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authorEric Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org>2000-07-06 19:59:22 +0000
committerEric Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org>2000-07-06 19:59:22 +0000
commite5cec4e3ac31ec32fd8a39287155374ea2283518 (patch)
tree193157705a0d257c19a9dd557aced530cbcb7e2c /docs
parent62bb2d02b668f951d423c1739a4ef2702575baf5 (diff)
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More doc patches from Matt Kraai <kraai@alumni.carnegiemellon.edu>.
Thanks Matt! -Erik
Diffstat (limited to 'docs')
-rw-r--r--docs/busybox.sgml2120
1 files changed, 793 insertions, 1327 deletions
diff --git a/docs/busybox.sgml b/docs/busybox.sgml
index 01c407a17..8ba31c0de 100644
--- a/docs/busybox.sgml
+++ b/docs/busybox.sgml
@@ -878,1504 +878,970 @@
878 </para> 878 </para>
879 </sect1> 879 </sect1>
880 880
881<!-- This is where I have stopped formatting stuff --> 881 <sect1 id="fbset">
882<varlistentry><term><emphasis>fbset 882 <title>fbset</title>
883
884</emphasis></term>
885<listitem><para></para>
886
887<para>
888Usage: fbset [options] [mode]
889
890
891</para>
892
893<para>
894Show and modify frame buffer device settings
895
896
897</para>
898
899<para>
900Options:
901
902
903</para>
904
905<para>
906<screen>
907 -h
908 -fb
909 -db
910 -a
911 -i
912 -g
913 -t
914 -accel
915 -hsync
916 -vsync
917 -laced
918 -double
919</screen>
920
921
922</para>
923
924<para>
925Example:
926
927
928</para>
929
930<para>
931<screen>
932 $ fbset
933 mode "1024x768-76"
934 # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
935 geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
936 timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
937 accel false
938 rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
939 endmode
940</screen>
941
942
943</para>
944
945<para>
946-------------------------------
947
948
949</para>
950
951</listitem></varlistentry>
952<varlistentry><term><emphasis>fdflush
953
954</emphasis></term>
955<listitem><para></para>
956
957<para>
958Usage: fdflush device
959
960
961</para>
962
963<para>
964Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change
965
966
967</para>
968
969<para>
970-------------------------------
971
972
973</para>
974
975</listitem></varlistentry>
976<varlistentry><term><emphasis>find
977
978</emphasis></term>
979<listitem><para></para>
980
981<para>
982Usage: find [PATH...] [EXPRESSION]
983
984
985</para>
986
987<para>
988Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default PATH is the current
989directory; default EXPRESSION is '-print'
990
991
992</para>
993
994<para>
995EXPRESSION may consist of:
996
997
998</para>
999
1000<para>
1001<screen>
1002 -follow Dereference symbolic links.
1003 -name PATTERN File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN.
1004 -print print the full file name followed by a newline to stdout.
1005</screen>
1006
1007
1008</para>
1009
1010<para>
1011Example:
1012
1013
1014</para>
1015
1016<para>
1017<screen>
1018 $ find / -name /etc/passwd
1019 /etc/passwd
1020</screen>
1021
1022
1023</para>
1024
1025<para>
1026-------------------------------
1027
1028
1029</para>
1030
1031</listitem></varlistentry>
1032<varlistentry><term><emphasis>free
1033
1034</emphasis></term>
1035<listitem><para></para>
1036
1037<para>
1038Usage: free
1039
1040
1041</para>
1042
1043<para>
1044Displays the amount of free and used system memory.
1045
1046
1047</para>
1048
1049<para>
1050Example:
1051
1052
1053</para>
1054
1055<para>
1056<screen>
1057 $ free
1058 total used free shared buffers
1059 Mem: 257628 248724 8904 59644 93124
1060 Swap: 128516 8404 120112
1061 Total: 386144 257128 129016
1062</screen>
1063
1064
1065</para>
1066
1067<para>
1068-------------------------------
1069
1070
1071</para>
1072
1073</listitem></varlistentry>
1074<varlistentry><term><emphasis>freeramdisk
1075
1076</emphasis></term>
1077<listitem><para></para>
1078
1079<para>
1080Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE
1081
1082
1083</para>
1084
1085<para>
1086Frees all memory used by the specified ramdisk.
1087
1088
1089</para>
1090
1091<para>
1092Example:
1093
1094
1095</para>
1096
1097<para>
1098<screen>
1099 $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
1100</screen>
1101
1102
1103</para>
1104
1105<para>
1106-------------------------------
1107
1108
1109</para>
1110
1111</listitem></varlistentry>
1112<varlistentry><term><emphasis>fsck.minix
1113
1114</emphasis></term>
1115<listitem><para></para>
1116
1117<para>
1118Usage: fsck.minix [<emphasis>-larvsmf</emphasis>] /dev/name
1119
1120
1121</para>
1122
1123<para>
1124Performs a consistency check for MINIX filesystems.
1125
1126
1127</para>
1128
1129<para>
1130OPTIONS:
1131
1132
1133</para>
1134
1135<para>
1136<screen>
1137 -l Lists all filenames
1138 -r Perform interactive repairs
1139 -a Perform automatic repairs
1140 -v verbose
1141 -s Outputs super-block information
1142 -m Activates MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
1143 -f Force file system check.
1144</screen>
1145
1146
1147</para>
1148
1149<para>
1150-------------------------------
1151
1152
1153</para>
1154
1155</listitem></varlistentry>
1156<varlistentry><term><emphasis>grep
1157
1158</emphasis></term>
1159<listitem><para></para>
1160
1161<para>
1162Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...
1163
1164
1165</para>
1166
1167<para>
1168Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.
