fpop1; fstp st1; .endmacro
 |
 |// Synthesize SSE FP constants.
@@ -552,6 +601,10 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.else
   |  mov eax, FCARG2                    // Error return status for vm_pcall.
   |  mov esp, FCARG1
+  |.if WIN
+  |  lea FCARG1, SEH_NEXT
+  |  fs; mov [0], FCARG1
+  |.endif
   |.endif
   |->vm_unwind_c_eh:                    // Landing pad for external unwinder.
   |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
@@ -575,6 +628,10 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.else
   |  and FCARG1, CFRAME_RAWMASK
   |  mov esp, FCARG1
+  |.if WIN
+  |  lea FCARG1, SEH_NEXT
+  |  fs; mov [0], FCARG1
+  |.endif
   |.endif
   |->vm_unwind_ff_eh:                   // Landing pad for external unwinder.
   |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
@@ -588,6 +645,19 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  set_vmstate INTERP
   |  jmp ->vm_returnc                   // Increments RD/MULTRES and returns.
   |
+  |.if WIN and not X64
+  |->vm_rtlunwind@16:                   // Thin layer around RtlUnwind.
+  |  // (void *cframe, void *excptrec, void *unwinder, int errcode)
+  |  mov [esp], FCARG1                  // Return value for RtlUnwind.
+  |  push FCARG2                        // Exception record for RtlUnwind.
+  |  push 0                             // Ignored by RtlUnwind.
+  |  push dword [FCARG1+CFRAME_OFS_SEH]
+  |  call extern RtlUnwind@16           // Violates ABI (clobbers too much).
+  |  mov FCARG1, eax
+  |  mov FCARG2, [esp+4]                // errcode (for vm_unwind_c).
+  |  ret                                // Jump to unwinder.
+  |.endif
+  |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |//-- Grow stack for calls -----------------------------------------------
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -643,17 +713,18 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  lea KBASEa, [esp+CFRAME_RESUME]
   |  mov DISPATCH, L:RB->glref          // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
   |  add DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
-  |  mov L:RB->cframe, KBASEa
   |  mov SAVE_PC, RD                    // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
   |  mov SAVE_CFRAME, RDa
   |.if X64
   |  mov SAVE_NRES, RD
   |  mov SAVE_ERRF, RD
   |.endif
+  |  mov L:RB->cframe, KBASEa
   |  cmp byte L:RB->status, RDL
-  |  je >3                              // Initial resume (like a call).
+  |  je >2                              // Initial resume (like a call).
   |
   |  // Resume after yield (like a return).
+  |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)], L:RB
   |  set_vmstate INTERP
   |  mov byte L:RB->status, RDL
   |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
@@ -693,20 +764,19 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov RA, INARG_BASE                 // Caveat: overlaps SAVE_CFRAME!
   |.endif
   |
+  |  mov DISPATCH, L:RB->glref          // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
   |  mov KBASEa, L:RB->cframe           // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
   |  mov SAVE_CFRAME, KBASEa
   |  mov SAVE_PC, L:RB                  // Any value outside of bytecode is ok.
+  |  add DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
   |.if X64
   |  mov L:RB->cframe, rsp
   |.else
   |  mov L:RB->cframe, esp
   |.endif
   |
-  |2:  // Entry point for vm_cpcall below (RA = base, RB = L, PC = ftype).
-  |  mov DISPATCH, L:RB->glref          // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
-  |  add DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
-  |
-  |3:  // Entry point for vm_resume above (RA = base, RB = L, PC = ftype).
+  |2:  // Entry point for vm_resume/vm_cpcall (RA = base, RB = L, PC = ftype).
+  |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)], L:RB
   |  set_vmstate INTERP
   |  mov BASE, L:RB->base               // BASE = old base (used in vmeta_call).
   |  add PC, RA
@@ -744,14 +814,17 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |
   |  mov KBASE, L:RB->stack             // Compute -savestack(L, L->top).
   |  sub KBASE, L:RB->top
+  |   mov DISPATCH, L:RB->glref         // Setup pointer to dispatch table.
   |  mov SAVE_ERRF, 0                   // No error function.
   |  mov SAVE_NRES, KBASE               // Neg. delta means cframe w/o frame.
+  |   add DISPATCH, GG_G2DISP
   |  // Handler may change cframe_nres(L->cframe) or cframe_errfunc(L->cframe).
   |
   |.if X64
   |  mov KBASEa, L:RB->cframe           // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
   |  mov SAVE_CFRAME, KBASEa
   |  mov L:RB->cframe, rsp
+  |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)], L:RB
   |
   |  call CARG4                 // (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud)
   |.else
@@ -762,6 +835,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov KBASE, L:RB->cframe            // Add our C frame to cframe chain.
   |  mov SAVE_CFRAME, KBASE
   |  mov L:RB->cframe, esp
+  |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)], L:RB
   |
   |  call BASE                  // (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud)
   |.endif
@@ -869,13 +943,9 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.if DUALNUM
   |  mov TMP2, LJ_TISNUM
   |  mov TMP1, RC
-  |.elif SSE
+  |.else
   |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RC
   |  movsd TMPQ, xmm0
-  |.else
-  |  mov ARG4, RC
-  |  fild ARG4
-  |  fstp TMPQ
   |.endif
   |  lea RCa, TMPQ                      // Store temp. TValue in TMPQ.
   |  jmp >1
@@ -929,6 +999,19 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov NARGS:RD, 2+1                  // 2 args for func(t, k).
   |  jmp ->vm_call_dispatch_f
   |
+  |->vmeta_tgetr:
+  |  mov FCARG1, TAB:RB
+  |  mov RB, BASE                       // Save BASE.
+  |  mov FCARG2, RC                     // Caveat: FCARG2 == BASE
+  |  call extern lj_tab_getinth@8       // (GCtab *t, int32_t key)
+  |  // cTValue * or NULL returned in eax (RC).
+  |  movzx RA, PC_RA
+  |  mov BASE, RB                       // Restore BASE.
+  |  test RC, RC
+  |  jnz ->BC_TGETR_Z
+  |  mov dword [BASE+RA*8+4], LJ_TNIL
+  |  jmp ->BC_TGETR2_Z
+  |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |
   |->vmeta_tsets:
@@ -948,13 +1031,9 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.if DUALNUM
   |  mov TMP2, LJ_TISNUM
   |  mov TMP1, RC
-  |.elif SSE
+  |.else
   |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RC
   |  movsd TMPQ, xmm0
-  |.else
-  |  mov ARG4, RC
-  |  fild ARG4
-  |  fstp TMPQ
   |.endif
   |  lea RCa, TMPQ                      // Store temp. TValue in TMPQ.
   |  jmp >1
@@ -1020,6 +1099,33 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov NARGS:RD, 3+1                  // 3 args for func(t, k, v).
   |  jmp ->vm_call_dispatch_f
   |
+  |->vmeta_tsetr:
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |  mov L:CARG1d, SAVE_L
+  |  mov CARG3d, RC
+  |  mov L:CARG1d->base, BASE
+  |  xchg CARG2d, TAB:RB                // Caveat: CARG2d == BASE.
+  |.elif X64
+  |  mov L:CARG1d, SAVE_L
+  |  mov CARG2d, TAB:RB
+  |  mov L:CARG1d->base, BASE
+  |  mov RB, BASE                       // Save BASE.
+  |  mov CARG3d, RC                     // Caveat: CARG3d == BASE.
+  |.else
+  |  mov L:RA, SAVE_L
+  |  mov ARG2, TAB:RB
+  |  mov RB, BASE                       // Save BASE.
+  |  mov ARG3, RC
+  |  mov ARG1, L:RA
+  |  mov L:RA->base, BASE
+  |.endif
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  call extern lj_tab_setinth  // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, int32_t key)
+  |  // TValue * returned in eax (RC).
+  |  movzx RA, PC_RA
+  |  mov BASE, RB                       // Restore BASE.
+  |  jmp ->BC_TSETR_Z
+  |
   |//-- Comparison metamethods ---------------------------------------------
   |
   |->vmeta_comp:
@@ -1114,6 +1220,26 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  jmp <3
   |.endif
   |
+  |->vmeta_istype:
+  |.if X64
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE               // Caveat: CARG2d/CARG3d may be BASE.
+  |  mov CARG2d, RA
+  |  movzx CARG3d, PC_RD
+  |  mov L:CARG1d, L:RB
+  |.else
+  |  movzx RD, PC_RD
+  |  mov ARG2, RA
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov ARG3, RD
+  |  mov ARG1, L:RB
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |.endif
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  call extern lj_meta_istype  // (lua_State *L, BCReg ra, BCReg tp)
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  jmp <6
+  |
   |//-- Arithmetic metamethods ---------------------------------------------
   |
   |->vmeta_arith_vno:
@@ -1290,19 +1416,6 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  cmp NARGS:RD, 2+1;  jb ->fff_fallback
   |.endmacro
   |
-  |.macro .ffunc_n, name
-  |  .ffunc_1 name
-  |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TISNUM;  jae ->fff_fallback
-  |  fld qword [BASE]
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |.macro .ffunc_n, name, op
-  |  .ffunc_1 name
-  |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TISNUM;  jae ->fff_fallback
-  |  op
-  |  fld qword [BASE]
-  |.endmacro
-  |
   |.macro .ffunc_nsse, name, op
   |  .ffunc_1 name
   |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TISNUM;  jae ->fff_fallback
@@ -1313,14 +1426,6 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  .ffunc_nsse name, movsd
   |.endmacro
   |
-  |.macro .ffunc_nn, name
-  |  .ffunc_2 name
-  |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TISNUM;  jae ->fff_fallback
-  |  cmp dword [BASE+12], LJ_TISNUM;  jae ->fff_fallback
-  |  fld qword [BASE]
-  |  fld qword [BASE+8]
-  |.endmacro
-  |
   |.macro .ffunc_nnsse, name
   |  .ffunc_2 name
   |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TISNUM;  jae ->fff_fallback
@@ -1418,7 +1523,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov dword [BASE-4], LJ_TTAB        // Store metatable as default result.
   |  mov [BASE-8], TAB:RB
   |  mov RA, TAB:RB->hmask
-  |  and RA, STR:RC->hash
+  |  and RA, STR:RC->sid
   |  imul RA, #NODE
   |  add NODE:RA, TAB:RB->node
   |3:  // Rearranged logic, because we expect _not_ to find the key.
@@ -1526,11 +1631,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.else
   |  jae ->fff_fallback
   |.endif
-  |.if SSE
   |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE]; jmp ->fff_resxmm0
-  |.else
-  |  fld qword [BASE]; jmp ->fff_resn
-  |.endif
   |
   |.ffunc_1 tostring
   |  // Only handles the string or number case inline.
@@ -1555,9 +1656,9 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.endif
   |  mov L:FCARG1, L:RB
   |.if DUALNUM
-  |  call extern lj_str_fromnumber@8    // (lua_State *L, cTValue *o)
+  |  call extern lj_strfmt_number@8     // (lua_State *L, cTValue *o)
   |.else
-  |  call extern lj_str_fromnum@8       // (lua_State *L, lua_Number *np)
+  |  call extern lj_strfmt_num@8        // (lua_State *L, lua_Number *np)
   |.endif
   |  // GCstr returned in eax (RD).
   |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
@@ -1569,55 +1670,35 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  je >2                              // Missing 2nd arg?
   |1:
   |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TTAB;  jne ->fff_fallback
-  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
-  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE               // Add frame since C call can throw.
-  |  mov L:RB->top, BASE                // Dummy frame length is ok.
   |  mov PC, [BASE-4]
+  |  mov RB, BASE                       // Save BASE.
   |.if X64WIN
-  |  lea CARG3d, [BASE+8]
-  |  mov CARG2d, [BASE]                 // Caveat: CARG2d == BASE.
-  |  mov CARG1d, L:RB
+  |  mov CARG1d, [BASE]
+  |  lea CARG3d, [BASE-8]
+  |  lea CARG2d, [BASE+8]               // Caveat: CARG2d == BASE.
   |.elif X64
-  |  mov CARG2d, [BASE]
-  |  lea CARG3d, [BASE+8]               // Caveat: CARG3d == BASE.
-  |  mov CARG1d, L:RB
+  |  mov CARG1d, [BASE]
+  |  lea CARG2d, [BASE+8]
+  |  lea CARG3d, [BASE-8]               // Caveat: CARG3d == BASE.
   |.else
   |  mov TAB:RD, [BASE]
-  |  mov ARG2, TAB:RD
-  |  mov ARG1, L:RB
+  |  mov ARG1, TAB:RD
   |  add BASE, 8
+  |  mov ARG2, BASE
+  |  sub BASE, 8+8
   |  mov ARG3, BASE
   |.endif
-  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC                    // Needed for ITERN fallback.
-  |  call extern lj_tab_next    // (lua_State *L, GCtab *t, TValue *key)
-  |  // Flag returned in eax (RD).
-  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
-  |  test RD, RD;  jz >3                // End of traversal?
-  |  // Copy key and value to results.
-  |.if X64
-  |  mov RBa, [BASE+8]
-  |  mov RDa, [BASE+16]
-  |  mov [BASE-8], RBa
-  |  mov [BASE], RDa
-  |.else
-  |  mov RB, [BASE+8]
-  |  mov RD, [BASE+12]
-  |  mov [BASE-8], RB
-  |  mov [BASE-4], RD
-  |  mov RB, [BASE+16]
-  |  mov RD, [BASE+20]
-  |  mov [BASE], RB
-  |  mov [BASE+4], RD
-  |.endif
-  |->fff_res2:
-  |  mov RD, 1+2
-  |  jmp ->fff_res
+  |  call extern lj_tab_next            // (GCtab *t, cTValue *key, TValue *o)
+  |  // 1=found, 0=end, -1=error returned in eax (RD).
+  |  mov BASE, RB                       // Restore BASE.
+  |  test RD, RD;  jg ->fff_res2        // Found key/value.
+  |  js ->fff_fallback_2                // Invalid key.
+  |  // End of traversal: return nil.
+  |  mov dword [BASE-4], LJ_TNIL
+  |  jmp ->fff_res1
   |2:  // Set missing 2nd arg to nil.
   |  mov dword [BASE+12], LJ_TNIL
   |  jmp <1
-  |3:  // End of traversal: return nil.
-  |  mov dword [BASE-4], LJ_TNIL
-  |  jmp ->fff_res1
   |
   |.ffunc_1 pairs
   |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE]
@@ -1648,19 +1729,12 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  add RD, 1
   |  mov dword [BASE-4], LJ_TISNUM
   |  mov dword [BASE-8], RD
-  |.elif SSE
+  |.else
   |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE+8]
   |  sseconst_1 xmm1, RBa
   |  addsd xmm0, xmm1
-  |  cvtsd2si RD, xmm0
+  |  cvttsd2si RD, xmm0
   |  movsd qword [BASE-8], xmm0
-  |.else
-  |  fld qword [BASE+8]
-  |  fld1
-  |  faddp st1
-  |  fist ARG1
-  |  fstp qword [BASE-8]
-  |  mov RD, ARG1
   |.endif
   |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE]
   |  cmp RD, TAB:RB->asize;  jae >2     // Not in array part?
@@ -1678,7 +1752,9 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov [BASE], RB
   |  mov [BASE+4], RD
   |.endif
-  |  jmp ->fff_res2
+  |->fff_res2:
+  |  mov RD, 1+2
+  |  jmp ->fff_res
   |2:  // Check for empty hash part first. Otherwise call C function.
   |  cmp dword TAB:RB->hmask, 0; je ->fff_res0
   |  mov FCARG1, TAB:RB
@@ -1707,12 +1783,9 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.if DUALNUM
   |  mov dword [BASE+12], LJ_TISNUM
   |  mov dword [BASE+8], 0
-  |.elif SSE
+  |.else
   |  xorps xmm0, xmm0
   |  movsd qword [BASE+8], xmm0
-  |.else
-  |  fldz
-  |  fstp qword [BASE+8]
   |.endif
   |  mov RD, 1+3
   |  jmp ->fff_res
@@ -1819,7 +1892,6 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov ARG3, RA
   |.endif
   |  call ->vm_resume                   // (lua_State *L, TValue *base, 0, 0)
-  |  set_vmstate INTERP
   |
   |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
   |.if X64
@@ -1828,6 +1900,9 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov L:PC, ARG1                     // The callee doesn't modify SAVE_L.
   |.endif
   |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)], L:RB
+  |  set_vmstate INTERP
+  |
   |  cmp eax, LUA_YIELD
   |  ja >8
   |4:
@@ -1942,12 +2017,10 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |->fff_resi:  // Dummy.
   |.endif
   |
-  |.if SSE
   |->fff_resn:
   |  mov PC, [BASE-4]
   |  fstp qword [BASE-8]
   |  jmp ->fff_res1
-  |.endif
   |
   |  .ffunc_1 math_abs
   |.if DUALNUM
@@ -1971,8 +2044,6 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.else
   |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TISNUM; jae ->fff_fallback
   |.endif
-  |
-  |.if SSE
   |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE]
   |  sseconst_abs xmm1, RDa
   |  andps xmm0, xmm1
@@ -1980,15 +2051,6 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov PC, [BASE-4]
   |  movsd qword [BASE-8], xmm0
   |  // fallthrough
-  |.else
-  |  fld qword [BASE]
-  |  fabs
-  |  // fallthrough
-  |->fff_resxmm0:  // Dummy.
-  |->fff_resn:
-  |  mov PC, [BASE-4]
-  |  fstp qword [BASE-8]
-  |.endif
   |
   |->fff_res1:
   |  mov RD, 1+1
@@ -2015,6 +2077,12 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov RAa, -8                        // Results start at BASE+RA = BASE-8.
   |  jmp ->vm_return
   |
+  |.if X64
+  |.define fff_resfp, fff_resxmm0
+  |.else
+  |.define fff_resfp, fff_resn
+  |.endif
+  |
   |.macro math_round, func
   |  .ffunc math_ .. func
   |.if DUALNUM
@@ -2025,107 +2093,75 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.else
   |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TISNUM; jae ->fff_fallback
   |.endif
-  |.if SSE
   |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE]
-  |  call ->vm_ .. func
-  |  .if DUALNUM
-  |    cvtsd2si RB, xmm0
-  |    cmp RB, 0x80000000
-  |    jne ->fff_resi
-  |    cvtsi2sd xmm1, RB
-  |    ucomisd xmm0, xmm1
-  |    jp ->fff_resxmm0
-  |    je ->fff_resi
-  |  .endif
-  |  jmp ->fff_resxmm0
-  |.else
-  |  fld qword [BASE]
-  |  call ->vm_ .. func
-  |  .if DUALNUM
-  |    fist ARG1
-  |    mov RB, ARG1
-  |    cmp RB, 0x80000000; jne >2
-  |    fdup
-  |    fild ARG1
-  |    fcomparepp
-  |    jp ->fff_resn
-  |    jne ->fff_resn
-  |2:
-  |    fpop
-  |    jmp ->fff_resi
-  | .else
-  |    jmp ->fff_resn
-  | .endif
+  |  call ->vm_ .. func .. _sse
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  cvttsd2si RB, xmm0
+  |  cmp RB, 0x80000000
+  |  jne ->fff_resi
+  |  cvtsi2sd xmm1, RB
+  |  ucomisd xmm0, xmm1
+  |  jp ->fff_resxmm0
+  |  je ->fff_resi
   |.endif
+  |  jmp ->fff_resxmm0
   |.endmacro
   |
   |  math_round floor
   |  math_round ceil
   |
-  |.if SSE
   |.ffunc_nsse math_sqrt, sqrtsd; jmp ->fff_resxmm0
-  |.else
-  |.ffunc_n math_sqrt; fsqrt; jmp ->fff_resn
-  |.endif
   |
   |.ffunc math_log
   |  cmp NARGS:RD, 1+1; jne ->fff_fallback      // Exactly one argument.
   |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TISNUM; jae ->fff_fallback
-  |  fldln2; fld qword [BASE]; fyl2x; jmp ->fff_resn
-  |
-  |.ffunc_n math_log10, fldlg2; fyl2x;          jmp ->fff_resn
-  |.ffunc_n math_exp;   call ->vm_exp_x87;      jmp ->fff_resn
-  |
-  |.ffunc_n math_sin;   fsin;                   jmp ->fff_resn
-  |.ffunc_n math_cos;   fcos;                   jmp ->fff_resn
-  |.ffunc_n math_tan;   fptan; fpop;            jmp ->fff_resn
-  |
-  |.ffunc_n math_asin
-  |  fdup; fmul st0; fld1; fsubrp st1; fsqrt; fpatan
-  |  jmp ->fff_resn
-  |.ffunc_n math_acos
-  |  fdup; fmul st0; fld1; fsubrp st1; fsqrt; fxch; fpatan
-  |  jmp ->fff_resn
-  |.ffunc_n math_atan;  fld1; fpatan;           jmp ->fff_resn
+  |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE]
+  |.if not X64
+  |  movsd FPARG1, xmm0
+  |.endif
+  |  mov RB, BASE
+  |  call extern log
+  |  mov BASE, RB
+  |  jmp ->fff_resfp
   |
   |.macro math_extern, func
-  |.if SSE
   |  .ffunc_nsse math_ .. func
-  |  .if not X64
-  |    movsd FPARG1, xmm0
-  |  .endif
-  |.else
-  |  .ffunc_n math_ .. func
-  |  fstp FPARG1
+  |.if not X64
+  |  movsd FPARG1, xmm0
   |.endif
   |  mov RB, BASE
-  |  call extern lj_vm_ .. func
+  |  call extern func
   |  mov BASE, RB
-  |  .if X64
-  |    jmp ->fff_resxmm0
-  |  .else
-  |    jmp ->fff_resn
-  |  .endif
+  |  jmp ->fff_resfp
   |.endmacro
   |
+  |.macro math_extern2, func
+  |  .ffunc_nnsse math_ .. func
+  |.if not X64
+  |  movsd FPARG1, xmm0
+  |  movsd FPARG3, xmm1
+  |.endif
+  |  mov RB, BASE
+  |  call extern func
+  |  mov BASE, RB
+  |  jmp ->fff_resfp
+  |.endmacro
+  |
+  |  math_extern log10
+  |  math_extern exp
+  |  math_extern sin
+  |  math_extern cos
+  |  math_extern tan
+  |  math_extern asin
+  |  math_extern acos
+  |  math_extern atan
   |  math_extern sinh
   |  math_extern cosh
   |  math_extern tanh
+  |  math_extern2 pow
+  |  math_extern2 atan2
+  |  math_extern2 fmod
   |
-  |->ff_math_deg:
-  |.if SSE
-  |.ffunc_nsse math_rad
-  |  mov CFUNC:RB, [BASE-8]
-  |  mulsd xmm0, qword CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
-  |  jmp ->fff_resxmm0
-  |.else
-  |.ffunc_n math_rad
-  |  mov CFUNC:RB, [BASE-8]
-  |  fmul qword CFUNC:RB->upvalue[0]
-  |  jmp ->fff_resn
-  |.endif
-  |
-  |.ffunc_nn math_atan2;        fpatan;         jmp ->fff_resn
   |.ffunc_nnr math_ldexp;       fscale; fpop1;  jmp ->fff_resn
   |
   |.ffunc_1 math_frexp
@@ -2140,65 +2176,34 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  cmp RB, 0x00200000; jb >4
   |1:
   |  shr RB, 21; sub RB, RC             // Extract and unbias exponent.
-  |.if SSE
   |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RB
-  |.else
-  |  mov TMP1, RB; fild TMP1
-  |.endif
   |  mov RB, [BASE-4]
   |  and RB, 0x800fffff                 // Mask off exponent.
   |  or RB, 0x3fe00000                  // Put mantissa in range [0.5,1) or 0.
   |  mov [BASE-4], RB
   |2:
-  |.if SSE
   |  movsd qword [BASE], xmm0
-  |.else
-  |  fstp qword [BASE]
-  |.endif
   |  mov RD, 1+2
   |  jmp ->fff_res
   |3:  // Return +-0, +-Inf, NaN unmodified and an exponent of 0.
-  |.if SSE
   |  xorps xmm0, xmm0; jmp <2
-  |.else
-  |  fldz; jmp <2
-  |.endif
   |4:  // Handle denormals by multiplying with 2^54 and adjusting the bias.
-  |.if SSE
   |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE]
   |  sseconst_hi xmm1, RBa, 43500000  // 2^54.
   |  mulsd xmm0, xmm1
   |  movsd qword [BASE-8], xmm0
-  |.else
-  |  fld qword [BASE]
-  |  mov TMP1, 0x5a800000; fmul TMP1    // x = x*2^54
-  |  fstp qword [BASE-8]
-  |.endif
   |  mov RB, [BASE-4]; mov RC, 1076; shl RB, 1; jmp <1
   |
-  |.if SSE
   |.ffunc_nsse math_modf
-  |.else
-  |.ffunc_n math_modf
-  |.endif
   |  mov RB, [BASE+4]
   |  mov PC, [BASE-4]
   |  shl RB, 1; cmp RB, 0xffe00000; je >4       // +-Inf?
-  |.if SSE
   |  movaps xmm4, xmm0
-  |  call ->vm_trunc
+  |  call ->vm_trunc_sse
   |  subsd xmm4, xmm0
   |1:
   |  movsd qword [BASE-8], xmm0
   |  movsd qword [BASE], xmm4
-  |.else
-  |  fdup
-  |  call ->vm_trunc
-  |  fsub st1, st0
-  |1:
-  |  fstp qword [BASE-8]
-  |  fstp qword [BASE]
-  |.endif
   |  mov RC, [BASE-4]; mov RB, [BASE+4]
   |  xor RC, RB; js >3                          // Need to adjust sign?
   |2:
@@ -2208,25 +2213,10 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  xor RB, 0x80000000; mov [BASE+4], RB       // Flip sign of fraction.
   |  jmp <2
   |4:
-  |.if SSE
   |  xorps xmm4, xmm4; jmp <1                   // Return +-Inf and +-0.
-  |.else
-  |  fldz; fxch; jmp <1                         // Return +-Inf and +-0.
-  |.endif
-  |
-  |.ffunc_nnr math_fmod
-  |1: ; fprem; fnstsw ax; and ax, 0x400; jnz <1
-  |  fpop1
-  |  jmp ->fff_resn
   |
-  |.if SSE
-  |.ffunc_nnsse math_pow;       call ->vm_pow;  jmp ->fff_resxmm0
-  |.else
-  |.ffunc_nn math_pow;          call ->vm_pow;  jmp ->fff_resn
-  |.endif
-  |
-  |.macro math_minmax, name, cmovop, fcmovop, sseop
-  |  .ffunc name
+  |.macro math_minmax, name, cmovop, sseop
+  |  .ffunc_1 name
   |  mov RA, 2
   |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TISNUM
   |.if DUALNUM
@@ -2242,12 +2232,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |3:
   |  ja ->fff_fallback
   |  // Convert intermediate result to number and continue below.
-  |.if SSE
   |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RB
-  |.else
-  |  mov TMP1, RB
-  |  fild TMP1
-  |.endif
   |  jmp >6
   |4:
   |  ja ->fff_fallback
@@ -2255,7 +2240,6 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  jae ->fff_fallback
   |.endif
   |
-  |.if SSE
   |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE]
   |5:  // Handle numbers or integers.
   |  cmp RA, RD; jae ->fff_resxmm0
@@ -2274,48 +2258,13 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  sseop xmm0, xmm1
   |  add RA, 1
   |  jmp <5
-  |.else
-  |  fld qword [BASE]
-  |5:  // Handle numbers or integers.
-  |  cmp RA, RD; jae ->fff_resn
-  |  cmp dword [BASE+RA*8-4], LJ_TISNUM
-  |.if DUALNUM
-  |  jb >6
-  |  ja >9
-  |  fild dword [BASE+RA*8-8]
-  |  jmp >7
-  |.else
-  |  jae >9
-  |.endif
-  |6:
-  |  fld qword [BASE+RA*8-8]
-  |7:
-  |  fucomi st1; fcmovop st1; fpop1
-  |  add RA, 1
-  |  jmp <5
-  |.endif
   |.endmacro
   |
-  |  math_minmax math_min, cmovg, fcmovnbe, minsd
-  |  math_minmax math_max, cmovl, fcmovbe, maxsd
-  |.if not SSE
-  |9:
-  |  fpop; jmp ->fff_fallback
-  |.endif
+  |  math_minmax math_min, cmovg, minsd
+  |  math_minmax math_max, cmovl, maxsd
   |
   |//-- String library -----------------------------------------------------
   |
-  |.ffunc_1 string_len
-  |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TSTR;  jne ->fff_fallback
-  |  mov STR:RB, [BASE]
-  |.if DUALNUM
-  |  mov RB, dword STR:RB->len; jmp ->fff_resi
-  |.elif SSE
-  |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, dword STR:RB->len; jmp ->fff_resxmm0
-  |.else
-  |  fild dword STR:RB->len; jmp ->fff_resn
-  |.endif
-  |
   |.ffunc string_byte                   // Only handle the 1-arg case here.
   |  cmp NARGS:RD, 1+1;  jne ->fff_fallback
   |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TSTR;  jne ->fff_fallback
@@ -2326,10 +2275,8 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  movzx RB, byte STR:RB[1]
   |.if DUALNUM
   |  jmp ->fff_resi
-  |.elif SSE
-  |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RB; jmp ->fff_resxmm0
   |.else
-  |  mov TMP1, RB; fild TMP1; jmp ->fff_resn
+  |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RB; jmp ->fff_resxmm0
   |.endif
   |
   |.ffunc string_char                   // Only handle the 1-arg case here.
@@ -2341,16 +2288,11 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov RB, dword [BASE]
   |  cmp RB, 255;  ja ->fff_fallback
   |  mov TMP2, RB
-  |.elif SSE
+  |.else
   |  jae ->fff_fallback
   |  cvttsd2si RB, qword [BASE]
   |  cmp RB, 255;  ja ->fff_fallback
   |  mov TMP2, RB
-  |.else
-  |  jae ->fff_fallback
-  |  fld qword [BASE]
-  |  fistp TMP2
-  |  cmp TMP2, 255;  ja ->fff_fallback
   |.endif
   |.if X64
   |  mov TMP3, 1
@@ -2371,6 +2313,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.endif
   |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
   |  call extern lj_str_new             // (lua_State *L, char *str, size_t l)
+  |->fff_resstr:
   |  // GCstr * returned in eax (RD).
   |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
   |  mov PC, [BASE-4]
@@ -2388,14 +2331,10 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  jne ->fff_fallback
   |  mov RB, dword [BASE+16]
   |  mov TMP2, RB
-  |.elif SSE
+  |.else
   |  jae ->fff_fallback
   |  cvttsd2si RB, qword [BASE+16]
   |  mov TMP2, RB
-  |.else
-  |  jae ->fff_fallback
-  |  fld qword [BASE+16]
-  |  fistp TMP2
   |.endif
   |1:
   |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TSTR;  jne ->fff_fallback
@@ -2410,12 +2349,8 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov RB, STR:RB->len
   |.if DUALNUM
   |  mov RA, dword [BASE+8]
-  |.elif SSE
-  |  cvttsd2si RA, qword [BASE+8]
   |.else
-  |  fld qword [BASE+8]
-  |  fistp ARG3
-  |  mov RA, ARG3
+  |  cvttsd2si RA, qword [BASE+8]
   |.endif
   |  mov RC, TMP2
   |  cmp RB, RC                         // len < end? (unsigned compare)
@@ -2459,136 +2394,34 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  xor RC, RC                         // Zero length. Any ptr in RB is ok.
   |  jmp <4
   |
-  |.ffunc string_rep                    // Only handle the 1-char case inline.
+  |.macro ffstring_op, name
+  |  .ffunc_1 string_ .. name
   |  ffgccheck
-  |  cmp NARGS:RD, 2+1; jne ->fff_fallback      // Exactly 2 arguments.
   |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TSTR;  jne ->fff_fallback
-  |  cmp dword [BASE+12], LJ_TISNUM
-  |  mov STR:RB, [BASE]
-  |.if DUALNUM
-  |  jne ->fff_fallback
-  |  mov RC, dword [BASE+8]
-  |.elif SSE
-  |  jae ->fff_fallback
-  |  cvttsd2si RC, qword [BASE+8]
-  |.else
-  |  jae ->fff_fallback
-  |  fld qword [BASE+8]
-  |  fistp TMP2
-  |  mov RC, TMP2
-  |.endif
-  |  test RC, RC
-  |  jle ->fff_emptystr                 // Count <= 0? (or non-int)
-  |  cmp dword STR:RB->len, 1
-  |  jb ->fff_emptystr                  // Zero length string?
-  |  jne ->fff_fallback_2               // Fallback for > 1-char strings.
-  |  cmp [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.sz)], RC;  jb ->fff_fallback_2
-  |  movzx RA, byte STR:RB[1]
-  |  mov RB, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.buf)]
-  |.if X64
-  |  mov TMP3, RC
-  |.else
-  |  mov ARG3, RC
-  |.endif
-  |1:  // Fill buffer with char. Yes, this is suboptimal code (do you care?).
-  |  mov [RB], RAL
-  |  add RB, 1
-  |  sub RC, 1
-  |  jnz <1
-  |  mov RD, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.buf)]
-  |  jmp ->fff_newstr
-  |
-  |.ffunc_1 string_reverse
-  |  ffgccheck
-  |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TSTR;  jne ->fff_fallback
-  |  mov STR:RB, [BASE]
-  |  mov RC, STR:RB->len
-  |  test RC, RC
-  |  jz ->fff_emptystr                  // Zero length string?
-  |  cmp [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.sz)], RC;  jb ->fff_fallback_1
-  |  add RB, #STR
-  |  mov TMP2, PC                       // Need another temp register.
-  |.if X64
-  |  mov TMP3, RC
-  |.else
-  |  mov ARG3, RC
-  |.endif
-  |  mov PC, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.buf)]
-  |1:
-  |  movzx RA, byte [RB]
-  |  add RB, 1
-  |  sub RC, 1
-  |  mov [PC+RC], RAL
-  |  jnz <1
-  |  mov RD, PC
-  |  mov PC, TMP2
-  |  jmp ->fff_newstr
-  |
-  |.macro ffstring_case, name, lo, hi
-  |  .ffunc_1 name
-  |  ffgccheck
-  |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TSTR;  jne ->fff_fallback
-  |  mov STR:RB, [BASE]
-  |  mov RC, STR:RB->len
-  |  cmp [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.sz)], RC;  jb ->fff_fallback_1
-  |  add RB, #STR
-  |  mov TMP2, PC                       // Need another temp register.
-  |.if X64
-  |  mov TMP3, RC
-  |.else
-  |  mov ARG3, RC
-  |.endif
-  |  mov PC, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.buf)]
-  |  jmp >3
-  |1:  // ASCII case conversion. Yes, this is suboptimal code (do you care?).
-  |  movzx RA, byte [RB+RC]
-  |  cmp RA, lo
-  |  jb >2
-  |  cmp RA, hi
-  |  ja >2
-  |  xor RA, 0x20
-  |2:
-  |  mov [PC+RC], RAL
-  |3:
-  |  sub RC, 1
-  |  jns <1
-  |  mov RD, PC
-  |  mov PC, TMP2
-  |  jmp ->fff_newstr
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |   lea SBUF:FCARG1, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf)]
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  mov STR:FCARG2, [BASE]             // Caveat: FCARG2 == BASE
+  |   mov RCa, SBUF:FCARG1->b
+  |   mov SBUF:FCARG1->L, L:RB
+  |   mov SBUF:FCARG1->w, RCa
+  |  mov SAVE_PC, PC
+  |  call extern lj_buf_putstr_ .. name .. @8
+  |  mov FCARG1, eax
+  |  call extern lj_buf_tostr@4
+  |  jmp ->fff_resstr
   |.endmacro
   |
-  |ffstring_case string_lower, 0x41, 0x5a
-  |ffstring_case string_upper, 0x61, 0x7a
-  |
-  |//-- Table library ------------------------------------------------------
-  |
-  |.ffunc_1 table_getn
-  |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TTAB;  jne ->fff_fallback
-  |  mov RB, BASE                       // Save BASE.
-  |  mov TAB:FCARG1, [BASE]
-  |  call extern lj_tab_len@4           // LJ_FASTCALL (GCtab *t)
-  |  // Length of table returned in eax (RD).
-  |  mov BASE, RB                       // Restore BASE.
-  |.if DUALNUM
-  |  mov RB, RD; jmp ->fff_resi
-  |.elif SSE
-  |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RD; jmp ->fff_resxmm0
-  |.else
-  |  mov ARG1, RD; fild ARG1; jmp ->fff_resn
-  |.endif
+  |ffstring_op reverse
+  |ffstring_op lower
+  |ffstring_op upper
   |
   |//-- Bit library --------------------------------------------------------
   |
-  |.define TOBIT_BIAS, 0x59c00000       // 2^52 + 2^51 (float, not double!).
-  |
   |.macro .ffunc_bit, name, kind, fdef
   |  fdef name
   |.if kind == 2
-  |.if SSE
   |  sseconst_tobit xmm1, RBa
-  |.else
-  |  mov TMP1, TOBIT_BIAS
-  |.endif
   |.endif
   |  cmp dword [BASE+4], LJ_TISNUM
   |.if DUALNUM
@@ -2604,24 +2437,12 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.else
   |  jae ->fff_fallback
   |.endif
-  |.if SSE
   |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE]
