From 601ad8d59f11d7180015d0ecfb9d0a8d67f6f5c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Thijs Schreijer <thijs@thijsschreijer.nl>
Date: Fri, 18 Mar 2022 12:12:39 +0100
Subject: refactor: Address issues raised by linter
---
gem/ex11.lua | 4 ++--
gem/ex3.lua | 2 +-
gem/ex4.lua | 2 +-
3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
(limited to 'gem')
diff --git a/gem/ex11.lua b/gem/ex11.lua
index 1cbf01f..79c99af 100644
--- a/gem/ex11.lua
+++ b/gem/ex11.lua
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
local input = source.chain(
- source.file(io.open("input.bin", "rb")),
+ source.file(io.open("input.bin", "rb")),
encode("base64"))
local output = sink.chain(
- wrap(76),
+ wrap(76),
sink.file(io.open("output.b64", "w")))
pump.all(input, output)
diff --git a/gem/ex3.lua b/gem/ex3.lua
index a43fefa..60b4423 100644
--- a/gem/ex3.lua
+++ b/gem/ex3.lua
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ local function chainpair(f1, f2)
end
function filter.chain(...)
- local f = select(1, ...)
+ local f = select(1, ...)
for i = 2, select('#', ...) do
f = chainpair(f, select(i, ...))
end
diff --git a/gem/ex4.lua b/gem/ex4.lua
index c670e0e..c48b77e 100644
--- a/gem/ex4.lua
+++ b/gem/ex4.lua
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-local qp = filter.chain(normalize(CRLF), encode("quoted-printable"),
+local qp = filter.chain(normalize(CRLF), encode("quoted-printable"),
wrap("quoted-printable"))
local input = source.chain(source.file(io.stdin), qp)
local output = sink.file(io.stdout)
--
cgit v1.2.3-55-g6feb
From 7187be8b76452aa968726180af24deaaa545431d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Thijs Schreijer <thijs@thijsschreijer.nl>
Date: Wed, 23 Mar 2022 16:01:50 +0100
Subject: cleanup; delete the ./gem folder
---
gem/ex1.lua | 4 -
gem/ex10.lua | 17 --
gem/ex11.lua | 7 -
gem/ex12.lua | 34 ---
gem/ex2.lua | 11 -
gem/ex3.lua | 15 --
gem/ex4.lua | 5 -
gem/ex5.lua | 15 --
gem/ex6.lua | 14 --
gem/ex7.lua | 16 --
gem/ex8.lua | 5 -
gem/ex9.lua | 3 -
gem/gem.c | 54 -----
gem/gt.b64 | 206 ----------------
gem/input.bin | Bin 11732 -> 0 bytes
gem/ltn012.tex | 695 ------------------------------------------------------
gem/luasocket.png | Bin 11732 -> 0 bytes
gem/makefile | 14 --
gem/myps2pdf | 113 ---------
gem/t1.lua | 25 --
gem/t1lf.txt | 5 -
gem/t2.lua | 36 ---
gem/t2.txt | 4 -
gem/t2gt.qp | 5 -
gem/t3.lua | 25 --
gem/t4.lua | 10 -
gem/t5.lua | 30 ---
gem/test.lua | 46 ----
28 files changed, 1414 deletions(-)
delete mode 100644 gem/ex1.lua
delete mode 100644 gem/ex10.lua
delete mode 100644 gem/ex11.lua
delete mode 100644 gem/ex12.lua
delete mode 100644 gem/ex2.lua
delete mode 100644 gem/ex3.lua
delete mode 100644 gem/ex4.lua
delete mode 100644 gem/ex5.lua
delete mode 100644 gem/ex6.lua
delete mode 100644 gem/ex7.lua
delete mode 100644 gem/ex8.lua
delete mode 100644 gem/ex9.lua
delete mode 100644 gem/gem.c
delete mode 100644 gem/gt.b64
delete mode 100644 gem/input.bin
delete mode 100644 gem/ltn012.tex
delete mode 100644 gem/luasocket.png
delete mode 100644 gem/makefile
delete mode 100755 gem/myps2pdf
delete mode 100644 gem/t1.lua
delete mode 100644 gem/t1lf.txt
delete mode 100644 gem/t2.lua
delete mode 100644 gem/t2.txt
delete mode 100644 gem/t2gt.qp
delete mode 100644 gem/t3.lua
delete mode 100644 gem/t4.lua
delete mode 100644 gem/t5.lua
delete mode 100644 gem/test.lua
(limited to 'gem')
diff --git a/gem/ex1.lua b/gem/ex1.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index 327a542..0000000
--- a/gem/ex1.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-local CRLF = "\013\010"
-local input = source.chain(source.file(io.stdin), normalize(CRLF))
-local output = sink.file(io.stdout)
-pump.all(input, output)
diff --git a/gem/ex10.lua b/gem/ex10.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index 2b1b98f..0000000
--- a/gem/ex10.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-function pump.step(src, snk)
- local chunk, src_err = src()
- local ret, snk_err = snk(chunk, src_err)
- if chunk and ret then return 1
- else return nil, src_err or snk_err end
-end
-
-function pump.all(src, snk, step)
- step = step or pump.step
- while true do
- local ret, err = step(src, snk)
- if not ret then
- if err then return nil, err
- else return 1 end
- end
- end
-end
diff --git a/gem/ex11.lua b/gem/ex11.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index 79c99af..0000000
--- a/gem/ex11.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-local input = source.chain(
- source.file(io.open("input.bin", "rb")),
- encode("base64"))
-local output = sink.chain(
- wrap(76),
- sink.file(io.open("output.b64", "w")))
-pump.all(input, output)
diff --git a/gem/ex12.lua b/gem/ex12.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index de17d76..0000000
--- a/gem/ex12.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-local smtp = require"socket.smtp"
-local mime = require"mime"
-local ltn12 = require"ltn12"
-
-CRLF = "\013\010"
-
-local message = smtp.message{
- headers = {
- from = "Sicrano <sicrano@example.com>",
- to = "Fulano <fulano@example.com>",
- subject = "A message with an attachment"},
- body = {
- preamble = "Hope you can see the attachment" .. CRLF,
- [1] = {
- body = "Here is our logo" .. CRLF},
- [2] = {
- headers = {
- ["content-type"] = 'image/png; name="luasocket.png"',
- ["content-disposition"] =
- 'attachment; filename="luasocket.png"',
- ["content-description"] = 'LuaSocket logo',
