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-.\"     $OpenBSD: resolver.3,v 1.21 2007/05/31 19:19:30 jmc Exp $
-.\"
-.\" Copyright (c) 1985, 1991, 1993
-.\"     The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
-.\"
-.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-.\" are met:
-.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-.\"    without specific prior written permission.
-.\"
-.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
-.\"
-.Dd $Mdocdate: May 31 2007 $
-.Dt RESOLVER 3
-.Os
-.Sh NAME
-.Nm res_query ,
-.Nm res_search ,
-.Nm res_mkquery ,
-.Nm res_send ,
-.Nm res_init ,
-.Nm dn_comp ,
-.Nm dn_expand
-.Nd resolver routines
-.Sh SYNOPSIS
-.Fd #include <sys/types.h>
-.Fd #include <netinet/in.h>
-.Fd #include <arpa/nameser.h>
-.Fd #include <resolv.h>
-.Ft int
-.Fo res_query
-.Fa "const char *dname"
-.Fa "int class"
-.Fa "int type"
-.Fa "unsigned char *answer"
-.Fa "int anslen"
-.Fc
-.Ft int
-.Fo res_search
-.Fa "const char *dname"
-.Fa "int class"
-.Fa "int type"
-.Fa "unsigned char *answer"
-.Fa "int anslen"
-.Fc
-.Ft int
-.Fo res_mkquery
-.Fa "int op"
-.Fa "const char *dname"
-.Fa "int class"
-.Fa "int type"
-.Fa "const unsigned char *data"
-.Fa "int datalen"
-.Fa "const unsigned char *newrr"
-.Fa "unsigned char *buf"
-.Fa "int buflen"
-.Fc
-.Ft int
-.Fo res_send
-.Fa "const unsigned char *msg"
-.Fa "int msglen"
-.Fa "unsigned char *answer"
-.Fa "int anslen"
-.Fc
-.Ft int
-.Fn res_init "void"
-.Ft int
-.Fo dn_comp
-.Fa "const char *exp_dn"
-.Fa "unsigned char *comp_dn"
-.Fa "int length"
-.Fa "unsigned char **dnptrs"
-.Fa "unsigned char **lastdnptr"
-.Fc
-.Ft int
-.Fo dn_expand
-.Fa "const unsigned char *msg"
-.Fa "const unsigned char *eomorig"
-.Fa "const unsigned char *comp_dn"
-.Fa "char *exp_dn"
-.Fa "int length"
-.Fc
-.Sh DESCRIPTION
-These routines are used for making, sending, and interpreting
-query and reply messages with Internet domain name servers.
-.Pp
-Global configuration and state information that is used by the
-resolver routines is kept in the structure
-.Li _res .
-Most of the values have reasonable defaults and can be ignored.
-Options stored in
-.Li _res.options
-are defined in
-.Aq Pa resolv.h
-and are as follows.
-Options are stored as a simple bit mask containing the bitwise
-.Tn OR
-of the options enabled.
-.Bl -tag -width RES_USE_INET6
-.It Dv RES_INIT
-True if the initial name server address and default domain name are
-initialized (i.e.,
-.Fn res_init
-has been called).
-.It Dv RES_DEBUG
-Print debugging messages.
-.It Dv RES_AAONLY
-Accept authoritative answers only.
-With this option,
-.Fn res_send
-should continue until it finds an authoritative answer or finds an error.
-Currently this is not implemented.
-.It Dv RES_USEVC
-Use
-.Tn TCP
-connections for queries instead of
-.Tn UDP
-datagrams.
-.It Dv RES_STAYOPEN
-Used with
-.Dv RES_USEVC
-to keep the
-.Tn TCP
-connection open between queries.
-This is useful only in programs that regularly do many queries.
-.Tn UDP
-should be the normal mode used.
-.It Dv RES_IGNTC
-Unused currently (ignore truncation errors, i.e., don't retry with
-.Tn TCP ) .
-.It Dv RES_RECURSE
-Set the recursion-desired bit in queries.
-This is the default.
-.Pf ( Fn res_send
-does not do iterative queries and expects the name server
-to handle recursion.)
-.It Dv RES_DEFNAMES
-If set,
-.Fn res_search
-will append the default domain name to single-component names
-(those that do not contain a dot).
-This option is enabled by default.
-.It Dv RES_DNSRCH
-If this option is set,
-.Fn res_search
-will search for host names in the current domain and in parent domains; see
-.Xr hostname 7 .
-This is used by the standard host lookup routine
-.Xr gethostbyname 3 .
-This option is enabled by default.
-.It Dv RES_USE_INET6
-Enables support for IPv6-only applications.
-This causes IPv4 addresses to be returned as an IPv4 mapped address.
-For example, 10.1.1.1 will be returned as ::ffff:10.1.1.1.
-The option is not meaningful on
-.Ox .