   |.if kind < 2
   |  sseconst_tobit xmm1, RBa
   |.endif
   |  addsd xmm0, xmm1
   |  movd RB, xmm0
-  |.else
-  |  fld qword [BASE]
-  |.if kind < 2
-  |  mov TMP1, TOBIT_BIAS
-  |.endif
-  |  fadd TMP1
-  |  fstp FPARG1
-  |.if kind > 0
-  |  mov RB, ARG1
-  |.endif
-  |.endif
   |2:
   |.endmacro
   |
@@ -2630,15 +2451,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.endmacro
   |
   |.ffunc_bit bit_tobit, 0
-  |.if DUALNUM or SSE
-  |.if not SSE
-  |  mov RB, ARG1
-  |.endif
   |  jmp ->fff_resbit
-  |.else
-  |  fild ARG1
-  |  jmp ->fff_resn
-  |.endif
   |
   |.macro .ffunc_bit_op, name, ins
   |  .ffunc_bit name, 2
@@ -2658,17 +2471,10 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |.else
   |  jae ->fff_fallback_bit_op
   |.endif
-  |.if SSE
   |  movsd xmm0, qword [RD]
   |  addsd xmm0, xmm1
   |  movd RA, xmm0
   |  ins RB, RA
-  |.else
-  |  fld qword [RD]
-  |  fadd TMP1
-  |  fstp FPARG1
-  |  ins RB, ARG1
-  |.endif
   |  sub RD, 8
   |  jmp <1
   |.endmacro
@@ -2685,15 +2491,10 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  not RB
   |.if DUALNUM
   |  jmp ->fff_resbit
-  |.elif SSE
+  |.else
   |->fff_resbit:
   |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RB
   |  jmp ->fff_resxmm0
-  |.else
-  |->fff_resbit:
-  |  mov ARG1, RB
-  |  fild ARG1
-  |  jmp ->fff_resn
   |.endif
   |
   |->fff_fallback_bit_op:
@@ -2706,22 +2507,13 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  // Note: no inline conversion from number for 2nd argument!
   |  cmp dword [BASE+12], LJ_TISNUM; jne ->fff_fallback
   |  mov RA, dword [BASE+8]
-  |.elif SSE
+  |.else
   |  .ffunc_nnsse name
   |  sseconst_tobit xmm2, RBa
   |  addsd xmm0, xmm2
   |  addsd xmm1, xmm2
   |  movd RB, xmm0
   |  movd RA, xmm1
-  |.else
-  |  .ffunc_nn name
-  |  mov TMP1, TOBIT_BIAS
-  |  fadd TMP1
-  |  fstp FPARG3
-  |  fadd TMP1
-  |  fstp FPARG1
-  |  mov RA, ARG3
-  |  mov RB, ARG1
   |.endif
   |  ins RB, cl                         // Assumes RA is ecx.
   |  jmp ->fff_resbit
@@ -2855,7 +2647,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov FCARG2, PC                     // Caveat: FCARG2 == BASE
   |  mov FCARG1, L:RB
   |  // SAVE_PC must hold the _previous_ PC. The callee updates it with PC.
-  |  call extern lj_dispatch_ins@8      // (lua_State *L, BCIns *pc)
+  |  call extern lj_dispatch_ins@8      // (lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
   |3:
   |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
   |4:
@@ -2926,6 +2718,79 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  add NARGS:RD, 1
   |  jmp RBa
   |
+  |->cont_stitch:                       // Trace stitching.
+  |.if JIT
+  |  // BASE = base, RC = result, RB = mbase
+  |  mov TRACE:RA, [RB-24]              // Save previous trace.
+  |  mov TMP1, TRACE:RA
+  |  mov TMP3, DISPATCH                 // Need one more register.
+  |  mov DISPATCH, MULTRES
+  |  movzx RA, PC_RA
+  |  lea RA, [BASE+RA*8]                // Call base.
+  |  sub DISPATCH, 1
+  |  jz >2
+  |1:  // Move results down.
+  |.if X64
+  |  mov RBa, [RC]
+  |  mov [RA], RBa
+  |.else
+  |  mov RB, [RC]
+  |  mov [RA], RB
+  |  mov RB, [RC+4]
+  |  mov [RA+4], RB
+  |.endif
+  |  add RC, 8
+  |  add RA, 8
+  |  sub DISPATCH, 1
+  |  jnz <1
+  |2:
+  |  movzx RC, PC_RA
+  |  movzx RB, PC_RB
+  |  add RC, RB
+  |  lea RC, [BASE+RC*8-8]
+  |3:
+  |  cmp RC, RA
+  |  ja >9                              // More results wanted?
+  |
+  |  mov DISPATCH, TMP3
+  |  mov TRACE:RD, TMP1                 // Get previous trace.
+  |  movzx RB, word TRACE:RD->traceno
+  |  movzx RD, word TRACE:RD->link
+  |  cmp RD, RB
+  |  je ->cont_nop                      // Blacklisted.
+  |  test RD, RD
+  |  jne =>BC_JLOOP                     // Jump to stitched trace.
+  |
+  |  // Stitch a new trace to the previous trace.
+  |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_J(exitno)], RB
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  mov FCARG2, PC
+  |  lea FCARG1, [DISPATCH+GG_DISP2J]
+  |  mov aword [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_J(L)], L:RBa
+  |  call extern lj_dispatch_stitch@8   // (jit_State *J, const BCIns *pc)
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  jmp ->cont_nop
+  |
+  |9:  // Fill up results with nil.
+  |  mov dword [RA+4], LJ_TNIL
+  |  add RA, 8
+  |  jmp <3
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |->vm_profhook:                       // Dispatch target for profiler hook.
+#if LJ_HASPROFILE
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  mov FCARG2, PC                     // Caveat: FCARG2 == BASE
+  |  mov FCARG1, L:RB
+  |  call extern lj_dispatch_profile@8  // (lua_State *L, const BCIns *pc)
+  |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+  |  // HOOK_PROFILE is off again, so re-dispatch to dynamic instruction.
+  |  sub PC, 4
+  |  jmp ->cont_nop
+#endif
+  |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |//-- Trace exit handler -------------------------------------------------
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2978,10 +2843,9 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  movsd qword [ebp-88], xmm1; movsd qword [ebp-96], xmm0
   |.endif
   |  // Caveat: RB is ebp.
-  |  mov L:RB, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(jit_L)]
+  |  mov L:RB, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)]
   |  mov BASE, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)]
   |  mov aword [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_J(L)], L:RBa
-  |  mov dword [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(jit_L)], 0
   |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
   |.if X64WIN
   |  lea CARG2, [rsp+4*8]
@@ -2991,6 +2855,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  lea FCARG2, [esp+16]
   |.endif
   |  lea FCARG1, [DISPATCH+GG_DISP2J]
+  |  mov dword [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)], 0
   |  call extern lj_trace_exit@8        // (jit_State *J, ExitState *ex)
   |  // MULTRES or negated error code returned in eax (RD).
   |  mov RAa, L:RB->cframe
@@ -3037,12 +2902,14 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov r13, TMPa
   |  mov r12, TMPQ
   |.endif
-  |  test RD, RD; js >3                 // Check for error from exit.
+  |  cmp RD, -LUA_ERRERR; jae >9        // Check for error from exit.
+  |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
   |  mov MULTRES, RD
   |  mov LFUNC:KBASE, [BASE-8]
   |  mov KBASE, LFUNC:KBASE->pc
   |  mov KBASE, [KBASE+PC2PROTO(k)]
-  |  mov dword [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(jit_L)], 0
+  |  mov L:RB->base, BASE
+  |  mov dword [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)], 0
   |  set_vmstate INTERP
   |  // Modified copy of ins_next which handles function header dispatch, too.
   |  mov RC, [PC]
@@ -3050,19 +2917,51 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  movzx OP, RCL
   |  add PC, 4
   |  shr RC, 16
+  |  cmp MULTRES, -17                   // Static dispatch?
+  |  je >5
   |  cmp OP, BC_FUNCF                   // Function header?
-  |  jb >2
-  |  mov RC, MULTRES                    // RC/RD holds nres+1.
+  |  jb >3
+  |  cmp OP, BC_FUNCC+2                 // Fast function?
+  |  jae >4
   |2:
+  |  mov RC, MULTRES                    // RC/RD holds nres+1.
+  |3:
   |.if X64
   |  jmp aword [DISPATCH+OP*8]
   |.else
   |  jmp aword [DISPATCH+OP*4]
   |.endif
   |
-  |3:  // Rethrow error from the right C frame.
+  |4:  // Check frame below fast function.
+  |  mov RC, [BASE-4]
+  |  test RC, FRAME_TYPE
+  |  jnz <2                             // Trace stitching continuation?
+  |  // Otherwise set KBASE for Lua function below fast function.
+  |  movzx RC, byte [RC-3]
+  |  not RCa
+  |  mov LFUNC:KBASE, [BASE+RC*8-8]
+  |  mov KBASE, LFUNC:KBASE->pc
+  |  mov KBASE, [KBASE+PC2PROTO(k)]
+  |  jmp <2
+  |
+  |5:  // Dispatch to static entry of original ins replaced by BC_JLOOP.
+  |  mov RA, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_J(trace)]
+  |  mov TRACE:RA, [RA+RD*4]
+  |  mov RC, TRACE:RA->startins
+  |  movzx RA, RCH
+  |  movzx OP, RCL
+  |  shr RC, 16
+  |.if X64
+  |  jmp aword [DISPATCH+OP*8+GG_DISP2STATIC]
+  |.else
+  |  jmp aword [DISPATCH+OP*4+GG_DISP2STATIC]
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |9:  // Rethrow error from the right C frame.
+  |  mov FCARG2, RD
   |  mov FCARG1, L:RB
-  |  call extern lj_err_run@4           // (lua_State *L)
+  |  neg FCARG2
+  |  call extern lj_err_trace@8         // (lua_State *L, int errcode)
   |.endif
   |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -3070,27 +2969,18 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |
   |// FP value rounding. Called by math.floor/math.ceil fast functions
-  |// and from JIT code.
-  |
-  |// x87 variant: Arg/ret on x87 stack. No int/xmm registers modified.
-  |.macro vm_round_x87, mode1, mode2
-  |  fnstcw word [esp+4]                // Caveat: overwrites ARG1 and ARG2.
-  |  mov [esp+8], eax
-  |  mov ax, mode1
-  |  or ax, [esp+4]
-  |.if mode2 ~= 0xffff
-  |  and ax, mode2
-  |.endif
-  |  mov [esp+6], ax
-  |  fldcw word [esp+6]
-  |  frndint
-  |  fldcw word [esp+4]
-  |  mov eax, [esp+8]
+  |// and from JIT code. arg/ret is xmm0. xmm0-xmm3 and RD (eax) modified.
+  |.macro vm_round, name, mode, cond
+  |->name:
+  |.if not X64 and cond
+  |  movsd xmm0, qword [esp+4]
+  |  call ->name .. _sse
+  |  movsd qword [esp+4], xmm0  // Overwrite callee-owned arg.
+  |  fld qword [esp+4]
   |  ret
-  |.endmacro
+  |.endif
   |
-  |// SSE variant: arg/ret is xmm0. xmm0-xmm3 and RD (eax) modified.
-  |.macro vm_round_sse, mode
+  |->name .. _sse:
   |  sseconst_abs xmm2, RDa
   |  sseconst_2p52 xmm3, RDa
   |  movaps xmm1, xmm0
@@ -3128,22 +3018,12 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  ret
   |.endmacro
   |
-  |.macro vm_round, name, ssemode, mode1, mode2
-  |->name:
-  |.if not SSE
-  |  vm_round_x87 mode1, mode2
-  |.endif
-  |->name .. _sse:
-  |  vm_round_sse ssemode
-  |.endmacro
-  |
-  |  vm_round vm_floor, 0, 0x0400, 0xf7ff
-  |  vm_round vm_ceil,  1, 0x0800, 0xfbff
-  |  vm_round vm_trunc, 2, 0x0c00, 0xffff
+  |  vm_round vm_floor, 0, 1
+  |  vm_round vm_ceil,  1, JIT
+  |  vm_round vm_trunc, 2, JIT
   |
   |// FP modulo x%y. Called by BC_MOD* and vm_arith.
   |->vm_mod:
-  |.if SSE
   |// Args in xmm0/xmm1, return value in xmm0.
   |// Caveat: xmm0-xmm5 and RC (eax) modified!
   |  movaps xmm5, xmm0
@@ -3171,488 +3051,6 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  movaps xmm0, xmm5
   |  subsd xmm0, xmm1
   |  ret
-  |.else
-  |// Args/ret on x87 stack (y on top). No xmm registers modified.
-  |// Caveat: needs 3 slots on x87 stack! RC (eax) modified!
-  |  fld st1
-  |  fdiv st1
-  |  fnstcw word [esp+4]
-  |  mov ax, 0x0400
-  |  or ax, [esp+4]
-  |  and ax, 0xf7ff
-  |  mov [esp+6], ax
-  |  fldcw word [esp+6]
-  |  frndint
-  |  fldcw word [esp+4]
-  |  fmulp st1
-  |  fsubp st1
-  |  ret
-  |.endif
-  |
-  |// FP log2(x). Called by math.log(x, base).
-  |->vm_log2:
-  |.if X64WIN
-  |  movsd qword [rsp+8], xmm0          // Use scratch area.
-  |  fld1
-  |  fld qword [rsp+8]
-  |  fyl2x
-  |  fstp qword [rsp+8]
-  |  movsd xmm0, qword [rsp+8]
-  |.elif X64
-  |  movsd qword [rsp-8], xmm0          // Use red zone.
-  |  fld1
-  |  fld qword [rsp-8]
-  |  fyl2x
-  |  fstp qword [rsp-8]
-  |  movsd xmm0, qword [rsp-8]
-  |.else
-  |  fld1
-  |  fld qword [esp+4]
-  |  fyl2x
-  |.endif
-  |  ret
-  |
-  |// FP exponentiation e^x and 2^x. Called by math.exp fast function and
-  |// from JIT code. Arg/ret on x87 stack. No int/xmm regs modified.
-  |// Caveat: needs 3 slots on x87 stack!
-  |->vm_exp_x87:
-  |  fldl2e; fmulp st1                          // e^x ==> 2^(x*log2(e))
-  |->vm_exp2_x87:
-  |  .if X64WIN
-  |    .define expscratch, dword [rsp+8]        // Use scratch area.
-  |  .elif X64
-  |    .define expscratch, dword [rsp-8]        // Use red zone.
-  |  .else
-  |    .define expscratch, dword [esp+4]        // Needs 4 byte scratch area.
-  |  .endif
-  |  fst expscratch                             // Caveat: overwrites ARG1.
-  |  cmp expscratch, 0x7f800000; je >1          // Special case: e^+Inf = +Inf
-  |  cmp expscratch, 0xff800000; je >2          // Special case: e^-Inf = 0
-  |->vm_exp2raw:  // Entry point for vm_pow. Without +-Inf check.
-  |  fdup; frndint; fsub st1, st0; fxch         // Split into frac/int part.
-  |  f2xm1; fld1; faddp st1; fscale; fpop1      // ==> (2^frac-1 +1) << int
-  |1:
-  |  ret
-  |2:
-  |  fpop; fldz; ret
-  |
-  |// Generic power function x^y. Called by BC_POW, math.pow fast function,
-  |// and vm_arith.
-  |// Args/ret on x87 stack (y on top). RC (eax) modified.
-  |// Caveat: needs 3 slots on x87 stack!
-  |->vm_pow:
-  |.if not SSE
-  |  fist dword [esp+4]                 // Store/reload int before comparison.
-  |  fild dword [esp+4]                 // Integral exponent used in vm_powi.
-  |  fucomip st1
-  |  jnz >8                             // Branch for FP exponents.
-  |  jp >9                              // Branch for NaN exponent.
-  |  fpop                               // Pop y and fallthrough to vm_powi.
-  |
-  |// FP/int power function x^i. Arg1/ret on x87 stack.
-  |// Arg2 (int) on C stack. RC (eax) modified.
-  |// Caveat: needs 2 slots on x87 stack!
-  |  mov eax, [esp+4]
-  |  cmp eax, 1; jle >6                 // i<=1?
-  |  // Now 1 < (unsigned)i <= 0x80000000.
-  |1:  // Handle leading zeros.
-  |  test eax, 1; jnz >2
-  |  fmul st0
-  |  shr eax, 1
-  |  jmp <1
-  |2:
-  |  shr eax, 1; jz >5
-  |  fdup
-  |3:  // Handle trailing bits.
-  |  fmul st0
-  |  shr eax, 1; jz >4
-  |  jnc <3
-  |  fmul st1, st0
-  |  jmp <3
-  |4:
-  |  fmulp st1
-  |5:
-  |  ret
-  |6:
-  |  je <5                              // x^1 ==> x
-  |  jb >7
-  |  fld1; fdivrp st1
-  |  neg eax
-  |  cmp eax, 1; je <5                  // x^-1 ==> 1/x
-  |  jmp <1                             // x^-i ==> (1/x)^i
-  |7:
-  |  fpop; fld1                         // x^0 ==> 1
-  |  ret
-  |
-  |8:  // FP/FP power function x^y.
-  |  fst dword [esp+4]
-  |  fxch
-  |  fst dword [esp+8]
-  |  mov eax, [esp+4]; shl eax, 1
-  |  cmp eax, 0xff000000; je >2                 // x^+-Inf?
-  |  mov eax, [esp+8]; shl eax, 1; je >4        // +-0^y?
-  |  cmp eax, 0xff000000; je >4                 // +-Inf^y?
-  |  fyl2x
-  |  jmp ->vm_exp2raw
-  |
-  |9:  // Handle x^NaN.
-  |  fld1
-  |  fucomip st2
-  |  je >1                              // 1^NaN ==> 1
-  |  fxch                               // x^NaN ==> NaN
-  |1:
-  |  fpop
-  |  ret
-  |
-  |2:  // Handle x^+-Inf.
-  |  fabs
-  |  fld1
-  |  fucomip st1
-  |  je >3                                      // +-1^+-Inf ==> 1
-  |  fpop; fabs; fldz; mov eax, 0; setc al
-  |  ror eax, 1; xor eax, [esp+4]; jns >3       // |x|<>1, x^+-Inf ==> +Inf/0
-  |  fxch
-  |3:
-  |  fpop1; fabs
-  |  ret
-  |
-  |4:  // Handle +-0^y or +-Inf^y.
-  |  cmp dword [esp+4], 0; jge <3               // y >= 0, x^y ==> |x|
-  |  fpop; fpop
-  |  test eax, eax; jz >5                       // y < 0, +-0^y ==> +Inf
-  |  fldz                                       // y < 0, +-Inf^y ==> 0
-  |  ret
-  |5:
-  |  mov dword [esp+4], 0x7f800000              // Return +Inf.
-  |  fld dword [esp+4]
-  |  ret
-  |.endif
-  |
-  |// Args in xmm0/xmm1. Ret in xmm0. xmm0-xmm2 and RC (eax) modified.
-  |// Needs 16 byte scratch area for x86. Also called from JIT code.
-  |->vm_pow_sse:
-  |  cvtsd2si eax, xmm1
-  |  cvtsi2sd xmm2, eax
-  |  ucomisd xmm1, xmm2
-  |  jnz >8                             // Branch for FP exponents.
-  |  jp >9                              // Branch for NaN exponent.
-  |  // Fallthrough to vm_powi_sse.
-  |
-  |// Args in xmm0/eax. Ret in xmm0. xmm0-xmm1 and eax modified.
-  |->vm_powi_sse:
-  |  cmp eax, 1; jle >6                 // i<=1?
-  |  // Now 1 < (unsigned)i <= 0x80000000.
-  |1:  // Handle leading zeros.
-  |  test eax, 1; jnz >2
-  |  mulsd xmm0, xmm0
-  |  shr eax, 1
-  |  jmp <1
-  |2:
-  |  shr eax, 1; jz >5
-  |  movaps xmm1, xmm0
-  |3:  // Handle trailing bits.
-  |  mulsd xmm0, xmm0
-  |  shr eax, 1; jz >4
-  |  jnc <3
-  |  mulsd xmm1, xmm0
-  |  jmp <3
-  |4:
-  |  mulsd xmm0, xmm1
-  |5:
-  |  ret
-  |6:
-  |  je <5                              // x^1 ==> x
-  |  jb >7                              // x^0 ==> 1
-  |  neg eax
-  |  call <1
-  |  sseconst_1 xmm1, RDa
-  |  divsd xmm1, xmm0
-  |  movaps xmm0, xmm1
-  |  ret
-  |7:
-  |  sseconst_1 xmm0, RDa
-  |  ret
-  |
-  |8:  // FP/FP power function x^y.
-  |.if X64
-  |  movd rax, xmm1; shl rax, 1
-  |  rol rax, 12; cmp rax, 0xffe; je >2         // x^+-Inf?
-  |  movd rax, xmm0; shl rax, 1; je >4          // +-0^y?
-  |  rol rax, 12; cmp rax, 0xffe; je >5         // +-Inf^y?
-  |  .if X64WIN
-  |    movsd qword [rsp+16], xmm1               // Use scratch area.
-  |    movsd qword [rsp+8], xmm0
-  |    fld qword [rsp+16]
-  |    fld qword [rsp+8]
-  |  .else
-  |    movsd qword [rsp-16], xmm1               // Use red zone.
-  |    movsd qword [rsp-8], xmm0
-  |    fld qword [rsp-16]
-  |    fld qword [rsp-8]
-  |  .endif
-  |.else
-  |  movsd qword [esp+12], xmm1                 // Needs 16 byte scratch area.
-  |  movsd qword [esp+4], xmm0
-  |  cmp dword [esp+12], 0; jne >1
-  |  mov eax, [esp+16]; shl eax, 1
-  |  cmp eax, 0xffe00000; je >2                 // x^+-Inf?
-  |1:
-  |  cmp dword [esp+4], 0; jne >1
-  |  mov eax, [esp+8]; shl eax, 1; je >4        // +-0^y?
-  |  cmp eax, 0xffe00000; je >5                 // +-Inf^y?
-  |1:
-  |  fld qword [esp+12]
-  |  fld qword [esp+4]
-  |.endif
-  |  fyl2x                                      // y*log2(x)
-  |  fdup; frndint; fsub st1, st0; fxch         // Split into frac/int part.
-  |  f2xm1; fld1; faddp st1; fscale; fpop1      // ==> (2^frac-1 +1) << int
-  |.if X64WIN
-  |  fstp qword [rsp+8]                         // Use scratch area.
-  |  movsd xmm0, qword [rsp+8]
-  |.elif X64
-  |  fstp qword [rsp-8]                         // Use red zone.
-  |  movsd xmm0, qword [rsp-8]
-  |.else
-  |  fstp qword [esp+4]                         // Needs 8 byte scratch area.
-  |  movsd xmm0, qword [esp+4]
-  |.endif
-  |  ret
-  |
-  |9:  // Handle x^NaN.
-  |  sseconst_1 xmm2, RDa
-  |  ucomisd xmm0, xmm2; je >1                  // 1^NaN ==> 1
-  |  movaps xmm0, xmm1                          // x^NaN ==> NaN
-  |1:
-  |  ret
-  |
-  |2:  // Handle x^+-Inf.
-  |  sseconst_abs xmm2, RDa
-  |  andpd xmm0, xmm2                           // |x|
-  |  sseconst_1 xmm2, RDa
-  |  ucomisd xmm0, xmm2; je <1                  // +-1^+-Inf ==> 1
-  |  movmskpd eax, xmm1
-  |  xorps xmm0, xmm0
-  |  mov ah, al; setc al; xor al, ah; jne <1    // |x|<>1, x^+-Inf ==> +Inf/0
-  |3:
-  |  sseconst_hi xmm0, RDa, 7ff00000  // +Inf
-  |  ret
-  |
-  |4:  // Handle +-0^y.
-  |  movmskpd eax, xmm1; test eax, eax; jnz <3  // y < 0, +-0^y ==> +Inf
-  |  xorps xmm0, xmm0                           // y >= 0, +-0^y ==> 0
-  |  ret
-  |
-  |5:  // Handle +-Inf^y.
-  |  movmskpd eax, xmm1; test eax, eax; jz <3   // y >= 0, +-Inf^y ==> +Inf
-  |  xorps xmm0, xmm0                           // y < 0, +-Inf^y ==> 0
-  |  ret
-  |
-  |// Callable from C: double lj_vm_foldfpm(double x, int fpm)
-  |// Computes fpm(x) for extended math functions. ORDER FPM.
-  |->vm_foldfpm:
-  |.if JIT
-  |.if X64
-  |  .if X64WIN
-  |    .define fpmop, CARG2d
-  |  .else
-  |    .define fpmop, CARG1d
-  |  .endif
-  |  cmp fpmop, 1; jb ->vm_floor; je ->vm_ceil
-  |  cmp fpmop, 3; jb ->vm_trunc; ja >2
-  |  sqrtsd xmm0, xmm0; ret
-  |2:
-  |  .if X64WIN
-  |    movsd qword [rsp+8], xmm0        // Use scratch area.
-  |    fld qword [rsp+8]
-  |  .else
-  |    movsd qword [rsp-8], xmm0        // Use red zone.
-  |    fld qword [rsp-8]
-  |  .endif
-  |  cmp fpmop, 5; ja >2
-  |  .if X64WIN; pop rax; .endif
-  |  je >1
-  |  call ->vm_exp_x87
-  |  .if X64WIN; push rax; .endif
-  |  jmp >7
-  |1:
-  |  call ->vm_exp2_x87
-  |  .if X64WIN; push rax; .endif
-  |  jmp >7
-  |2: ; cmp fpmop, 7; je >1; ja >2
-  |  fldln2; fxch; fyl2x; jmp >7
-  |1: ; fld1; fxch; fyl2x; jmp >7
-  |2: ; cmp fpmop, 9; je >1; ja >2
-  |  fldlg2; fxch; fyl2x; jmp >7
-  |1: ; fsin; jmp >7
-  |2: ; cmp fpmop, 11; je >1; ja >9
-  |   fcos; jmp >7
-  |1: ; fptan; fpop
-  |7:
-  |  .if X64WIN
-  |    fstp qword [rsp+8]               // Use scratch area.
-  |    movsd xmm0, qword [rsp+8]
-  |  .else
-  |    fstp qword [rsp-8]               // Use red zone.
-  |    movsd xmm0, qword [rsp-8]
-  |  .endif
-  |  ret
-  |.else  // x86 calling convention.
-  |  .define fpmop, eax
-  |.if SSE
-  |  mov fpmop, [esp+12]
-  |  movsd xmm0, qword [esp+4]
-  |  cmp fpmop, 1; je >1; ja >2
-  |  call ->vm_floor; jmp >7
-  |1: ; call ->vm_ceil; jmp >7
-  |2: ; cmp fpmop, 3; je >1; ja >2
-  |  call ->vm_trunc; jmp >7
-  |1:
-  |  sqrtsd xmm0, xmm0
-  |7:
-  |  movsd qword [esp+4], xmm0  // Overwrite callee-owned args.
-  |  fld qword [esp+4]
-  |  ret
-  |2: ; fld qword [esp+4]
-  |  cmp fpmop, 5; jb ->vm_exp_x87; je ->vm_exp2_x87
-  |2: ; cmp fpmop, 7; je >1; ja >2
-  |  fldln2; fxch; fyl2x; ret
-  |1: ; fld1; fxch; fyl2x; ret
-  |2: ; cmp fpmop, 9; je >1; ja >2
-  |  fldlg2; fxch; fyl2x; ret
-  |1: ; fsin; ret
-  |2: ; cmp fpmop, 11; je >1; ja >9
-  |   fcos; ret
-  |1: ; fptan; fpop; ret
-  |.else
-  |  mov fpmop, [esp+12]
-  |  fld qword [esp+4]
-  |  cmp fpmop, 1; jb ->vm_floor; je ->vm_ceil
-  |  cmp fpmop, 3; jb ->vm_trunc; ja >2
-  |  fsqrt; ret
-  |2: ; cmp fpmop, 5; jb ->vm_exp_x87; je ->vm_exp2_x87
-  |  cmp fpmop, 7; je >1; ja >2
-  |  fldln2; fxch; fyl2x; ret
-  |1: ; fld1; fxch; fyl2x; ret
-  |2: ; cmp fpmop, 9; je >1; ja >2
-  |  fldlg2; fxch; fyl2x; ret
-  |1: ; fsin; ret
-  |2: ; cmp fpmop, 11; je >1; ja >9
-  |   fcos; ret
-  |1: ; fptan; fpop; ret
-  |.endif
-  |.endif
-  |9: ; int3                                    // Bad fpm.
-  |.endif
-  |
-  |// Callable from C: double lj_vm_foldarith(double x, double y, int op)
-  |// Compute x op y for basic arithmetic operators (+ - * / % ^ and unary -)
-  |// and basic math functions. ORDER ARITH
-  |->vm_foldarith:
-  |.if X64
-  |
-  |  .if X64WIN
-  |    .define foldop, CARG3d
-  |  .else
-  |    .define foldop, CARG1d
-  |  .endif
-  |  cmp foldop, 1; je >1; ja >2
-  |  addsd xmm0, xmm1; ret
-  |1: ; subsd xmm0, xmm1; ret
-  |2: ; cmp foldop, 3; je >1; ja >2
-  |  mulsd xmm0, xmm1; ret
-  |1: ; divsd xmm0, xmm1; ret
-  |2: ; cmp foldop, 5; jb ->vm_mod; je ->vm_pow
-  |  cmp foldop, 7; je >1; ja >2
-  |  sseconst_sign xmm1, RDa; xorps xmm0, xmm1; ret
-  |1: ; sseconst_abs xmm1, RDa; andps xmm0, xmm1; ret
-  |2: ; cmp foldop, 9; ja >2
-  |.if X64WIN
-  |  movsd qword [rsp+8], xmm0  // Use scratch area.
-  |  movsd qword [rsp+16], xmm1
-  |  fld qword [rsp+8]
-  |  fld qword [rsp+16]
-  |.else
-  |  movsd qword [rsp-8], xmm0  // Use red zone.
-  |  movsd qword [rsp-16], xmm1
-  |  fld qword [rsp-8]
-  |  fld qword [rsp-16]
-  |.endif
-  |  je >1
-  |  fpatan
-  |7:
-  |.if X64WIN
-  |  fstp qword [rsp+8]         // Use scratch area.
-  |  movsd xmm0, qword [rsp+8]
-  |.else
-  |  fstp qword [rsp-8]         // Use red zone.
-  |  movsd xmm0, qword [rsp-8]
-  |.endif
-  |  ret
-  |1: ; fxch; fscale; fpop1; jmp <7
-  |2: ; cmp foldop, 11; je >1; ja >9
-  |  minsd xmm0, xmm1; ret
-  |1: ; maxsd xmm0, xmm1; ret
-  |9: ; int3                            // Bad op.
-  |
-  |.elif SSE  // x86 calling convention with SSE ops.
-  |
-  |  .define foldop, eax
-  |  mov foldop, [esp+20]
-  |  movsd xmm0, qword [esp+4]
-  |  movsd xmm1, qword [esp+12]
-  |  cmp foldop, 1; je >1; ja >2
-  |  addsd xmm0, xmm1
-  |7:
-  |  movsd qword [esp+4], xmm0  // Overwrite callee-owned args.
-  |  fld qword [esp+4]
-  |  ret
-  |1: ; subsd xmm0, xmm1; jmp <7
-  |2: ; cmp foldop, 3; je >1; ja >2
-  |  mulsd xmm0, xmm1; jmp <7
-  |1: ; divsd xmm0, xmm1; jmp <7
-  |2: ; cmp foldop, 5
-  |  je >1; ja >2
-  |  call ->vm_mod; jmp <7
-  |1: ; pop edx; call ->vm_pow; push edx; jmp <7  // Writes to scratch area.
-  |2: ; cmp foldop, 7; je >1; ja >2
-  |  sseconst_sign xmm1, RDa; xorps xmm0, xmm1; jmp <7
-  |1: ; sseconst_abs xmm1, RDa; andps xmm0, xmm1; jmp <7
-  |2: ; cmp foldop, 9; ja >2
-  |  fld qword [esp+4]          // Reload from stack
-  |  fld qword [esp+12]
-  |  je >1
-  |  fpatan; ret
-  |1: ; fxch; fscale; fpop1; ret
-  |2: ; cmp foldop, 11; je >1; ja >9
-  |  minsd xmm0, xmm1; jmp <7
-  |1: ; maxsd xmm0, xmm1; jmp <7
-  |9: ; int3                            // Bad op.
-  |
-  |.else  // x86 calling convention with x87 ops.
-  |
-  |  mov eax, [esp+20]
-  |  fld qword [esp+4]
-  |  fld qword [esp+12]
-  |  cmp eax, 1; je >1; ja >2
-  |  faddp st1; ret
-  |1: ; fsubp st1; ret
-  |2: ; cmp eax, 3; je >1; ja >2
-  |  fmulp st1; ret
-  |1: ; fdivp st1; ret
-  |2: ; cmp eax, 5; jb ->vm_mod; je ->vm_pow
-  |  cmp eax, 7; je >1; ja >2
-  |  fpop; fchs; ret
-  |1: ; fpop; fabs; ret
-  |2: ; cmp eax, 9; je >1; ja >2
-  |  fpatan; ret
-  |1: ; fxch; fscale; fpop1; ret
-  |2: ; cmp eax, 11; je >1; ja >9
-  |  fucomi st1; fcmovnbe st1; fpop1; ret
-  |1: ; fucomi st1; fcmovbe st1; fpop1; ret
-  |9: ; int3                            // Bad op.
-  |
-  |.endif
   |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |//-- Miscellaneous functions --------------------------------------------
@@ -3664,6 +3062,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov eax, CARG1d
   |  .if X64WIN; push rsi; mov rsi, CARG2; .endif
   |  push rbx
+  |  xor ecx, ecx
   |  cpuid
   |  mov [rsi], eax
   |  mov [rsi+4], ebx
@@ -3687,6 +3086,7 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  mov eax, [esp+4]                   // Argument 1 is function number.
   |  push edi
   |  push ebx
+  |  xor ecx, ecx
   |  cpuid
   |  mov edi, [esp+16]                  // Argument 2 is result area.
   |  mov [edi], eax
@@ -3699,6 +3099,86 @@ static void build_subroutines(BuildCtx *ctx)
   |  ret
   |.endif
   |
+  |.define NEXT_TAB,            TAB:FCARG1
+  |.define NEXT_IDX,            FCARG2
+  |.define NEXT_PTR,            RCa
+  |.define NEXT_PTRd,           RC
+  |.macro NEXT_RES_IDXL, op2;   lea edx, [NEXT_IDX+op2]; .endmacro
+  |.if X64
+  |.define NEXT_TMP,            CARG3d
+  |.define NEXT_TMPq,           CARG3
+  |.define NEXT_ASIZE,          CARG4d
+  |.macro NEXT_ENTER;           .endmacro
+  |.macro NEXT_LEAVE;           ret; .endmacro
+  |.if X64WIN
+  |.define NEXT_RES_PTR,        [rsp+aword*5]
+  |.macro NEXT_RES_IDX, op2;    add NEXT_IDX, op2; .endmacro
+  |.else
+  |.define NEXT_RES_PTR,        [rsp+aword*1]
+  |.macro NEXT_RES_IDX, op2;    lea edx, [NEXT_IDX+op2]; .endmacro
+  |.endif
+  |.else
+  |.define NEXT_ASIZE,          esi
+  |.define NEXT_TMP,            edi
+  |.macro NEXT_ENTER;           push esi; push edi; .endmacro
+  |.macro NEXT_LEAVE;           pop edi; pop esi; ret; .endmacro
+  |.define NEXT_RES_PTR,        [esp+dword*3]
+  |.macro NEXT_RES_IDX, op2;    add NEXT_IDX, op2; .endmacro
+  |.endif
+  |
+  |// TValue *lj_vm_next(GCtab *t, uint32_t idx)
+  |// Next idx returned in edx.
+  |->vm_next:
+  |.if JIT
+  |  NEXT_ENTER
+  |  mov NEXT_ASIZE, NEXT_TAB->asize
+  |1:  // Traverse array part.
+  |  cmp NEXT_IDX, NEXT_ASIZE;  jae >5
+  |  mov NEXT_TMP, NEXT_TAB->array
+  |  cmp dword [NEXT_TMP+NEXT_IDX*8+4], LJ_TNIL;  je >2
+  |  lea NEXT_PTR, NEXT_RES_PTR
+  |.if X64
+  |  mov NEXT_TMPq, qword [NEXT_TMP+NEXT_IDX*8]
+  |  mov qword [NEXT_PTR], NEXT_TMPq
+  |.else
+  |  mov NEXT_ASIZE, dword [NEXT_TMP+NEXT_IDX*8+4]
+  |  mov NEXT_TMP, dword [NEXT_TMP+NEXT_IDX*8]
+  |  mov dword [NEXT_PTR+4], NEXT_ASIZE
+  |  mov dword [NEXT_PTR], NEXT_TMP
+  |.endif
+  |.if DUALNUM
+  |  mov dword [NEXT_PTR+dword*3], LJ_TISNUM
+  |  mov dword [NEXT_PTR+dword*2], NEXT_IDX
+  |.else
+  |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, NEXT_IDX
+  |  movsd qword [NEXT_PTR+dword*2], xmm0
+  |.endif
+  |  NEXT_RES_IDX 1
+  |  NEXT_LEAVE
+  |2:  // Skip holes in array part.
+  |  add NEXT_IDX, 1
+  |  jmp <1
+  |
+  |5:  // Traverse hash part.
+  |  sub NEXT_IDX, NEXT_ASIZE
+  |6:
+  |  cmp NEXT_IDX, NEXT_TAB->hmask; ja >9
+  |  imul NEXT_PTRd, NEXT_IDX, #NODE
+  |  add NODE:NEXT_PTRd, dword NEXT_TAB->node
+  |  cmp dword NODE:NEXT_PTR->val.it, LJ_TNIL; je >7
+  |  NEXT_RES_IDXL NEXT_ASIZE+1
+  |  NEXT_LEAVE
+  |7:  // Skip holes in hash part.
+  |  add NEXT_IDX, 1
+  |  jmp <6
+  |
+  |9:  // End of iteration. Set the key to nil (not the value).
+  |  NEXT_RES_IDX NEXT_ASIZE
+  |  lea NEXT_PTR, NEXT_RES_PTR
+  |  mov dword [NEXT_PTR+dword*3], LJ_TNIL
+  |  NEXT_LEAVE
+  |.endif
+  |
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   |//-- Assertions ---------------------------------------------------------
   |//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -3964,19 +3444,12 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  // RA is a number.
     |  cmp dword [BASE+RD*8+4], LJ_TISNUM; jb >1; jne ->vmeta_comp
     |  // RA is a number, RD is an integer.
-    |.if SSE
     |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, dword [BASE+RD*8]
     |  jmp >2
-    |.else
-    |  fld qword [BASE+RA*8]
-    |  fild dword [BASE+RD*8]
-    |  jmp >3
-    |.endif
     |
     |8:  // RA is an integer, RD is not an integer.
     |  ja ->vmeta_comp
     |  // RA is an integer, RD is a number.
-    |.if SSE
     |  cvtsi2sd xmm1, dword [BASE+RA*8]
     |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE+RD*8]
     |  add PC, 4
@@ -3984,29 +3457,15 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  jmp_comp jbe, ja, jb, jae, <9
     |  jmp <6
     |.else
-    |  fild dword [BASE+RA*8]
-    |  jmp >2
-    |.endif
-    |.else
     |  checknum RA, ->vmeta_comp
     |  checknum RD, ->vmeta_comp
     |.endif
-    |.if SSE
     |1:
     |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE+RD*8]
     |2:
     |  add PC, 4
     |  ucomisd xmm0, qword [BASE+RA*8]
     |3:
-    |.else
-    |1:
-    |  fld qword [BASE+RA*8]            // Reverse order, i.e like cmp D, A.
-    |2:
-    |  fld qword [BASE+RD*8]
-    |3:
-    |  add PC, 4
-    |  fcomparepp
-    |.endif
     |  // Unordered: all of ZF CF PF set, ordered: PF clear.
     |  // To preserve NaN semantics GE/GT branch on unordered, but LT/LE don't.
     |.if DUALNUM
@@ -4046,43 +3505,25 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  // RD is a number.
     |  cmp dword [BASE+RA*8+4], LJ_TISNUM; jb >1; jne >5
     |  // RD is a number, RA is an integer.
-    |.if SSE
     |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, dword [BASE+RA*8]
-    |.else
-    |  fild dword [BASE+RA*8]
-    |.endif
     |  jmp >2
     |
     |8:  // RD is an integer, RA is not an integer.
     |  ja >5
     |  // RD is an integer, RA is a number.
-    |.if SSE
     |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, dword [BASE+RD*8]
     |  ucomisd xmm0, qword [BASE+RA*8]
-    |.else
-    |  fild dword [BASE+RD*8]
-    |  fld qword [BASE+RA*8]
-    |.endif
     |  jmp >4
     |
     |.else
     |  cmp RB, LJ_TISNUM; jae >5
     |  checknum RA, >5
     |.endif
-    |.if SSE
     |1:
     |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE+RA*8]
     |2:
     |  ucomisd xmm0, qword [BASE+RD*8]
     |4:
-    |.else
-    |1:
-    |  fld qword [BASE+RA*8]
-    |2:
-    |  fld qword [BASE+RD*8]
-    |4:
-    |  fcomparepp
-    |.endif
   iseqne_fp:
     if (vk) {
       |  jp >2                          // Unordered means not equal.
@@ -4205,39 +3646,21 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  // RA is a number.
     |  cmp dword [KBASE+RD*8+4], LJ_TISNUM; jb >1
     |  // RA is a number, RD is an integer.
-    |.if SSE
     |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, dword [KBASE+RD*8]
-    |.else
-    |  fild dword [KBASE+RD*8]
-    |.endif
     |  jmp >2
     |
     |8:  // RA is an integer, RD is a number.
-    |.if SSE
     |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, dword [BASE+RA*8]
     |  ucomisd xmm0, qword [KBASE+RD*8]
-    |.else
-    |  fild dword [BASE+RA*8]
-    |  fld qword [KBASE+RD*8]
-    |.endif
     |  jmp >4
     |.else
     |  cmp RB, LJ_TISNUM; jae >3
     |.endif
-    |.if SSE
     |1:
     |  movsd xmm0, qword [KBASE+RD*8]
     |2:
     |  ucomisd xmm0, qword [BASE+RA*8]
     |4:
-    |.else
-    |1:
-    |  fld qword [KBASE+RD*8]
-    |2:
-    |  fld qword [BASE+RA*8]
-    |4:
-    |  fcomparepp
-    |.endif
     goto iseqne_fp;
   case BC_ISEQP: case BC_ISNEP:
     vk = op == BC_ISEQP;
@@ -4288,6 +3711,18 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  ins_next
     break;
 