- ["content-transfer-encoding"] = "BASE64"},
- body = ltn12.source.chain(
- ltn12.source.file(io.open("luasocket.png", "rb")),
- ltn12.filter.chain(
- mime.encode("base64"),
- mime.wrap()))}}}
-
-assert(smtp.send{
- rcpt = "<diego@cs.princeton.edu>",
- from = "<diego@cs.princeton.edu>",
- server = "localhost",
- port = 2525,
- source = message})
diff --git a/gem/ex2.lua b/gem/ex2.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index 94bde66..0000000
--- a/gem/ex2.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-function filter.cycle(lowlevel, context, extra)
- return function(chunk)
- local ret
- ret, context = lowlevel(context, chunk, extra)
- return ret
- end
-end
-
-function normalize(marker)
- return filter.cycle(eol, 0, marker)
-end
diff --git a/gem/ex3.lua b/gem/ex3.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index 60b4423..0000000
--- a/gem/ex3.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-local function chainpair(f1, f2)
- return function(chunk)
- local ret = f2(f1(chunk))
- if chunk then return ret
- else return (ret or "") .. (f2() or "") end
- end
-end
-
-function filter.chain(...)
- local f = select(1, ...)
- for i = 2, select('#', ...) do
- f = chainpair(f, select(i, ...))
- end
- return f
-end
diff --git a/gem/ex4.lua b/gem/ex4.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index c48b77e..0000000
--- a/gem/ex4.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-local qp = filter.chain(normalize(CRLF), encode("quoted-printable"),
- wrap("quoted-printable"))
-local input = source.chain(source.file(io.stdin), qp)
-local output = sink.file(io.stdout)
-pump.all(input, output)
diff --git a/gem/ex5.lua b/gem/ex5.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index 196b30a..0000000
--- a/gem/ex5.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-function source.empty(err)
- return function()
- return nil, err
- end
-end
-
-function source.file(handle, io_err)
- if handle then
- return function()
- local chunk = handle:read(20)
- if not chunk then handle:close() end
- return chunk
- end
- else return source.empty(io_err or "unable to open file") end
-end
diff --git a/gem/ex6.lua b/gem/ex6.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index a3fdca0..0000000
--- a/gem/ex6.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-function source.chain(src, f)
- return function()
- if not src then
- return nil
- end
- local chunk, err = src()
- if not chunk then
- src = nil
- return f(nil)
- else
- return f(chunk)
- end
- end
-end
diff --git a/gem/ex7.lua b/gem/ex7.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index c766988..0000000
--- a/gem/ex7.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-function sink.table(t)
- t = t or {}
- local f = function(chunk, err)
- if chunk then table.insert(t, chunk) end
- return 1
- end
- return f, t
-end
-
-local function null()
- return 1
-end
-
-function sink.null()
- return null
-end
diff --git a/gem/ex8.lua b/gem/ex8.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index 81e288c..0000000
--- a/gem/ex8.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-local input = source.file(io.stdin)
-local output, t = sink.table()
-output = sink.chain(normalize(CRLF), output)
-pump.all(input, output)
-io.write(table.concat(t))
diff --git a/gem/ex9.lua b/gem/ex9.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index b857698..0000000
--- a/gem/ex9.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-for chunk in source.file(io.stdin) do
- io.write(chunk)
-end
diff --git a/gem/gem.c b/gem/gem.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 976f74d..0000000
--- a/gem/gem.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-#include "lua.h"
-#include "lauxlib.h"
-
-#define CR '\xD'
-#define LF '\xA'
-#define CRLF "\xD\xA"
-
-#define candidate(c) (c == CR || c == LF)
-static int pushchar(int c, int last, const char *marker,
- luaL_Buffer *buffer) {
- if (candidate(c)) {
- if (candidate(last)) {
- if (c == last)
- luaL_addstring(buffer, marker);
- return 0;
- } else {
- luaL_addstring(buffer, marker);
- return c;
- }
- } else {
- luaL_putchar(buffer, c);
- return 0;
- }
-}
-
-static int eol(lua_State *L) {
- int context = luaL_checkint(L, 1);
- size_t isize = 0;
- const char *input = luaL_optlstring(L, 2, NULL, &isize);
- const char *last = input + isize;
- const char *marker = luaL_optstring(L, 3, CRLF);
- luaL_Buffer buffer;
- luaL_buffinit(L, &buffer);
- if (!input) {
- lua_pushnil(L);
- lua_pushnumber(L, 0);
- return 2;
- }
- while (input < last)
- context = pushchar(*input++, context, marker, &buffer);
- luaL_pushresult(&buffer);
- lua_pushnumber(L, context);
- return 2;
-}
-
-static luaL_reg func[] = {
- { "eol", eol },
- { NULL, NULL }
-};
-
-int luaopen_gem(lua_State *L) {
- luaL_openlib(L, "gem", func, 0);
- return 0;
-}
diff --git a/gem/gt.b64 b/gem/gt.b64
deleted file mode 100644
index a74c0b3..0000000
--- a/gem/gt.b64
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,206 +0,0 @@
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diff --git a/gem/input.bin b/gem/input.bin
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diff --git a/gem/ltn012.tex b/gem/ltn012.tex
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@@ -1,695 +0,0 @@
-\documentclass[10pt]{article}
-\usepackage{fancyvrb}
-\usepackage{url}
-\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{lua}{Verbatim}{fontsize=\small,commandchars=\@\#\%}
