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-.\"     $OpenBSD: getaddrinfo.3,v 1.61 2022/09/11 06:38:10 jmc Exp $
-.\"     $KAME: getaddrinfo.3,v 1.36 2005/01/05 03:23:05 itojun Exp $
-.\"
-.\" Copyright (C) 2004  Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
-.\" Copyright (C) 2000, 2001  Internet Software Consortium.
-.\"
-.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
-.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
-.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
-.\"
-.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
-.\" REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
-.\" AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
-.\" INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM
-.\" LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE
-.\" OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
-.\" PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
-.\"
-.Dd $Mdocdate: September 11 2022 $
-.Dt GETADDRINFO 3
-.Os
-.Sh NAME
-.Nm getaddrinfo ,
-.Nm freeaddrinfo
-.Nd host and service name to socket address structure
-.Sh SYNOPSIS
-.In sys/types.h
-.In sys/socket.h
-.In netdb.h
-.Ft int
-.Fn getaddrinfo "const char *hostname" "const char *servname" \
-    "const struct addrinfo *hints" "struct addrinfo **res"
-.Ft void
-.Fn freeaddrinfo "struct addrinfo *ai"
-.Sh DESCRIPTION
-The
-.Fn getaddrinfo
-function is used to get a list of
-.Tn IP
-addresses and port numbers for host
-.Fa hostname
-and service
-.Fa servname .
-It is a replacement for and provides more flexibility than the
-.Xr gethostbyname 3
-and
-.Xr getservbyname 3
-functions.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fa hostname
-and
-.Fa servname
-arguments are either pointers to NUL-terminated strings or the null pointer.
-An acceptable value for
-.Fa hostname
-is either a valid host name or a numeric host address string consisting
-of a dotted decimal IPv4 address or an IPv6 address.
-The
-.Fa servname
-is either a decimal port number or a service name listed in
-.Xr services 5 .
-At least one of
-.Fa hostname
-and
-.Fa servname
-must be non-null.
-.Pp
-.Fa hints
-is an optional pointer to a
-.Vt struct addrinfo ,
-as defined by
-.In netdb.h :
-.Bd -literal
-struct addrinfo {
-        int ai_flags;           /* input flags */
-        int ai_family;          /* address family for socket */
-        int ai_socktype;        /* socket type */
-        int ai_protocol;        /* protocol for socket */
-        socklen_t ai_addrlen;   /* length of socket-address */
-        struct sockaddr *ai_addr; /* socket-address for socket */
-        char *ai_canonname;     /* canonical name for service location */
-        struct addrinfo *ai_next; /* pointer to next in list */
-};
-.Ed
-.Pp
-This structure can be used to provide hints concerning the type of socket
-that the caller supports or wishes to use.
-The caller can supply the following structure elements in
-.Fa hints :
-.Bl -tag -width "ai_socktypeXX"
-.It Fa ai_family
-The address family that should be used.
-When
-.Fa ai_family
-is set to
-.Dv AF_UNSPEC ,
-it means the caller will accept any address family supported by the
-operating system.
-.It Fa ai_socktype
-Denotes the type of socket that is wanted:
-.Dv SOCK_STREAM ,
-.Dv SOCK_DGRAM ,
-or
-.Dv SOCK_RAW .
-When
-.Fa ai_socktype
-is zero, the caller will accept any socket type.
-.It Fa ai_protocol
-Indicates which transport protocol is desired,
-.Dv IPPROTO_UDP
-or
-.Dv IPPROTO_TCP .
-If
-.Fa ai_protocol
-is zero, the caller will accept any protocol.
-.It Fa ai_flags
-.Fa ai_flags
-is formed by
-.Tn OR Ns 'ing
-the following values:
-.Bl -tag -width "AI_CANONNAMEXX"
-.It Dv AI_ADDRCONFIG
-If the
-.Dv AI_ADDRCONFIG
-bit is set, IPv4 addresses will be returned only if an IPv4 address is
-configured on an interface, and IPv6 addresses will be returned only if an IPv6
-address is configured on an interface.
-Addresses on a loopback interface and link-local IPv6 addresses are not
-considered valid as configured addresses.
-This bit is only considered when determining whether a DNS query should
-be performed or not.
-.It Dv AI_CANONNAME
-If the
-.Dv AI_CANONNAME
-bit is set, a successful call to
-.Fn getaddrinfo
-will return a NUL-terminated string containing the canonical name
-of the specified host name in the
-.Fa ai_canonname
-element of the first
-.Vt addrinfo
-structure returned.