1169
1170
1171</para>
1172
1173<para>
1174OPTIONS:
1175
1176
1177</para>
1178
1179<para>
1180<screen>
1181 -h suppress the prefixing filename on output
1182 -i ignore case distinctions
1183 -n print line number with output lines
1184 -q be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
1185 -v select non-matching lines
1186</screen>
1187
1188
1189</para>
1190
1191<para>
1192This version of grep matches full regular expressions.
1193
1194
1195</para>
1196
1197<para>
1198Example:
1199
1200
1201</para>
1202
1203<para>
1204<screen>
1205 $ grep root /etc/passwd
1206 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1207 $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
1208 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1209</screen>
1210
1211
1212</para>
1213
1214<para>
1215-------------------------------
1216
1217
1218</para>
1219
1220</listitem></varlistentry>
1221<varlistentry><term><emphasis>gunzip
1222
1223</emphasis></term>
1224<listitem><para></para>
1225
1226<para>
1227Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
1228
1229
1230</para>
1231
1232<para>
1233Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-').
1234
1235
1236</para>
1237
1238<para>
1239Options:
1240
1241
1242</para>
1243
1244<para>
1245<screen>
1246 -c Write output to standard output
1247 -t Test compressed file integrity
1248</screen>
1249
1250
1251</para>
1252
1253<para>
1254Example:
1255
1256
1257</para>
1258
1259<para>
1260<screen>
1261 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1262 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1263 $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1264 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1265 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1266</screen>
1267
1268
1269</para>
1270
1271<para>
1272-------------------------------
1273
1274
1275</para>
1276
1277</listitem></varlistentry>
1278<varlistentry><term><emphasis>gzip
1279
1280</emphasis></term>
1281<listitem><para></para>
1282
1283<para>
1284Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE
1285
1286
1287</para>
1288
1289<para>
1290Compress FILE with maximum compression. When FILE is '-', reads standard
1291input. Implies <emphasis>-c</emphasis>.
1292
1293
1294</para>
1295
1296<para>
1297Options:
1298
1299
1300</para>
1301
1302<para>
1303<screen>
1304 -c Write output to standard output instead of FILE.gz
1305</screen>
1306
1307
1308</para>
1309
1310<para>
1311Example:
1312
1313
1314</para>
1315
1316<para>
1317<screen>
1318 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1319 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1320 $ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1321 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1322 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1323</screen>
1324
1325
1326</para>
1327
1328<para>
1329-------------------------------
1330
1331
1332</para>
1333
1334</listitem></varlistentry>
1335<varlistentry><term><emphasis>halt
1336
1337</emphasis></term>
1338<listitem><para></para>
1339
1340<para>
1341Usage: halt
1342
1343
1344</para>
1345
1346<para>
1347This command halts the system.
1348
1349
1350</para>
1351
1352<para>
1353-------------------------------
1354
1355
1356</para>
1357
1358</listitem></varlistentry>
1359<varlistentry><term><emphasis>head
1360
1361</emphasis></term>
1362<listitem><para></para>
1363
1364<para>
1365Usage: head [OPTION] [FILE]...
1366
1367
1368</para>
1369
1370<para>
1371Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
1372FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or
1373when FILE is -, read standard input.
1374
1375
1376</para>
1377
1378<para>
1379Options:
1380
1381
1382</para>
1383
1384<para>
1385<screen>
1386 -n NUM Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
1387</screen>
1388
1389
1390</para>
1391
1392<para>
1393Example:
1394
1395
1396</para>
1397
1398<para>
1399<screen>
1400 $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
1401 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1402 daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
1403</screen>
1404
1405
1406</para>
1407
1408<para>
1409-------------------------------
1410
1411
1412</para>
1413
1414</listitem></varlistentry>
1415<varlistentry><term><emphasis>hostid
1416
1417</emphasis></term>
1418<listitem><para></para>
1419
1420<para>
1421Usage: hostid
1422
1423
1424</para>
1425
1426<para>
1427Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current machine. The 32-bit
1428identifier is intended to be unique among all UNIX systems in existence.
1429
1430
1431</para>
1432
1433<para>
1434-------------------------------
1435
1436
1437</para>
1438
1439</listitem></varlistentry>
1440<varlistentry><term><emphasis>hostname
1441
1442</emphasis></term>
1443<listitem><para></para>
1444
1445<para>
1446Usage: hostname [OPTION] {hostname | <emphasis>-F</emphasis> file}
1447
1448
1449</para>
1450
1451<para>
1452Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a hostname is given (or a
1453file with the <emphasis>-F</emphasis> parameter), the host name will be set.
1454
1455
1456</para>
1457
1458<para>
1459Options:
1460
1461
1462</para>
1463
1464<para>
1465<screen>
1466 -s Short
1467 -i Addresses for the hostname
1468 -d DNS domain name
1469 -F FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
1470</screen>
1471
1472
1473</para>
1474
1475<para>
1476Example:
1477
1478
1479</para>
1480
1481<para>
1482<screen>
1483 $ hostname
1484 slag
1485</screen>
1486
1487
1488</para>
1489
1490<para>
1491-------------------------------
1492
1493
1494</para>
1495
1496</listitem></varlistentry>
1497<varlistentry><term><emphasis>id
1498
1499</emphasis></term>
1500<listitem><para></para>
1501
1502<para>
1503Print information for USERNAME or the current user
1504
1505
1506</para>
1507
1508<para>
1509Options:
1510
1511
1512</para>
1513
1514<para>
1515<screen>
1516 -g prints only the group ID
1517 -u prints only the user ID
1518 -r prints the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)
1519</screen>
1520
1521
1522</para>
1523
1524<para>
1525Example:
1526
1527
1528</para>
1529
1530<para>
1531<screen>
1532 $ id
1533 uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
1534</screen>
1535
1536
1537</para>
1538
1539<para>
1540-------------------------------
1541
1542
1543</para>
1544
1545</listitem></varlistentry>
1546<varlistentry><term><emphasis>init
1547
1548</emphasis></term>
1549<listitem><para></para>
1550
1551<para>
1552Usage: init
1553
1554
1555</para>
1556
1557<para>
1558Init is the parent of all processes.