-\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{C}{Verbatim}{fontsize=\small,commandchars=\@\#\%}
-\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{mime}{Verbatim}{fontsize=\small,commandchars=\$\#\%}
-\newcommand{\stick}[1]{\vbox{\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}#1}}
-\newcommand{\bl}{\ensuremath{\mathtt{\backslash}}}
-\newcommand{\CR}{\texttt{CR}}
-\newcommand{\LF}{\texttt{LF}}
-\newcommand{\CRLF}{\texttt{CR~LF}}
-\newcommand{\nil}{\texttt{nil}}
-
-\title{Filters, sources, sinks, and pumps\\
- {\large or Functional programming for the rest of us}}
-\author{Diego Nehab}
-
-\begin{document}
-
-\maketitle
-
-\begin{abstract}
-Certain data processing operations can be implemented in the
-form of filters. A filter is a function that can process
-data received in consecutive invocations, returning partial
-results each time it is called. Examples of operations that
-can be implemented as filters include the end-of-line
-normalization for text, Base64 and Quoted-Printable transfer
-content encodings, the breaking of text into lines, SMTP
-dot-stuffing, and there are many others. Filters become
-even more powerful when we allow them to be chained together
-to create composite filters. In this context, filters can be
-seen as the internal links in a chain of data transformations.
-Sources and sinks are the corresponding end points in these
-chains. A source is a function that produces data, chunk by
-chunk, and a sink is a function that takes data, chunk by
-chunk. Finally, pumps are procedures that actively drive
-data from a source to a sink, and indirectly through all
-intervening filters. In this article, we describe the design of an
-elegant interface for filters, sources, sinks, chains, and
-pumps, and we illustrate each step with concrete examples.
-\end{abstract}
-
-\section{Introduction}
-
-Within the realm of networking applications, we are often
-required to apply transformations to streams of data. Examples
-include the end-of-line normalization for text, Base64 and
-Quoted-Printable transfer content encodings, breaking text
-into lines with a maximum number of columns, SMTP
-dot-stuffing, \texttt{gzip} compression, HTTP chunked
-transfer coding, and the list goes on.
-
-Many complex tasks require a combination of two or more such
-transformations, and therefore a general mechanism for
-promoting reuse is desirable. In the process of designing
-\texttt{LuaSocket~2.0}, we repeatedly faced this problem.
-The solution we reached proved to be very general and
-convenient. It is based on the concepts of filters, sources,
-sinks, and pumps, which we introduce below.
-
-\emph{Filters} are functions that can be repeatedly invoked
-with chunks of input, successively returning processed
-chunks of output. Naturally, the result of
-concatenating all the output chunks must be the same as the
-result of applying the filter to the concatenation of all
-input chunks. In fancier language, filters \emph{commute}
-with the concatenation operator. More importantly, filters
-must handle input data correctly no matter how the stream
-has been split into chunks.
-
-A \emph{chain} is a function that transparently combines the
-effect of one or more filters. The interface of a chain is
-indistinguishable from the interface of its component
-filters. This allows a chained filter to be used wherever
-an atomic filter is accepted. In particular, chains can be
-themselves chained to create arbitrarily complex operations.
-
-Filters can be seen as internal nodes in a network through
-which data will flow, potentially being transformed many
-times along the way. Chains connect these nodes together.
-The initial and final nodes of the network are
-\emph{sources} and \emph{sinks}, respectively. Less
-abstractly, a source is a function that produces new chunks
-of data every time it is invoked. Conversely, sinks are
-functions that give a final destination to the chunks of
-data they receive in sucessive calls. Naturally, sources
-and sinks can also be chained with filters to produce
-filtered sources and sinks.
-
-Finally, filters, chains, sources, and sinks are all passive
-entities: they must be repeatedly invoked in order for
-anything to happen. \emph{Pumps} provide the driving force
-that pushes data through the network, from a source to a
-sink, and indirectly through all intervening filters.
-
-In the following sections, we start with a simplified
-interface, which we later refine. The evolution we present
-is not contrived: it recreates the steps we ourselves
-followed as we consolidated our understanding of these
-concepts within our application domain.
-
-\subsection{A simple example}
-
-The end-of-line normalization of text is a good
-example to motivate our initial filter interface.
-Assume we are given text in an unknown end-of-line
-convention (including possibly mixed conventions) out of the
-commonly found Unix (\LF), Mac OS (\CR), and
-DOS (\CRLF) conventions. We would like to be able to
-use the folowing code to normalize the end-of-line markers:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{lua}
-@stick#
-local CRLF = "\013\010"
-local input = source.chain(source.file(io.stdin), normalize(CRLF))
-local output = sink.file(io.stdout)
-pump.all(input, output)
-%
-\end{lua}
-\end{quote}
-
-This program should read data from the standard input stream
-and normalize the end-of-line markers to the canonic
-\CRLF\ marker, as defined by the MIME standard.
