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-<!--#include file="header.html" -->
-
-<h3>Frequently Asked Questions</h3>
-
-This is a collection of some of the more frequently asked questions
-about BusyBox.  Some of the questions even have answers. If you
-have additions to this FAQ document, we would love to add them,
-
-<h2>General questions</h2>
-<ol>
-<li><a href="#getting_started">How can I get started using BusyBox?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#configure">How do I configure busybox?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#build">How do I build BusyBox with a cross-compiler?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#build_system">How do I build a BusyBox-based system?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#kernel">Which Linux kernel versions are supported?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#arch">Which architectures does BusyBox run on?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#libc">Which C libraries are supported?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#commercial">Can I include BusyBox as part of the software on my device?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#external">Where can I find other small utilities since busybox does not include the features I want?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#demanding">I demand that you to add &lt;favorite feature&gt; right now!   How come you don't answer all my questions on the mailing list instantly?  I demand that you help me with all of my problems <em>Right Now</em>!</a></li>
-<li><a href="#helpme">I need help with BusyBox!  What should I do?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#contracts">I need you to add &lt;favorite feature&gt;!  Are the BusyBox developers willing to be paid in order to fix bugs or add in &lt;favorite feature&gt;?  Are you willing to provide support contracts?</a></li>
-</ol>
-
-<h2>Troubleshooting</h2>
-<ol>
-<li><a href="#bugs">I think I found a bug in BusyBox!  What should I do?!</a></li>
-<li><a href="#backporting">I'm using an ancient version from the dawn of time and something's broken.  Can you backport fixes for free?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#init">Busybox init isn't working!</a></li>
-<li><a href="#sed">I can't configure busybox on my system.</a></li>
-<li><a href="#job_control">Why do I keep getting "sh: can't access tty; job control turned off" errors?  Why doesn't Control-C work within my shell?</a></li>
-</ol>
-
-<h2>Misc. questions</h2>
-<ol>
-  <li><a href="#tz">How do I change the time zone in busybox?</a></li>
-</ol>
-
-<h2>Programming questions</h2>
-<ol>
-  <li><a href="#goals">What are the goals of busybox?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="#design">What is the design of busybox?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="#source">How is the source code organized?</a>
-    <ul>
-    <li><a href="#source_applets">The applet directories.</a></li>
-    <li><a href="#source_libbb">The busybox shared library (libbb)</a></li>
-    </ul>
-  </li>
-  <li><a href="#optimize">I want to make busybox even smaller, how do I go about it?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="#adding">Adding an applet to busybox</a></li>
-  <li><a href="#standards">What standards does busybox adhere to?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="#portability">Portability.</a></li>
-  <li><a href="#tips">Tips and tricks.</a>
-    <ul>
-    <li><a href="#tips_encrypted_passwords">Encrypted Passwords</a></li>
-    <li><a href="#tips_vfork">Fork and vfork</a></li>
-    <li><a href="#tips_short_read">Short reads and writes</a></li>
-    <li><a href="#tips_memory">Memory used by relocatable code, PIC, and static linking.</a></li>
-    <li><a href="#tips_kernel_headers">Including Linux kernel headers.</a></li>
-    </ul>
-  </li>
-  <li><a href="#who">Who are the BusyBox developers?</a></li>
-</ol>
-
-
-<hr />
-<h1>General questions</h1>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="getting_started">How can I get started using BusyBox?</a></h2>
-
-<p> If you just want to try out busybox without installing it, download the
-    tarball, extract it, run "make defconfig", and then run "make".
-</p>
-<p>
-    This will create a busybox binary with almost all features enabled.  To try
-    out a busybox applet, type "./busybox [appletname] [options]", for
-    example "./busybox ls -l" or "./busybox cat LICENSE".  Type "./busybox"
-    to see a command list, and "busybox appletname --help" to see a brief
-    usage message for a given applet.
-</p>
-<p>
-    BusyBox uses the name it was invoked under to determine which applet is
-    being invoked.  (Try "mv busybox ls" and then "./ls -l".)  Installing
-    busybox consists of creating symlinks (or hardlinks) to the busybox
-    binary for each applet in busybox, and making sure these links are in
-    the shell's command $PATH.  The special applet name "busybox" (or with
-    any optional suffix, such as "busybox-static") uses the first argument
-    to determine which applet to run, as shown above.
-</p>
-<p>
-    BusyBox also has a feature called the
-    <a name="standalone_shell">"standalone shell"</a>, where the busybox
-    shell runs any built-in applets before checking the command path.  This
-    feature is also enabled by "make allyesconfig", and to try it out run
-    the command line "PATH= ./busybox ash".  This will blank your command path
-    and run busybox as your command shell, so the only commands it can find
-    (without an explicit path such as /bin/ls) are the built-in busybox ones.
-    This is another good way to see what's built into busybox.
-    Note that the standalone shell requires CONFIG_BUSYBOX_EXEC_PATH
-    to be set appropriately, depending on whether or not /proc/self/exe is
-    available or not. If you do not have /proc, then point that config option
-    to the location of your busybox binary, usually /bin/busybox.
-    (So if you set it to /proc/self/exe, and happen to be able to chroot into
-    your rootfs, you must mount /proc beforehand.)
-</p>
-<p>
-    A typical indication that you set CONFIG_BUSYBOX_EXEC_PATH to proc but
-    forgot to mount proc is:
-<pre>
-$ /bin/echo $PATH
-/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin/X11
-$ echo $PATH
-/bin/sh: echo: not found
-</pre>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="configure">How do I configure busybox?</a></h2>
-
-<p> Busybox is configured similarly to the linux kernel.  Create a default
-    configuration and then run "make menuconfig" to modify it.  The end
-    result is a .config file that tells the busybox build process what features
-    to include.  So instead of "./configure; make; make install" the equivalent
-    busybox build would be "make defconfig; make; make install".
-</p>
-
-<p> Busybox configured with all features enabled is a little under a megabyte
-    dynamically linked on x86.  To create a smaller busybox, configure it with
-    fewer features.  Individual busybox applets cost anywhere from a few
-    hundred bytes to tens of kilobytes.  Disable unneeded applets to save,
-    space, using menuconfig.