-.It Dv AI_FQDN
-If the
-.Dv AI_FQDN
-bit is set, a successful call to
-.Fn getaddrinfo
-will return a NUL-terminated string containing the fully qualified domain name
-of the specified host name in the
-.Fa ai_canonname
-element of the first
-.Vt addrinfo
-structure returned.
-.Pp
-This is different from the
-.Dv AI_CANONNAME
-bit flag that returns the canonical name registered in DNS,
-which may be different from the fully qualified domain name
-that the host name resolved to.
-Only one of the
-.Dv AI_FQDN
-and
-.Dv AI_CANONNAME
-bits can be set.
-.It Dv AI_NUMERICHOST
-If the
-.Dv AI_NUMERICHOST
-bit is set, it indicates that
-.Fa hostname
-should be treated as a numeric string defining an IPv4 or IPv6 address
-and no name resolution should be attempted.
-.It Dv AI_NUMERICSERV
-If the
-.Dv AI_NUMERICSERV
-bit is set, it indicates that
-.Fa servname
-should be treated as a numeric port string
-and no service name resolution should be attempted.
-.It Dv AI_PASSIVE
-If the
-.Dv AI_PASSIVE
-bit is set, it indicates that the returned socket address structure
-is intended for use in a call to
-.Xr bind 2 .
-In this case, if the
-.Fa hostname
-argument is the null pointer, then the IP address portion of the
-socket address structure will be set to
-.Dv INADDR_ANY
-for an IPv4 address or
-.Dv IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT
-for an IPv6 address.
-.Pp
-If the
-.Dv AI_PASSIVE
-bit is not set, the returned socket address structure will be ready
-for use in a call to
-.Xr connect 2
-for a connection-oriented protocol or
-.Xr connect 2 ,
-.Xr sendto 2 ,
-or
-.Xr sendmsg 2
-if a connectionless protocol was chosen.
-The
-.Tn IP
-address portion of the socket address structure will be set to the
-loopback address if
-.Fa hostname
-is the null pointer and
-.Dv AI_PASSIVE
-is not set.
-.El
-.El
-.Pp
-All other elements of the
-.Vt addrinfo
-structure passed via
-.Fa hints
-must be zero or the null pointer.
-.Pp
-If
-.Fa hints
-is the null pointer,
-.Fn getaddrinfo
-behaves as if the caller provided a
-.Vt struct addrinfo
-with
-.Fa ai_family
-set to
-.Dv AF_UNSPEC ,
-.Fa ai_flags
-set to
-.Dv AI_ADDRCONFIG ,
-and all other elements set to zero or
-.Dv NULL .
-.Pp
-After a successful call to
-.Fn getaddrinfo ,
-.Fa *res
-is a pointer to a linked list of one or more
-.Vt addrinfo
-structures.
-The list can be traversed by following the
-.Fa ai_next
-pointer in each
-.Vt addrinfo
-structure until a null pointer is encountered.
-The three members
-.Fa ai_family ,
-.Fa ai_socktype ,
-and
-.Fa ai_protocol
-in each returned
-.Vt addrinfo
-structure are suitable for a call to
-.Xr socket 2 .
-For each
-.Vt addrinfo
-structure in the list, the
-.Fa ai_addr
-member points to a filled-in socket address structure of length
-.Fa ai_addrlen .
-.Pp
-This implementation of
-.Fn getaddrinfo
-allows numeric IPv6 address notation with scope identifier,
-as documented in RFC 4007.
-By appending the percent character and scope identifier to addresses,
-one can fill the
-.Li sin6_scope_id
-field for addresses.
-This would make management of scoped addresses easier
-and allows cut-and-paste input of scoped addresses.
-.Pp
-At this moment the code supports only link-local addresses with the format.
-The scope identifier is hardcoded to the name of the hardware interface
-associated
-with the link
-.Po
-such as
-.Li ne0
-.Pc .
-An example is
-.Dq Li fe80::1%ne0 ,
-which means
-.Do
-.Li fe80::1
-on the link associated with the
-.Li ne0
-interface
-.Dc .
-.Pp
-The current implementation assumes a one-to-one relationship between
-the interface and link, which is not necessarily true from the specification.
-.Pp
-All of the information returned by
-.Fn getaddrinfo
-is dynamically allocated: the
-.Vt addrinfo
-structures themselves as well as the socket address structures and
-the canonical host name strings included in the
-.Vt addrinfo
-structures.
-.Pp
-Memory allocated for the dynamically allocated structures created by
-a successful call to
-.Fn getaddrinfo
-is released by the
-.Fn freeaddrinfo
-function.