-Finally, the normalized text should be sent to the standard output
-stream. We use a \emph{file source} that produces data from
-standard input, and chain it with a filter that normalizes
-the data. The pump then repeatedly obtains data from the
-source, and passes it to the \emph{file sink}, which sends
-it to the standard output.
-
-In the code above, the \texttt{normalize} \emph{factory} is a
-function that creates our normalization filter, which
-replaces any end-of-line marker with the canonic marker.
-The initial filter interface is
-trivial: a filter function receives a chunk of input data,
-and returns a chunk of processed data. When there are no
-more input data left, the caller notifies the filter by invoking
-it with a \nil\ chunk. The filter responds by returning
-the final chunk of processed data (which could of course be
-the empty string).
-
-Although the interface is extremely simple, the
-implementation is not so obvious. A normalization filter
-respecting this interface needs to keep some kind of context
-between calls. This is because a chunk boundary may lie between
-the \CR\ and \LF\ characters marking the end of a single line. This
-need for contextual storage motivates the use of
-factories: each time the factory is invoked, it returns a
-filter with its own context so that we can have several
-independent filters being used at the same time. For
-efficiency reasons, we must avoid the obvious solution of
-concatenating all the input into the context before
-producing any output chunks.
-
-To that end, we break the implementation into two parts:
-a low-level filter, and a factory of high-level filters. The
-low-level filter is implemented in C and does not maintain
-any context between function calls. The high-level filter
-factory, implemented in Lua, creates and returns a
-high-level filter that maintains whatever context the low-level
-filter needs, but isolates the user from its internal
-details. That way, we take advantage of C's efficiency to
-perform the hard work, and take advantage of Lua's
-simplicity for the bookkeeping.
-
-\subsection{The Lua part of the filter}
-
-Below is the complete implementation of the factory of high-level
-end-of-line normalization filters:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{lua}
-@stick#
-function filter.cycle(lowlevel, context, extra)
- return function(chunk)
- local ret
- ret, context = lowlevel(context, chunk, extra)
- return ret
- end
-end
-%
-
-@stick#
-function normalize(marker)
- return filter.cycle(eol, 0, marker)
-end
-%
-\end{lua}
-\end{quote}
-
-The \texttt{normalize} factory simply calls a more generic
-factory, the \texttt{cycle}~factory, passing the low-level
-filter~\texttt{eol}. The \texttt{cycle}~factory receives a
-low-level filter, an initial context, and an extra
-parameter, and returns a new high-level filter. Each time
-the high-level filer is passed a new chunk, it invokes the
-low-level filter with the previous context, the new chunk,
-and the extra argument. It is the low-level filter that
-does all the work, producing the chunk of processed data and
-a new context. The high-level filter then replaces its
-internal context, and returns the processed chunk of data to
-the user. Notice that we take advantage of Lua's lexical
-scoping to store the context in a closure between function
-calls.
-
-\subsection{The C part of the filter}
-
-As for the low-level filter, we must first accept
-that there is no perfect solution to the end-of-line marker
-normalization problem. The difficulty comes from an
-inherent ambiguity in the definition of empty lines within
-mixed input. However, the following solution works well for
-any consistent input, as well as for non-empty lines in
-mixed input. It also does a reasonable job with empty lines
-and serves as a good example of how to implement a low-level
-filter.
-
-The idea is to consider both \CR\ and~\LF\ as end-of-line
-\emph{candidates}. We issue a single break if any candidate
-is seen alone, or if it is followed by a different
-candidate. In other words, \CR~\CR~and \LF~\LF\ each issue
-two end-of-line markers, whereas \CR~\LF~and \LF~\CR\ issue
-only one marker each. It is easy to see that this method
-correctly handles the most common end-of-line conventions.
-
-With this in mind, we divide the low-level filter into two
-simple functions. The inner function~\texttt{pushchar} performs the
-normalization itself. It takes each input character in turn,
-deciding what to output and how to modify the context. The
-context tells if the last processed character was an
-end-of-line candidate, and if so, which candidate it was.
-For efficiency, we use Lua's auxiliary library's buffer
-interface:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{C}
-@stick#
-@#define candidate(c) (c == CR || c == LF)
-static int pushchar(int c, int last, const char *marker,
- luaL_Buffer *buffer) {
- if (candidate(c)) {
- if (candidate(last)) {
- if (c == last)
- luaL_addstring(buffer, marker);
- return 0;
- } else {
- luaL_addstring(buffer, marker);
- return c;
- }
- } else {
- luaL_pushchar(buffer, c);
- return 0;
- }
-}
-%
-\end{C}
-\end{quote}
-
-The outer function~\texttt{eol} simply interfaces with Lua.
-It receives the context and input chunk (as well as an
-optional custom end-of-line marker), and returns the
-transformed output chunk and the new context.
-Notice that if the input chunk is \nil, the operation
-is considered to be finished. In that case, the loop will
-not execute a single time and the context is reset to the
-initial state. This allows the filter to be reused many
-times:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{C}
-@stick#
-static int eol(lua_State *L) {
- int context = luaL_checkint(L, 1);
- size_t isize = 0;
- const char *input = luaL_optlstring(L, 2, NULL, &isize);
- const char *last = input + isize;
- const char *marker = luaL_optstring(L, 3, CRLF);
- luaL_Buffer buffer;
- luaL_buffinit(L, &buffer);
- if (!input) {
- lua_pushnil(L);
- lua_pushnumber(L, 0);
- return 2;
- }
- while (input < last)
- context = pushchar(*input++, context, marker, &buffer);
- luaL_pushresult(&buffer);
- lua_pushnumber(L, context);
- return 2;
-}
-%
-\end{C}
-\end{quote}
-
-When designing filters, the challenging part is usually
-deciding what to store in the context. For line breaking, for
-instance, it could be the number of bytes that still fit in the
-current line. For Base64 encoding, it could be a string
-with the bytes that remain after the division of the input
-into 3-byte atoms. The MIME module in the \texttt{LuaSocket}
-distribution has many other examples.