-</p>
-
-<p>The most important busybox configurators are:</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li><p>make <b>defconfig</b> - Create the maximum "sane" configuration.  This
-enables almost all features, minus things like debugging options and features
-that require changes to the rest of the system to work (such as selinux or
-devfs device names).  Use this if you want to start from a full-featured
-busybox and remove features until it's small enough.</p></li>
-<li><p>make <b>allnoconfig</b> - Disable everything.  This creates a tiny version
-of busybox that doesn't do anything.  Start here if you know exactly what
-you want and would like to select only those features.</p></li>
-<li><p>make <b>menuconfig</b> - Interactively modify a .config file through a
-multi-level menu interface.  Use this after one of the previous two.</p></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>Some other configuration options are:</p>
-<ul>
-<li><p>make <b>oldconfig</b> - Update an old .config file for a newer version
-of busybox.</p></li>
-<li><p>make <b>allyesconfig</b> - Select absolutely everything.  This creates
-a statically linked version of busybox full of debug code, with dependencies on
-selinux, using devfs names...  This makes sure everything compiles.  Whether
-or not the result would do anything useful is an open question.</p></li>
-<li><p>make <b>allbareconfig</b> - Select all applets but disable all sub-features
-within each applet.  More build coverage testing.</p></li>
-<li><p>make <b>randconfig</b> - Create a random configuration for test purposes.</p></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p> Menuconfig modifies your .config file through an interactive menu where you can enable or disable
-    busybox features, and get help about each feature.
-
-<p>
-    To build a smaller busybox binary, run "make menuconfig" and disable the
-    features you don't need.  (Or run "make allnoconfig" and then use
-    menuconfig to add just the features you need.  Don't forget to recompile
-    with "make" once you've finished configuring.)
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="build">How do I build BusyBox with a cross-compiler?</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-   To build busybox with a cross-compiler, specify CROSS_COMPILE=&lt;prefix&gt;.
-</p>
-<p>
-   CROSS_COMPILE specifies the prefix used for all executables used
-   during compilation. Only gcc and related binutils executables
-   are prefixed with $(CROSS_COMPILE) in the makefiles.
-   CROSS_COMPILE can be set on the command line:
-</p>
-<pre>
-   make CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-uclibcgnueabi-
-</pre>
-<p>
-   Alternatively CROSS_COMPILE can be set in the environment.
-   Default value for CROSS_COMPILE is not to prefix executables.
-</p>
-<p>
-   To store the cross-compiler in your .config, set the variable
-   CONFIG_CROSS_COMPILER_PREFIX accordingly in menuconfig or by
-   editing the .config file.
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="build_system">How do I build a BusyBox-based system?</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-    BusyBox is a package that replaces a dozen standard packages, but it is
-    not by itself a complete bootable system.  Building an entire Linux
-    distribution from source is a bit beyond the scope of this FAQ, but it
-    understandably keeps cropping up on the mailing list, so here are some
-    pointers.
-</p>
-<p>
-    Start by learning how to strip a working system down to the bare essentials
-    needed to run one or two commands, so you know what it is you actually
-    need.  An excellent practical place to do
-    this is the <a href="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO/">Linux
-    BootDisk Howto</a>, or for a more theoretical approach try
-    <a href="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/From-PowerUp-To-Bash-Prompt-HOWTO.html">From
-    PowerUp to Bash Prompt</a>.
-</p>
-<p>
-    To learn how to build a working Linux system entirely from source code,
-    the place to go is the <a href="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/">Linux
-    From Scratch</a> project.  They have an entire book of step-by-step
-    instructions you can
-    <a href="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/">read online</a>
-    or
-    <a href="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/downloads/stable/">download</a>.
-    Be sure to check out the other sections of their main page, including
-    Beyond Linux From Scratch, Hardened Linux From Scratch, their Hints
-    directory, and their LiveCD project.  (They also have mailing lists which
-    are better sources of answers to Linux-system building questions than
-    the busybox list.)
-</p>
-<p>
-    If you want an automated yet customizable system builder which produces
-    a BusyBox and uClibc based system, try
-    <a href="http://buildroot.uclibc.org/">buildroot</a>, which is
-    another project by the maintainer of the uClibc (Erik Andersen).
-    Download the tarball, extract it, unset CC, make.
-    For more instructions, see the website.
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="kernel">Which Linux kernel versions are supported?</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-    Full functionality requires Linux 2.4.x or better.  (Earlier versions may
-    still work, but are no longer regularly tested.)  A large fraction of the
-    code should run on just about anything.  While the current code is fairly
-    Linux specific, it should be fairly easy to port the majority of the code
-    to support, say, FreeBSD or Solaris, or Mac OS X, or even Windows (if you
-    are into that sort of thing).
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="arch">Which architectures does BusyBox run on?</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-    BusyBox in general will build on any architecture supported by gcc.
-    Kernel module loading for 2.4 Linux kernels is currently
-    limited to ARM, CRIS, H8/300, x86, ia64, x86_64, m68k, MIPS, PowerPC,
-    S390, SH3/4/5, Sparc, v850e, and x86_64 for 2.4.x kernels.
-</p>
-<p>
-    With 2.6.x kernels, module loading support should work on all architectures.
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="libc">Which C libraries are supported?</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-    On Linux, BusyBox releases are tested against uClibc (0.9.27 or later) and
-    glibc (2.2 or later).  Both should provide full functionality with busybox,
-    and if you find a bug we want to hear about it.
-</p>
-<p>
-    Linux-libc5 is no longer maintained (and has no known advantages over
-    uClibc), dietlibc is known to have numerous unfixed bugs, and klibc is
-    missing too many features to build BusyBox.  If you require a small C
-    library for Linux, the busybox developers recommend uClibc.
-</p>
-<p>
-    Some BusyBox applets have been built and run under a combination
-    of newlib and libgloss (see
-    <a href="http://www.busybox.net/lists/busybox/2005-March/013759.html">this thread</a>).
-    This is still experimental, but may be supported in a future release.
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="commercial">Can I include BusyBox as part of the software on my device?</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-    Yes.  As long as you <a href="http://busybox.net/license.html">fully comply
-    with the generous terms of the GPL BusyBox license</a> you can ship BusyBox
-    as part of the software on your device.
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="external">Where can I find other small utilities since busybox
-        does not include the features i want?</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-        we maintain such a <a href="tinyutils.html">list</a> on this site!