1559
1560
1561</para>
1562
1563<para>
1564This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel.
1565
1566
1567</para>
1568
1569<para>
1570BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field of the
1571/etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want
1572runlevels, use sysvinit.
1573
1574
1575</para>
1576
1577<para>
1578BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is found, it
1579has the following default behavior:
1580
1581
1582</para>
1583
1584<para>
1585<screen>
1586 ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1587 ::askfirst:/bin/sh
1588</screen>
1589
1590
1591</para>
1592
1593<para>
1594if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will also
1595run:
1596
1597
1598</para>
1599
1600<para>
1601<screen>
1602 tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
1603</screen>
1604
1605
1606</para>
1607
1608<para>
1609If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format is as
1610follows:
1611
1612
1613</para>
1614
1615<para>
1616<screen>
1617 &lt;id&gt;:&lt;runlevels&gt;:&lt;action&gt;:&lt;process&gt;
1618</screen>
1619
1620
1621</para>
1622
1623<para>
1624<screen>
1625 &lt;id&gt;:
1626</screen>
1627
1628
1629</para>
1630
1631<para>
1632<screen>
1633 WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
1634 The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for
1635 the specified process to run on. The contents of this field are
1636 appended to "/dev/" and used as-is. There is no need for this field to
1637 be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results. If this
1638 field is left blank, it is completely ignored. Also note that if
1639 BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then all entries
1640 containing non-empty id fields will _not_ be run. BusyBox init does
1641 nothing with utmp. We don't need no stinkin' utmp.
1642</screen>
1643
1644
1645</para>
1646
1647<para>
1648<screen>
1649 &lt;runlevels&gt;:
1650</screen>
1651
1652
1653</para>
1654
1655<para>
1656<screen>
1657 The runlevels field is completely ignored.
1658</screen>
1659
1660
1661</para>
1662
1663<para>
1664<screen>
1665 &lt;action&gt;:
1666</screen>
1667
1668
1669</para>
1670
1671<para>
1672<screen>
1673 Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
1674 once, and ctrlaltdel.
1675</screen>
1676
1677
1678</para>
1679
1680<para>
1681<screen>
1682 askfirst acts just like respawn, but before running the specified
1683 process it displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this
1684 console." and then waits for the user to press enter before starting
1685 the specified process.
1686</screen>
1687
1688
1689</para>
1690
1691<para>
1692<screen>
1693 Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit
1694 an error message, and then go along with its business.
1695</screen>
1696
1697
1698</para>
1699
1700<para>
1701<screen>
1702 &lt;process&gt;:
1703</screen>
1704
1705
1706</para>
1707
1708<para>
1709<screen>
1710 Specifies the process to be executed and it's command line.
1711</screen>
1712
1713
1714</para>
1715
1716<para>
1717Example /etc/inittab file:
1718
1719
1720</para>
1721
1722<para>
1723<screen>
1724 # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
1725 #
1726 ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1727</screen>
1728
1729
1730</para>
1731
1732<para>
1733<screen>
1734 # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
1735 #
1736 # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
1737 ::askfirst:/bin/sh
1738 # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2
1739 tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
1740</screen>
1741
1742
1743</para>
1744
1745<para>
1746<screen>
1747 # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
1748 #
1749 tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
1750 tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
1751</screen>
1752
1753
1754</para>
1755
1756<para>
1757<screen>
1758 # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
1759 #
1760 #ttyS0::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
1761 #ttyS1::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
1762 #
1763 # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
1764 #ttyS2::respawn:/sbin/getty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS2
1765</screen>
1766
1767
1768</para>
1769
1770<para>
1771<screen>
1772 # Stuff to do before rebooting
1773 ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1
1774 ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff -a &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1
1775</screen>
1776
1777
1778</para>
1779
1780<para>
1781-------------------------------
1782
1783
1784</para>
1785
1786</listitem></varlistentry>
1787<varlistentry><term><emphasis>insmod
1788
1789</emphasis></term>
1790<listitem><para></para>
1791
1792<para>
1793Usage: insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...
1794
1795
1796</para>
1797
1798<para>
1799Loads the specified kernel modules into the kernel.
1800
1801
1802</para>
1803
1804<para>
1805Options:
1806
1807
1808</para>
1809
1810<para>
1811<screen>
1812 -f Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.
1813 -k Make module autoclean-able.
1814 -v verbose output
1815 -x do not export externs
1816</screen>
1817
1818
1819</para>
1820
1821<para>
1822-------------------------------
1823
1824
1825</para>
1826
1827</listitem></varlistentry>
1828<varlistentry><term><emphasis>kill
1829
1830</emphasis></term>
1831<listitem><para></para>
1832
1833<para>
1834Usage: kill [<emphasis>-signal</emphasis>] process-id [process-id ...]
1835
1836
1837</para>
1838
1839<para>
1840Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1841<literal>process(es).</literal>
1842
1843
1844</para>
1845
1846<para>
1847Options:
1848
1849
1850</para>
1851
1852<para>
1853<screen>
1854 -l List all signal names and numbers.
1855</screen>
1856
1857
1858</para>
1859
1860<para>
1861Example:
1862
1863
1864</para>
1865
1866<para>
1867<screen>
1868 $ ps | grep apache
1869 252 root root S [apache]
1870 263 www-data www-data S [apache]
1871 264 www-data www-data S [apache]
1872 265 www-data www-data S [apache]
1873 266 www-data www-data S [apache]
1874 267 www-data www-data S [apache]
1875 $ kill 252
1876</screen>
1877
1878
1879</para>
1880
1881<para>
1882-------------------------------
1883
1884
1885</para>
1886
1887</listitem></varlistentry>
1888<varlistentry><term><emphasis>killall
1889
1890</emphasis></term>
1891<listitem><para></para>
1892
1893<para>
1894Usage: killall [<emphasis>-signal</emphasis>] process-name [process-name ...]