-
-\section{Filter chains}
-
-Chains greatly increase the power of filters. For example,
-according to the standard for Quoted-Printable encoding,
-text should be normalized to a canonic end-of-line marker
-prior to encoding. After encoding, the resulting text must
-be broken into lines of no more than 76 characters, with the
-use of soft line breaks (a line terminated by the \texttt{=}
-sign). To help specifying complex transformations like
-this, we define a chain factory that creates a composite
-filter from one or more filters. A chained filter passes
-data through all its components, and can be used wherever a
-primitive filter is accepted.
-
-The chaining factory is very simple. The auxiliary
-function~\texttt{chainpair} chains two filters together,
-taking special care if the chunk is the last. This is
-because the final \nil\ chunk notification has to be
-pushed through both filters in turn:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{lua}
-@stick#
-local function chainpair(f1, f2)
- return function(chunk)
- local ret = f2(f1(chunk))
- if chunk then return ret
- else return ret .. f2() end
- end
-end
-%
-
-@stick#
-function filter.chain(...)
- local f = select(1, ...)
- for i = 2, select('@#', ...) do
- f = chainpair(f, select(i, ...))
- end
- return f
-end
-%
-\end{lua}
-\end{quote}
-
-Thanks to the chain factory, we can
-define the Quoted-Printable conversion as such:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{lua}
-@stick#
-local qp = filter.chain(normalize(CRLF), encode("quoted-printable"),
- wrap("quoted-printable"))
-local input = source.chain(source.file(io.stdin), qp)
-local output = sink.file(io.stdout)
-pump.all(input, output)
-%
-\end{lua}
-\end{quote}
-
-\section{Sources, sinks, and pumps}
-
-The filters we introduced so far act as the internal nodes
-in a network of transformations. Information flows from node
-to node (or rather from one filter to the next) and is
-transformed along the way. Chaining filters together is our
-way to connect nodes in this network. As the starting point
-for the network, we need a source node that produces the
-data. In the end of the network, we need a sink node that
-gives a final destination to the data.
-
-\subsection{Sources}
-
-A source returns the next chunk of data each time it is
-invoked. When there is no more data, it simply returns~\nil.
-In the event of an error, the source can inform the
-caller by returning \nil\ followed by the error message.
-
-Below are two simple source factories. The \texttt{empty} source
-returns no data, possibly returning an associated error
-message. The \texttt{file} source yields the contents of a file
-in a chunk by chunk fashion:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{lua}
-@stick#
-function source.empty(err)
- return function()
- return nil, err
- end
-end
-%
-
-@stick#
-function source.file(handle, io_err)
- if handle then
- return function()
- local chunk = handle:read(2048)
- if not chunk then handle:close() end
- return chunk
- end
- else return source.empty(io_err or "unable to open file") end
-end
-%
-\end{lua}
-\end{quote}
-
-\subsection{Filtered sources}
-
-A filtered source passes its data through the
-associated filter before returning it to the caller.
-Filtered sources are useful when working with
-functions that get their input data from a source (such as
-the pumps in our examples). By chaining a source with one or
-more filters, such functions can be transparently provided
-with filtered data, with no need to change their interfaces.
-Here is a factory that does the job:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{lua}
-@stick#
-function source.chain(src, f)
- return function()
- if not src then
- return nil
- end
- local chunk, err = src()
- if not chunk then
- src = nil
- return f(nil)
- else
- return f(chunk)
- end
- end
-end
-%
-\end{lua}
-\end{quote}
-
-\subsection{Sinks}
-
-Just as we defined an interface for a source of data, we can
-also define an interface for a data destination. We call
-any function respecting this interface a sink. In our first
-example, we used a file sink connected to the standard
-output.
-
-Sinks receive consecutive chunks of data, until the end of
-data is signaled by a \nil\ input chunk. A sink can be
-notified of an error with an optional extra argument that
-contains the error message, following a \nil\ chunk.
-If a sink detects an error itself, and
-wishes not to be called again, it can return \nil,
-followed by an error message. A return value that
-is not \nil\ means the sink will accept more data.
-
-Below are two useful sink factories.