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="demanding">I demand that you to add &lt;favorite feature&gt; right now!   How come you don't answer all my questions on the mailing list instantly?  I demand that you help me with all of my problems <em>Right Now</em>!</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-    You have not paid us a single cent and yet you still have the product of
-    many years of our work.  We are not your slaves!  We work on BusyBox
-    because we find it useful and interesting.  If you go off flaming us, we
-    will ignore you.
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="helpme">I need help with BusyBox!  What should I do?</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-    If you find that you need help with BusyBox, you can ask for help on the
-    BusyBox mailing list at busybox@busybox.net.</p>
-
-<p> In addition to the mailing list, Erik Andersen (andersee), Manuel Nova
-    (mjn3), Rob Landley (landley), Mike Frysinger (SpanKY),
-    Bernhard Reutner-Fischer (blindvt), and other long-time BusyBox developers
-    are known to hang out on the uClibc IRC channel: #uclibc on
-    irc.freenode.net. There is a
-    <a href="http://ibot.Rikers.org/%23uclibc/">web archive of
-    daily logs of the #uclibc IRC channel</a> going back to 2002.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-    <b>Please do not send private email to Rob, Erik, Manuel, or the other
-    BusyBox contributors asking for private help unless you are planning on
-    paying for consulting services.</b>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-    When we answer questions on the BusyBox mailing list, it helps everyone
-    since people with similar problems in the future will be able to get help
-    by searching the mailing list archives.  Private help is reserved as a paid
-    service.  If you need to use private communication, or if you are serious
-    about getting timely assistance with BusyBox, you should seriously consider
-    paying for consulting services.
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="contracts">I need you to add &lt;favorite feature&gt;!  Are the BusyBox developers willing to be paid in order to fix bugs or add in &lt;favorite feature&gt;?  Are you willing to provide support contracts?</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-    Yes we are.  The easy way to sponsor a new feature is to post an offer on
-    the mailing list to see who's interested.  You can also email the project's
-    maintainer and ask them to recommend someone.
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h1>Troubleshooting</h1>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="bugs">I think I found a bug in BusyBox!  What should I do?</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-    If you simply need help with using or configuring BusyBox, please submit a
-    detailed description of your problem to the BusyBox mailing list at <a
-    href="mailto:busybox@busybox.net">busybox@busybox.net</a>.
-    Please do not send email to individual developers asking
-    for private help unless you are planning on paying for consulting services.
-    When we answer questions on the BusyBox mailing list, it helps everyone,
-    while private answers help only you...
-</p>
-
-<p>
-    Bug reports and new feature patches sometimes get lost when posted to the
-    mailing list, because the developers of BusyBox are busy people and have
-    only so much they can keep in their brains at a time.   You can post a
-    polite reminder after 2-3 days without offending anybody.  If that doesn't
-    result in a solution, please use the
-    <a href="https://bugs.busybox.net/">BusyBox Bug
-    and Patch Tracking System</a> to submit a detailed explanation and we'll
-    get to it as soon as we can.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-    Note that bugs entered into the bug system without being mentioned on the
-    mailing list first may languish there for months before anyone even notices
-    them.  We generally go through the bug system when preparing for new
-    development releases, to see what fell through the cracks while we were
-    off writing new features.  (It's a fast/unreliable vs slow/reliable thing.
-    Saves retransits, but the latency sucks.)
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="backporting">I'm using an ancient version from the dawn of time and something's broken.  Can you backport fixes for free?</a></h2>
-
-<p>Variants of this one get asked a lot.</p>
-
-<p>The purpose of the BusyBox mailing list is to develop and improve BusyBox,
-and we're happy to respond to our users' needs.  But if you're coming to the
-list for free tech support we're going to ask you to upgrade to a current
-version before we try to diagnose your problem.</p>
-
-<p>If you're building BusyBox 0.50 with uClibc 0.9.19 and gcc 1.27 there's a
-fairly large chance that whatever problem you're seeing has already been fixed.
-To get that fix, all you have to do is upgrade to a newer version.  If you
-don't at least _try_ that, you're wasting our time.</p>
-
-<p>The volunteers are happy to fix any bugs you point out in the current
-versions because doing so helps everybody and makes the project better.  We
-want to make the current version work for you.  But diagnosing, debugging, and
-backporting fixes to old versions isn't something we do for free, because it
-doesn't help anybody but you.  The cost of volunteer tech support is using a
-reasonably current version of the project.</p>
-
-<p>If you don't want to upgrade, you have the complete source code and thus
-the ability to fix it yourself, or hire a consultant to do it for you.  If you
-got your version from a vendor who still supports the older version, they can
-help you.  But there are limits as to what the volunteers will feel obliged to
-do for you.</p>
-
-<p>As a rule of thumb, volunteers will generally answer polite questions about
-a given version for about three years after its release before it's so old
-we don't remember the answer off the top of our head.  And if you want us to
-put any _effort_ into tracking it down, we want you to put in a little effort
-of your own by confirming it's still a problem with the current version.  It's
-also hard for us to fix a problem of yours if we can't reproduce it because
-we don't have any systems running an environment that old.</p>
-
-<p>A consultant will happily set up a special environment just to reproduce
-your problem, and you can always ask on the list if any of the developers
-have consulting rates.</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="init">Busybox init isn't working!</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-    Init is the first program that runs, so it might be that no programs are
-    working on your new system because of a problem with your cross-compiler,
-    kernel, console settings, shared libraries, root filesystem...  To rule all
-    that out, first build a statically linked version of the following "hello
-    world" program with your cross compiler toolchain:
-</p>
-<pre>
-#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
-
-int main(int argc, char *argv)
-{
-  printf("Hello world!\n");
-  sleep(999999999);
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-    Now try to boot your device with an "init=" argument pointing to your
-    hello world program.  Did you see the hello world message?  Until you
-    do, don't bother messing with busybox init.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-    Once you've got it working statically linked, try getting it to work
-    dynamically linked.  Then read the FAQ entry <a href="#build_system">How
-    do I build a BusyBox-based system?</a>, and the
-    <a href="/downloads/BusyBox.html#item_init">documentation for BusyBox
-    init</a>.
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="sed">I can't configure busybox on my system.</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-    Configuring Busybox depends on a recent version of sed.  Older
-    distributions (Red Hat 7.2, Debian 3.0) may not come with a
-    usable version.  Luckily BusyBox can use its own sed to configure itself,
-    although this leads to a bit of a chicken and egg problem.
