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-.\"     $OpenBSD: res_init.3,v 1.6 2021/11/24 20:06:32 jca Exp $
-.\"
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-.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-.\"    without specific prior written permission.
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-.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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-.Dd $Mdocdate: November 24 2021 $
-.Dt RES_INIT 3
-.Os
-.Sh NAME
-.Nm res_query ,
-.Nm res_search ,
-.Nm res_mkquery ,
-.Nm res_send ,
-.Nm res_init ,
-.Nm dn_comp ,
-.Nm dn_expand
-.Nd resolver routines
-.Sh SYNOPSIS
-.In sys/types.h
-.In netinet/in.h
-.In arpa/nameser.h
-.In resolv.h
-.Ft int
-.Fo res_query
-.Fa "const char *dname"
-.Fa "int class"
-.Fa "int type"
-.Fa "unsigned char *answer"
-.Fa "int anslen"
-.Fc
-.Ft int
-.Fo res_search
-.Fa "const char *dname"
-.Fa "int class"
-.Fa "int type"
-.Fa "unsigned char *answer"
-.Fa "int anslen"
-.Fc
-.Ft int
-.Fo res_mkquery
-.Fa "int op"
-.Fa "const char *dname"
-.Fa "int class"
-.Fa "int type"
-.Fa "const unsigned char *data"
-.Fa "int datalen"
-.Fa "const unsigned char *newrr"
-.Fa "unsigned char *buf"
-.Fa "int buflen"
-.Fc
-.Ft int
-.Fo res_send
-.Fa "const unsigned char *msg"
-.Fa "int msglen"
-.Fa "unsigned char *answer"
-.Fa "int anslen"
-.Fc
-.Ft int
-.Fn res_init "void"
-.Ft int
-.Fo dn_comp
-.Fa "const char *exp_dn"
-.Fa "unsigned char *comp_dn"
-.Fa "int length"
-.Fa "unsigned char **dnptrs"
-.Fa "unsigned char **lastdnptr"
-.Fc
-.Ft int
-.Fo dn_expand
-.Fa "const unsigned char *msg"
-.Fa "const unsigned char *eomorig"
-.Fa "const unsigned char *comp_dn"
-.Fa "char *exp_dn"
-.Fa "int length"
-.Fc
-.Sh DESCRIPTION
-These routines are used for making, sending, and interpreting
-query and reply messages with Internet domain name servers.
-.Pp
-Global configuration and state information that is used by the
-resolver routines is kept in the structure
-.Va _res .
-Most of the values have reasonable defaults and can be ignored.
-Options stored in
-.Va _res.options
-are defined in
-.In resolv.h
-and are as follows.
-Options are stored as a simple bit mask containing the bitwise OR
-of the options enabled.
-.Bl -tag -width RES_USE_DNSSEC
-.It Dv RES_INIT
-True if the initial name server address and default domain name are
-initialized (i.e.\&
-.Fn res_init
-has been called).
-.It Dv RES_DEBUG
-Print debugging messages,
-if libc is compiled with
-.Dv DEBUG .
-By default on
-.Ox
-this option does nothing.
-.It Dv RES_AAONLY
-Accept authoritative answers only.
-With this option,
-.Fn res_send
-should continue until it finds an authoritative answer or finds an error.
-On
-.Ox
-this option does nothing.
-.It Dv RES_USEVC
-Use TCP connections for queries instead of UDP datagrams.
-.It Dv RES_PRIMARY
-Query the primary name server only.
-On
-.Ox
-this option does nothing.
-.It Dv RES_IGNTC
-Ignore truncation errors, i.e. don't retry with TCP.
-.It Dv RES_RECURSE
-Set the recursion-desired bit in queries.
-.Pf ( Fn res_send
-does not do iterative queries and expects the name server
-to handle recursion.)
-This option is enabled by default.
-.It Dv RES_DEFNAMES
-If set,
-.Fn res_search
-will append the default domain name to single-component names
-(those that do not contain a dot).
-This option is enabled by default.
-.It Dv RES_STAYOPEN
-Used with
-.Dv RES_USEVC
-to keep the TCP connection open between queries.