-The table factory creates a sink that stores
-individual chunks into an array. The data can later be
-efficiently concatenated into a single string with Lua's
-\texttt{table.concat} library function. The \texttt{null} sink
-simply discards the chunks it receives:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{lua}
-@stick#
-function sink.table(t)
- t = t or {}
- local f = function(chunk, err)
- if chunk then table.insert(t, chunk) end
- return 1
- end
- return f, t
-end
-%
-
-@stick#
-local function null()
- return 1
-end
-
-function sink.null()
- return null
-end
-%
-\end{lua}
-\end{quote}
-
-Naturally, filtered sinks are just as useful as filtered
-sources. A filtered sink passes each chunk it receives
-through the associated filter before handing it down to the
-original sink. In the following example, we use a source
-that reads from the standard input. The input chunks are
-sent to a table sink, which has been coupled with a
-normalization filter. The filtered chunks are then
-concatenated from the output array, and finally sent to
-standard out:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{lua}
-@stick#
-local input = source.file(io.stdin)
-local output, t = sink.table()
-output = sink.chain(normalize(CRLF), output)
-pump.all(input, output)
-io.write(table.concat(t))
-%
-\end{lua}
-\end{quote}
-
-\subsection{Pumps}
-
-Although not on purpose, our interface for sources is
-compatible with Lua iterators. That is, a source can be
-neatly used in conjunction with \texttt{for} loops. Using
-our file source as an iterator, we can write the following
-code:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{lua}
-@stick#
-for chunk in source.file(io.stdin) do
- io.write(chunk)
-end
-%
-\end{lua}
-\end{quote}
-
-Loops like this will always be present because everything
-we designed so far is passive. Sources, sinks, filters: none
-of them can do anything on their own. The operation of
-pumping all data a source can provide into a sink is so
-common that it deserves its own function:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{lua}
-@stick#
-function pump.step(src, snk)
- local chunk, src_err = src()
- local ret, snk_err = snk(chunk, src_err)
- if chunk and ret then return 1
- else return nil, src_err or snk_err end
-end
-%
-
-@stick#
-function pump.all(src, snk, step)
- step = step or pump.step
- while true do
- local ret, err = step(src, snk)
- if not ret then
- if err then return nil, err
- else return 1 end
- end
- end
-end
-%
-\end{lua}
-\end{quote}
-
-The \texttt{pump.step} function moves one chunk of data from
-the source to the sink. The \texttt{pump.all} function takes
-an optional \texttt{step} function and uses it to pump all the
-data from the source to the sink.
-Here is an example that uses the Base64 and the
-line wrapping filters from the \texttt{LuaSocket}
-distribution. The program reads a binary file from
-disk and stores it in another file, after encoding it to the
-Base64 transfer content encoding:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{lua}
-@stick#
-local input = source.chain(
- source.file(io.open("input.bin", "rb")),
- encode("base64"))
-local output = sink.chain(
- wrap(76),
- sink.file(io.open("output.b64", "w")))
-pump.all(input, output)
-%
-\end{lua}
-\end{quote}
-
-The way we split the filters here is not intuitive, on
-purpose. Alternatively, we could have chained the Base64
-encode filter and the line-wrap filter together, and then
-chain the resulting filter with either the file source or
-the file sink. It doesn't really matter.
-
-\section{Exploding filters}
-
-Our current filter interface has one serious shortcoming.
-Consider for example a \texttt{gzip} decompression filter.
-During decompression, a small input chunk can be exploded
-into a huge amount of data. To address this problem, we
-decided to change the filter interface and allow exploding
-filters to return large quantities of output data in a chunk
-by chunk manner.
-
-More specifically, after passing each chunk of input to
-a filter, and collecting the first chunk of output, the
-user must now loop to receive other chunks from the filter until no
-filtered data is left. Within these secondary calls, the
-caller passes an empty string to the filter. The filter
-responds with an empty string when it is ready for the next
-input chunk. In the end, after the user passes a
-\nil\ chunk notifying the filter that there is no
-more input data, the filter might still have to produce too
-much output data to return in a single chunk. The user has
-to loop again, now passing \nil\ to the filter each time,
-until the filter itself returns \nil\ to notify the
-user it is finally done.
-
-Fortunately, it is very easy to modify a filter to respect
-the new interface. In fact, the end-of-line translation
-filter we presented earlier already conforms to it. The
-complexity is encapsulated within the chaining functions,
-which must now include a loop. Since these functions only
-have to be written once, the user is rarely affected.
-Interestingly, the modifications do not have a measurable
-negative impact in the performance of filters that do
-not need the added flexibility. On the other hand, for a
-small price in complexity, the changes make exploding
-filters practical.
-
-\section{A complex example}
-
-The LTN12 module in the \texttt{LuaSocket} distribution
-implements all the ideas we have described. The MIME
-and SMTP modules are tightly integrated with LTN12,
-and can be used to showcase the expressive power of filters,
-sources, sinks, and pumps. Below is an example
-of how a user would proceed to define and send a
-multipart message, with attachments, using \texttt{LuaSocket}:
-\begin{quote}
-\begin{mime}
-local smtp = require"socket.smtp"
-local mime = require"mime"
-local ltn12 = require"ltn12"
-
-local message = smtp.message{
- headers = {
- from = "Sicrano <sicrano@example.com>",
- to = "Fulano <fulano@example.com>",
- subject = "A message with an attachment"},
- body = {
- preamble = "Hope you can see the attachment" .. CRLF,
- [1] = {
- body = "Here is our logo" .. CRLF},
- [2] = {
- headers = {
- ["content-type"] = 'image/png; name="luasocket.png"',
- ["content-disposition"] =
- 'attachment; filename="luasocket.png"',
- ["content-description"] = 'LuaSocket logo',
- ["content-transfer-encoding"] = "BASE64"},
- body = ltn12.source.chain(
- ltn12.source.file(io.open("luasocket.png", "rb")),
- ltn12.filter.chain(
- mime.encode("base64"),
- mime.wrap()))}}}
-
-assert(smtp.send{
- rcpt = "<fulano@example.com>",
- from = "<sicrano@example.com>",
- source = message})
-\end{mime}
-\end{quote}
-
-The \texttt{smtp.message} function receives a table
-describing the message, and returns a source. The
-\texttt{smtp.send} function takes this source, chains it with the
-SMTP dot-stuffing filter, connects a socket sink
-with the server, and simply pumps the data. The message is never
-assembled in memory. Everything is produced on demand,
-transformed in small pieces, and sent to the server in chunks,
-including the file attachment which is loaded from disk and
-encoded on the fly. It just works.