-The
-.Fa ai
-pointer should be an
-.Vt addrinfo
-structure created by a call to
-.Fn getaddrinfo .
-.Sh RETURN VALUES
-.Fn getaddrinfo
-returns zero on success or one of the error codes listed in
-.Xr gai_strerror 3
-if an error occurs.
-If an error occurs, no memory is allocated by
-.Fn getaddrinfo ,
-therefore it is not necessary to release the
-.Vt addrinfo
-structure(s).
-.Sh EXAMPLES
-The following code tries to connect to
-.Dq Li www.kame.net
-service
-.Dq Li www
-via a stream socket.
-It loops through all the addresses available, regardless of address family.
-If the destination resolves to an IPv4 address, it will use an
-.Dv AF_INET
-socket.
-Similarly, if it resolves to IPv6, an
-.Dv AF_INET6
-socket is used.
-Observe that there is no hardcoded reference to a particular address family.
-The code works even if
-.Fn getaddrinfo
-returns addresses that are not IPv4/v6.
-.Bd -literal -offset indent
-struct addrinfo hints, *res, *res0;
-int error;
-int save_errno;
-int s;
-const char *cause = NULL;
-
-memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
-hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
-hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
-error = getaddrinfo("www.kame.net", "www", &hints, &res0);
-if (error)
-        errx(1, "%s", gai_strerror(error));
-s = -1;
-for (res = res0; res; res = res->ai_next) {
-        s = socket(res->ai_family, res->ai_socktype,
-            res->ai_protocol);
-        if (s == -1) {
-                cause = "socket";
-                continue;
-        }
-
-        if (connect(s, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen) == -1) {
-                cause = "connect";
-                save_errno = errno;
-                close(s);
-                errno = save_errno;
-                s = -1;
-                continue;
-        }
-
-        break;  /* okay we got one */
-}
-if (s == -1)
-        err(1, "%s", cause);
-freeaddrinfo(res0);
-.Ed
-.Pp
-The following example tries to open a wildcard listening socket onto service
-.Dq Li www ,
-for all the address families available.
-.Bd -literal -offset indent
-struct addrinfo hints, *res, *res0;
-int error;
-int save_errno;
-int s[MAXSOCK];
-int nsock;
-const char *cause = NULL;
-
-memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
-hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
-hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
-hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE;
-error = getaddrinfo(NULL, "www", &hints, &res0);
-if (error)
-        errx(1, "%s", gai_strerror(error));
-nsock = 0;
-for (res = res0; res && nsock < MAXSOCK; res = res->ai_next) {
-        s[nsock] = socket(res->ai_family, res->ai_socktype,
-            res->ai_protocol);
-        if (s[nsock] == -1) {
-                cause = "socket";
-                continue;
-        }
-
-        if (bind(s[nsock], res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen) == -1) {
-                cause = "bind";
-                save_errno = errno;
-                close(s[nsock]);
-                errno = save_errno;
-                continue;
-        }
-        (void) listen(s[nsock], 5);
-
-        nsock++;
-}
-if (nsock == 0)
-        err(1, "%s", cause);
-freeaddrinfo(res0);
-.Ed
-.Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr bind 2 ,
-.Xr connect 2 ,
-.Xr send 2 ,
-.Xr socket 2 ,
-.Xr gai_strerror 3 ,
-.Xr gethostbyname 3 ,
-.Xr getnameinfo 3 ,
-.Xr getservbyname 3 ,
-.Xr res_init 3 ,
-.Xr hosts 5 ,
-.Xr resolv.conf 5 ,
-.Xr services 5 ,
-.Xr hostname 7
-.Rs
-.%A Craig Metz
-.%B Proceedings of the Freenix Track: 2000 USENIX Annual Technical Conference
-.%D June 2000
-.%T Protocol Independence Using the Sockets API
-.Re
-.Sh STANDARDS
-The
-.Fn getaddrinfo
-function is defined by the
-.St -p1003.1g-2000
-draft specification and documented in RFC 3493.
-.Pp
-The
-.Dv AI_FQDN
-flag bit first appeared in Windows 7.
-.Pp
-.Rs
-.%A R. Gilligan
-.%A S. Thomson
-.%A J. Bound
-.%A J. McCann
-.%A W. Stevens
-.%D February 2003
-.%R RFC 3493
-.%T Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6
-.Re
-.Pp
-.Rs
-.%A S. Deering
-.%A B. Haberman
-.%A T. Jinmei
-.%A E. Nordmark
-.%A B. Zill
-.%D March 2005
-.%R RFC 4007
-.%T IPv6 Scoped Address Architecture
-.Re