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-.\" $OpenBSD: crypt.3,v 1.34 2014/03/19 02:34:45 tedu Exp $
-.\"
-.\" FreeSec: libcrypt
-.\"
-.\" Copyright (c) 1994 David Burren
-.\" All rights reserved.
-.\"
-.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-.\" are met:
-.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-.\" 4. Neither the name of the author nor the names of other contributors
-.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-.\"    without specific prior written permission.
-.\"
-.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
-.\"
-.\" Manual page, using -mandoc macros
-.\"
-.Dd $Mdocdate: March 19 2014 $
-.Dt CRYPT 3
-.Os
-.Sh NAME
-.Nm crypt ,
-.Nm setkey ,
-.Nm encrypt ,
-.Nm des_setkey ,
-.Nm des_cipher ,
-.Nm bcrypt_gensalt ,
-.Nm bcrypt ,
-.Nm md5crypt
-.Nd password hashing
-.Sh SYNOPSIS
-.In stdlib.h
-.Ft int
-.Fn setkey "const char *key"
-.Pp
-.In unistd.h
-.Ft char *
-.Fn crypt "const char *key" "const char *setting"
-.Ft int
-.Fn encrypt "char *block" "int flag"
-.Ft int
-.Fn des_setkey "const char *key"
-.Ft int
-.Fn des_cipher "const char *in" "char *out" "int32_t salt" "int count"
-.In pwd.h
-.Ft char *
-.Fn bcrypt_gensalt "u_int8_t log_rounds"
-.Ft char *
-.Fn bcrypt "const char *key" "const char *salt"
-.Ft char *
-.Fn md5crypt "const char *key" "const char *salt"
-.Sh DESCRIPTION
-The
-.Fn crypt
-function performs password hashing based on the
-.Tn NBS
-Data Encryption Standard (DES).
-Additional code has been added to deter key search attempts and to use
-stronger hashing algorithms.
-.Pp
-The first argument to
-.Fn crypt
-is a
-.Dv NUL Ns -terminated
-string, typically a user's typed password.
-The second is in one of three forms:
-if it begins with an underscore
-.Pq Ql _
-then an extended format is used
-in interpreting both the key and the setting, as outlined below.
-If it begins
-with a string character
-.Pq Ql $
-and a number then a different algorithm is used depending on the number.
-At the moment a
-.Ql $1
-chooses MD5 hashing and a
-.Ql $2
-chooses Blowfish hashing; see below for more information.
-.Ss Extended crypt
-The
-.Ar key
-is divided into groups of 8 characters (the last group is null-padded)
-and the low-order 7 bits of each character (56 bits per group) are
-used to form the DES key as follows:
-the first group of 56 bits becomes the initial DES key.
-For each additional group, the XOR of the encryption of the current DES
-key with itself and the group bits becomes the next DES key.
-.Pp
-The setting is a 9-character array consisting of an underscore followed
-by 4 bytes of iteration count and 4 bytes of salt.
-These are encoded as printable characters, 6 bits per character,
-least significant character first.
-The values 0 to 63 are encoded as
-.Dq \&./0-9A-Za-z .
-This allows 24 bits for both
-.Fa count
-and
-.Fa salt .
-.Ss "MD5" crypt
-For
-.Tn MD5
-crypt the version number,
-.Fa salt
-and the hashed password are separated by the
-.Ql $
-character.
-The maximum length of a password is limited by
-the length counter of the MD5 context, which is about
-2**64.
-A valid MD5 password entry looks like this:
-.Pp
-.Dq $1$caeiHQwX$hsKqOjrFRRN6K32OWkCBf1 .
-.Pp
-The whole MD5 password string is passed as
-.Fa setting
-for interpretation.
-.Ss "Blowfish" crypt
-The
-.Tn Blowfish
-version of crypt has 128 bits of
-.Fa salt
-in order to make building dictionaries of common passwords space consuming.
-The initial state of the
-.Tn Blowfish
-cipher is expanded using the
-.Fa salt
-and the
-.Fa password
-repeating the process a variable number of rounds, which is encoded in
-the password string.
-The maximum password length is 72.
-The final Blowfish password entry is created by encrypting the string
-.Pp
-.Dq OrpheanBeholderScryDoubt
-.Pp
-with the
-.Tn Blowfish
-state 64 times.