-
-\section{Conclusions}
-
-In this article, we introduced the concepts of filters,
-sources, sinks, and pumps to the Lua language. These are
-useful tools for stream processing in general. Sources provide
-a simple abstraction for data acquisition. Sinks provide an
-abstraction for final data destinations. Filters define an
-interface for data transformations. The chaining of
-filters, sources and sinks provides an elegant way to create
-arbitrarily complex data transformations from simpler
-components. Pumps simply push the data through.
-
-\section{Acknowledgements}
-
-The concepts described in this text are the result of long
-discussions with David Burgess. A version of this text has
-been released on-line as the Lua Technical Note 012, hence
-the name of the corresponding LuaSocket module, LTN12. Wim
-Couwenberg contributed to the implementation of the module,
-and Adrian Sietsma was the first to notice the
-correspondence between sources and Lua iterators.
-
-
-\end{document}
diff --git a/gem/luasocket.png b/gem/luasocket.png
deleted file mode 100644
index d24a954..0000000
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diff --git a/gem/makefile b/gem/makefile
deleted file mode 100644
index a4287c2..0000000
--- a/gem/makefile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-ltn012.pdf: ltn012.ps
- ./myps2pdf ltn012.ps
-
-ltn012.ps: ltn012.dvi
- dvips -G0 -t letter -o ltn012.ps ltn012.dvi
-
-ltn012.dvi: ltn012.tex
- latex ltn012
-
-clean:
- rm -f *~ *.log *.aux *.bbl *.blg ltn012.pdf ltn012.ps ltn012.dvi ltn012.lof ltn012.toc ltn012.lot
-
-pdf: ltn012.pdf
- open ltn012.pdf
diff --git a/gem/myps2pdf b/gem/myps2pdf
deleted file mode 100755
index 78c23e5..0000000
--- a/gem/myps2pdf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh -
-do_opt=1
-best=0
-rot=0
-a4=0
-eps=0
-usage="Usage: $0 [-no_opt] [-best] [-rot] [-a4] [-eps] in.ps [out.pdf]"
-
-case "x$1" in
-"x-no_opt") do_opt=0 ; shift ;;
-esac
-
-case "x$1" in
-"x-best") best=1 ; shift ;;
-esac
-
-case "x$1" in
-"x-rot") rot=1 ; shift ;;
-esac
-
-case "x$1" in
-"x-a4") a4=1 ; shift ;;
-esac
-
-case "x$1" in
-"x-eps") eps=1 ; shift ;;
-esac
-
-case $# in
-2) ifilename=$1 ; ofilename=$2 ;;
-1) ifilename=$1
- if `echo $1 | grep -i '\.e*ps$' > /dev/null`
- then
- ofilename=`echo $1 | sed 's/\..*$/.pdf/'`
- else
- echo "$usage" 1>&2
- exit 1
- fi ;;
-*) echo "$usage" 1>&2 ; exit 1 ;;
-esac
-
-if [ $best == 1 ]
-then
- options="-dPDFSETTINGS=/prepress \
- -r1200 \
- -dMonoImageResolution=1200 \
- -dGrayImageResolution=1200 \
- -dColorImageResolution=1200 \
- -dDownsampleMonoImages=false \
- -dDownsampleGrayImages=false \
- -dDownsampleColorImages=false \
- -dAutoFilterMonoImages=false \
- -dAutoFilterGrayImages=false \
- -dAutoFilterColorImages=false \
- -dMonoImageFilter=/FlateEncode \
- -dGrayImageFilter=/FlateEncode \
- -dColorImageFilter=/FlateEncode"
-else
- options="-dPDFSETTINGS=/prepress \
- -r600 \
- -dDownsampleMonoImages=true \
- -dDownsampleGrayImages=true \
- -dDownsampleColorImages=true \
- -dMonoImageDownsampleThreshold=2.0 \
- -dGrayImageDownsampleThreshold=1.5 \
- -dColorImageDownsampleThreshold=1.5 \
- -dMonoImageResolution=600 \
- -dGrayImageResolution=600 \
- -dColorImageResolution=600 \
- -dAutoFilterMonoImages=false \
- -dMonoImageFilter=/FlateEncode \
- -dAutoFilterGrayImages=true \
- -dAutoFilterColorImages=true"
-fi
-
-if [ $rot == 1 ]
-then
- options="$options -dAutoRotatePages=/PageByPage"
-fi
-
-if [ $eps == 1 ]
-then
- options="$options -dEPSCrop"
-fi
-
-set -x
-
-if [ $a4 == 1 ]
-then
- # Resize from A4 to letter size
- psresize -Pa4 -pletter "$ifilename" myps2pdf.temp.ps
- ifilename=myps2pdf.temp.ps
-fi
-
-gs -q -dSAFER -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH \
- -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sPAPERSIZE=letter -sOutputFile=myps2pdf.temp.pdf \
- -dCompatibilityLevel=1.3 \
- $options \
- -dMaxSubsetPct=100 \
- -dSubsetFonts=true \
- -dEmbedAllFonts=true \
- -dColorConversionStrategy=/LeaveColorUnchanged \
- -dDoThumbnails=true \
- -dPreserveEPSInfo=true \
- -c .setpdfwrite -f "$ifilename"
-
-if [ $do_opt == 1 ]
-then
- pdfopt myps2pdf.temp.pdf $ofilename
-else
- mv myps2pdf.temp.pdf $ofilename
-fi
-rm -f myps2pdf.temp.pdf myps2pdf.temp.ps
diff --git a/gem/t1.lua b/gem/t1.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c054c9..0000000
--- a/gem/t1.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-source = {}
-sink = {}
-pump = {}
-filter = {}
-
--- source.chain
-dofile("ex6.lua")
-
--- source.file
-dofile("ex5.lua")
-
--- normalize
-require"gem"
-eol = gem.eol
-dofile("ex2.lua")
-
--- sink.file
-require"ltn12"
-sink.file = ltn12.sink.file
-
--- pump.all
-dofile("ex10.lua")
-
--- run test
-dofile("ex1.lua")
diff --git a/gem/t1lf.txt b/gem/t1lf.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 8cddd1b..0000000
--- a/gem/t1lf.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-this is a test file
-it should have been saved as lf eol
-but t1.lua will convert it to crlf eol
-otherwise it is broken!