+  case BC_ISTYPE:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = src, RD = -type
+    |  add RD, [BASE+RA*8+4]
+    |  jne ->vmeta_istype
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+  case BC_ISNUM:
+    |  ins_AD   // RA = src, RD = -(TISNUM-1)
+    |  checknum RA, ->vmeta_istype
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
+
   /* -- Unary ops --------------------------------------------------------- */
 
   case BC_MOV:
@@ -4331,16 +3766,10 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |.else
     |  checknum RD, ->vmeta_unm
     |.endif
-    |.if SSE
     |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE+RD*8]
     |  sseconst_sign xmm1, RDa
     |  xorps xmm0, xmm1
     |  movsd qword [BASE+RA*8], xmm0
-    |.else
-    |  fld qword [BASE+RD*8]
-    |  fchs
-    |  fstp qword [BASE+RA*8]
-    |.endif
     |.if DUALNUM
     |  jmp <9
     |.else
@@ -4356,15 +3785,11 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |1:
     |  mov dword [BASE+RA*8+4], LJ_TISNUM
     |  mov dword [BASE+RA*8], RD
-    |.elif SSE
+    |.else
     |  xorps xmm0, xmm0
     |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, dword STR:RD->len
     |1:
     |  movsd qword [BASE+RA*8], xmm0
-    |.else
-    |  fild dword STR:RD->len
-    |1:
-    |  fstp qword [BASE+RA*8]
     |.endif
     |  ins_next
     |2:
@@ -4382,11 +3807,8 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  // Length of table returned in eax (RD).
     |.if DUALNUM
     |  // Nothing to do.
-    |.elif SSE
-    |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RD
     |.else
-    |  mov ARG1, RD
-    |  fild ARG1
+    |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RD
     |.endif
     |  mov BASE, RB                     // Restore BASE.
     |  movzx RA, PC_RA
@@ -4401,7 +3823,7 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
 
