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+.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991 The Regents of the University of California.
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
+.\" on Information Processing Systems.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"     $OpenBSD: strtoul.3,v 1.19 2007/11/13 18:30:04 tobias Exp $
+.\"
+.Dd $Mdocdate: November 13 2007 $
+.Dt STRTOUL 3
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm strtoul ,
+.Nm strtoull ,
+.Nm strtoumax ,
+.Nm strtouq
+.Nd "convert a string to an unsigned long, unsigned long long or uintmax_t integer"
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Fd #include <limits.h>
+.Fd #include <stdlib.h>
+.Ft unsigned long
+.Fn strtoul "const char *nptr" "char **endptr" "int base"
+.Pp
+.Ft unsigned long long
+.Fn strtoull "const char *nptr" "char **endptr" "int base"
+.Pp
+.Fd #include <inttypes.h>
+.Ft uintmax_t
+.Fn strtoumax "const char *nptr" "char **endptr" "int base"
+.Pp
+.Fd #include <sys/types.h>
+.Fd #include <limits.h>
+.Fd #include <stdlib.h>
+.Ft u_quad_t
+.Fn strtouq "const char *nptr" "char **endptr" "int base"
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+.Fn strtoul
+function converts the string in
+.Fa nptr
+to an
+.Li unsigned long
+value.
+The
+.Fn strtoull
+function converts the string in
+.Fa nptr
+to an
+.Li unsigned long long
+value.
+The
+.Fn strtoumax
+function converts the string in
+.Fa nptr
+to a
+.Li umaxint_t
+value.
+The
+.Fn strtouq
+function is a deprecated equivalent of
+.Fn strtoull
+and is provided for backwards compatibility with legacy programs.
+The conversion is done according to the given
+.Fa base ,
+which must be a number between 2 and 36 inclusive
+or the special value 0.
+If the string in
+.Fa nptr
+represents a negative number, it will be converted to its unsigned equivalent.
+This behavior is consistent with what happens when a signed integer type is
+cast to its unsigned counterpart.
+.Pp
+The string may begin with an arbitrary amount of whitespace
+(as determined by
+.Xr isspace 3 )
+followed by a single optional
+.Ql +
+or
+.Ql -
+sign.
+If
+.Fa base
+is zero or 16, the string may then include a
+.Ql 0x
+prefix, and the number will be read in base 16; otherwise, a zero
+.Fa base
+is taken as 10 (decimal) unless the next character is
+.Ql 0 ,
+in which case it is taken as 8 (octal).
+.Pp
+The remainder of the string is converted to an
+.Li unsigned long
+value in the obvious manner, stopping at the end of the string
+or at the first character that does not produce a valid digit
+in the given base.
+(In bases above 10, the letter
+.Ql A
+in either upper or lower case represents 10,
+.Ql B
+represents 11, and so forth, with
+.Ql Z
+representing 35.)
+.Pp
+If
+.Fa endptr
+is non-null,
+.Fn strtoul
+stores the address of the first invalid character in
+.Fa *endptr .
+If there were no digits at all, however,
+.Fn strtoul
+stores the original value of
+.Fa nptr
+in
+.Fa *endptr .
+(Thus, if
+.Fa *nptr
+is not
+.Ql \e0
+but
+.Fa **endptr
+is
+.Ql \e0
+on return, the entire string was valid.)
+.Sh RETURN VALUES
+The
+.Fn strtoul ,
+.Fn strtoull ,
+.Fn strtoumax
+and
+.Fn strtouq
+functions return either the result of the conversion or,
+if there was a leading minus sign,
+the negation of the result of the conversion,
+unless the original (non-negated) value would overflow.
+If overflow occurs,
+.Fn strtoul
+returns
+.Dv ULONG_MAX ,
+.Fn strtoull
+returns
+.Dv ULLONG_MAX ,
+.Fn strtoumax
+returns
+.Dv UINTMAX_MAX ,
+.Fn strtouq
+returns
+.Dv ULLONG_MAX
+and the global variable
+.Va errno
+is set to
+.Er ERANGE .
+If no conversion could be performed, 0 is returned;
+the global variable
+.Va errno
+is also set to
+.Er EINVAL,
+though this is not portable across all platforms.
+.Pp
+There is no way to determine if
+.Fn strtoul
+has processed a negative number (and returned an unsigned value) short of
+examining the string in
+.Fa nptr
+directly.
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+Ensuring that a string is a valid number (i.e., in range and containing no
+trailing characters) requires clearing
+.Va errno
+beforehand explicitly since
+.Va errno
+is not changed on a successful call to
+.Fn strtoul ,
+and the return value of
+.Fn strtoul
+cannot be used unambiguously to signal an error:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+char *ep;
+unsigned long ulval;
+
+\&...
+
+errno = 0;
+ulval = strtoul(buf, &ep, 10);
+if (buf[0] == '\e0' || *ep != '\e0')
+        goto not_a_number;
+if (errno == ERANGE && ulval == ULONG_MAX)
+        goto out_of_range;
+.Ed
+.Pp
+This example will accept
+.Dq 12
+but not
+.Dq 12foo
+or
+.Dq 12\en .
+If trailing whitespace is acceptable, further checks must be done on
+.Va *ep ;
+alternately, use
+.Xr sscanf 3 .
+.Sh ERRORS
+.Bl -tag -width Er
+.It Bq Er ERANGE
+The given string was out of range; the value converted has been clamped.
+.El
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr sscanf 3 ,
+.Xr strtol 3
+.Sh STANDARDS
+The
+.Fn strtoul ,
+.Fn strtoull ,
+and
+.Fn strtoumax
+functions conform to
+.St -ansiC-99 .
+The
+.Fn strtouq
+function is a
+.Bx
+extension and is provided for backwards compatibility with legacy programs.
+.Sh BUGS
+Ignores the current locale.