1895
1896
1897</para>
1898
1899<para>
1900Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1901<literal>process(es).</literal>
1902
1903
1904</para>
1905
1906<para>
1907Options:
1908
1909
1910</para>
1911
1912<para>
1913<screen>
1914 -l List all signal names and numbers.
1915</screen>
1916
1917
1918</para>
1919
1920<para>
1921Example:
1922
1923
1924</para>
1925
1926<para>
1927<screen>
1928 $ killall apache
1929</screen>
1930
1931
1932</para>
1933
1934<para>
1935-------------------------------
1936
1937
1938</para>
1939
1940</listitem></varlistentry>
1941<varlistentry><term><emphasis>length
1942
1943</emphasis></term>
1944<listitem><para></para>
1945
1946<para>
1947Usage: length STRING
1948
1949
1950</para>
1951
1952<para>
1953Prints out the length of the specified STRING.
1954
1955
1956</para>
1957
1958<para>
1959Example:
1960
1961
1962</para>
1963
1964<para>
1965<screen>
1966 $ length "Hello"
1967 5
1968</screen>
1969 883
884 <para>
885 Usage: fbset [OPTION]... [MODE]
886 </para>
1970 887
1971</para> 888 <para>
889 Show and modify frame buffer device settings.
890 </para>
1972 891
1973<para> 892 <para>
1974------------------------------- 893 Options:
894 </para>
1975 895
896 <para>
897 <screen>
898 -h Display option summary
899 -fb DEVICE Operate on DEVICE
900 -db FILE Use FILE for mode database
901 -g XRES YRES VXRES VYRES DEPTH Set all geometry parameters
902 -t PIXCLOCK LEFT RIGHT UPPER LOWER HSLEN VSLEN Set all timing parameters
903 -xres RES Set visible horizontal resolution
904 -yres RES Set visible vertical resolution
905 </screen>
906 </para>
1976 907
1977</para> 908 <para>
909 Example:
910 </para>
1978 911
1979</listitem></varlistentry> 912 <para>
1980<varlistentry><term><emphasis>ln 913 <screen>
914 $ fbset
915 mode "1024x768-76"
916 # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
917 geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
918 timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
919 accel false
920 rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
921 endmode
922 </screen>
923 </para>
924 </sect1>
1981 925
1982</emphasis></term> 926 <sect1 id="fdflush">
1983<listitem><para></para> 927 <title>fdflush</title>
1984 928
1985<para> 929 <para>
1986Usage: ln [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY 930 Usage: fdflush DEVICE
931 </para>
1987 932
933 <para>
934 Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change on DEVICE.
935 </para>
936 </sect1>
1988 937
1989</para> 938 <sect1 id="find">
939 <title>find</title>
1990 940
1991<para> 941 <para>
1992Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET You may 942 Usage: find [PATH]... [EXPRESSION]
1993use '--' to indicate that all following arguments are non-options. 943 </para>
1994 944
945 <para>
946 Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default
947 PATH is the current directory; default EXPRESSION is
948 '-print'.
949 </para>
1995 950
1996</para> 951 <para>
952 EXPRESSION may consist of:
953 </para>
1997 954
1998<para> 955 <para>
1999Options: 956 <screen>
957 -follow Dereference symbolic links
958 -name PATTERN File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN
959 -print Print the full file name followed by a newline to stdout
960 </screen>
961 </para>
2000 962
963 <para>
964 Example:
965 </para>
2001 966
2002</para> 967 <para>
968 <screen>
969 $ find / -name /etc/passwd
970 /etc/passwd
971 </screen>
972 </para>
973 </sect1>
2003 974
2004<para> 975 <sect1 id="free">
2005<screen> 976 <title>free</title>
2006 -s make symbolic links instead of hard links
2007 -f remove existing destination files
2008</screen>
2009 977
978 <para>
979 Usage: free
980 </para>
2010 981
2011</para> 982 <para>
983 Displays the amount of free and used system memory.
984 </para>
2012 985
2013<para> 986 <para>
2014Example: 987 Example:
988 </para>
2015 989
990 <para>
991 <screen>
992 $ free
993 total used free shared buffers
994 Mem: 257628 248724 8904 59644 93124
995 Swap: 128516 8404 120112
996 Total: 386144 257128 129016
997 </screen>
998 </para>
999 </sect1>
2016 1000
2017</para> 1001 <sect1 id="freeramdisk">
1002 <title>freeramdisk</title>
2018 1003
2019<para> 1004 <para>
2020<screen> 1005 Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE
2021 $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls 1006 </para>
2022 $ ls -l /tmp/ls
2023 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -&gt; BusyBox*
2024</screen>
2025 1007
1008 <para>
1009 Free all memory used by the ramdisk DEVICE.
1010 </para>
2026 1011
2027</para> 1012 <para>
1013 Example:
1014 </para>
2028 1015
2029<para> 1016 <para>
2030------------------------------- 1017 <screen>
1018 $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
1019 </screen>
1020 </para>
1021 </sect1>
2031 1022
1023 <sect1 id="fsck.minix">
1024 <title>fsck.minix</title>
2032 1025
2033</para> 1026 <para>
1027 Usage: fsck.minix [OPTION]... DEVICE
1028 </para>
2034 1029
2035</listitem></varlistentry> 1030 <para>
2036<varlistentry><term><emphasis>loadacm 1031 Perform a consistency check on the MINIX filesystem on
1032 DEVICE.
1033 </para>
2037 1034
2038</emphasis></term> 1035 <para>
2039<listitem><para></para> 1036 Options:
1037 </para>
2040 1038
2041<para> 1039 <para>
2042Usage: loadacm 1040 <screen>
1041 -l List all filenames
1042 -r Perform interactive repairs
1043 -a Perform automatic repairs
1044 -v Verbose
1045 -s Output super-block information
1046 -m Activate MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
1047 -f Force file system check.