-    You can work around this by hand-configuring busybox to build with just
-    sed, then putting that sed in your path to configure the rest of busybox
-    with, like so:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-  tar xvjf sources/busybox-x.x.x.tar.bz2
-  cd busybox-x.x.x
-  make allnoconfig
-  make include/bb_config.h
-  echo "CONFIG_SED=y" >> .config
-  echo "#undef ENABLE_SED" >> include/bb_config.h
-  echo "#define ENABLE_SED 1" >> include/bb_config.h
-  make
-  mv busybox sed
-  export PATH=`pwd`:"$PATH"
-</pre>
-
-<p>Then you can run "make defconfig" or "make menuconfig" normally.</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="job_control">Why do I keep getting "sh: can't access tty; job control turned off" errors?  Why doesn't Control-C work within my shell?</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-    Job control will be turned off since your shell can not obtain a controlling
-    terminal.  This typically happens when you run your shell on /dev/console.
-    The kernel will not provide a controlling terminal on the /dev/console
-    device.  Your should run your shell on a normal tty such as tty1 or ttyS0
-    and everything will work perfectly.  If you <em>REALLY</em> want your shell
-    to run on /dev/console, then you can hack your kernel (if you are into that
-    sortof thing) by changing drivers/char/tty_io.c to change the lines where
-    it sets "noctty = 1;" to instead set it to "0".  I recommend you instead
-    run your shell on a real console...
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h1>Misc. questions</h1>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="tz">How do I change the time zone in busybox?</a></h2>
-
-<p>Busybox has nothing to do with the timezone. Please consult your libc
-documentation. (<a href="http://google.com/search?q=uclibc+glibc+timezone">http://google.com/search?q=uclibc+glibc+timezone</a>).</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h1>Development</h1>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="goals">What are the goals of busybox?</a></h2>
-
-<p>Busybox aims to be the smallest and simplest correct implementation of the
-standard Linux command line tools.  First and foremost, this means the
-smallest executable size we can manage.  We also want to have the simplest
-and cleanest implementation we can manage, be <a href="#standards">standards
-compliant</a>, minimize run-time memory usage (heap and stack), run fast, and
-take over the world.</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="design">What is the design of busybox?</a></h2>
-
-<p>Busybox is like a swiss army knife: one thing with many functions.
-The busybox executable can act like many different programs depending on
-the name used to invoke it.  Normal practice is to create a bunch of symlinks
-pointing to the busybox binary, each of which triggers a different busybox
-function.  (See <a href="FAQ.html#getting_started">getting started</a> in the
-FAQ for more information on usage, and <a href="BusyBox.html">the
-busybox documentation</a> for a list of symlink names and what they do.)
-
-<p>The "one binary to rule them all" approach is primarily for size reasons: a
-single multi-purpose executable is smaller then many small files could be.
-This way busybox only has one set of ELF headers, it can easily share code
-between different apps even when statically linked, it has better packing
-efficiency by avoding gaps between files or compression dictionary resets,
-and so on.</p>
-
-<p>Work is underway on new options such as "make standalone" to build separate
-binaries for each applet, and a "libbb.so" to make the busybox common code
-available as a shared library.  Neither is ready yet at the time of this
-writing.</p>
-
-<a name="source"></a>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="source_applets">The applet directories</a></h2>
-
-<p>The directory "applets" contains the busybox startup code (applets.c and
-busybox.c), and several subdirectories containing the code for the individual
-applets.</p>
-
-<p>Busybox execution starts with the main() function in applets/busybox.c,
-which sets the global variable applet_name to argv[0] and calls
-run_applet_and_exit() in applets/applets.c.  That uses the applets[] array
-(defined in include/busybox.h and filled out in include/applets.h) to
-transfer control to the appropriate APPLET_main() function (such as
-cat_main() or sed_main()).  The individual applet takes it from there.</p>
-
-<p>This is why calling busybox under a different name triggers different
-functionality: main() looks up argv[0] in applets[] to get a function pointer
-to APPLET_main().</p>
-
-<p>Busybox applets may also be invoked through the multiplexor applet
-"busybox" (see busybox_main() in libbb/appletlib.c), and through the
-standalone shell (grep for STANDALONE_SHELL in applets/shell/*.c).
-See <a href="FAQ.html#getting_started">getting started</a> in the
-FAQ for more information on these alternate usage mechanisms, which are
-just different ways to reach the relevant APPLET_main() function.</p>
-
-<p>The applet subdirectories (archival, console-tools, coreutils,
-debianutils, e2fsprogs, editors, findutils, init, loginutils, miscutils,
-modutils, networking, procps, shell, sysklogd, and util-linux) correspond
-to the configuration sub-menus in menuconfig.  Each subdirectory contains the
-code to implement the applets in that sub-menu, as well as a Config.in
-file defining that configuration sub-menu (with dependencies and help text
-for each applet), and the makefile segment (Makefile.in) for that
-subdirectory.</p>
-
-<p>The run-time --help is stored in usage_messages[], which is initialized at
-the start of applets/applets.c and gets its help text from usage.h.  During the
-build this help text is also used to generate the BusyBox documentation (in
-html, txt, and man page formats) in the docs directory.  See
-<a href="#adding">adding an applet to busybox</a> for more
-information.</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="source_libbb"><b>libbb</b></a></h2>
-
-<p>Most non-setup code shared between busybox applets lives in the libbb
-directory.  It's a mess that evolved over the years without much auditing
-or cleanup.  For anybody looking for a great project to break into busybox
-development with, documenting libbb would be both incredibly useful and good
-experience.</p>
-
-<p>Common themes in libbb include allocation functions that test
-for failure and abort the program with an error message so the caller doesn't
-have to test the return value (xmalloc(), xstrdup(), etc), wrapped versions
-of open(), close(), read(), and write() that test for their own failures
-and/or retry automatically, linked list management functions (llist.c),
-command line argument parsing (getopt32.c), and a whole lot more.</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="optimize">I want to make busybox even smaller, how do I go about it?</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-        To conserve bytes it's good to know where they're being used, and the
-        size of the final executable isn't always a reliable indicator of
-        the size of the components (since various structures are rounded up,
-        so a small change may not even be visible by itself, but many small
-        savings add up).