-
diff --git a/gem/t2.lua b/gem/t2.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index a81ed73..0000000
--- a/gem/t2.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-source = {}
-sink = {}
-pump = {}
-filter = {}
-
--- filter.chain
-dofile("ex3.lua")
-
--- normalize
-require"gem"
-eol = gem.eol
-dofile("ex2.lua")
-
--- encode
-require"mime"
-encode = mime.encode
-
--- wrap
-wrap = mime.wrap
-
--- source.chain
-dofile("ex6.lua")
-
--- source.file
-dofile("ex5.lua")
-
--- sink.file
-require"ltn12"
-sink.file = ltn12.sink.file
-
--- pump.all
-dofile("ex10.lua")
-
--- run test
-CRLF = "\013\010"
-dofile("ex4.lua")
diff --git a/gem/t2.txt b/gem/t2.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index f484fe8..0000000
--- a/gem/t2.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-esse � um texto com acentos
-quoted-printable tem que quebrar linhas longas, com mais que 76 linhas de texto
-fora que as quebras de linhas t�m que ser normalizadas
-vamos ver o que d� isso aqui
diff --git a/gem/t2gt.qp b/gem/t2gt.qp
deleted file mode 100644
index 355a845..0000000
--- a/gem/t2gt.qp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-esse =E9 um texto com acentos
-quoted-printable tem que quebrar linhas longas, com mais que 76 linhas de t=
-exto
-fora que as quebras de linhas t=EAm que ser normalizadas
-vamos ver o que d=E1 isso aqui
diff --git a/gem/t3.lua b/gem/t3.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index 4bb98ba..0000000
--- a/gem/t3.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-source = {}
-sink = {}
-pump = {}
-filter = {}
-
--- source.file
-dofile("ex5.lua")
-
--- sink.table
-dofile("ex7.lua")
-
--- sink.chain
-require"ltn12"
-sink.chain = ltn12.sink.chain
-
--- normalize
-require"gem"
-eol = gem.eol
-dofile("ex2.lua")
-
--- pump.all
-dofile("ex10.lua")
-
--- run test
-dofile("ex8.lua")
diff --git a/gem/t4.lua b/gem/t4.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b8071c..0000000
--- a/gem/t4.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-source = {}
-sink = {}
-pump = {}
-filter = {}
-
--- source.file
-dofile("ex5.lua")
-
--- run test
-dofile("ex9.lua")
diff --git a/gem/t5.lua b/gem/t5.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index 7c569ea..0000000
--- a/gem/t5.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-source = {}
-sink = {}
-pump = {}
-filter = {}
-
--- source.chain
-dofile("ex6.lua")
-
--- source.file
-dofile("ex5.lua")
-
--- encode
-require"mime"
-encode = mime.encode
-
--- sink.chain
-require"ltn12"
-sink.chain = ltn12.sink.chain
-
--- wrap
-wrap = mime.wrap
-
--- sink.file
-sink.file = ltn12.sink.file
-
--- pump.all
-dofile("ex10.lua")
-
--- run test
-dofile("ex11.lua")
diff --git a/gem/test.lua b/gem/test.lua
deleted file mode 100644
index a937b9a..0000000
--- a/gem/test.lua
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-function readfile(n)
- local f = io.open(n, "rb")
- local s = f:read("*a")
- f:close()
- return s
-end
-
-lf = readfile("t1lf.txt")
-os.remove("t1crlf.txt")
-os.execute("lua t1.lua < t1lf.txt > t1crlf.txt")
-crlf = readfile("t1crlf.txt")
-assert(crlf == string.gsub(lf, "\010", "\013\010"), "broken")
-
-gt = readfile("t2gt.qp")
-os.remove("t2.qp")
-os.execute("lua t2.lua < t2.txt > t2.qp")
-t2 = readfile("t2.qp")
-assert(gt == t2, "broken")
-
-os.remove("t1crlf.txt")
-os.execute("lua t3.lua < t1lf.txt > t1crlf.txt")
-crlf = readfile("t1crlf.txt")
-assert(crlf == string.gsub(lf, "\010", "\013\010"), "broken")
-
-t = readfile("test.lua")
-os.execute("lua t4.lua < test.lua > t")
-t2 = readfile("t")
-assert(t == t2, "broken")
-
-os.remove("output.b64")
-gt = readfile("gt.b64")
-os.execute("lua t5.lua")
-t5 = readfile("output.b64")
-assert(gt == t5, "failed")
-
-print("1 2 5 6 10 passed")
-print("2 3 4 5 6 10 passed")
-print("2 5 6 7 8 10 passed")
-print("5 9 passed")
-print("5 6 10 11 passed")
-
-os.remove("t")
-os.remove("t2.qp")
-os.remove("t1crlf.txt")
-os.remove("t11.b64")
-os.remove("output.b64")
--
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