-.It Dv RES_USE_EDNS0
-Enables support for OPT pseudo-RR for EDNS0 extension.
-With this option, resolver code will attach OPT pseudo-RR into DNS queries,
-to inform of our receive buffer size.
-The option will allow DNS servers to take advantage of non-default receive
-buffer size, and to send larger replies.
-DNS query packets with EDNS0 extension is not compatible with
-non-EDNS0 DNS servers.
-.El
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn res_init
-routine reads the configuration file (if any; see
-.Xr resolv.conf 5 )
-to get the default domain name, search list, and the Internet address
-of the local name server(s).
-If no server is configured, the host running
-the resolver is tried.
-The current domain name is defined by the hostname
-if not specified in the configuration file;
-it can be overridden by the environment variable
-.Ev LOCALDOMAIN .
-This environment variable may contain several blank-separated
-tokens if you wish to override the
-.Fa search list
-on a per-process basis.
-This is similar to the
-.Fa search
-command in the configuration file.
-Another environment variable
-.Ev RES_OPTIONS
-can be set to override certain internal resolver options which
-are otherwise set by changing fields in the
-.Fa _res
-structure or are inherited from the configuration file's
-.Fa options
-command.
-The syntax of the
-.Ev RES_OPTIONS
-environment variable is explained in
-.Xr resolv.conf 5 .
-Initialization normally occurs on the first call
-to one of the following routines.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn res_query
-function provides an interface to the server query mechanism.
-It constructs a query, sends it to the local server,
-awaits a response, and makes preliminary checks on the reply.
-The query requests information of the specified
-.Fa type
-and
-.Fa class
-for the specified fully qualified domain name
-.Fa dname .
-The reply message is left in the
-.Fa answer
-buffer with length
-.Fa anslen
-supplied by the caller.
-Values for the
-.Fa class
-and
-.Fa type
-fields
-are defined in
-.Aq Pa arpa/nameser.h .
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn res_search
-routine makes a query and awaits a response like
-.Fn res_query ,
-but in addition, it implements the default and search rules controlled by the
-.Dv RES_DEFNAMES
-and
-.Dv RES_DNSRCH
-options.
-It returns the first successful reply.
-.Pp
-The remaining routines are lower-level routines used by
-.Fn res_query .
-The
-.Fn res_mkquery
-function constructs a standard query message and places it in
-.Fa buf .
-It returns the size of the query, or \-1 if the query is larger than
-.Fa buflen .
-The query type
-.Fa op
-is usually
-.Dv QUERY ,
-but can be any of the query types defined in
-.Aq Pa arpa/nameser.h .
-The domain name for the query is given by
-.Fa dname .
-.Fa newrr
-is currently unused but is intended for making update messages.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn res_send
-routine sends a pre-formatted query and returns an answer.
-It will call
-.Fn res_init
-if
-.Dv RES_INIT
-is not set, send the query to the local name server, and
-handle timeouts and retries.
-The length of the reply message is returned, or \-1 if there were errors.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn dn_comp
-function compresses the domain name
-.Fa exp_dn
-and stores it in
-.Fa comp_dn .
-The size of the compressed name is returned or \-1 if there were errors.
-The size of the array pointed to by
-.Fa comp_dn
-is given by
-.Fa length .
-The compression uses an array of pointers
-.Fa dnptrs
-to previously compressed names in the current message.
-The first pointer points
-to the beginning of the message and the list ends with
-.Dv NULL .
-The limit to the array is specified by
-.Fa lastdnptr .
-A side effect of
-.Fn dn_comp
-is to update the list of pointers for labels inserted into the message
-as the name is compressed.
-If
-.Fa dnptrs
-is
-.Dv NULL ,
-names are not compressed.
-If
-.Fa lastdnptr
-is
-.Dv NULL ,
-the list of labels is not updated.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn dn_expand
-entry expands the compressed domain name
-.Fa comp_dn
-to a full domain name.
-The compressed name is contained in a query or reply message;
-.Fa msg
-is a pointer to the beginning of the message.
-The uncompressed name is placed in the buffer indicated by
-.Fa exp_dn
-which is of size
-.Fa length .
-The size of compressed name is returned or \-1 if there was an error.
-.Sh FILES
-.Bl -tag -width "/etc/resolv.confXX"
-.It Pa /etc/resolv.conf
-The configuration file.
-.El
-.Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr gethostbyname 3 ,
-.Xr resolv.conf 5 ,
-.Xr hostname 7 ,
-.Xr named 8
-.Pp
-.%T RFC 974 ,
-.%T RFC 1032 ,
-.%T RFC 1033 ,
-.%T RFC 1034 ,
-.%T RFC 1035 ,
-.%T RFC 1535
-.Rs
-.%T "Name Server Operations Guide for BIND"
-.Re
-.Sh HISTORY
-The
-.Nm
-function appeared in
-.Bx 4.3 .