1048 </screen>
1049 </para>
1050 </sect1>
2043 1051
1052 <sect1 id="grep">
1053 <title>grep</title>
2044 1054
2045</para> 1055 <para>
1056 Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...
1057 </para>
2046 1058
2047<para> 1059 <para>
2048Loads an acm from standard input. 1060 Search for PATTERN in each FILE or stdin.
1061 </para>
2049 1062
1063 <para>
1064 Options:
1065 </para>
2050 1066
2051</para> 1067 <para>
1068 <screen>
1069 -h Suppress the prefixing filename on output
1070 -i Ignore case distinctions
1071 -n Print line number with output lines
1072 -q Be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
1073 -v Select non-matching lines
1074 </screen>
1075 </para>
2052 1076
2053<para> 1077 <para>
2054Example: 1078 This version of grep matches full regular expressions.
1079 </para>
2055 1080
1081 <para>
1082 Example:
1083 </para>
2056 1084
2057</para> 1085 <para>
1086 <screen>
1087 $ grep root /etc/passwd
1088 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1089 $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
1090 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1091 </screen>
1092 </para>
1093 </sect1>
2058 1094
2059<para> 1095 <sect1 id="gunzip">
2060<screen> 1096 <title>gunzip</title>
2061 $ loadacm &lt; /etc/i18n/acmname
2062</screen>
2063 1097
1098 <para>
1099 Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
1100 </para>
2064 1101
2065</para> 1102 <para>
1103 Uncompress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-').
1104 </para>
2066 1105
2067<para> 1106 <para>
2068------------------------------- 1107 Options:
1108 </para>
2069 1109
1110 <para>
1111 <screen>
1112 -c Write output to standard output
1113 -t Test compressed file integrity
1114 </screen>
1115 </para>
2070 1116
2071</para> 1117 <para>
1118 Example:
1119 </para>
2072 1120
2073</listitem></varlistentry> 1121 <para>
2074<varlistentry><term><emphasis>loadfont 1122 <screen>
1123 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1124 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1125 $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1126 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1127 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1128 </screen>
1129 </para>
1130 </sect1>
2075 1131
2076</emphasis></term> 1132< <sect1 id="gzip">
2077<listitem><para></para> 1133 <title>gzip</title>
2078 1134
2079<para> 1135 <para>
2080Usage: loadfont 1136 Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE
1137 </para>
2081 1138
1139 <para>
1140 Compress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-') with maximum
1141 compression to FILE.gz (or stdout if FILE is '-').
1142 </para>
2082 1143
2083</para> 1144 <para>
1145 Options:
1146 </para>
2084 1147
2085<para> 1148 <para>
2086Loads a console font from standard input. 1149 <screen>
1150 -c Write output to standard output
1151 </screen>
1152 </para>
2087 1153
1154 <para>
1155 Example:
1156 </para>
2088 1157
2089</para> 1158 <para>
1159 <screen>
1160 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1161 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1162 $ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1163 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1164 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1165 </screen>
1166 </para>
1167 </sect1>
2090 1168
2091<para> 1169 <sect1 id="halt">
2092Example: 1170 <title>halt</title>
2093 1171
1172 <para>
1173 Usage: halt
1174 </para>
2094 1175
2095</para> 1176 <para>
1177 Halt the system.
1178 </para>
1179 </sect1>
2096 1180
2097<para> 1181 <sect1 id="head">
2098<screen> 1182 <title>head</title>
2099 $ loadfont &lt; /etc/i18n/fontname
2100</screen>
2101 1183
1184 <para>
1185 Usage: head [OPTION] FILE...
1186 </para>
2102 1187
2103</para> 1188 <para>
1189 Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
1190 With more than one FILE, precede each with a header
1191 giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -,
1192 read standard input.
1193 </para>
2104 1194
2105<para> 1195 <para>
2106------------------------------- 1196 Options:
1197 </para>
2107 1198
1199 <para>
1200 <screen>
1201 -n NUM Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
1202 </screen>
1203 </para>
2108 1204
2109</para> 1205 <para>
1206 Example:
1207 </para>
2110 1208
2111</listitem></varlistentry> 1209 <para>
2112<varlistentry><term><emphasis>loadkmap 1210 <screen>
1211 $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
1212 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1213 daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
1214 </screen>
1215 </para>
1216 </sect1>
2113 1217
2114</emphasis></term> 1218 <sect1 id="hostid">
2115<listitem><para></para> 1219 <title>hostid</title>
2116 1220
2117<para> 1221 <para>
2118Usage: loadkmap 1222 Usage: hostid
1223 </para>
2119 1224
1225 <para>
1226 Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current
1227 machine. The 32-bit identifier is intended to be unique
1228 among all UNIX systems in existence.
1229 </para>
1230 </sect1>
2120 1231
2121</para> 1232 <sect1 id="hostname">
1233 <title>hostname</title>
2122 1234
2123<para> 1235 <para>
2124Loads a binary keyboard translation table from standard input. 1236 Usage: hostname [OPTION]... [HOSTNAME|-F FILE]
1237 </para>
2125 1238
1239 <para>
1240 Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a
1241 hostname is given (or a file with the -F parameter), the
1242 host name will be set.