   /* -- Binary ops -------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-    |.macro ins_arithpre, x87ins, sseins, ssereg
+    |.macro ins_arithpre, sseins, ssereg
     |  ins_ABC
     ||vk = ((int)op - BC_ADDVN) / (BC_ADDNV-BC_ADDVN);
     ||switch (vk) {
@@ -4410,37 +3832,22 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |   .if DUALNUM
     |     cmp dword [KBASE+RC*8+4], LJ_TISNUM; jae ->vmeta_arith_vn
     |   .endif
-    |   .if SSE
-    |     movsd xmm0, qword [BASE+RB*8]
-    |     sseins ssereg, qword [KBASE+RC*8]
-    |   .else
-    |     fld qword [BASE+RB*8]
-    |     x87ins qword [KBASE+RC*8]
-    |   .endif
+    |   movsd xmm0, qword [BASE+RB*8]
+    |   sseins ssereg, qword [KBASE+RC*8]
     ||  break;
     ||case 1:
     |   checknum RB, ->vmeta_arith_nv
     |   .if DUALNUM
     |     cmp dword [KBASE+RC*8+4], LJ_TISNUM; jae ->vmeta_arith_nv
     |   .endif
-    |   .if SSE
-    |     movsd xmm0, qword [KBASE+RC*8]
-    |     sseins ssereg, qword [BASE+RB*8]
-    |   .else
-    |     fld qword [KBASE+RC*8]
-    |     x87ins qword [BASE+RB*8]
-    |   .endif
+    |   movsd xmm0, qword [KBASE+RC*8]
+    |   sseins ssereg, qword [BASE+RB*8]
     ||  break;
     ||default:
     |   checknum RB, ->vmeta_arith_vv
     |   checknum RC, ->vmeta_arith_vv
-    |   .if SSE
-    |     movsd xmm0, qword [BASE+RB*8]
-    |     sseins ssereg, qword [BASE+RC*8]
-    |   .else
-    |     fld qword [BASE+RB*8]
-    |     x87ins qword [BASE+RC*8]
-    |   .endif
+    |   movsd xmm0, qword [BASE+RB*8]
+    |   sseins ssereg, qword [BASE+RC*8]
     ||  break;
     ||}
     |.endmacro
@@ -4478,55 +3885,62 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |.endmacro
     |
     |.macro ins_arithpost
-    |.if SSE
     |  movsd qword [BASE+RA*8], xmm0
-    |.else
-    |  fstp qword [BASE+RA*8]
-    |.endif
     |.endmacro
     |
-    |.macro ins_arith, x87ins, sseins
-    |  ins_arithpre x87ins, sseins, xmm0
+    |.macro ins_arith, sseins
+    |  ins_arithpre sseins, xmm0
     |  ins_arithpost
     |  ins_next
     |.endmacro
     |
-    |.macro ins_arith, intins, x87ins, sseins
+    |.macro ins_arith, intins, sseins
     |.if DUALNUM
     |  ins_arithdn intins
     |.else
-    |  ins_arith, x87ins, sseins
+    |  ins_arith, sseins
     |.endif
     |.endmacro
 