-</p>
-
-<p>     The busybox Makefile builds two versions of busybox, one of which
-        (busybox_unstripped) has extra information that various analysis tools
-        can use.  (This has nothing to do with CONFIG_DEBUG, leave that off
-        when trying to optimize for size.)
-</p>
-
-<p>     The <b>"make bloatcheck"</b> option uses Matt Mackall's bloat-o-meter
-        script to compare two versions of busybox (busybox_unstripped vs
-        busybox_old), and report which symbols changed size and by how much.
-        To use it, first build a base version with <b>"make baseline"</b>.
-        (This creates busybox_old, which should have the original sizes for
-        comparison purposes.)  Then build the new version with your changes
-        and run "make bloatcheck" to see the size differences from the old
-        version.
-</p>
-<p>
-        The first line of output has totals: how many symbols were added or
-        removed, how many symbols grew or shrank, the number of bytes added
-        and number of bytes removed by these changes, and finally the total
-        number of bytes difference between the two files.  The remaining
-        lines show each individual symbol, the old and new sizes, and the
-        increase or decrease in size (which results are sorted by).
-</p>
-<p>
-        The <b>"make sizes"</b> option produces raw symbol size information for
-        busybox_unstripped.  This is the output from the "nm --size-sort"
-        command (see "man nm" for more information), and is the information
-        bloat-o-meter parses to produce the comparison report above.  For
-        defconfig, this is a good way to find the largest symbols in the tree
-        (which is a good place to start when trying to shrink the code).  To
-        take a closer look at individual applets, configure busybox with just
-        one applet (run "make allnoconfig" and then switch on a single applet
-        with menuconfig), and then use "make sizes" to see the size of that
-        applet's components.
-</p>
-<p>
-        The "showasm" command (in the scripts directory) produces an assembly
-        dump of a function, providing a closer look at what changed.  Try
-        "scripts/showasm busybox_unstripped" to list available symbols, and
-        "scripts/showasm busybox_unstripped symbolname" to see the assembly
-        for a sepecific symbol.
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="adding">Adding an applet to busybox</a></h2>
-
-<p>To add a new applet to busybox, first pick a name for the applet and
-a corresponding CONFIG_NAME.  Then do this:</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Figure out where in the busybox source tree your applet best fits,
-and put your source code there.  Be sure to use APPLET_main() instead
-of main(), where APPLET is the name of your applet.</li>
-
-<li>Add your applet to the relevant Config.in file (which file you add
-it to determines where it shows up in "make menuconfig").  This uses
-the same general format as the linux kernel's configuration system.</li>
-
-<li>Add your applet to the relevant Makefile.in file (in the same
-directory as the Config.in you chose), using the existing entries as a
-template and the same CONFIG symbol as you used for Config.in.  (Don't
-forget "needlibm" or "needcrypt" if your applet needs libm or
-libcrypt.)</li>
-
-<li>Add your applet to "include/applets.h", using one of the existing
-entries as a template.  (Note: this is in alphabetical order.  Applets
-are found via binary search, and if you add an applet out of order it
-won't work.)</li>
-
-<li>Add your applet's runtime help text to "include/usage.h".  You need
-at least appname_trivial_usage (the minimal help text, always included
-in the busybox binary when this applet is enabled) and appname_full_usage
-(extra help text included in the busybox binary with
-CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE is enabled), or it won't compile.
-The other two help entry types (appname_example_usage and
-appname_notes_usage) are optional.  They don't take up space in the binary,
-but instead show up in the generated documentation (BusyBox.html,
-BusyBox.txt, and the man page BusyBox.1).</li>
-
-<li>Run menuconfig, switch your applet on, compile, test, and fix the
-bugs.  Be sure to try both "allyesconfig" and "allnoconfig" (and
-"allbareconfig" if relevant).</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="standards">What standards does busybox adhere to?</a></h2>
-
-<p>The standard we're paying attention to is the "Shell and Utilities"
-portion of the <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/">Open
-Group Base Standards</a> (also known as the Single Unix Specification version
-3 or SUSv3).  Note that paying attention isn't necessarily the same thing as
-following it.</p>
-
-<p>SUSv3 doesn't even mention things like init, mount, tar, or losetup, nor
-commonly used options like echo's '-e' and '-n', or sed's '-i'.  Busybox is
-driven by what real users actually need, not the fact the standard believes
-we should implement ed or sccs.  For size reasons, we're unlikely to include
-much internationalization support beyond UTF-8, and on top of all that, our
-configuration menu lets developers chop out features to produce smaller but
-very non-standard utilities.</p>
-
-<p>Also, Busybox is aimed primarily at Linux.  Unix standards are interesting
-because Linux tries to adhere to them, but portability to dozens of platforms
-is only interesting in terms of offering a restricted feature set that works
-everywhere, not growing dozens of platform-specific extensions.  Busybox
-should be portable to all hardware platforms Linux supports, and any other
-similar operating systems that are easy to do and won't require much
-maintenance.</p>
-
-<p>In practice, standards compliance tends to be a clean-up step once an
-applet is otherwise finished.  When polishing and testing a busybox applet,
-we ensure we have at least the option of full standards compliance, or else
-document where we (intentionally) fall short.</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="portability">Portability.</a></h2>
-
-<p>Busybox is a Linux project, but that doesn't mean we don't have to worry
-about portability.  First of all, there are different hardware platforms,
-different C library implementations, different versions of the kernel and
-build toolchain...  The file "include/platform.h" exists to centralize and
-encapsulate various platform-specific things in one place, so most busybox
-code doesn't have to care where it's running.</p>
-
-<p>To start with, Linux runs on dozens of hardware platforms.  We try to test
-each release on x86, x86-64, arm, power pc, and mips.  (Since qemu can handle
-all of these, this isn't that hard.)  This means we have to care about a number
-of portability issues like endianness, word size, and alignment, all of which
-belong in platform.h.  That header handles conditional #includes and gives
-us macros we can use in the rest of our code.  At some point in the future
-we might grow a platform.c, possibly even a platform subdirectory.  As long
-as the applets themselves don't have to care.</p>
-
-<p>On a related note, we made the "default signedness of char varies" problem
-go away by feeding the compiler -funsigned-char.  This gives us consistent
-behavior on all platforms, and defaults to 8-bit clean text processing (which
-gets us halfway to UTF-8 support).  NOMMU support is less easily separated
-(see the tips section later in this document), but we're working on it.</p>
-
-<p>Another type of portability is build environments: we unapologetically use
-a number of gcc and glibc extensions (as does the Linux kernel), but these have