-.Pp
-The version number, the logarithm of the number of rounds and
-the concatenation of salt and hashed password are separated by the
-.Ql $
-character.
-An encoded
-.Sq 8
-would specify 256 rounds.
-A valid Blowfish password looks like this:
-.Pp
-.Dq $2a$12$eIAq8PR8sIUnJ1HaohxX2O9x9Qlm2vK97LJ5dsXdmB.eXF42qjchC .
-.Pp
-The whole Blowfish password string is passed as
-.Fa setting
-for interpretation.
-.Ss "Traditional" crypt
-The first 8 bytes of the key are null-padded, and the low-order 7 bits of
-each character is used to form the 56-bit
-.Tn DES
-key.
-.Pp
-The setting is a 2-character array of the ASCII-encoded salt.
-Thus only 12 bits of
-.Fa salt
-are used.
-.Fa count
-is set to 25.
-.Ss DES Algorithm
-The
-.Fa salt
-introduces disorder in the
-.Tn DES
-algorithm in one of 16777216 or 4096 possible ways
-(i.e., with 24 or 12 bits: if bit
-.Em i
-of the
-.Ar salt
-is set, then bits
-.Em i
-and
-.Em i+24
-are swapped in the
-.Tn DES
-E-box output).
-.Pp
-The DES key is used to encrypt a 64-bit constant using
-.Ar count
-iterations of
-.Tn DES .
-The value returned is a
-.Dv NUL Ns -terminated
-string, 20 or 13 bytes (plus NUL) in length, consisting of the
-.Ar setting
-followed by the encoded 64-bit encryption.
-.Pp
-The functions
-.Fn encrypt ,
-.Fn setkey ,
-.Fn des_setkey ,
-and
-.Fn des_cipher
-provide access to the
-.Tn DES
-algorithm itself.
-.Fn setkey
-is passed a 64-byte array of binary values (numeric 0 or 1).
-A 56-bit key is extracted from this array by dividing the
-array into groups of 8, and ignoring the last bit in each group.
-That bit is reserved for a byte parity check by DES, but is ignored
-by these functions.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fa block
-argument to
-.Fn encrypt
-is also a 64-byte array of binary values.
-If the value of
-.Fa flag
-is 0,
-.Fa block
-is encrypted otherwise it is decrypted.
-The result is returned in the original array
-.Fa block
-after using the key specified by
-.Fn setkey
-to process it.
-.Pp
-The argument to
-.Fn des_setkey
-is a character array of length 8.
-The least significant bit (the parity bit) in each character is ignored,
-and the remaining bits are concatenated to form a 56-bit key.
-The function
-.Fn des_cipher
-encrypts (or decrypts if
-.Fa count
-is negative) the 64-bits stored in the 8 characters at
-.Fa in
-using
-.Xr abs 3
-of
-.Fa count
-iterations of
-.Tn DES
-and stores the 64-bit result in the 8 characters at
-.Fa out
-(which may be the same as
-.Fa in ) .
-The
-.Fa salt
-specifies perturbations to the
-.Tn DES
-E-box output as described above.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn crypt ,
-.Fn setkey ,
-and
-.Fn des_setkey
-functions all manipulate the same key space.
-.Sh RETURN VALUES
-The function
-.Fn crypt
-returns a pointer to the encrypted value on success, and
-.Dv NULL
-on failure.
-The functions
-.Fn setkey ,
-.Fn encrypt ,
-.Fn des_setkey ,
-and
-.Fn des_cipher
-return 0 on success and 1 on failure.
-.Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr encrypt 1 ,
-.Xr login 1 ,
-.Xr passwd 1 ,
-.Xr blowfish 3 ,
-.Xr getpass 3 ,
-.Xr md5 3 ,
-.Xr passwd 5
-.Sh HISTORY
-A rotor-based
-.Fn crypt
-function appeared in
-.At v3 .
-The current style
-.Fn crypt
-first appeared in
-.At v7 .
-.Sh AUTHORS
-.An David Burren Aq Mt davidb@werj.com.au
-wrote the original DES functions.
-.Sh BUGS
-The
-.Fn crypt
-function returns a pointer to static data, and subsequent calls to
-.Fn crypt
-will modify the same object.
-.Pp
-With DES hashing, passwords containing the byte 0x80 use less key entropy
-than other passwords.
-This is an implementation bug, not a bug in the DES cipher.