     |  // RA = dst, RB = src1 or num const, RC = src2 or num const
   case BC_ADDVN: case BC_ADDNV: case BC_ADDVV:
-    |  ins_arith add, fadd, addsd
+    |  ins_arith add, addsd
     break;
   case BC_SUBVN: case BC_SUBNV: case BC_SUBVV:
-    |  ins_arith sub, fsub, subsd
+    |  ins_arith sub, subsd
     break;
   case BC_MULVN: case BC_MULNV: case BC_MULVV:
-    |  ins_arith imul, fmul, mulsd
+    |  ins_arith imul, mulsd
     break;
   case BC_DIVVN: case BC_DIVNV: case BC_DIVVV:
-    |  ins_arith fdiv, divsd
+    |  ins_arith divsd
     break;
   case BC_MODVN:
-    |  ins_arithpre fld, movsd, xmm1
+    |  ins_arithpre movsd, xmm1
     |->BC_MODVN_Z:
     |  call ->vm_mod
     |  ins_arithpost
     |  ins_next
     break;
   case BC_MODNV: case BC_MODVV:
-    |  ins_arithpre fld, movsd, xmm1
+    |  ins_arithpre movsd, xmm1
     |  jmp ->BC_MODVN_Z                 // Avoid 3 copies. It's slow anyway.
     break;
   case BC_POW:
-    |  ins_arithpre fld, movsd, xmm1
-    |  call ->vm_pow
+    |  ins_arithpre movsd, xmm1
+    |  mov RB, BASE
+    |.if not X64
+    |  movsd FPARG1, xmm0
+    |  movsd FPARG3, xmm1
+    |.endif
+    |  call extern pow
+    |  movzx RA, PC_RA
+    |  mov BASE, RB
+    |.if X64
     |  ins_arithpost
+    |.else
+    |  fstp qword [BASE+RA*8]
+    |.endif
     |  ins_next
     break;
 