-been picked up by packages like uClibc, TCC, and Intel's C Compiler.  As for
-gcc, we take advantage of newer compiler optimizations to get the smallest
-possible size, but we also regression test against an older build environment
-using the Red Hat 9 image at "http://busybox.net/downloads/qemu".  This has a
-2.4 kernel, gcc 3.2, make 3.79.1, and glibc 2.3, and is the oldest
-build/deployment environment we still put any effort into maintaining.  (If
-anyone takes an interest in older kernels you're welcome to submit patches,
-but the effort would probably be better spent
-<a href="http://www.selenic.com/linux-tiny/">trimming
-down the 2.6 kernel</a>.)  Older gcc versions than that are uninteresting since
-we now use c99 features, although
-<a href="http://fabrice.bellard.free.fr/tcc/">tcc</a> might be worth a
-look.</p>
-
-<p>We also test busybox against the current release of uClibc.  Older versions
-of uClibc aren't very interesting (they were buggy, and uClibc wasn't really
-usable as a general-purpose C library before version 0.9.26 anyway).</p>
-
-<p>Other unix implementations are mostly uninteresting, since Linux binaries
-have become the new standard for portable Unix programs.  Specifically,
-the ubiquity of Linux was cited as the main reason the Intel Binary
-Compatability Standard 2 died, by the standards group organized to name a
-successor to ibcs2: <a href="http://www.telly.org/86open/">the 86open
-project</a>.  That project disbanded in 1999 with the endorsement of an
-existing standard: Linux ELF binaries.  Since then, the major players at the
-time (such as <a
-href="http://www-03.ibm.com/servers/aix/products/aixos/linux/index.html">AIX</a>, <a
-href="http://www.sun.com/software/solaris/ds/linux_interop.jsp#3">Solaris</a>, and
-<a href="http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/bsd/2000/03/17/linuxapps.html">FreeBSD</a>)
-have all either grown Linux support or folded.</p>
-
-<p>The major exceptions are newcomer MacOS X, some embedded environments
-(such as newlib+libgloss) which provide a posix environment but not a full
-Linux environment, and environments like Cygwin that provide only partial Linux
-emulation.  Also, some embedded Linux systems run a Linux kernel but amputate
-things like the /proc directory to save space.</p>
-
-<p>Supporting these systems is largely a question of providing a clean subset
-of BusyBox's functionality -- whichever applets can easily be made to
-work in that environment.  Annotating the configuration system to
-indicate which applets require which prerequisites (such as procfs) is
-also welcome.  Other efforts to support these systems (swapping #include
-files to build in different environments, adding adapter code to platform.h,
-adding more extensive special-case supporting infrastructure such as mount's
-legacy mtab support) are handled on a case-by-case basis.  Support that can be
-cleanly hidden in platform.h is reasonably attractive, and failing that
-support that can be cleanly separated into a separate conditionally compiled
-file is at least worth a look.  Special-case code in the body of an applet is
-something we're trying to avoid.</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="tips">Programming tips and tricks.</a></h2>
-
-<p>Various things busybox uses that aren't particularly well documented
-elsewhere.</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="tips_encrypted_passwords">Encrypted Passwords</a></h2>
-
-<p>Password fields in /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow are in a special format.
-If the first character isn't '$', then it's an old DES style password.  If
-the first character is '$' then the password is actually three fields
-separated by '$' characters:</p>
-<pre>
-  <b>$type$salt$encrypted_password</b>
-</pre>
-
-<p>The "type" indicates which encryption algorithm to use: 1 for MD5 and 2 for SHA1.</p>
-
-<p>The "salt" is a bunch of ramdom characters (generally 8) the encryption
-algorithm uses to perturb the password in a known and reproducible way (such
-as by appending the random data to the unencrypted password, or combining
-them with exclusive or).  Salt is randomly generated when setting a password,
-and then the same salt value is re-used when checking the password.  (Salt is
-thus stored unencrypted.)</p>
-
-<p>The advantage of using salt is that the same cleartext password encrypted
-with a different salt value produces a different encrypted value.
-If each encrypted password uses a different salt value, an attacker is forced
-to do the cryptographic math all over again for each password they want to
-check.  Without salt, they could simply produce a big dictionary of commonly
-used passwords ahead of time, and look up each password in a stolen password
-file to see if it's a known value.  (Even if there are billions of possible
-passwords in the dictionary, checking each one is just a binary search against
-a file only a few gigabytes long.)  With salt they can't even tell if two
-different users share the same password without guessing what that password
-is and decrypting it.  They also can't precompute the attack dictionary for
-a specific password until they know what the salt value is.</p>
-
-<p>The third field is the encrypted password (plus the salt).  For md5 this
-is 22 bytes.</p>
-
-<p>The busybox function to handle all this is pw_encrypt(clear, salt) in
-"libbb/pw_encrypt.c".  The first argument is the clear text password to be
-encrypted, and the second is a string in "$type$salt$password" format, from
-which the "type" and "salt" fields will be extracted to produce an encrypted
-value.  (Only the first two fields are needed, the third $ is equivalent to
-the end of the string.)  The return value is an encrypted password in
-/etc/passwd format, with all three $ separated fields.  It's stored in
-a static buffer, 128 bytes long.</p>
-
-<p>So when checking an existing password, if pw_encrypt(text,
-old_encrypted_password) returns a string that compares identical to
-old_encrypted_password, you've got the right password.  When setting a new
-password, generate a random 8 character salt string, put it in the right
-format with sprintf(buffer, "$%c$%s", type, salt), and feed buffer as the
-second argument to pw_encrypt(text,buffer).</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="tips_vfork">Fork and vfork</a></h2>
-
-<p>On systems that haven't got a Memory Management Unit, fork() is unreasonably
-expensive to implement (and sometimes even impossible), so a less capable
-function called vfork() is used instead.  (Using vfork() on a system with an
-MMU is like pounding a nail with a wrench.  Not the best tool for the job, but
-it works.)</p>
-
-<p>Busybox hides the difference between fork() and vfork() in
-libbb/bb_fork_exec.c.  If you ever want to fork and exec, use bb_fork_exec()
-(which returns a pid and takes the same arguments as execve(), although in
-this case envp can be NULL) and don't worry about it.  This description is
-here in case you want to know why that does what it does.</p>
-
-<p>Implementing fork() depends on having a Memory Management Unit.  With an
-MMU then you can simply set up a second set of page tables and share the
-physical memory via copy-on-write.  So a fork() followed quickly by exec()
-only copies a few pages of the parent's memory, just the ones it changes
-before freeing them.</p>
-
-<p>With a very primitive MMU (using a base pointer plus length instead of page
-tables, which can provide virtual addresses and protect processes from each
-other, but no copy on write) you can still implement fork.  But it's
-unreasonably expensive, because you have to copy all the parent process'
-memory into the new process (which could easily be several megabytes per fork).