1243 </para>
2126 1244
2127</para> 1245 <para>
1246 Options:
1247 </para>
2128 1248
2129<para> 1249 <para>
2130Example: 1250 <screen>
1251 -s Short
1252 -i Addresses for the hostname
1253 -d DNS domain name
1254 -F FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
1255 </screen>
1256 </para>
2131 1257
1258 <para>
1259 Example:
1260 </para>
2132 1261
2133</para> 1262 <para>
1263 <screen>
1264 $ hostname
1265 slag
1266 </screen>
1267 </para>
1268 </sect1>
2134 1269
2135<para> 1270 <sect1 id="id">
2136<screen> 1271 <title>id</title>
2137 $ loadkmap &lt; /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
2138</screen>
2139 1272
1273 <para>
1274 Usage: id [OPTION]... [USERNAME]
1275 </para>
2140 1276
2141</para> 1277 <para>
1278 Print information for USERNAME or the current user.
1279 </para>
2142 1280
2143<para> 1281 <para>
2144------------------------------- 1282 Options:
1283 </para>
2145 1284
1285 <para>
1286 <screen>
1287 -g Print only the group ID
1288 -u Print only the user ID
1289 -r Print the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)
1290 </screen>
1291 </para>
2146 1292
2147</para> 1293 <para>
1294 Example:
1295 </para>
2148 1296
2149</listitem></varlistentry> 1297 <para>
2150<varlistentry><term><emphasis>logger 1298 <screen>
1299 $ id
1300 uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
1301 </screen>
1302 </para>
1303 </sect1>
2151 1304
2152</emphasis></term> 1305 <sect1 id="init">
2153<listitem><para></para> 1306 <title>init</title>
2154 1307
2155<para> 1308 <para>
2156Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE] 1309 Usage: init
1310 </para>
2157 1311
1312 <para>
1313 Init is the parent of all processes.
1314 </para>
2158 1315
2159</para> 1316 <para>
1317 This version of init is designed to be run only by the
1318 kernel.
1319 </para>
2160 1320
2161<para> 1321 <para>
2162Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is '-', log stdin. 1322 BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The
1323 runlevels field of the /etc/inittab file is completely
1324 ignored by BusyBox init. If you want runlevels, use
1325 sysvinit.
1326 </para>
2163 1327
1328 <para>
1329 BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no
1330 inittab is found, it has the following default behavior:
1331 </para>
2164 1332
2165</para> 1333 <para>
1334 <screen>
1335 ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1336 ::askfirst:/bin/sh
1337 </screen>
1338 </para>
2166 1339
2167<para> 1340 <para>
2168Options: 1341 If it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial
1342 console, it will also run:
1343 </para>
2169 1344
1345 <para>
1346 <screen>
1347 tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
1348 </screen>
1349 </para>
2170 1350
2171</para> 1351 <para>
1352 If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab
1353 entry format is as follows:
1354 </para>
2172 1355
2173<para> 1356 <para>
2174<screen> 1357 <screen>
2175 -s Log to stderr as well as the system log. 1358 &lt;id&gt;:&lt;runlevels&gt;:&lt;action&gt;:&lt;process&gt;
2176 -t Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name). 1359 </screen>
2177 -p Enter the message with the specified priority. 1360 <para>
2178 This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair.
2179</screen>
2180 1361
1362 <sect2>
1363 <title>id</title>
1364 <para>
1365 WARNING: This field has a non-traditional
1366 meaning for BusyBox init! The id field is used
1367 by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty
1368 for the specified process to run on. The
1369 contents of this field are appended to "/dev/"
1370 and used as-is. There is no need for this field
1371 to be unique, although if it isn't you may have
1372 strange results. If this field is left blank,
1373 it is completely ignored. Also note that if
1374 BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use,
1375 then all entries containing non-empty id fields
1376 will _not_ be run. BusyBox init does nothing
1377 with utmp. We don't need no stinkin' utmp.
1378 </para>
1379 </sect2>
1380
1381 <sect2>
1382 <title>runlevels</title>
1383
1384 <para>
1385 The runlevels field is completely ignored.
1386 </para>
1387 </sect2>
1388
1389 <sect2>
1390 <title>action</title>
1391
1392 <para>
1393 Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn,
1394 askfirst, wait, once, and ctrlaltdel.
1395 </para>
1396
1397 <para>
1398 askfirst acts just like respawn, but before
1399 running the specified process it displays the
1400 line "Please press Enter to activate this
1401 console." and then waits for the user to press
1402 enter before starting the specified process.
1403 </para>
1404
1405 <para>
1406 Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will
1407 cause init to emit an error message, and then go
1408 along with its business.
1409 </para>
1410 </sect2>
1411
1412 <sect2>
1413 <title>process</title>
1414
1415 <para>
1416 Specifies the process to be executed and its
1417 command line.
1418 </para>
1419 </sect2>
2181 1420
2182</para> 1421 <para>
1422 Example /etc/inittab file:
1423 </para>
2183 1424
2184<para> 1425 <para>
2185Example: 1426 <screen>
1427 # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
1428 #
1429 ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1430
1431 # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
1432 #
1433 # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
1434 ::askfirst:/bin/sh
1435 # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2
1436 tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
1437
1438 # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
1439 #
1440 tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
1441 tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
1442
1443 # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
1444 #
1445 #ttyS0::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
1446 #ttyS1::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
1447 #
1448 # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
1449 #ttyS2::respawn:/sbin/getty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS2
1450
1451 # Stuff to do before rebooting
1452 ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1
1453 ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff -a &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1
1454 </screen>
1455 </para>
1456 </sect1>
2186 1457
1458 <sect1 id="insmod">
1459 <title>insmod</title>
2187 1460
2188</para> 1461 <para>
1462 Usage: insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...
1463 </para>
2189 1464
2190<para> 1465 <para>
2191<screen> 1466 Loads MODULE into the kernel.