@@ -4594,25 +4008,17 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  movsx RD, RDW
     |  mov dword [BASE+RA*8+4], LJ_TISNUM
     |  mov dword [BASE+RA*8], RD
-    |.elif SSE
+    |.else
     |  movsx RD, RDW                    // Sign-extend literal.
     |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RD
     |  movsd qword [BASE+RA*8], xmm0
-    |.else
-    |  fild PC_RD                       // Refetch signed RD from instruction.
-    |  fstp qword [BASE+RA*8]
     |.endif
     |  ins_next
     break;
   case BC_KNUM:
     |  ins_AD   // RA = dst, RD = num const
-    |.if SSE
     |  movsd xmm0, qword [KBASE+RD*8]
     |  movsd qword [BASE+RA*8], xmm0
-    |.else
-    |  fld qword [KBASE+RD*8]
-    |  fstp qword [BASE+RA*8]
-    |.endif
     |  ins_next
     break;
   case BC_KPRI:
@@ -4719,18 +4125,10 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
   case BC_USETN:
     |  ins_AD   // RA = upvalue #, RD = num const
     |  mov LFUNC:RB, [BASE-8]
-    |.if SSE
     |  movsd xmm0, qword [KBASE+RD*8]
-    |.else
-    |  fld qword [KBASE+RD*8]
-    |.endif
     |  mov UPVAL:RB, [LFUNC:RB+RA*4+offsetof(GCfuncL, uvptr)]
     |  mov RA, UPVAL:RB->v
-    |.if SSE
     |  movsd qword [RA], xmm0
-    |.else
-    |  fstp qword [RA]
-    |.endif
     |  ins_next
     break;
   case BC_USETP:
@@ -4884,18 +4282,10 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |.else
     |  // Convert number to int and back and compare.
     |  checknum RC, >5
-    |.if SSE
     |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE+RC*8]
-    |  cvtsd2si RC, xmm0
+    |  cvttsd2si RC, xmm0
     |  cvtsi2sd xmm1, RC
     |  ucomisd xmm0, xmm1
-    |.else
-    |  fld qword [BASE+RC*8]
-    |  fist ARG1
-    |  fild ARG1
-    |  fcomparepp
-    |  mov RC, ARG1
-    |.endif
     |  jne ->vmeta_tgetv                // Generic numeric key? Use fallback.
     |.endif
     |  cmp RC, TAB:RB->asize    // Takes care of unordered, too.
@@ -4941,7 +4331,7 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE+RB*8]
     |->BC_TGETS_Z:      // RB = GCtab *, RC = GCstr *, refetches PC_RA.
     |  mov RA, TAB:RB->hmask
-    |  and RA, STR:RC->hash
+    |  and RA, STR:RC->sid
     |  imul RA, #NODE
     |  add NODE:RA, TAB:RB->node
     |1:
@@ -5019,6 +4409,32 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  mov dword [BASE+RA*8+4], LJ_TNIL
     |  jmp <1
     break;
+  case BC_TGETR:
+    |  ins_ABC  // RA = dst, RB = table, RC = key
+    |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE+RB*8]
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  mov RC, dword [BASE+RC*8]
+    |.else
+    |  cvttsd2si RC, qword [BASE+RC*8]
+    |.endif
+    |  cmp RC, TAB:RB->asize
+    |  jae ->vmeta_tgetr                // Not in array part? Use fallback.
+    |  shl RC, 3
+    |  add RC, TAB:RB->array
+    |  // Get array slot.
+    |->BC_TGETR_Z:
+    |.if X64
+    |  mov RBa, [RC]
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], RBa
+    |.else
+    |  mov RB, [RC]
+    |  mov RC, [RC+4]
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8], RB
+    |  mov [BASE+RA*8+4], RC
+    |.endif
+    |->BC_TGETR2_Z:
+    |  ins_next
+    break;
 