-And you have to do this even though that memory gets freed again as soon as the
-exec happens.  (This is not just slow and a waste of space but causes memory
-usage spikes that can easily cause the system to run out of memory.)</p>
-
-<p>Without even a primitive MMU, you have no virtual addresses.  Every process
-can reach out and touch any other process' memory, because all pointers are to
-physical addresses with no protection.  Even if you copy a process' memory to
-new physical addresses, all of its pointers point to the old objects in the
-old process.  (Searching through the new copy's memory for pointers and
-redirect them to the new locations is not an easy problem.)</p>
-
-<p>So with a primitive or missing MMU, fork() is just not a good idea.</p>
-
-<p>In theory, vfork() is just a fork() that writeably shares the heap and stack
-rather than copying it (so what one process writes the other one sees).  In
-practice, vfork() has to suspend the parent process until the child does exec,
-at which point the parent wakes up and resumes by returning from the call to
-vfork().  All modern kernel/libc combinations implement vfork() to put the
-parent to sleep until the child does its exec.  There's just no other way to
-make it work: the parent has to know the child has done its exec() or exit()
-before it's safe to return from the function it's in, so it has to block
-until that happens.  In fact without suspending the parent there's no way to
-even store separate copies of the return value (the pid) from the vfork() call
-itself: both assignments write into the same memory location.</p>
-
-<p>One way to understand (and in fact implement) vfork() is this: imagine
-the parent does a setjmp and then continues on (pretending to be the child)
-until the exec() comes around, then the _exec_ does the actual fork, and the
-parent does a longjmp back to the original vfork call and continues on from
-there.  (It thus becomes obvious why the child can't return, or modify
-local variables it doesn't want the parent to see changed when it resumes.)
-
-<p>Note a common mistake: the need for vfork doesn't mean you can't have two
-processes running at the same time.  It means you can't have two processes
-sharing the same memory without stomping all over each other.  As soon as
-the child calls exec(), the parent resumes.</p>
-
-<p>If the child's attempt to call exec() fails, the child should call _exit()
-rather than a normal exit().  This avoids any atexit() code that might confuse
-the parent.  (The parent should never call _exit(), only a vforked child that
-failed to exec.)</p>
-
-<p>(Now in theory, a nommu system could just copy the _stack_ when it forks
-(which presumably is much shorter than the heap), and leave the heap shared.
-Even with no MMU at all
-In practice, you've just wound up in a multi-threaded situation and you can't
-do a malloc() or free() on your heap without freeing the other process' memory
-(and if you don't have the proper locking for being threaded, corrupting the
-heap if both of you try to do it at the same time and wind up stomping on
-each other while traversing the free memory lists).  The thing about vfork is
-that it's a big red flag warning "there be dragons here" rather than
-something subtle and thus even more dangerous.)</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="tips_sort_read">Short reads and writes</a></h2>
-
-<p>Busybox has special functions, bb_full_read() and bb_full_write(), to
-check that all the data we asked for got read or written.  Is this a real
-world consideration?  Try the following:</p>
-
-<pre>while true; do echo hello; sleep 1; done | tee out.txt</pre>
-
-<p>If tee is implemented with bb_full_read(), tee doesn't display output
-in real time but blocks until its entire input buffer (generally a couple
-kilobytes) is read, then displays it all at once.  In that case, we _want_
-the short read, for user interface reasons.  (Note that read() should never
-return 0 unless it has hit the end of input, and an attempt to write 0
-bytes should be ignored by the OS.)</p>
-
-<p>As for short writes, play around with two processes piping data to each
-other on the command line (cat bigfile | gzip &gt; out.gz) and suspend and
-resume a few times (ctrl-z to suspend, "fg" to resume).  The writer can
-experience short writes, which are especially dangerous because if you don't
-notice them you'll discard data.  They can also happen when a system is under
-load and a fast process is piping to a slower one.  (Such as an xterm waiting
-on x11 when the scheduler decides X is being a CPU hog with all that
-text console scrolling...)</p>
-
-<p>So will data always be read from the far end of a pipe at the
-same chunk sizes it was written in?  Nope.  Don't rely on that.  For one
-counterexample, see <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc896.html">rfc 896
-for Nagle's algorithm</a>, which waits a fraction of a second or so before
-sending out small amounts of data through a TCP/IP connection in case more
-data comes in that can be merged into the same packet.  (In case you were
-wondering why action games that use TCP/IP set TCP_NODELAY to lower the latency
-on their their sockets, now you know.)</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="tips_memory">Memory used by relocatable code, PIC, and static linking.</a></h2>
-
-<p>The downside of standard dynamic linking is that it results in self-modifying
-code.  Although each executable's pages are mmaped() into a process' address
-space from the executable file and are thus naturally shared between processes
-out of the page cache, the library loader (ld-linux.so.2 or ld-uClibc.so.0)
-writes to these pages to supply addresses for relocatable symbols.  This
-dirties the pages, triggering copy-on-write allocation of new memory for each
-processes' dirtied pages.</p>
-
-<p>One solution to this is Position Independent Code (PIC), a way of linking
-a file so all the relocations are grouped together.  This dirties fewer
-pages (often just a single page) for each process' relocations.  The down
-side is this results in larger executables, which take up more space on disk
-(and a correspondingly larger space in memory).  But when many copies of the
-same program are running, PIC dynamic linking trades a larger disk footprint
-for a smaller memory footprint, by sharing more pages.</p>
-
-<p>A third solution is static linking.  A statically linked program has no
-relocations, and thus the entire executable is shared between all running
-instances.  This tends to have a significantly larger disk footprint, but
-on a system with only one or two executables, shared libraries aren't much
-of a win anyway.</p>
-
-<p>You can tell the glibc linker to display debugging information about its
-relocations with the environment variable "LD_DEBUG".  Try
-"LD_DEBUG=help /bin/true" for a list of commands.  Learning to interpret
-"LD_DEBUG=statistics cat /proc/self/statm" could be interesting.</p>
-
-<p>For more on this topic, here's Rich Felker:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p>Dynamic linking (without fixed load addresses) fundamentally requires
-at least one dirty page per dso that uses symbols. Making calls (but
-never taking the address explicitly) to functions within the same dso
-does not require a dirty page by itself, but will with ELF unless you
-use -Bsymbolic or hidden symbols when linking.</p>
-
-<p>ELF uses significant additional stack space for the kernel to pass all
-the ELF data structures to the newly created process image. These are
-located above the argument list and environment. This normally adds 1
-dirty page to the process size.</p>
-
-<p>The ELF dynamic linker has its own data segment, adding one or more
-dirty pages. I believe it also performs relocations on itself.</p>
-
-<p>The ELF dynamic linker makes significant dynamic allocations to manage
-the global symbol table and the loaded dso's. This data is never
-freed. It will be needed again if libdl is used, so unconditionally
-freeing it is not possible, but normal programs do not use libdl. Of
-course with glibc all programs use libdl (due to nsswitch) so the
-issue was never addressed.</p>
-
-<p>ELF also has the issue that segments are not page-aligned on disk.