-This is useful only in programs that regularly do many queries.
-UDP should be the normal mode used.
-.It Dv RES_DNSRCH
-If this option is set,
-.Fn res_search
-will search for host names in the current domain and in parent domains; see
-.Xr hostname 7 .
-This is used by the standard host lookup routine
-.Xr gethostbyname 3 .
-This option is enabled by default.
-.It Dv RES_INSECURE_1
-Do not require the IP source address on the reply packet
-to be equal to the server's address.
-.It Dv RES_INSECURE_2
-Do not check if the query section of the reply packet
-is equal to that of the query packet.
-.It Dv RES_NOALIASES
-This option has no effect.
-In the past, it turned off the legacy
-.Ev HOSTALIASES
-feature.
-.It Dv RES_TRUSTAD
-If set, the resolver routines will set the AD flag in DNS queries and
-preserve the value of the AD flag in DNS replies.
-If not set, the resolver routines will clear the AD flag in responses.
-Direct use of this option to enable AD bit processing is discouraged.
-Instead the use of trusted name servers should be annotated with
-.Dq options trust-ad
-in
-.Xr resolv.conf 5 .
-This option is automatically enabled if
-.Xr resolv.conf 5
-only lists name servers on localhost.
-.It Dv RES_USE_INET6
-With this option
-.Xr gethostbyname 3
-will return IPv6 addresses if available.
-This option is deprecated; software should use the
-.Xr getaddrinfo 3
-interface instead of modifying the behavior of
-.Xr gethostbyname 3 .
-On some operating systems this option also causes IPv4 addresses to be
-returned as IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses.
-For example, 10.1.1.1 will be returned as ::ffff:10.1.1.1.
-IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses are not supported on
-.Ox .
-.It Dv RES_USE_EDNS0
-Attach an OPT pseudo-RR for the EDNS0 extension,
-as specified in RFC 2671.
-This informs DNS servers of a client's receive buffer size,
-allowing them to take advantage of a non-default receive buffer size,
-and thus to send larger replies.
-DNS query packets with the EDNS0 extension are not compatible with
-non-EDNS0 DNS servers.
-.Ox
-uses 4096 bytes as input buffer size.
-.It Dv RES_USE_DNSSEC
-Request that the resolver uses
-Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC),
-as defined in RFCs 4033, 4034, and 4035.
-The resolver routines will use the EDNS0 extension and set the DNSSEC DO
-flag in queries, asking the name server to signal validated records by
-setting the AD flag in the reply and to attach additional DNSSEC
-records.
-The resolver routines will clear the AD flag in replies unless the name
-servers are considered trusted.
-Also, client applications are often only interested in the value of the
-AD flag, making the additional DNSSEC records a waste of network
-bandwidth.
-See the description for
-.Dq options trust-ad
-in
-.Xr resolv.conf 5 .
-.It Dv RES_USE_CD
-Set the Checking Disabled flag on queries.
-.El
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn res_init
-routine reads the configuration file (if any; see
-.Xr resolv.conf 5 )
-to get the default domain name, search list, and the Internet address
-of the local name server(s).
-If no server is configured, the host running
-the resolver is tried.
-The current domain name is defined by the hostname
-if not specified in the configuration file;
-it can be overridden by the environment variable
-.Ev LOCALDOMAIN .
-This environment variable may contain several blank-separated
-tokens if you wish to override the search list on a per-process basis.
-This is similar to the
-.Ic search
-command in the configuration file.
-Another environment variable
-.Ev RES_OPTIONS
-can be set to override certain internal resolver options which
-are otherwise set by changing fields in the
-.Va _res
-structure or are inherited from the configuration file's
-.Ic options
-command.
-The syntax of the
-.Ev RES_OPTIONS
-environment variable is explained in
-.Xr resolv.conf 5 .
-Initialization normally occurs on the first call
-to one of the following routines.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn res_query
-function provides an interface to the server query mechanism.
-It constructs a query, sends it to the local server,
-awaits a response, and makes preliminary checks on the reply.