2192 $ logger "hello" 1467 </para>
2193</screen>
2194 1468
1469 <para>
1470 Options:
1471 </para>
2195 1472
2196</para> 1473 <para>
1474 <screen>
1475 -f Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.
1476 -k Make module autoclean-able.
1477 -v Verbose output
1478 -x Do not export externs
1479 </screen>
1480 </para>
1481 </sect1>
2197 1482
2198<para> 1483 <sect1 id="kill">
2199------------------------------- 1484 <title>kill</title>
2200 1485
1486 <para>
1487 Usage: kill [OPTION] PID...
1488 </para>
2201 1489
2202</para> 1490 <para>
1491 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1492 PID(s).
1493 </para>
2203 1494
2204</listitem></varlistentry> 1495 <para>
2205<varlistentry><term><emphasis>logname 1496 Options:
1497 </para>
2206 1498
2207</emphasis></term> 1499 <para>
2208<listitem><para></para> 1500 <screen>
1501 -l List all signal names and numbers
1502 -SIG Send signal SIG
1503 </screen>
1504 </para>
2209 1505
2210<para> 1506 <para>
2211Usage: logname 1507 Example:
1508 </para>
2212 1509
1510 <para>
1511 <screen>
1512 $ ps | grep apache
1513 252 root root S [apache]
1514 263 www-data www-data S [apache]
1515 264 www-data www-data S [apache]
1516 265 www-data www-data S [apache]
1517 266 www-data www-data S [apache]
1518 267 www-data www-data S [apache]
1519 $ kill 252
1520 </screen>
1521 </para>
1522 </sect1>
2213 1523
2214</para> 1524 <sect1 id="killall">
1525 <title>killall</title>
2215 1526
2216<para> 1527 <para>
2217Print the name of the current user. 1528 Usage: killall [OPTION] NAME...
1529 </para>
2218 1530
1531 <para>
1532 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1533 NAME(s).
1534 </para>
2219 1535
2220</para> 1536 <para>
1537 Options:
1538 </para>
2221 1539
2222<para> 1540 <para>
2223Example: 1541 <screen>
1542 -l List all signal names and numbers
1543 -SIG Send signal SIG
1544 </screen>
1545 </para>
2224 1546
1547 <para>
1548 Example:
1549 </para>
2225 1550
2226</para> 1551 <para>
1552 <screen>
1553 $ killall apache
1554 </screen>
1555 </para>
1556 </sect1>
2227 1557
2228<para> 1558 <sect1 id="length">
2229<screen> 1559 <title>length</title>
2230 $ logname
2231 root
2232</screen>
2233 1560
1561 <para>
1562 Usage: length STRING
1563 </para>
2234 1564
2235</para> 1565 <para>
1566 Print the length of STRING.
1567 </para>
2236 1568
2237<para> 1569 <para>
2238------------------------------- 1570 Example:
1571 </para>
2239 1572
1573 <para>
1574 <screen>
1575 $ length "Hello"
1576 5
1577 </screen>
1578 </para>
1579 </sect1>
2240 1580
2241</para> 1581 <sect1 id="ln">
1582 <title>ln</title>
2242 1583
2243</listitem></varlistentry> 1584 <para>
2244<varlistentry><term><emphasis>ls 1585 Usage: ln [OPTION]... TARGET FILE|DIRECTORY
1586 </para>
2245 1587
2246</emphasis></term> 1588 <para>
2247<listitem><para></para> 1589 Create a link named FILE or DIRECTORY to the specified
1590 TARGET. You may use '--' to indicate that all following
1591 arguments are non-options.
1592 </para>
2248 1593
2249<para> 1594 <para>
2250Usage: ls [<emphasis>-1acdelnpuxACFR</emphasis>] [filenames...] 1595 Options:
1596 </para>
2251 1597
1598 <para>
1599 <screen>
1600 -s Make symbolic link instead of hard link
1601 -f Remove existing destination file
1602 </screen>
1603 </para>
2252 1604
2253</para> 1605 <para>
1606 Example:
1607 </para>
2254 1608
2255<para> 1609 <para>
2256Options: 1610 <screen>
1611 $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
1612 $ ls -l /tmp/ls
1613 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -&gt; BusyBox*
1614 </screen>
1615 </para>
1616 </sect1>
2257 1617
1618 <sect1 id="loadacm">
1619 <title>loadacm</title>
2258 1620
2259</para> 1621 <para>
1622 Usage: loadacm
1623 </para>
2260 1624
2261<para> 1625 <para>
2262<screen> 1626 Load an acm from stdin.
2263 -a do not hide entries starting with . 1627 </para>
2264 -c with -l: show ctime (the time of last
2265 modification of file status information)
2266 -d list directory entries instead of contents
2267 -e list both full date and full time
2268 -l use a long listing format
2269 -n list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
2270 -p append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
2271 -u with -l: show access time (the time of last
2272 access of the file)
2273 -x list entries by lines instead of by columns
2274 -A do not list implied . and ..
2275 -C list entries by columns
2276 -F append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
2277 -R list subdirectories recursively
2278</screen>
2279 1628
1629 <para>
1630 Example:
1631 </para>
2280 1632
2281</para> 1633 <para>
1634 <screen>
1635 $ loadacm &lt; /etc/i18n/acmname
1636 </screen>
1637 </para>
1638 </sect1>
2282 1639
2283<para> 1640 <sect1 id="loadfont">
2284------------------------------- 1641 <title>loadfont</title>
2285 1642
1643 <para>
1644 Usage: loadfont
1645 </para>
2286 1646
2287</para> 1647 <para>
1648 Load a console font from stdin.
1649 </para>
2288 1650
2289</listitem></varlistentry> 1651 <para>
2290<varlistentry><term><emphasis>lsmod 1652 Example:
1653 </para>
2291 1654
2292</emphasis></term> 1655 <para>
2293<listitem><para></para> 1656 <screen>
1657 $ loadfont &lt; /etc/i18n/fontname
1658 </screen>
1659 </para>
1660 </sect1>
2294 1661
2295<para> 1662 <sect1 id="loadkmap">
2296Usage: lsmod 1663 <title>loadkmap</title>
2297 1664
1665 <para>
1666 Usage: loadkmap
1667 </para>
2298 1668
2299</para> 1669 <para>
1670 Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin.