-This saves up to 4k on disk, but at the expense of using an additional
-dirty page in most cases, due to a large portion of the first data
-page being filled with a duplicate copy of the last text page.</p>
-
-<p>The above is just a partial list of the tiny memory penalties of ELF
-dynamic linking, which eventually add up to quite a bit. The smallest
-I've been able to get a process down to is 8 dirty pages, and the
-above factors seem to mostly account for it (but some were difficult
-to measure).</p>
-</blockquote>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="tips_kernel_headers"></a>Including kernel headers</h2>
-
-<p>The &quot;linux&quot; or &quot;asm&quot; directories of /usr/include
-contain Linux kernel
-headers, so that the C library can talk directly to the Linux kernel.  In
-a perfect world, applications shouldn't include these headers directly, but
-we don't live in a perfect world.</p>
-
-<p>For example, Busybox's losetup code wants linux/loop.c because nothing else
-#defines the structures to call the kernel's loopback device setup ioctls.
-Attempts to cut and paste the information into a local busybox header file
-proved incredibly painful, because portions of the loop_info structure vary by
-architecture, namely the type __kernel_dev_t has different sizes on alpha,
-arm, x86, and so on.  Meaning we either #include &lt;linux/posix_types.h&gt; or
-we hardwire #ifdefs to check what platform we're building on and define this
-type appropriately for every single hardware architecture supported by
-Linux, which is simply unworkable.</p>
-
-<p>This is aside from the fact that the relevant type defined in
-posix_types.h was renamed to __kernel_old_dev_t during the 2.5 series, so
-to cut and paste the structure into our header we have to #include
-&lt;linux/version.h&gt; to figure out which name to use.  (What we actually
-do is
-check if we're building on 2.6, and if so just use the new 64 bit structure
-instead to avoid the rename entirely.)  But we still need the version
-check, since 2.4 didn't have the 64 bit structure.</p>
-
-<p>The BusyBox developers spent <u>two years</u> trying to figure
-out a clean way to do all this.  There isn't one.  The losetup in the
-util-linux package from kernel.org isn't doing it cleanly either, they just
-hide the ugliness by nesting #include files.  Their mount/loop.h
-#includes &quot;my_dev_t.h&quot;, which #includes &lt;linux/posix_types.h&gt;
-and &lt;linux/version.h&gt; just like we do.  There simply is no alternative.
-</p>
-
-<p>Just because directly #including kernel headers is sometimes
-unavoidable doesn't me we should include them when there's a better
-way to do it.  However, block copying information out of the kernel headers
-is not a better way.</p>
-
-<hr />
-<h2><a name="who">Who are the BusyBox developers?</a></h2>
-
-<p>The following login accounts currently exist on busybox.net.  (I.E. these
-people can commit <a href="http://busybox.net/downloads/patches/">patches</a>
-into subversion for the BusyBox, uClibc, and buildroot projects.)</p>
-
-<pre>
-aldot     :Bernhard Reutner-Fischer
-andersen  :Erik Andersen      - uClibc and BuildRoot maintainer.
-bug1      :Glenn McGrath
-davidm    :David McCullough
-gkajmowi  :Garrett Kajmowicz  - uClibc++ maintainer
-jbglaw    :Jan-Benedict Glaw
-jocke     :Joakim Tjernlund
-landley   :Rob Landley
-lethal    :Paul Mundt
-mjn3      :Manuel Novoa III
-osuadmin  :osuadmin
-pgf       :Paul Fox
-pkj       :Peter Kjellerstedt
-prpplague :David Anders
-psm       :Peter S. Mazinger
-russ      :Russ Dill
-sandman   :Robert Griebl
-sjhill    :Steven J. Hill
-solar     :Ned Ludd
-timr      :Tim Riker
-tobiasa   :Tobias Anderberg
-vapier    :Mike Frysinger
-vda       :Denys Vlasenko     - BusyBox maintainer
-</pre>
-
-<p>The following accounts used to exist on busybox.net, but don't anymore so
-I can't ask /etc/passwd for their names.  Rob Wentworth
-&lt;robwen at gmail.com&gt; asked Google and recovered the names:</p>
-
-<pre>
-aaronl   :Aaron Lehmann
-beppu    :John Beppu
-dwhedon  :David Whedon
-erik     :Erik Andersen
-gfeldman :Gennady Feldman
-jimg     :Jim Gleason
-kraai    :Matt Kraai
-markw    :Mark Whitley
-miles    :Miles Bader
-proski   :Pavel Roskin
-rjune    :Richard June
-tausq    :Randolph Chung
-vodz     :Vladimir N. Oleynik
-</pre>
-
-
-<br>
-<br>
-<br>
-
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