   case BC_TSETV:
     |  ins_ABC  // RA = src, RB = table, RC = key
@@ -5032,18 +4448,10 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |.else
     |  // Convert number to int and back and compare.
     |  checknum RC, >5
-    |.if SSE
     |  movsd xmm0, qword [BASE+RC*8]
-    |  cvtsd2si RC, xmm0
+    |  cvttsd2si RC, xmm0
     |  cvtsi2sd xmm1, RC
     |  ucomisd xmm0, xmm1
-    |.else
-    |  fld qword [BASE+RC*8]
-    |  fist ARG1
-    |  fild ARG1
-    |  fcomparepp
-    |  mov RC, ARG1
-    |.endif
     |  jne ->vmeta_tsetv                // Generic numeric key? Use fallback.
     |.endif
     |  cmp RC, TAB:RB->asize            // Takes care of unordered, too.
@@ -5094,7 +4502,7 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE+RB*8]
     |->BC_TSETS_Z:      // RB = GCtab *, RC = GCstr *, refetches PC_RA.
     |  mov RA, TAB:RB->hmask
-    |  and RA, STR:RC->hash
+    |  and RA, STR:RC->sid
     |  imul RA, #NODE
     |  mov byte TAB:RB->nomm, 0         // Clear metamethod cache.
     |  add NODE:RA, TAB:RB->node
@@ -5213,6 +4621,39 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  movzx RA, PC_RA                  // Restore RA.
     |  jmp <2
     break;
+  case BC_TSETR:
+    |  ins_ABC  // RA = src, RB = table, RC = key
+    |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE+RB*8]
+    |.if DUALNUM
+    |  mov RC, dword [BASE+RC*8]
+    |.else
+    |  cvttsd2si RC, qword [BASE+RC*8]
+    |.endif
+    |  test byte TAB:RB->marked, LJ_GC_BLACK    // isblack(table)
+    |  jnz >7
+    |2:
+    |  cmp RC, TAB:RB->asize
+    |  jae ->vmeta_tsetr
+    |  shl RC, 3
+    |  add RC, TAB:RB->array
+    |  // Set array slot.
+    |->BC_TSETR_Z:
+    |.if X64
+    |  mov RBa, [BASE+RA*8]
+    |  mov [RC], RBa
+    |.else
+    |  mov RB, [BASE+RA*8+4]
+    |  mov RA, [BASE+RA*8]
+    |  mov [RC+4], RB
+    |  mov [RC], RA
+    |.endif
+    |  ins_next
+    |
+    |7:  // Possible table write barrier for the value. Skip valiswhite check.
+    |  barrierback TAB:RB, RA
+    |  movzx RA, PC_RA                  // Restore RA.
+    |  jmp <2
+    break;
 