-The query requests information of the specified
-.Fa type
-and
-.Fa class
-for the specified fully qualified domain name
-.Fa dname .
-The reply message is left in the
-.Fa answer
-buffer with length
-.Fa anslen
-supplied by the caller.
-Values for the
-.Fa class
-and
-.Fa type
-fields
-are defined in
-.In arpa/nameser.h .
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn res_search
-routine makes a query and awaits a response like
-.Fn res_query ,
-but in addition, it implements the default and search rules controlled by the
-.Dv RES_DEFNAMES
-and
-.Dv RES_DNSRCH
-options.
-It returns the first successful reply.
-.Pp
-The remaining routines are lower-level routines used by
-.Fn res_query .
-The
-.Fn res_mkquery
-function constructs a standard query message and places it in
-.Fa buf .
-It returns the size of the query, or \-1 if the query is larger than
-.Fa buflen .
-The query type
-.Fa op
-is usually
-.Dv QUERY ,
-but can be any of the query types defined in
-.In arpa/nameser.h .
-The domain name for the query is given by
-.Fa dname .
-.Fa newrr
-is currently unused but is intended for making update messages.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn res_send
-routine sends a pre-formatted query and returns an answer.
-It will call
-.Fn res_init
-if
-.Dv RES_INIT
-is not set, send the query to the local name server, and
-handle timeouts and retries.
-The length of the reply message is returned, or \-1 if there were errors.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn dn_comp
-function compresses the domain name
-.Fa exp_dn
-and stores it in
-.Fa comp_dn .
-The size of the compressed name is returned or \-1 if there were errors.
-The size of the array pointed to by
-.Fa comp_dn
-is given by
-.Fa length .
-The compression uses an array of pointers
-.Fa dnptrs
-to previously compressed names in the current message.
-The first pointer points
-to the beginning of the message and the list ends with
-.Dv NULL .
-The limit to the array is specified by
-.Fa lastdnptr .
-A side effect of
-.Fn dn_comp
-is to update the list of pointers for labels inserted into the message
-as the name is compressed.
-If
-.Fa dnptrs
-is
-.Dv NULL ,
-names are not compressed.
-If
-.Fa lastdnptr
-is
-.Dv NULL ,
-the list of labels is not updated.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn dn_expand
-entry expands the compressed domain name
-.Fa comp_dn
-to a full domain name.
-The compressed name is contained in a query or reply message;
-.Fa msg
-is a pointer to the beginning of the message.
-The uncompressed name is placed in the buffer indicated by
-.Fa exp_dn
-which is of size
-.Fa length .
-The size of compressed name is returned or \-1 if there was an error.
-.Sh FILES
-.Bl -tag -width "/etc/resolv.confXX"
-.It Pa /etc/resolv.conf
-The configuration file.
-.El
-.Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr gethostbyname 3 ,
-.Xr resolv.conf 5 ,
-.Xr hostname 7
-.Sh STANDARDS
-.Rs
-.%A M. Stahl
-.%D November 1987
-.%R RFC 1032
-.%T Domain Administrators Guide
-.Re
-.Pp
-.Rs
-.%A M. Lottor
-.%D November 1987
-.%R RFC 1033
-.%T Domain Administrators Operations Guide
-.Re
-.Pp
-.Rs
-.%A P. Mockapetris
-.%D November 1987
-.%R RFC 1034
-.%T Domain Names \(en Concepts and Facilities
-.Re
-.Pp
-.Rs
-.%A P. Mockapetris
-.%D November 1987
-.%R RFC 1035
-.%T Domain Names \(en Implementation and Specification
-.Re
-.Pp
-.Rs
-.%A J. Klensin
-.%D October 2008
-.%R RFC 5321
-.%T Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
-.Re
-.Sh HISTORY
-The functions
-.Fn res_mkquery ,
-.Fn res_send ,
-.Fn res_init ,
-.Fn dn_comp ,
-and
-.Fn dn_expand
-appeared in
-.Bx 4.3 .
-The functions
-.Fn res_query
-and
-.Fn res_search
-appeared in
-.Bx 4.3 Tahoe .