1671 </para>
2300 1672
2301<para> 1673 <para>
2302Shows a list of all currently loaded kernel modules. 1674 Example:
1675 </para>
2303 1676
1677 <para>
1678 <screen>
1679 $ loadkmap &lt; /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
1680 </screen>
1681 </para>
1682 </sect1>
2304 1683
2305</para> 1684 <sect1 id="logger">
1685 <title>logger</title>
2306 1686
2307<para> 1687 <para>
2308------------------------------- 1688 Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
1689 </para>
2309 1690
1691 <para>
1692 Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is '-', log
1693 stdin.
1694 </para>
2310 1695
2311</para> 1696 <para>
1697 Options:
1698 </para>
2312 1699
2313</listitem></varlistentry> 1700 <para>
2314<varlistentry><term><emphasis>makedevs 1701 <screen>
1702 -s Log to stderr as well as the system log
1703 -t Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
1704 -p Enter the message with the specified priority
1705 This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair
1706 </screen>
1707 </para>
2315 1708
2316</emphasis></term> 1709 <para>
2317<listitem><para></para> 1710 Example:
1711 </para>
2318 1712
2319<para> 1713 <para>
2320Usage: makedevs NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s] 1714 <screen>
1715 $ logger "hello"
1716 </screen>
1717 </para>
1718 </sect1>
2321 1719
1720 <sect1 id="logname">
1721 <title>logname</title>
2322 1722
2323</para> 1723 <para>
1724 Usage: logname
1725 </para>
2324 1726
2325<para> 1727 <para>
2326Creates a range of block or character special files 1728 Print the name of the current user.
1729 </para>
2327 1730
1731 <para>
1732 Example:
1733 </para>
2328 1734
2329</para> 1735 <para>
1736 <screen>
1737 $ logname
1738 root
1739 </screen>
1740 </para>
1741 </sect1>
2330 1742
2331<para> 1743 <sect1 id="ls">
2332TYPEs include: 1744 <title>ls</title>
2333 1745
1746 <para>
1747 Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
1748 </para>
2334 1749
2335</para> 1750 <para>
1751
1752 </para>
2336 1753
2337<para> 1754 <para>
2338<screen> 1755 Options:
2339 b: Make a block (buffered) device. 1756 </para>
2340 c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device.
2341 p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes.
2342</screen>
2343 1757
1758 <para>
1759 <screen>
1760 -a Do not hide entries starting with .
1761 -c With -l: show ctime (the time of last
1762 modification of file status information)
1763 -d List directory entries instead of contents
1764 -e List both full date and full time
1765 -l Use a long listing format
1766 -n List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
1767 -p Append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
1768 -u With -l: show access time (the time of last
1769 access of the file)
1770 -x List entries by lines instead of by columns
1771 -A Do not list implied . and ..
1772 -C List entries by columns
1773 -F Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
1774 -R List subdirectories recursively
1775 </screen>
1776 </para>
2344 1777
2345</para> 1778 <para>
1779 Example:
1780 </para>
2346 1781
2347<para> 1782 <para>
2348FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create the first device. 1783 <screen>
2349LAST specifies the number of the last item that should be created. If 's' 1784 </screen>
2350is the last argument, the base device is created as well. 1785 </para>
1786 </sect1>
2351 1787
1788 <sect1 id="lsmod">
1789 <title>lsmod</title>
2352 1790
2353</para> 1791 <para>
1792 Usage: lsmod
1793 </para>
2354 1794
2355<para> 1795 <para>
2356Example: 1796 List currently loaded kernel modules.
1797 </para>
1798 </sect1>
2357 1799
1800 <sect1 id="makedevs">
1801 <title>makedevs</title>
2358 1802
2359</para> 1803 <para>
1804 Usage: makedevsf NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
1805 </para>
2360 1806
2361<para> 1807 <para>
2362<screen> 1808 Create a range of block or character special files.
2363 $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63 1809 </para>
2364 [creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
2365 $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
2366 [creates hda,hda1-hda8]
2367</screen>
2368 1810
1811 <para>
1812 TYPE may be:
1813 </para>
2369 1814
2370</para> 1815 <para>
1816 <screen>
1817 b Make a block (buffered) device
1818 c or u Make a character (un-buffered) device
1819 p Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes
1820 </screen>
1821 </para>
2371 1822
2372<para> 1823 <para>
2373------------------------------- 1824 FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create
1825 the first device. LAST specifies the number of the last
1826 item that should be created. If 's' is the last
1827 argument, the base device is created as well.
1828 </para>
2374 1829
1830 <para>
1831 Example:
1832 </para>
2375 1833
2376</para> 1834 <para>
1835 <screen>
1836 $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
1837 [creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
1838 $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
1839 [creates hda,hda1-hda8]
1840 </screen>
1841 </para>
1842 </sect1>
2377 1843
2378</listitem></varlistentry> 1844<!-- This is where I have stopped formatting stuff -->
2379<varlistentry><term><emphasis>md5sum 1845<varlistentry><term><emphasis>md5sum
2380 1846
2381</emphasis></term> 1847</emphasis></term>
generated by cgit v1.2.3-55-g6feb (git 2.39.1) at 2026-01-14 07:36:56 +0000