   case BC_TSETM:
     |  ins_AD   // RA = base (table at base-1), RD = num const (start index)
@@ -5389,10 +4830,11 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     break;
 
   case BC_ITERN:
-    |  ins_A    // RA = base, (RB = nresults+1, RC = nargs+1 (2+1))
     |.if JIT
-    |  // NYI: add hotloop, record BC_ITERN.
+    |  hotloop RB
     |.endif
+    |->vm_IITERN:
+    |  ins_A    // RA = base, (RB = nresults+1, RC = nargs+1 (2+1))
     |  mov TMP1, KBASE                  // Need two more free registers.
     |  mov TMP2, DISPATCH
     |  mov TAB:RB, [BASE+RA*8-16]
@@ -5406,10 +4848,8 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |.if DUALNUM
     |  mov dword [BASE+RA*8+4], LJ_TISNUM
     |  mov dword [BASE+RA*8], RC
-    |.elif SSE
-    |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RC
     |.else
-    |  fild dword [BASE+RA*8-8]
+    |  cvtsi2sd xmm0, RC
     |.endif
     |  // Copy array slot to returned value.
     |.if X64
@@ -5425,10 +4865,8 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  // Return array index as a numeric key.
     |.if DUALNUM
     |  // See above.
-    |.elif SSE
-    |  movsd qword [BASE+RA*8], xmm0
     |.else
-    |  fstp qword [BASE+RA*8]
+    |  movsd qword [BASE+RA*8], xmm0
     |.endif
     |  mov [BASE+RA*8-8], RC            // Update control var.
     |2:
@@ -5441,9 +4879,6 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |
     |4:  // Skip holes in array part.
     |  add RC, 1
-    |.if not (DUALNUM or SSE)
-    |  mov [BASE+RA*8-8], RC
-    |.endif
     |  jmp <1
     |
     |5:  // Traverse hash part.
@@ -5487,14 +4922,28 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  cmp byte CFUNC:RB->ffid, FF_next_N; jne >5
     |  branchPC RD
     |  mov dword [BASE+RA*8-8], 0       // Initialize control var.
-    |  mov dword [BASE+RA*8-4], 0xfffe7fff
+    |  mov dword [BASE+RA*8-4], LJ_KEYINDEX
     |1:
     |  ins_next
     |5:  // Despecialize bytecode if any of the checks fail.
     |  mov PC_OP, BC_JMP
     |  branchPC RD
+    |.if JIT
+    |  cmp byte [PC], BC_ITERN
+    |  jne >6
+    |.endif
     |  mov byte [PC], BC_ITERC
     |  jmp <1
+    |.if JIT
+    |6:  // Unpatch JLOOP.
+    |  mov RA, [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_J(trace)]
+    |  movzx RC, word [PC+2]
+    |  mov TRACE:RA, [RA+RC*4]
+    |  mov eax, TRACE:RA->startins
+    |  mov al, BC_ITERC
+    |  mov dword [PC], eax
+    |  jmp <1
+    |.endif
     break;
 
   case BC_VARG:
@@ -5777,7 +5226,6 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     if (!vk) {
       |  cmp RB, LJ_TISNUM; jae ->vmeta_for
     }
-    |.if SSE
     |  movsd xmm0, qword FOR_IDX
     |  movsd xmm1, qword FOR_STOP
     if (vk) {
@@ -5790,22 +5238,6 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  ucomisd xmm1, xmm0
     |1:
     |  movsd qword FOR_EXT, xmm0
-    |.else
-    |  fld qword FOR_STOP
-    |  fld qword FOR_IDX
-    if (vk) {
-      |  fadd qword FOR_STEP            // nidx = idx + step
-      |  fst qword FOR_IDX
-      |  fst qword FOR_EXT
-      |  test RB, RB; js >1
-    } else {
-      |  fst qword FOR_EXT
-      |  jl >1
-    }
-    |  fxch                             // Swap lim/(n)idx if step non-negative.
-    |1:
-    |  fcomparepp
-    |.endif
     if (op == BC_FORI) {
       |.if DUALNUM
       |  jnb <7
@@ -5833,11 +5265,10 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |2:
     |  ins_next
     |.endif
-    |.if SSE
+    |
     |3:  // Invert comparison if step is negative.
     |  ucomisd xmm0, xmm1
     |  jmp <1
-    |.endif
     break;
 
   case BC_ITERL:
@@ -5875,7 +5306,7 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  ins_A    // RA = base, RD = target (loop extent)
     |  // Note: RA/RD is only used by trace recorder to determine scope/extent
     |  // This opcode does NOT jump, it's only purpose is to detect a hot loop.
-  |.if JIT
+    |.if JIT
     |  hotloop RB
     |.endif
     | // Fall through. Assumes BC_ILOOP follows and ins_A is a no-op.
@@ -5894,7 +5325,7 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
     |  mov RDa, TRACE:RD->mcode
     |  mov L:RB, SAVE_L
     |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(jit_base)], BASE
-    |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(jit_L)], L:RB
+    |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(tmpbuf.L)], L:RB
     |  // Save additional callee-save registers only used in compiled code.
     |.if X64WIN
     |  mov TMPQ, r12
@@ -6061,9 +5492,10 @@ static void build_ins(BuildCtx *ctx, BCOp op, int defop)
       |  // (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f)
       |  call aword [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(wrapf)]
     }
-    |  set_vmstate INTERP
     |  // nresults returned in eax (RD).
     |  mov BASE, L:RB->base
+    |  mov [DISPATCH+DISPATCH_GL(cur_L)], L:RB
+    |  set_vmstate INTERP
     |  lea RA, [BASE+RD*8]
     |  neg RA
     |  add RA, L:RB->top                // RA = (L->top-(L->base+nresults))*8
@@ -6176,7 +5608,7 @@ static void emit_asm_debug(BuildCtx *ctx)
         ".LEFDE1:\n\n", (int)ctx->codesz - fcofs);
 #endif
 #if !LJ_NO_UNWIND
-#if (defined(__sun__) && defined(__svr4__))
+#if LJ_TARGET_SOLARIS
 #if LJ_64
     fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.section .eh_frame,\"a\",@unwind\n");
 #else
@@ -6383,15 +5815,21 @@ static void emit_asm_debug(BuildCtx *ctx)
           "LEFDEY:\n\n", fcsize);
     }
 #endif
-#if LJ_64
-    fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.subsections_via_symbols\n");
-#else
+#if !LJ_64
     fprintf(ctx->fp,
       "\t.non_lazy_symbol_pointer\n"
       "L_lj_err_unwind_dwarf$non_lazy_ptr:\n"
       ".indirect_symbol _lj_err_unwind_dwarf\n"
-      ".long 0\n");
+      ".long 0\n\n");
+    fprintf(ctx->fp, "\t.section __IMPORT,__jump_table,symbol_stubs,pure_instructions+self_modifying_code,5\n");
+    {
+      const char *const *xn;
+      for (xn = ctx->extnames; *xn; xn++)
+        if (strncmp(*xn, LABEL_PREFIX, sizeof(LABEL_PREFIX)-1))
+          fprintf(ctx->fp, "L_%s$stub:\n\t.indirect_symbol _%s\n\t.ascii \"\\364\\364\\364\\364\\364\"\n", *xn, *xn);
+    }
 #endif
+    fprintf(ctx->fp, ".subsections_via_symbols\n");
     }
     break;
 #endif
diff --git a/src/xb1build.bat b/src/xb1build.bat
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2eb68171
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/xb1build.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+@rem Script to build LuaJIT with the Xbox One SDK.

+@rem Donated to the public domain.

+@rem

+@rem Open a "Visual Studio .NET Command Prompt" (64 bit host compiler)

+@rem Then cd to this directory and run this script.

+

+@if not defined INCLUDE goto :FAIL

+@if not defined DurangoXDK goto :FAIL

+

+@setlocal

+@echo ---- Host compiler ----

+@set LJCOMPILE=cl /nologo /c /MD /O2 /W3 /D_CRT_SECURE_NO_DEPRECATE

+@set LJLINK=link /nologo

+@set LJMT=mt /nologo

+@set DASMDIR=..\dynasm

+@set DASM=%DASMDIR%\dynasm.lua

+@set ALL_LIB=lib_base.c lib_math.c lib_bit.c lib_string.c lib_table.c lib_io.c lib_os.c lib_package.c lib_debug.c lib_jit.c lib_ffi.c lib_buffer.c

+

+%LJCOMPILE% host\minilua.c

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+%LJLINK% /out:minilua.exe minilua.obj

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+if exist minilua.exe.manifest^

+  %LJMT% -manifest minilua.exe.manifest -outputresource:minilua.exe

+

+@rem Error out for 64 bit host compiler

+@minilua

+@if not errorlevel 8 goto :FAIL

+

+@set DASMFLAGS=-D WIN -D FFI -D P64

+minilua %DASM% -LN %DASMFLAGS% -o host\buildvm_arch.h vm_x64.dasc

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+

+%LJCOMPILE% /I "." /I %DASMDIR% /D_DURANGO host\buildvm*.c

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+%LJLINK% /out:buildvm.exe buildvm*.obj

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+if exist buildvm.exe.manifest^

+  %LJMT% -manifest buildvm.exe.manifest -outputresource:buildvm.exe

+

+buildvm -m peobj -o lj_vm.obj

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m bcdef -o lj_bcdef.h %ALL_LIB%

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m ffdef -o lj_ffdef.h %ALL_LIB%

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m libdef -o lj_libdef.h %ALL_LIB%

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m recdef -o lj_recdef.h %ALL_LIB%

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m vmdef -o jit\vmdef.lua %ALL_LIB%

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+buildvm -m folddef -o lj_folddef.h lj_opt_fold.c

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+

+@echo ---- Cross compiler ----

+

+@set CWD=%cd%

+@call "%DurangoXDK%\xdk\DurangoVars.cmd" XDK

+@cd /D "%CWD%"

+@shift

+

+@set LJCOMPILE="cl" /nologo /c /W3 /GF /Gm- /GR- /GS- /Gy /openmp- /D_CRT_SECURE_NO_DEPRECATE /D_LIB /D_UNICODE /D_DURANGO

+@set LJLIB="lib" /nologo

+

+@if "%1"=="debug" (

+  @shift

+  @set LJCOMPILE=%LJCOMPILE% /Zi /MDd /Od

+  @set LJLINK=%LJLINK% /debug 

+) else (

+  @set LJCOMPILE=%LJCOMPILE% /MD /O2 /DNDEBUG

+)

+

+@if "%1"=="amalg" goto :AMALG

+%LJCOMPILE% /DLUA_BUILD_AS_DLL lj_*.c lib_*.c

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+%LJLIB% /OUT:luajit.lib lj_*.obj lib_*.obj

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+@goto :NOAMALG

+:AMALG

+%LJCOMPILE% /DLUA_BUILD_AS_DLL ljamalg.c

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+%LJLIB% /OUT:luajit.lib ljamalg.obj lj_vm.obj

+@if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD

+:NOAMALG

+

+@del *.obj *.manifest minilua.exe buildvm.exe

+@echo.

+@echo === Successfully built LuaJIT for Xbox One ===

+

+@goto :END

+:BAD

+@echo.

+@echo *******************************************************

+@echo *** Build FAILED -- Please check the error messages ***

+@echo *******************************************************

+@goto :END

+:FAIL

+@echo To run this script you must open a "Visual Studio .NET Command Prompt"

+@echo (64 bit host compiler). The Xbox One SDK must be installed, too.

+:END

diff --git a/src/xedkbuild.bat b/src/xedkbuild.bat
index 240ec878..37322d03 100644
--- a/src/xedkbuild.bat
+++ b/src/xedkbuild.bat
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 @set LJMT=mt /nologo

 @set DASMDIR=..\dynasm

 @set DASM=%DASMDIR%\dynasm.lua

-@set ALL_LIB=lib_base.c lib_math.c lib_bit.c lib_string.c lib_table.c lib_io.c lib_os.c lib_package.c lib_debug.c lib_jit.c lib_ffi.c

+@set ALL_LIB=lib_base.c lib_math.c lib_bit.c lib_string.c lib_table.c lib_io.c lib_os.c lib_package.c lib_debug.c lib_jit.c lib_ffi.c lib_buffer.c

 

 %LJCOMPILE% host\minilua.c

 @if errorlevel 1 goto :BAD